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Atoms & Chemical Bonding . Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham, Modified in 2011. Element Cards. Follow the directions in the following slides to complete this journal. Element Cards ( Part #1 ). A.) Arrange the cards into some sense of order according to their properties - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Atoms&
Chemical Bonding Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham,
Modified in 2011
Element Cards• Follow the directions in the
following slides to complete this journal
Element Cards (Part #1)
A.) Arrange the cards into some sense of order according to
their propertiesB.) Look for patterns both up &
down & sideways C.) Answer questions 1-3 on the
“Element Cards” Sheet
Element Cards (Part 2)
A.) Organize your cards according to the periodic
tableB.) Answer questions 4-7 on the “Element Cards” Sheet.
Element CardsD.) Return your cards to the
envelopeE.) Return the envelope to the
front tableF.) Turn to page 1 of your
Packet
Atoms&
Chemical Bonding Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham,
Modified in 2011
NOTES
Valence Electrons• Electrons in the outermost energy
level are known as valence electrons.
• Valence electrons are important because they are the only ones involved in chemical bonding.
Valence Electrons• Valence electrons can be gained,
lost, or shared by atoms during chemical bonding.
• This desire for a certain amount of valence electrons is what causes chemical reactions.
Valence Electrons• How many valence electrons in this atom?
• REMEMBER VALENCE ELECTRONS ARE
ONLY THOSE IN THE OUTER ENERGY
LEVEL
How many valence electrons in this atom?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 12. 23. 44. 6
How many valence electrons in this atom?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 92. 73. 34. 2
How many valence electrons in this atom?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 12. 23. 44. 88
How many valence electrons in this atom?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 12. 23. 44. 88
Return your remote
Complete p. 6-7 of your packet
Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham,
Modified in 2011
Entrance Questions
Ready your remote
Created in 2008 by Tim F. Rowbotham,
Modified in 2011
How many valence electrons in this atom?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 12. 23. 44. 6
How many valence electrons in this atom?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 12. 23. 44. 12
How many valence electrons in this atom?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 12. 23. 44. 20
How many valence electrons in this atom?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 12. 23. 44. 38
CHEMICAL BONDING NOTESTurn to page 1 of your
CHEMICAL BONDING PACKET
Rows on the Periodic Table• Rows across the periodic table are
known as periods.• Elements in the same row have the
same number of energy levels. • This outer energy level is often
referred to as the valence energy level or the valence shell.
Families on the Periodic Table• Elements in the same column of
the periodic table are known as groups or families.
• Elements in the same family have the same number of valence electrons.
Families & Properties• Since elements in the same family
have the same number of valence electrons, they behave very similarly in a chemical reaction.
• Therefore, atoms in the same family have very similar properties!!!
Using the Periodic Table• How to Determine the Number o
f Valence Electrons
Learning Checks• Ready your Remotes
Columns on the periodic table are called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Periods2. Groups3. Compounds4. Bonding Reagents
What is true of elements in the same column of the periodic table?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Same first letter2. Similar properties3. Same number of protons as neutrons4. Discovered in the same year
Rows on the periodic table are called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Groups2. Compounds3. Periods4. Bonding reagents
What is the valence energy level of strontium (A# = 38) ?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 2nd
2. 3rd
3. 4th
4. 5th
What is the valence energy level of Mercury (A# = 80) ?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 3rd
2. 4th
3. 5th
4. 6th
How many valence electrons does bromine have(A# = 35) ?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 82. 73. 64. 4
How many valence electrons does phosphorus have(A# = 15) ?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 82. 73. 64. 5
What is the valence energy level of calcium (A# = 20) ?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 1st 2. 2nd 3. 3rd 4. 4th
How many valence electrons does calcium have(A# = 20) ?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 12. 23. 34. 4
Electron Dot Diagrams• Since only the valence electrons
are involved in chemical bonding, chemists have a quicker, easier way to represent atoms when showing bonding called an electron dot diagram.
Electron Dot Diagrams• An electron dot diagram is
simply the chemical symbol of an element with 1 dot for every valence electron it has.
• This is also referred to as a Lewis dot structure.
Sample Dot Diagrams
Learning Checks• Ready your Remotes
Rows on the periodic table are called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Groups2. Compounds3. Periods4. Bonding reagents
What is true of elements in the same column of the periodic table?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Same first letter2. Similar properties3. Same number of protons as neutrons4. Discovered in the same year
Using the Periodic Table• Return Your Remote
• Pick up & Complete Electron Dot diagrams WS
• Complete PACKET p.8 “Properties of a Missing Element”
Using the Periodic Table• Valence Electrons, Lewis Dot Di
agrams & Bohr Models
Entrance Questions• Ready your Remotes
• Get out a periodic table
Columns on the periodic table are called
0%
0%
96%
4% 1. Periods2. Groups3. Compounds4. Bonding Reagents
How many valence electrons does aluminum have(A# = 13) ?
0%
7%
90%
3% 1. 22. 33. 44. 5
What is the valence shell of aluminum (A# = 13) ?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 1st
2. 2nd 3. 3rd 4. 4th
How many valence electrons does phosphorus have(A# = 15) ?
0%
93%
3%
3% 1. 12. 33. 54. 7
Columns on the periodic table are called
0%
7%
90%
3% 1. Periods2. Families3. Compounds4. Bonding Reagents
What is true of elements in the same column of the periodic table?
0%
3%
97%
0% 1. Same first letter2. Similar properties3. Same number of protons as neutrons4. Discovered in the same year
How many valence electrons does chlorine have(A# = 17) ?
0%
0%
100%
0% 1. 82. 73. 64. 17
Chlorine-37 would have how many neutrons? (A#17)
0%
76%
17%
7% 1. 72. 173. 204. 37
How many valence electrons does phosphorus have (A# = 15) ?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 12. 33. 54. 7
Exit Questions• Return your Remotes• Read Text pages 130-138 (Chapter 5.2)• Complete Periodic Table Brochure• Complete pages 8–10 of Chem Bonding Pack
Entrance Questions• Ready your Remotes
• Get out a periodic table
Oxygen-17 would have how many neutrons? (A#8)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 72. 173. 94. 8
What is true of elements in the same column of the periodic table?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Same first letter2. Similar properties3. Same number of protons as neutrons4. Discovered in the same year
How many valence electrons does magnesium have (A# = 12) ?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 12. 23. 54. 12
How many energy levels does magnesium have (A# = 12) ?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 12. 23. 34. 12
Entrance Questions• Return your Remotes• Turn in Periodic Table Brochure• Read Text pages 139-145 (Chapter 5.3)• 5.3 Representative Groups Reading Organizer• Answer Assessment Questions 1-11• Complete pages 9–16 of Chem Bonding Pack• ADD- Valence Electrons, Valence Shells, and
Electron Dot Diagrams to the flip chart.
Entrance Questions
• Ready your Remotes
Which of the following elements has 6 valence electrons?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Oxygen (A# 8)2. Neon (A# 10)3. Lithium (A# 3)4. Carbon (A# 6)
CHEMICAL BONDING NOTESTurn to page 2 of your
CHEMICAL BONDING PACKET
Stable Atoms• Chemically stable atoms have 8
valence electrons (Octet Rule) • (Atoms with only 1 energy level
can be stable with only 2 valence electrons)
Which of the following elements is naturally chemically stable?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Oxygen2. Neon3. Lithium4. Carbon
Which of the following families have elements that are chemically stable?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Alkali metals2. Alkaline earth metals3. Halogens4. Noble Gases
Chemical Bonding• Atoms chemically bond or react
to become stable atoms.• They can do this by gaining,
losing, or sharing valence electrons.
Nerdy electrons?• Use the nerds on the Energy Level
Diagrams to represent electrons in the energy levels of the neutral atoms in the slides that follow:
Nerdy electrons?
Fluorine(A#9)
Nerdy electrons?
Fluorine – using the nerds to represent electrons, show the proper location of fluorine’s 9 electrons in its energy levels
Nerdy electrons?
Fluorine(A#9)
Nerdy electrons?Fluorine:
What change would make it
chemically stable?
Nerdy electrons?Fluorine:
Adding 1 more valence
electron would give it a stable
8 !!!
--
Nerdy electrons?Fluorine:
What effect does this have on the fluorine atom? --
Nerdy electrons?Fluorine:
NOW HAS A
CHARGE OF -1It is now chemically
stable!!!
--
Nerdy electrons?
Sulfur(A#16)
Nerdy electrons?
Sulfur – using the nerds to represent electrons, show the proper location of sulfur’s 16 electrons in its energy levels
Nerdy electrons?
Sulfur(A#16)
Nerdy electrons?Sulfur:
What change would make it
chemically stable?
Nerdy electrons?Sulfur:
Adding 2 more valence electrons
would give it a chemically stable
8 !!!
--
--
Nerdy electrons?
Sulfur:
What effect does this have on the fluorine atom?
--
--
Nerdy electrons?
Sulfur:
IT NOW HAS A
CHARGE OF -2 It is now
chemically stable!!!
--
--
Nerdy electrons?
Sodium(A#11)
Nerdy electrons?
Sodium – using the nerds to represent electrons, show the proper location of sodium’s 11 electrons in its energy levels
Nerdy electrons?
Sodium(A#11)
Nerdy electrons?Sodium:
What change would make it
chemically stable?
Nerdy electrons?Sodium:
Adding 7 more valence electrons
would give it a chemically stable
8 !!!
--
--
--
--
--
----
Nerdy electrons?Sodium:
But… is there an easier way?
--
--
--
--
--
----
Nerdy electrons?Sodium:
Take a look again. Is there a
different way to get 8 valence
electrons?
Nerdy electrons?Sodium:
Losing 1 electron would leave 0 in the 3rd
energy level, making the 2nd energy level the valence shell… which
would now have a chemically stable 8!!!
Nerdy electrons?
Sodium:
NOW HAS A CHARGE OF
+1!!!It is chemically
stable.
Nerdy electrons?
• Other examples:
Nerdy electrons?
Magnesium (Construct if you have pink nerds)
Oxygen (Construct if you have purple nerds)
Nerdy electrons?
• So… where do atoms pick up extra electrons?
Nerdy electrons?
-- -
-
Nerdy electrons?
• From other atoms that want to lose them!!!
Ions• When an atom gains or loses
electrons to become stable, it is called an ion.
• An ion is a charged atom.
Positive Ions• Atoms that lose electrons
become positively charged.• These positive ions are called
cations.
Negative Ions• Atoms that gain electrons
become negatively charged.• Negative ions are called anions.
Ionic Bonding• Atoms looking to be stable may
transfer electrons to other atoms.
• Each atom becomes charged, and positive ions are then attracted to negative ions.
Ionic Compounds• The attraction of positive ions to
negative ions is called an ionic bond.
• Atoms that bond this way are called ionic compounds.
Ionic Compounds• Here’s how it happens:
• Ionic Bond Video Clip 1• Ionic Bond Video Clip 2• Ionic Bond Video Clip 3
Ionic Bonding
Learning Checks• Ready your Remotes
Atoms that gain or lose electrons in order to become more chemically stable are
called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Isotopes2. Ions3. Radioactive4. Neutral
What would a chlorine atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 17)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Gain 1 electron2. Lose 1 electron3. Gain 2 electrons4. Lose 7 electrons
What would an iodine atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 53)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Gain 1 electron2. Lose 1 electron3. Gain 2 electrons4. Lose 7 electrons
Learning Checks• Return your Remote• Complete PACKET pages 17-18 Ionic Bonds
Learning Checks
• Ready your Remotes
How many valence electrons does rubidium have(A# = 37) ?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 12. 23. 74. 37
Stable atoms have how many valence electrons?
5%
5%
85%
5% 1. 12. 43. 84. 20
What would a rubidium atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 37)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Gain 1 electron2. Lose 1 electron3. Gain 2 electrons4. Lose 3 electrons
Learning Checks
• Return your Remotes
Learning Checks
• Ready your Remotes
Stable atoms have how many valence electrons?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 12. 43. 84. 20
How many valence electrons does potassium have(A# = 19) ?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 12. 23. 74. 19
What would a potassium atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 19)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Gain 1 electron2. Lose 1 electron3. Gain 2 electrons4. Lose 3 electrons
Atoms that gain or lose electrons in order to become more chemically stable are
called
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Isotopes2. Ions3. Radioactive4. Neutral
JOURNAL#2• Draw electron dot diagrams of
Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, & Iodine
Learning Checks
• Ready your Remotes
How many valence electrons does sulfur have(A# = 16) ?
0%
85%
15%
0% 1. 82. 73. 64. 4
Stable atoms have how many valence electrons?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 12. 43. 84. 20
What would a sulfur atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 16)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Gain 2 electrons2. Lose 2 electrons3. Gain 3 electrons4. Lose 3 electrons
Oxidation Numbers• Turn to page 3 of your packet
Oxidation Number• The oxidation number is
essentially the bonding power of an atom.
• The oxidation number of an atom is the charge that it will tend to acquire when bonding.
Oxidation Number• A positive oxidation number
means that an atom will lose electrons when forming an ionic bond.
• A negative oxidation number means that it will gain electrons.
Sample Oxidation Numbers• Chlorine: - 1• Sodium: +1• Calcium: +2• Sulfur: - 2• Aluminum: +3
Video Clips
• Intro to Bonding (Ionic) 4:30• Valence electrons 2:46
Learning Checks
• Ready your Remote
How many valence electrons does phosphorus have(A# = 15) ?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 72. 63. 54. 4
What would a phosphorus atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 15)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Gain 2 electrons2. Lose 2 electrons3. Gain 3 electrons4. Lose 3 electrons
What is the oxidation number of phosphorus? (A# = 15)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. +12. -13. -24. -3
What is the oxidation number of nitrogen? (A# = 7)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. +12. -13. -24. -3
What is the oxidation number of chlorine? (A# = 17)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. +12. -13. -24. -3
What is the oxidation number of magnesium? (A# = 12)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. +12. +23. -24. -1
Learning Checks
• Return your Remote• Complete the “Periodic Table Perspectives” sheet
Video Clips• Element Rap 3:00• The Noble Gas Song 3:28• The Noble Gas Rap 2:50
Entrance Questions• Ready your remote
How many valence electrons does an arsenic atom have? (A# = 33)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 12. 33. 54. 7
What is the oxidation number of arsenic? (A# = 33)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. +12. +23. -34. -2
How many energy levels does an arsenic atom have? (A# = 33)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 52. 23. 34. 4
Changing An Atom• RETURN YOUR REMOTE
• Turn to page 19 of your packet & complete it
• Pick up a copy of the “Families of the Periodic Table” worksheet
Video Clips• Families of the Periodic Table 14:42• Groups of Elements on the
Periodic Table 7:26
Video Clips• Alkali Metals in Water 2:22• Sodium & Potassium in Water 0:53• The Halogens 3:40
Learning Checks
• Ready your Remote• Get ready to consult your
periodic table!!
What is the oxidation number of strontium? (A# = 38)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. +12. +23. -14. -2
What is the oxidation number of oxygen?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. +12. +23. -14. -2
What would a calcium atom do to become chemically stable? (A# = 20)
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Gain 1 electron2. Lose 1 electron3. Lose 2 electrons4. Gain 2 electrons
In a chemical reaction, what would an oxygen atom do?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. Gain 1 electron2. Lose 1 electron3. Gain 2 electrons4. Lose 2 electrons
Learning Checks• Return your remote
• Turn to page 20 of your PACKET• Make sure you finish page 20 – 21
“Bonding Basics – Ionic Bonds”
Covalent Bonding• When atoms share electrons to
become stable, it is called a covalent bond.
• Covalently bonded atoms are called molecules.
Sample Molecule• Hydrogen Fluoride Before After HF
Sample Molecule• Ammonia Before After NH3
Sample Molecule• Oxygen (diatomic molecule) Before After O2
Polyatomic Ions• Polyatomic ions are covalently
bonded atoms that still hold a positive or negative charge.
• Sometimes called radicals, these molecules act as one and can form ionic compounds.
Common Polyatomic Ions• Ammonium NH4
+1
• Acetate C2H3O2-1
• Hydroxide OH-1
• Nitrate NO3-1
• Carbonate CO3-2
Law of Conservation of Matter• The Law of Conservation of Matter
states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
• Matter can just change from one form to another.
Law of Conservation of Matter• The mass of the reactants is equal
to the mass of the products of a chemical reaction.
• The number of atoms before a chemical reaction is the same as the number after a chemical reaction.
Law of Conservation of Matter• REACTANTS PRODUCTS
Law of Conservation of Matter• REACTANTS PRODUCTS
4 H 4 H
2 O 2 O
BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION:
4 H2 + 2 O2 2 H2O
Law of Conservation of Matter• REACTANTS PRODUCTS
Law of Conservation of Matter• REACTANTS PRODUCTSTOTAL ATOMS TOTAL ATOMS
2 H 2 H
2 Cl 2 Cl
BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION:H2 + Cl2 2 HCl
TOTAL MASS:2 (1.0g) + 2 (35.5 g) = 2 (36.5 g)
73. 0 g = 73.0 g
The Law of Conservation of Matter
BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION: Na2SO4+ Ca Cl2 CaSO4+ 2 NaCl
The Law of Conservation
of Matter
27 grams of aluminum react with 24 grams of oxygen. What mass of aluminum oxide
forms?
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 27 grams2. 24 grams3. 25.5 grams4. 51 grams
What coefficient should go in front of the H2 to properly balance this equation?
2 H2O ? H2 + O2
0%
0%
0%
0% 1. 12. 23. 34. 4
Law of Conservation of Matter• Video 1• Homer & Conservation of Mass 2• Antoine Lavoisier's Discovery 3
