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1. Atoms and Molecules
Relative masses of atoms and molecules
The mole, the Avogadro Constant
The determination of relative atomic masses,Ar, and relative
molecularmasses, Mr, from mass spectra
The calculation of empirical and molecular formulae
Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)
2. Atomic Structure
The nucleus of the atom: neutrons and protons, isotopes,protons
and nucleon numbers
Electrons: electronic energy levels, ionization energies, atomic
orbitals
3. Chemical Bonding
Ionic bonding
Covalent bonding-the shapes of simple molecules-bond energies,
bond lengths and bond polarity
Intermolecular forces, Hydrogen Bonding
Metallic bonding
4. States of matter
Gaseous stateIdeal gas behaviorPV=Nrt
Liquid state,
Solid state, lattice structure
5. Chemical Energetic
Enthalpy changes
Hesss Law
6. Electrochemistry
Redox processes
Oxidation states
Electrolysis (industrial)
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7. Equilibrium
Factors affecting
Equilibrium Constants
Haber process
Contact process
Ionic Equilbria
Kc Kp
Bronsted Lowrey theory
8. Reaction Kinetics
Rates
Effects of temp.on rate constants
Activation Energy
Catalysts
9. Periodicity
Atomic radius and ionic radius
Melting Points
Electical Conductivity
Ionistation energy
- REACTIONS WITH
OXYGEN WATER AND CHLORINE
Acid behavior
GROUP 2 ELEMENTSGROUP 7 ELEMENTS
NITROGEN AND SULFUR
- Unreactivity- Ammonia, Ammonium ion, nitiric acid-
Environmental impact
Sulfur- Formation of atmospheric sulfur dioxide- Sulfuric
acid
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10. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Molecular, structural and empirical formulae
Functional Group
Organic reactions
Isomerism
(i)functional group(ii)homolytic and heterolytic
fission(iii)free radical, initiation, propagation,
termination(iv)nucleophile, electrophile(v)addition, substitution,
elimination, hydrolysis(vi)oxidation and reduction
11. Hyrdocarbons
I Alkanes (exemplified byethane)
(i) Free-radical reactions
(ii) Crude oil and cracking
II Alkenes (exemplified byethene)
(i) Addition and oxidationreactions
(ii) Industrial importance
III Arenes (exemplifiedby benzene andmethylbenzene)
(i) Influence of delocalised
electrons on structure
and properties
(ii) Substitution reactionswith electrophiles
(iii) Oxidation of side-chainIV Hydrocarbons as fuels
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12. HALOGENS
I Halogenoalkanes and halogenoarenes
(i) Nucleophilic substitution
(ii) Hydrolysis
(iii) Formation of nitriles, primary amines
(iv) Elimination
13. Carbonyl Compounds
I Aldehydes (exemplified byethanal)
(i) Oxidation to carboxylic acid
(ii) Reaction with hydrogencyanide
(iii) Characteristic tests foraldehydes
II Ketones (exemplified by propanone andphenylethanone)
(i) Reaction with hydrogencyanide
(ii) Characteristic tests forketones
Alcohols, Alkenes, Salts, Esters
