Attempt to Take CanadaFall 1775- Continental Army wants to win

support from the French Canadians- march to Canada

What were their disadvantages?Harsh WeatherNot enough supplies or foodLow energy

What did this cause?Canada remained in British hands

British in BostonWhy were they camped in Boston?

Waiting for fresh supplies and troopsHow did General Washington force

them out?Surrounded the city with canons

What was the result of this forced evacuation?King George Set up a blockade of all of

ports in the colonies

New York Campaign The Battle of Long Island

British in New YorkConfederates in Long Island and Manhattan

Why were they split between two locations?British landed in Long Island Why did the Confederates lose?

Un trained No navy

British held New York for the rest of the war

Further DefeatBritish troops pushed American troops

through New Jersey and across the Delaware River into Pennsylvania.

Fall turned into winter.Little food and cloths some of the troops

were “entirely naked and most so thinly clad (clothed) as to be unfit for service” -Washington

Many soldiers returned home.

“I will not ask any man go further than I do. I will fight so long as I have a leg and

an arm.”-General Washington

“These are the times that try men’s souls.”• How was confederate morale? Why?• Low

• How did Washington try to reverse it?• Surprise attack.

“These are the times that try men’s souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis,

shrink from the service of their country; but he that stand it now, deserves the

love and thanks of every man and woman.”- Thomas Paine

“The ice continually stuck to the boats driving them down stream” -Lt. Elisha Bostwick

“It began to rain…I had got thoroughly wet before we began our march, and the rain and half-melted snow and water was almost over shoes-our feet was drenched in water every step.” –William Chamberlain

Battle of Trenton- SURPRISE!Christmas Celebrations Washington’s troops crossed the Delaware

riverWaited until morningStormed in on the sleeping Hessians Hessians quickly surrenderedPrinceton:

Who won?

Turning the Tide

British Change their StrategyGeneral Burgoyne planed to gain

control of the Hudson River ValleyHow would this help the British?

Burgoyne’s army: Montreal-> New York

Howe’s army: sail up the HudsonSt Legar’s army: Lake Ontario ->

east Mohawk ValleyWhy did this new strategy fail?

Battle of SaratogaHowe decided to attack Philadelphia instead

and attempt to capture Washington

St. Legar’s army was stopped by Benedict Arnold and his men and turned back.

After hearing that St. Legar did not make it, Howe refused to move his troops to the Hudson River Valley.

Battle of SaratogaOnly one group of British forces made it.Bemis Heights:

Generals Gates’ army met the British on their way to Albany and ran into American fortifications

British pushed through but lost a lot of soldiersFreeman’s Farm

Benedict Arnold lead American soldiers in an attack nearby continuously charging the British

Burgoyne’s Army pushes through exhausted and injured

Battle of SaratogaBritish pushed through to camp at SaratogaBritish were trying to collect themselvesAmerican troops completely surrounded the

British and let a brutal attack against them.Burgoyne was forced to surrender.

What was the significance of the American victory at Saratoga?

Treaty of AllianceWhy did France decide to help out?How would France benefit from helping

America out?

Help from EuropePrussia

Baron FriedrichFrance

Sent supplies and reinforcement troopsMarquis de Lafayette

SpainHelped prevent England from attacking from

the SouthBernardo de Galvez

PolandThaddeus Kosciuzko and Casimir Pulaski

Philadelphia Campaign Howe’s army in Philadelphia instead of heading

up the Hudson to Saratoga.Battle of Brandywine

American troops unprepared for British strategy and had to retreat

Battle of GermantownBritish troops retreated to Germantown to camp.Washington attempted a surprise attack which did

not work and Americans ended up retreating again.

England was able to hold control of Philadelphia

War in the West and At Sea

War in the WestAt first Native Americans did not want to take

sides.

Both British and Americans had Native Americans help them in their fight to control the frontier.

Most Native Americans joined the British.They thought if they won they may be able to

restore land they had lost.

Fighting broke out in the Ohio Valley.

War in the WestGeorge Rogers Clark led the campaign to

defend the Western Frontier.Frontiersman from Kentucky which was

claimed by Virginia.Ask permission to defend the Western

Frontier from the British“If a country is not worth protecting, it is not

worth claiming.” Got help from a group of Native Americans

known as the Miami.

War in the WestLed a surprise attack on the British at

Vincennes, in present day Indiana.British were not expecting an attack.

Rivers were overflowing, woods were floodedClark and his men marched through miles of

icy swamps chest deep to surprise the BritishClark and his men pretended to have a much

bigger supply of men than they actually did.Combined that, the element of surprise and

scare tactics to take control of the area.

War at SeaBy 1777 the British had about 100 warships off

the coast of America

England could control American trade routes.

America did not have a navy so there was no way for them to defeat the British forces at sea.

In order to combat the British navy the American government gave permission to privateer ships to attack the British.

War at SeaPrivateer ships: privately owned ships given

permission by a wartime government to attack enemy’s merchant ships.

How is this beneficial to the war effort?After merchant ship was captured the crew of

the privateer sold the cargo and shared the money.

Made a profit and motivated by patriotism.Disrupted trade for British merchants.

This causes British merchants to want the war to end.

John Paul JonesCommander of American warship that patrolled

the British coast.

Led an attack on a British warship that started between two ships and ended up with the Americans fighting the British one-on-one on the British ship.

Americans won the fierce battle.

Huge inspiration for the Americans.

Jones known as the “Father of the American Navy”

Funding a WarContinental Congress did not have the power to

tax the people or the individual colony’s governments.

Began printing money called Continental dollars.So many were printed they soon became

worthless because there was no silver or gold to back them up in the treasury.

Borrowed money from France then later Spain and the Netherlands.

Wealthy citizens lent money in exchange for bonds or certificates to be later exchanged.

The War Moves South

War in the SouthAlthough British held Northern cities they had a

difficult time controlling the countryside because there was so much land and not enough soldiers to patrol it.

Why did the British think they would have more success in the South?They believed they had more support in the south.The loyalists in the South would help them fight and

control any land they gained control of.British also believed they could get slaves to fight

for them because they promised them their freedom if they fought for them. (Although they did not always live up to their promise.)

War in the SouthWhat two important cities did the British capture

to gain control of most of the South?Savannah (12/29/1778)was a big port city, by

capturing it the British were able to conquer most of Georgia.

Charleston (5/12/2780) was the biggest city in the South.

When the Americans surrendered they lost most of their Southern Army.

Charleston was the biggest defeat for the Americans in the war.

Guerilla Fighting

The term “Guerilla” is Spanish for “little war”.

It is the irregular strategy for fighting a war in which a small group of forces move around often and use attacks such as ambushes and raids to fight a larger army.

Guerrilla Fighting and The “Swamp Fox”

Francis Marion was one of the original leaders of the raids during the Revolutionary War.

He led quick strikes, to cut off enemy supplies and supply routes and then ran away.

Typically attacked at night. He never stayed at the same camp more than

once.His raids help keep the British troops in the south

off balance. http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?g

uidAssetId=E3DB5E49-A820-4BF2-AF67-C28170EE652C&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

Guerilla FightingDates back over 2000 years .

Used all over the world throughout history and still today.

http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=290EAE87-D3F3-4C5F-9834-7A0989E82B28&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

American Victories in the SouthKings Mountain 10/7/1780

Fought on border between North Caroline and South Carolina

Americans surrounded 1,000 British and Loyalist troops and slaughtered most of them.

Battle of Cowpens 1/17/1781Guerrilla hit and run tactics used kept the

British off guard Battle of Guilford Courthouse 3/15/1781

American troops retreated but left the British badly injured and weakened.

Help from France and SpainFrench

Sent supplies money and troopsDeclared war on BritainMarquis de Lafayette served as a general.Still upset about loss of French and Indian war and

wanted revenge. Spanish

Attacked British strongholds in Mississippi Valley from Louisiana

Saw supporting the Americans as an opportunity to expand its empire in North America

British had to divert some of their attention off the Americans to protect their Empire from the French and Spanish

African Americans and the WarWhich side did they fight for?British

Offered salves their freedom if they fought for them.

AmericanWere not permitted to fight.Salve owners were hesitant to give weapons to

their slaves to fight in fear that they would revolt.Realized they needed troops and saw that they

were fighting for the British.Allowed African Americans to enlist.

African Americans and the WarFighting for FreedomAfter the war some enlisted African

Americans gained their freedom.After the end of the war some northern states

(Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania) attempted to end slavery.

Even though some states in the south passed laws giving freedom to ex-soldiers most slave holders did not release them.

Women and the WarBattlefield

Followed their husbands to army campsCooked, sewed, served as nursesSome actually took part in battles

At homeRan family farms and businesses while

husbands were off fightingMade soap, gathered rags for bandages, made

coats the shirt.

Battle of Yorktown

After the guerilla attacks in the South Cornwallis moved his troops to Yorktown.

Why did he move his troops there?Right on Chesapeake BayCould receive supplies from British shipsThought it provided a safe haven for his

troops

Battle of YorktownAugust 29, 1781 What did French commander Admiral

François de Grasse do weaken the British?Planted 29 ships in the BayPrevented British from getting supplies Kept Cornwallis and his men from escaping

through the ocean.Washington’s army as well as several

thousand French soldiers made their way to Virginia.

Battle of YorktownWhat was the result of the French navy in the

Bay and the rest of the forces coming to Virginia?The American armies and French navy blocked

every escape route for the British. Cornwallis wrote to Washington requesting a

cease fire.Two days later the British surrendered.How was the surrender simulated in the

capture the flag game?

Treaty of Paris

Americans met with the British in Paris to negotiate a peace agreement.

Took two years to reach an agreement.

The Treaty of Paris was signed on 11/3/1783

Articles 1-51. Recognized 13 colonies as free states.2. Established boundaries between the United

States and British North America3. Granted fishing rights to Americans in

certain British territories.4. Recognized that debts must be paid back to

all parties.5. Anyone who had land taken away from them

will get it back.

Articles 6-106. United States must prevent future

confiscation of land from loyalists.7. Prisoners of war on both sides will be

released.8. Both America and England has access to the

Mississippi River.9. Land confiscated by Americans after the

treaty must be returned. 10. The treaty must be ratified within six

months by everyone involved.