ATT Conference Barcelona, October 1-3, 2001

V Incontro Expert Panel Emissioni da Trasporto su Strada

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ATT Conference ATT Conference Barcelona, October 1-3,Barcelona, October 1-3, 20012001

How to improve hybrid vehicles for How to improve hybrid vehicles for environmental sustainability. environmental sustainability.

A case study of their impact. A case study of their impact.

Antonio MATTUCCI, Mario CONTE, Giovanni PEDEAntonio MATTUCCI, Mario CONTE, Giovanni PEDEENEA – Advanced Energy Technologies DivisionENEA – Advanced Energy Technologies Division

C.R. Casaccia - Via Anguillarese 301C.R. Casaccia - Via Anguillarese 30100060 Rome (Italy) 00060 Rome (Italy)


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ENEA SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES IN ENEA SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES IN TRANSPORT FIELDTRANSPORT FIELD

Among the ENEA interests in the transport field, special Among the ENEA interests in the transport field, special attention is paid to the vehicle efficiency and environmental attention is paid to the vehicle efficiency and environmental impact; in particular with:impact; in particular with:

Realisation of integrated facilities to assist design and Realisation of integrated facilities to assist design and testing of electric and hybrid vehicles and specific testing of electric and hybrid vehicles and specific components of the traction system components of the traction system

Fleet tests under operational conditions of hybrid vehiclesFleet tests under operational conditions of hybrid vehicles Fuel cells and HFuel cells and H22 Program Program


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Vehicle drivetrain integrated testing Vehicle drivetrain integrated testing facilityfacility

The main parts of the facility, The main parts of the facility, interconnected each other in interconnected each other in order to provide high test order to provide high test flexibility , are:flexibility , are:

Power generation sectionPower generation section Energy storage sectionEnergy storage section Driving motors sectionDriving motors section Integrated control roomIntegrated control room


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Fleet test of hybrid vehiclesFleet test of hybrid vehicles

Public transport fleets have been tested in three selected Public transport fleets have been tested in three selected cities, where 24 IVECO 490 buses have been purchased and cities, where 24 IVECO 490 buses have been purchased and operated for 3 year (1997-1999)operated for 3 year (1997-1999)

4 in Terni 4 in Terni 8 in Ferrara 8 in Ferrara 12 in Rome12 in Rome


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2.8 l diesel engine 2.8 l diesel engine 30 kW DC electric generator 30 kW DC electric generator 164 kW AC electric motor 164 kW AC electric motor 60 kWh capacity lead acid 60 kWh capacity lead acid

batteriesbatteries 200-300 km range of in thermal 200-300 km range of in thermal

mode and 20 km in pure electric mode and 20 km in pure electric modemode

60 km/h max speed60 km/h max speed manual selection of driving modemanual selection of driving mode

IVECO 490 hybrid bus characteristicsIVECO 490 hybrid bus characteristics


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Hybrid and conventional bus Hybrid and conventional bus test resultstest results

VehicleFuel

Consumption(L/km)

CO specificemissions

(g/km)

VOC specificemissions

(g/km)

NOx specificemissions

(g/km)EURO IIBus

0.437 5.05 0.82 24.92

SeriesHybrid Bus

0.41 0.3 0.59 11.55

Need of a control system to increase Need of a control system to increase hybrid vehicle efficiency hybrid vehicle efficiency


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Hybrid vehicle control system frameworkHybrid vehicle control system framework

Series hybrid vehicle fuel consumption dependent on battery Series hybrid vehicle fuel consumption dependent on battery State Of Charge (SOC) and generator powerState Of Charge (SOC) and generator power

Test campaign to get additional information on hybrid Test campaign to get additional information on hybrid specific consumption, using a purpose-designed series hybrid specific consumption, using a purpose-designed series hybrid vehicle with the same driveline of 6m ALTROBUSvehicle with the same driveline of 6m ALTROBUS

Control strategy constrains the battery SOC to stay in a Control strategy constrains the battery SOC to stay in a selected interval and allows modifications of the thermal selected interval and allows modifications of the thermal engine working point, with variations in a range of 20-25%, engine working point, with variations in a range of 20-25%, as in such interval the environmental and energetic efficiency as in such interval the environmental and energetic efficiency remains highremains high


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Internal combustion engineInternal combustion engine 1.2 l diesel engine1.2 l diesel engine 24 kW max power (@ 3600 rpm)24 kW max power (@ 3600 rpm) 2200 rpm rating speed2200 rpm rating speed

Synchronous PM MachineSynchronous PM Machine 10 kW rating power (@ 2200 rpm)10 kW rating power (@ 2200 rpm)

Storage system (battery)Storage system (battery) 96 lead acid cells96 lead acid cells 100 Ah capacity, 192 V100 Ah capacity, 192 V

Hybrid vehicle driveline characteristicsHybrid vehicle driveline characteristics


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IVECO IVECO Daily hybrid vehicle layoutDaily hybrid vehicle layout

Brake

Accelerator

ICE ACGenerator

BatteryPack

Charger ChopperDC/DC

Controller

DCMotor

Fuel Wheel

Wheel

Gear

P=KBattery

Generation System

Electric Propulsion System


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Hybrid vehicle DC source behaviourHybrid vehicle DC source behaviour

Ps

rpm

= variable-speed, minimum-consumption curve

Spec

ific C

onsu

mptio

n


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Daily hybrid vehicle controller developmentDaily hybrid vehicle controller development

Low cost controller, 200 ms. sampling timeLow cost controller, 200 ms. sampling time Step by step controller developmentStep by step controller development Final controller version based on a forecast of the power Final controller version based on a forecast of the power

required (based on previous average power + trip route)required (based on previous average power + trip route) Controller algorithm processes data related to battery voltage, Controller algorithm processes data related to battery voltage,

current and SOCcurrent and SOC First controller version has no power forecast and requires First controller version has no power forecast and requires

manual setting of: generator power and SOC interval limitsmanual setting of: generator power and SOC interval limits Controller switches on-off the thermal engine to keep the Controller switches on-off the thermal engine to keep the

battery SOC between predefined limitsbattery SOC between predefined limits Controller effectiveness verified by means of many tests based Controller effectiveness verified by means of many tests based

on European, American and Japanese cycleson European, American and Japanese cycles


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Daily hybrid vehicle test resultsDaily hybrid vehicle test results

Driving cycle /Main parameters

Unit EuropeanCycle

(ECE/NEDC)

JapaneseCycle(1015)

AmericanCycle

(UDDS)Driven distance Km 28.89 19.80 26.96Average tractionpower

W 7251 7370 9140

Total tractionenergy

Wh 11384 9212 10785

Batterycharge/depletion

W -1.50 -1.20 5.80

Ah -1.05 -0.84 4.06SOC (depletionis positive)

Wh -201.60 -161.28 779.52kg 3.99 3.08 3.16

Wh 46765 36060 37085Diesel fuelconsumption

Wh/km 1618.74 1821.26 1375.59Equivalent fuelconsumption

L/100 km 15.7 17.5 12.5


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Effectiveness of hybrid vehicle controllerEffectiveness of hybrid vehicle controller

Testing on the vehicle has shown the following results:Testing on the vehicle has shown the following results: Considerable improvement on fuel efficiency achieved, Considerable improvement on fuel efficiency achieved,

especially for the American cycleespecially for the American cycle Important to minimise start/stops of the thermal engineImportant to minimise start/stops of the thermal engine Next step with thermal engine load prediction requires Next step with thermal engine load prediction requires

more sophistication for the control algorithmmore sophistication for the control algorithm Need to modify the thermal engine working point (power Need to modify the thermal engine working point (power

and speed) to gain additional efficiency and speed) to gain additional efficiency 30-40% of fuel consumption reduction achievable, with 30-40% of fuel consumption reduction achievable, with

similar benefits in terms of pollutant emission reductionsimilar benefits in terms of pollutant emission reduction


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Requirements for hybrid vehicle fleet Requirements for hybrid vehicle fleet deployment effectiveness analysisdeployment effectiveness analysis

Main requirementsMain requirements Identification of effective application domains, where hybrid Identification of effective application domains, where hybrid

vehicles can play a special rolevehicles can play a special role Measurability of resulting effects at global scaleMeasurability of resulting effects at global scale Different effects (such as pollutant emissions, fuel consumption Different effects (such as pollutant emissions, fuel consumption

and even the resulting traffic conditions) to be considered at the and even the resulting traffic conditions) to be considered at the same timesame time

Identification of economically and technically affordable Identification of economically and technically affordable deployment experiencesdeployment experiences

Identification of appropriate analysis tools in order to simulate Identification of appropriate analysis tools in order to simulate the resulting scenariothe resulting scenario

Use of conservative assumptions where sound information is Use of conservative assumptions where sound information is lackinglacking


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LDVs viability for hybrid vehicle fleet LDVs viability for hybrid vehicle fleet deployment applicationdeployment application

Initial considerationsInitial considerations Light Duty Vehicles (LDVs) cover approximately 5% Light Duty Vehicles (LDVs) cover approximately 5%

of the Italian fleet (2 millions of vehicles)of the Italian fleet (2 millions of vehicles) LDVs cover the main share of freight transport in LDVs cover the main share of freight transport in

urban areasurban areas LDVs are responsible of relevant shares of pollutant LDVs are responsible of relevant shares of pollutant

emissions in urban areasemissions in urban areas Results of ENEA hybrid vehicle experimental test Results of ENEA hybrid vehicle experimental test

campaign fit perfectly LDVs behaviourcampaign fit perfectly LDVs behaviour TREMOVE model and reliable database are already TREMOVE model and reliable database are already

available for a deployment studyavailable for a deployment study


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Share of Share of LDVs pollutant emission in LDVs pollutant emission in Italian urban areasItalian urban areas

Impact of LDV in urban areas (year 2000)

8.6%

10.4%

0.7%

28.8%

6.5%6.4%

6.5%

3.5%

13.8%

4.3%

10.4% CO

FC

NOx

PM

C6H6

VOC

NMVOC

CH4

SO2

N2O

CO2


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Hybrid LDVs reduction factors for Hybrid LDVs reduction factors for impact analysisimpact analysis

RRReeeddduuuccctttiiiooonnn fffaaaccctttooorrrsss

IIInnndddiiicccaaatttooorrrsss GGGaaasssooollliiinnneee LLLDDDVVV DDDiiieeessseeelll LLLDDDVVV

CCCOOO eeemmmiiissssssiiiooonnn 000...777 000...111

NNNOOOxxx eeemmmiiissssssiiiooonnn 000...777 000...555

VVVOOOCCC eeemmmiiissssssiiiooonnn 000...777 000...777

PPPMMM eeemmmiiissssssiiiooonnn 111...000 000...666

FFFuuueeelll cccooonnnsssuuummmppptttiiiooonnn 000...999 000...999


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LDVs behaviour LDVs behaviour

Fuel specific consumption for Light Duty vehicles

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Vehicle average speed (km/h)

g/km

ConventionalGasoline LDV

Euro IV GasolineLDV

Hybrid Euro IVGasoline LDV

ConventionalDiesel LDV

Euro IV DieselLDV

Hybrid Euro IVDiesel LDV


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LDVs behaviour LDVs behaviour

CO specific emissions for Light Duty vehicles

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70

Vehicle average speed (km/h)

g/km

ConventionalGasoline LDV

Euro IV GasolineLDV

Hybrid Euro IVGasoline LDV

ConventionalDiesel LDV

Euro IV DieselLDV

Hybrid Euro IVDiesel LDV


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Hybrid LDVs urban deployment studyHybrid LDVs urban deployment study

MilanMilan city selected for the analysiscity selected for the analysis 142000 LDVs operating in Milan area142000 LDVs operating in Milan area Introduction of hybrid LDVs begins in year 2002Introduction of hybrid LDVs begins in year 2002 The shares of new hybrid LDVs covers 20% in the year The shares of new hybrid LDVs covers 20% in the year

2002, 55% in 2003 and 100% in 2004 and beyond2002, 55% in 2003 and 100% in 2004 and beyond Total extra-cost in 2002-2005 is about 174 MEuros, of Total extra-cost in 2002-2005 is about 174 MEuros, of

which 12 in the year 2002 (2000 new LDVs deployed)which 12 in the year 2002 (2000 new LDVs deployed) Two scenarios have been analysed with TREMOVE Two scenarios have been analysed with TREMOVE

model, the first one only with hybrid introduction and the model, the first one only with hybrid introduction and the second one with also the integration of telematic systems second one with also the integration of telematic systems to improve freight delivery effectivenessto improve freight delivery effectiveness


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Hybrid LDVs first scenario resultsHybrid LDVs first scenario results

Comparison to Comparison to reference basecase reference basecase shows relevant shows relevant differences only on differences only on emissionsemissions

Considerable effect Considerable effect specially on PM specially on PM ( 5%)( 5%)

After 2008 no more After 2008 no more PM reduction as PM reduction as almost all the oldest almost all the oldest and dirtiest LDVs and dirtiest LDVs have been removedhave been removed

Impact of series hybrid LDV in Milan

-6.00%

-5.00%

-4.00%

-3.00%

-2.00%

-1.00%

0.00%

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010YearsE

mis

sion

Red

uctio

n (%

)

COFCNOxPMVOCCO2


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Hybrid LDVs second scenario resultsHybrid LDVs second scenario results

Two beneficial Two beneficial effects, i.e. direct effects, i.e. direct reduction of reduction of emissions and emissions and increase of increase of commercial speed, commercial speed, respect to reference respect to reference basecasebasecase

Relevant decrease of Relevant decrease of all the pollutants all the pollutants ( >5%)( >5%)

Higher effects on Higher effects on fuel consumption, fuel consumption, CO2 and CO CO2 and CO emissionemission

Impact of hybrid LDVs introduction in Milan: load increase scenario

-18%

-16%

-14%

-12%

-10%

-8%

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

yearsR

educ

tion

(%)

CO

NOx

PM

C6H6

VOC

FC

CO2


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ConclusionsConclusions

Fleet tests of hybrid vehicles have shown positive Fleet tests of hybrid vehicles have shown positive performances and provided information for the fields performances and provided information for the fields where additional research is requiredwhere additional research is required

Series hybrid vehicles can be improved by the adoption of Series hybrid vehicles can be improved by the adoption of a control system able to manage the battery SOC and the a control system able to manage the battery SOC and the thermal engine working pointthermal engine working point

Series hybrid vehicles can provide good results for Series hybrid vehicles can provide good results for applications in domains where both the vehicle efficiency applications in domains where both the vehicle efficiency and emission reduction are to be consideredand emission reduction are to be considered

The combination of hybrid technology with other The combination of hybrid technology with other provisions (technological, legislative, informative, etc.) can provisions (technological, legislative, informative, etc.) can provide very important additional benefitsprovide very important additional benefits

Documents

ATT Conference Barcelona, October 1-3, 2001