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Division Ave High School Ms. Foglia REGENTS Biology
Regents Biology 2009-2010
ATP
I. What is energy in biology?
Whoa! HOT stuff!
Adenosine TriPhosphate
Regents Biology
ENERGY = ATP
Regents Biology
A. What is ATP? Adenosine Triphosphate is similar to a nucleotide but has three phosphates instead of one
Regents Biology
B. How is Energy stored in our cells? 1. In the chemical
bonds between the phosphates
Regents Biology
2. Opposites attract and like charges repel • The phosphate groups are negatively charged and require LOTS of energy to be held together.
Regents Biology
How do cells get the stored energy in ATP for use?
3. When chemical bonds between phosphate groups in ATP are broken, Energy is released
4. ATP becomes: ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
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Division Ave High School Ms. Foglia REGENTS Biology
Regents Biology
C. Animals are energy consumers u 1. What do we need energy for?
§ To build more organelles, and large molecules § Cell reproduction
Regents Biology
§ To transport things in and out of the cell by active transport & bulk movement. § Movement of muscles, cilia, or flagella § temperature control (making heat)
Regents Biology Regents Biology
2. Where do we get energy? § Energy is stored in organic molecules→ food
u digest food to get § fuels for energy (ATP) § raw materials for building the four biomolecules w carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic
acids
ATP
Regents Biology
D. Plants are energy producers § Like animals, plants need energy to live
u unlike animals, plants don’t need to eat food to make that energy
§ Plants make both FOOD & ENERGY
Regents Biology
Summary § How is ATP’s energy released
and where do animals get ATP?
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Division Ave High School Ms. Foglia REGENTS Biology
Regents Biology
II. Energy in Plants Photosynthesis: Life from Light and Air
Regents Biology
A. Who uses photosynthesis? AUTOTROPHS Like Plants
Regents Biology
ROOT CELLS DO NOT HAVE CHLOROPLASTS!!
THEY DO NOT GO
THROUGH PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Regents Biology
B. Where does photosynthesis occur?
Regents Biology
CHLOROPLASTS
Regents Biology
Chloroplasts are only in plants animal cells plant cells
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Division Ave High School Ms. Foglia REGENTS Biology
Regents Biology Regents Biology
1. Why Are They Green? § Chlorophyll
u Pigment that absorbs all wavelengths of white light except for green. Green is reflected.
u In the fall plants absorb all of this pigment to conserve energy. Other pigments contained within the leaves are observed.
Regents Biology
C. What do plants need for photosynthesis?
§ The “factory” for making energy & sugars u chloroplast
§ Fuels u sunlight u carbon dioxide u water
§ The Helpers u enzymes H2O
sugars
ATP
Make ATP! Make sugar!
I can do it all… And no one
even notices!
enzymes
CO2
sun
Regents Biology
D. The EQUATION…..
6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2 sun
energy →
+ + +
→ glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide
sun energy + water +
Reactants Products
Regents Biology
E. How does photosynthesis occur?
2 steps 1. Light dependent
reactions 2. Calvin Cycle
Regents Biology
a. occurs in: the chloroplast b. Needs: Water and
Light
1. Light Dependent Reactions
• Photolysis- • Photo = light
• Lys = destruction • water molecules are
split using light energy
c. Gives off: O2
ATP & NADPH H2O
Photons
O2
From water
5
Division Ave High School Ms. Foglia REGENTS Biology
Regents Biology
2. Calvin Cycle: (aka Dark Reactions)
b. CO2, is needed a. Occurs in: the chloroplast
CO2 ATP & NADPH
C6H12O6 c. Glucose is
produced. Regents Biology
SUNLIGHT
LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS
WATER CARBON DIOXIDE
CALVIN CYCLE
ATP NADPH
OXYGEN GLUCOSE
Regents Biology
F. Factors affecting photosynthesis 1. Temperature
Temperature
Gro
wth
Rat
e
Regents Biology
VI. Factors affecting photosynthesis 2. Amount of Oxygen
Amount of Oxygen
Gro
wth
R
ate
Regents Biology
VI. Factors affecting photosynthesis 3. Amount of Carbon dioxide
Gro
wth
Rat
e
Amount of Carbon Dioxide
Regents Biology
VI. Factors affecting photosynthesis 4. Light Intensity
Gro
wth
Rat
e
Light Intensity
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Division Ave High School Ms. Foglia REGENTS Biology
Regents Biology
Summary § Explain the 2 steps of
photosynthesis in your own words
Regents Biology
III. ENERGY IN ANIMALS Cellular Respiration:
Harvesting energy stored in food
Regents Biology
A. Who uses Cellular Respiration?
§ Heterotrophs Like Animals § Plant ROOT cells
Regents Biology
B. What is Cellular respiration? u breaking down food to produce ATP
§ in mitochondria § using oxygen
w “aerobic” respiration
u usually digesting glucose § but could be other sugars,
fats, or proteins 1. The EQUATION
C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6CO2 6H2O → + + +
glucose + oxygen → energy + carbon + water dioxide
O2
food ATP
Regents Biology
3 Steps 1. Glycolysis 2. Kreb’s Cycle 3. Electron
Transport Chain
C. How does Cellular Respiration Occur?
Regents Biology
1. Glycolysis a. Occurs in the CYTOPLASM NEEDS
Glucose GIVES OFF
Pyruvate 2 ATP
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Division Ave High School Ms. Foglia REGENTS Biology
Regents Biology
2. Krebs Cycle a. Occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA
NEEDS Pyruvate
GIVES OFF Carbon Dioxide
2 ATP
Regents Biology
3. Electron Transport Chain a. Occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA NEEDS Oxygen
GIVES OFF Water
32 ATP
Regents Biology
Glucose
pyruvate 2 ATP
Oxygen
KREBS CYCLE
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
CHAIN
2 ATP Carbon Dioxide
Water 32 ATP
GLYCOLSYSIS
Regents Biology
What do we need to make energy? § The “Furnace” for making energy
u mitochondria § Fuel
u food: carbohydrates, fats, proteins § Helpers
u oxygen u enzymes
§ Product u ATP
§ Waste products u carbon dioxide
§ then used by plants u water
O2
food
ATP
Make ATP! Make ATP!
All I do all day… And no one
even notices!
enzymes
CO2 H2O
Regents Biology
Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells
Regents Biology
Oxygen is needed in the last step of cellular respiration to create the greatest amount of ATP
E. Why do we breathe???
A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second
ATP
ADP work
Whoa! Pass me the
glucose & oxygen!
Adenosine DiPhosphate
Adenosine TriPhosphate
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Division Ave High School Ms. Foglia REGENTS Biology
Regents Biology
1. What if oxygen is missing? § No oxygen available = can’t complete
aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
a. also known as fermentation b. no oxygen or
no mitochondria (bacteria) c. can only make very little ATP d. large animals cannot survive
O2
yeast
bacteria Regents Biology
2. Types of Anaerobic Respiration
a. alcohol fermentation § yeast
w glucose → 2 ATP + CO2+ alcohol w make beer, wine, bread
b. lactic acid fermentation § bacteria, animals
w glucose → 2 ATP + lactic acid w bacteria make yogurt w animals feel muscle fatigue
O2
Tastes good… but not enough energy for me!
Regents Biology 2009-2010
Got the energy… Ask Questions!!
Regents Biology
IV. How are they connected?
glucose + oxygen → carbon + water + energy dioxide
C6H12O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O ATP → + + +
Respiration
Photosynthesis
6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2 light
energy → + + +
→ glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide
sun energy + water +
Regents Biology
H2O
Energy cycle
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
sun
The Great Circle of Life! Mufasa?
glucose sugars O2 CO2
plants
animals, plants
ATP Regents Biology
H2O
Another view…
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
sun
organic molecules
food O2 CO2
producers, autotrophs
consumers, heterotrophs
synthesis
capture light energy
digestion
release chemical energy ATP
waste waste waste
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Division Ave High School Ms. Foglia REGENTS Biology
Regents Biology
The poetic perspective § All of the solid material of every plant
was built out of thin air § All of the solid material of every animal
was built from plant material
Then all the cats, dogs, mice, people & elephants…
are really strands of air woven together by sunlight!
sun air