Attitude Ppt Final

7/29/2019 Attitude Ppt Final

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An attitude is a learned predisposition, an evaluative statement

either favorable or unfavorable toward a given object, a person

or an event.

Attitudes are narrow as they represent our feelings, thoughts

and behavioral tendencies towards a specific object or situation.Over a period of time our attitudes unless we strongly believe in

them also undergo a change.

It express an individual's positive or negative feelings about

some object.Attitude have a past, present and future; they evolve from past

experience, they guide our current behavior and can direct our

development in the future.


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Nature of attitude

1.Attitudes refer to feelings and beliefs of

individuals or groups of individuals.

2.The feelings and beliefs are directed

towards other people, object or ideas.

3.Attitude constitutes a psychologicalphenomena which cannot be directly

observed.


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4.Attitudes are gradually acquired over

a period of time starts right fromchildhood and continues throughout

the life of a person.

5.All people irrespective of their status

and intelligence hold attitude


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1. Informational or cognitive component: it consists of beliefs,

values, ideas and other information a person has about theobject. It makes no difference whether or not this

information is correct or real. The cognitive component is

sometimes referred to as opinion.

2. Emotional or affective component: it basically consist of the

feelings,sentiments,moods and emotions a person has

towards an individual, event object or sitution.this

component is concerned with the evaluation and emotion

and often expressed as like or dislike, goods or bad, pleasing

or displeasing, favorable or unfavorable. the expression of

warmth, love, hate and other emotional expression also

belong to the affective component. For example Ifeel


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3. The behavioral component; it consist of the tendency of aperson to behave in a particular manner towards an

object. For example Ill never call them again

Out of three components only the behavioral componentcan be directly observed


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Experience: People gain experience informing attitudes by coming in direct

contact with an attitude object.

Association: People are highly influenced by

the major groups or associations to which

they belong. Our geographic region,religion, educational background, race

etc.all influence our attitudes strongly.


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Family: Individuals develop certainattitudes from their family members-

parents, brothers,sisters,etc. the family

characteristics influence the individualsattitude patterns to which he is initially

exposed.

Peer group: As people approach their

adulthood, they increasingly rely on their

peer groups for approval/attitude.


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Society: Social class and religious affiliation

also play a vital role in forming attitudes of

an individual. The culture, language and

the structure of society, all provide an

individual with the boundaries of his initial

attitude.

Personality factors: Personality differences

between individual play a major role in the

formation of attitude.


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Attitudes serve a number of functions. According to

katz,attitudes serve four important functions:

1.Adjustment functions: people strive to

maximize the rewards and minimize thepenalties in their external environment.

Attitudes are the means for reaching desired

goals or for avoiding undesirable results.Attitudes are the expression of sentiments

based on experiences in attaining the motive

satisfaction.


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2. The ego-defensive function: people normally

expend a great deal of their energies in theprocess of learning to live with themselves.

Many of our attitudes serve the function of

defending our self-image.for instance, whenpeople cannot admit their inferiority feelings,

they project their feelings over some

convenient minority group and bolster theiregos by showing attitudes of superiority

towards this minority groups.


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3. The value-expression function: many attitudes serve

another functions in term of positive expression of an

individual in the minds of other people. Value-

expressive attitudes, according to katz,not only give

clarity to the self image but also mould that self-

image closer to the hearts desire. Attitudes makepeople either bond or clash. They allow us to tell

others our opinion and views.

4. The knowledge functions: the world can be aconfusing and strange place, attitude help us to

organize our social world, thus making the world

more familiar and predictable.


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Lawler porter model


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Value of reward (Box 1) People desire various

outcomes (rewards) which they hope to achievefrom work. The value placed on a reward

depends on the strength of its desirability.

Perceived effortreward probability (Box 2) It

refers to a persons expectation that certain

outcomes (rewards) are dependent upon a

given amount of effort.


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Effort (Box 3) is how hard the person tries, the

amount of energy a person exerts on a given activity. It

does not relate to how successful a person is in

carrying out an activity. The amount of energy exerted

is dependent upon the interaction of the input

variables of value of reward and perception of the

effortreward relationship.

Abilities and traits (Box 4). Porter and Lawler suggest

that effort does not lead directly to performance but is

influenced by individual characteristics. Factors suchas intelligence, skills, knowledge, training and

personality affect the ability to perform a given

activity.


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Role perceptions (Box 5) refer to the way in which

individuals view their work and the role they should

adopt. This influences the type of effort exerted. Role

perceptions will influence the direction and level of

action which is believed to be necessary for effective

performance.

Performance (Box 6) depends not only on the amount

of effort exerted but also on the intervening influences

of the persons abilities and traits, and their role

perceptions. If the person lacks the right ability orpersonality, or has an inaccurate role perception of

what is required, then the exertion of a large amount of

energy may still result in a low level of performance or

task accomplishment


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Rewards (Boxes 7A and 7B) are desirable

outcomes. Intrinsic rewards derive from theindividuals themselves and include a sense of

achievement, a feeling of responsibility and

Recognition. Extrinsic rewards derive from the

organization and the actions of others and include

salary, working conditions and supervision etc.


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Perceived equitable rewards (Box 8).

This is the level of rewards people feel

they should fairly receive for a given

standard of performance. Self-rating of

performance links directly with the

perceived equitable reward variable.

Higher levels of self-rated performance.


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Satisfaction (Box 9). This is not the same

as motivation. It is an attitude, an individuals

internal state. Satisfaction is determined by

both actual rewards received and perceived

level of rewards from the organization for a

given standard of performance. If perceivedequitable rewards are greater than actual

rewards received, the person experiences

dissatisfaction. The experience ofsatisfaction derives from actual rewards that

meet or exceed the perceived equitable

rewards.


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Attitude Ppt Final