Atoms and Matter Today’s Objectives Understand the components of the atom. Understand the components of the atom. Be able to explain the parts of the

Atoms and Matter

Today’s Objectives

Understand the components of the atom.Understand the components of the atom. Be able to explain the parts of the atom and Be able to explain the parts of the atom and

their relationship to each other.their relationship to each other.

Here’s the hint

Slides with this color background mean you Slides with this color background mean you just have to listen and ask/answer questions.just have to listen and ask/answer questions.

Unless….Unless….the text is written in this color. the text is written in this color. Then you need to write the text down.Then you need to write the text down.

Slides that look like this

This means the entire slide needs to be This means the entire slide needs to be copied Cornell note style.copied Cornell note style.

Any questions?Any questions? I have one…….I have one…….

Cornell Notes you ask?

Divide the paper Divide the paper into One third and into One third and two third sections.two third sections.

Name, Class/Period, Name, Class/Period, Date go in the upper Date go in the upper right corner.right corner.

Topic/Objective in the Topic/Objective in the upper leftupper left

Cornell Notes

Questions and key Questions and key points go on the points go on the left.left.

Class notes go on Class notes go on the right.the right.

A review summary A review summary is located at the is located at the bottom.bottom.

The Cornell method• systematic format for condensing and organizing notes

• main ideas of the text or lecture• long ideas are paraphrased• long sentences are avoided

• symbols or abbreviations are used instead• relevant questions or key words are written in the key word

column• Within 24 hours of taking the notes, the student must revise

and write questions and then write a brief summary in the bottom five to seven lines of the page This helps to increase

understanding of the topic• Helps when studying for either a test or quizWhen reviewing

the material, the student can cover the note-taking (right) column while attempting to answer the questions/keywords in

the key word or cue (left) column.

Effectiveness

A study published in 2008 by Wichita State A study published in 2008 by Wichita State University compared two note taking methods University compared two note taking methods

Cornell and guided.Cornell and guided.They found that Cornell Note taking are more They found that Cornell Note taking are more

effective for students improvement of effective for students improvement of synthesis and apply learned knowledgesynthesis and apply learned knowledge

while the guided notes method appeared to be while the guided notes method appeared to be better for basic recall.better for basic recall.

Enough of that nonsense lets get back to the Enough of that nonsense lets get back to the atom!atom!

Vocabulary

Atomic mass Atomic mass Atomic numberAtomic number Atomic symbolAtomic symbol NucleusNucleus

AtomAtom ElectronElectron ProtonProton NeutronNeutron ElementElement Energy levels, Orbitals, Energy levels, Orbitals,

Electron CloudElectron Cloud

History of the Atom

Going back as far as 400 BCE.Going back as far as 400 BCE. Greek philosophers suggested that the Greek philosophers suggested that the

universe was made of small invisible universe was made of small invisible particles they named atomos.particles they named atomos.

Atomos is Greek and means unable to be Atomos is Greek and means unable to be divided (loose translation).divided (loose translation).

History of the Atom

It wasnIt wasn’’t until around 1700 CE that t until around 1700 CE that scientists began a more intense scientists began a more intense investigationinvestigation

Making careful and repeated measurementsMaking careful and repeated measurements Resulting in more reliable dataResulting in more reliable data

1808

Then in 1808 an English schoolteacher by Then in 1808 an English schoolteacher by the name of John Dalton developed his the name of John Dalton developed his atomic theory.atomic theory.

Dalton’s Atomic Theory:

Atoms cannot be divided.Atoms cannot be divided. Atoms of the same element are exactly alike.Atoms of the same element are exactly alike. Atoms of different elements can join to form Atoms of different elements can join to form

compounds. (Like hydrogen and oxygen compounds. (Like hydrogen and oxygen forming, Hforming, H22O).O).

Most of his theories still hold true today except Most of his theories still hold true today except one: we now know that an atom is made of one: we now know that an atom is made of three parts.three parts.

Atoms

We know are the building blocks of We know are the building blocks of moleculesmolecules

Are the smallest part of an element that still Are the smallest part of an element that still keep the properties of the element. (What is keep the properties of the element. (What is an an elementelement?)?)

Pure chemical substance consisting of Pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom (determined by the # one type of atom (determined by the # of protons).of protons).

But What Is an Atom?

Atoms are the basic unit of matter and Atoms are the basic unit of matter and consist of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.consist of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.

Remember I said that almost all of DaltonRemember I said that almost all of Dalton’’s s Atomic Theory held true.Atomic Theory held true.

Based on what you know which one didn’t?Based on what you know which one didn’t? Hint: refer to your notes on his theory.Hint: refer to your notes on his theory.

Proton

Positively chargedPositively charged Resides in the nucleus (atomResides in the nucleus (atom’’s central s central

region)region) Has a mass of 1.67x10Has a mass of 1.67x10-27-27

Neutron

No chargeNo charge Similar to proton in that it Similar to proton in that it resides in the resides in the

nucleusnucleus Also similar in mass of the proton at Also similar in mass of the proton at

1.67x101.67x10-27-27

Nucleus

Central region of the atomCentral region of the atom Made of Protons and NeutronsMade of Protons and Neutrons

Nucleus of a Helium Atom

++++

Electron

Negative chargeNegative charge Much less massive than either the proton or Much less massive than either the proton or

neutronneutron Mass = 9.11x10Mass = 9.11x10-31-31

Does notDoes not reside in the nucleus reside in the nucleus Freely moves around the nucleus in an Freely moves around the nucleus in an

energy level.energy level.

Electrons

This is where it becomes confusing.This is where it becomes confusing. The electron moves in an orbital path The electron moves in an orbital path

around the nucleus.around the nucleus. If I were to draw the path it would look like If I were to draw the path it would look like

a ring around the nucleus.a ring around the nucleus. Important to note that Important to note that the path isthe path is actually actually a a

shell aroundshell around the nucleusthe nucleus, like a cloud., like a cloud.

Two Dimensional Drawing of a Helium Atom

++++

--

--

Electrons Electrons occupy areas called orbitals, electron Electrons occupy areas called orbitals, electron

clouds, and energy levels.clouds, and energy levels. Orbital, electron cloud, and energy level all refer Orbital, electron cloud, and energy level all refer

to the area where the electron “lives”. The path of to the area where the electron “lives”. The path of the electron.the electron.

All of those are the same thing, the path the All of those are the same thing, the path the electron follows around the nucleus.electron follows around the nucleus.

If the nucleus of the atom was the size of a marble If the nucleus of the atom was the size of a marble then the size of the whole atom (including electron then the size of the whole atom (including electron cloud) would be the size of a football field.cloud) would be the size of a football field.

ThatThat’’s how far away the electron is from the s how far away the electron is from the nucleus.nucleus.

Take a Breather

Lot’s of info passed on.Lot’s of info passed on. Everyone get up circle the room once and Everyone get up circle the room once and

go back to your seat. Say ‘hi’ to someone as go back to your seat. Say ‘hi’ to someone as you pass them.you pass them.

Are there any questions?Are there any questions? ItIt’’s going to get a little more intense.s going to get a little more intense.

Atoms, The Make-upParticleParticle ChargeCharge Mass(kg)Mass(kg) Location in Location in

AtomAtom

ProtonProton +1+1 1.67x101.67x10-27-27 NucleusNucleus

NeutronNeutron 00 1.67x101.67x10-27-27 NucleusNucleus

ElectronElectron -1-1 9.11x109.11x10-31-31 Moving Moving around around

outside the outside the NucleusNucleus

Atomic charge

Important to note:Important to note: Atoms are electrically neutral.Atoms are electrically neutral. The number of positive subatomic The number of positive subatomic

particles matches the number of negative particles matches the number of negative subatomic particles.subatomic particles.

What are the subatomic positive and What are the subatomic positive and negative particles?negative particles?

Revisit Today’s Vocabulary AtomAtom ElementElement ProtonProton NeutronNeutron NucleusNucleus ElectronElectron Energy levels, Energy levels,

Orbitals, Electron Orbitals, Electron CloudCloud

Let’s end it there for today.

Do you know the parts to the atom?Do you know the parts to the atom? How about their relationship to each other?How about their relationship to each other? Good! Then your homework is to write a Good! Then your homework is to write a

Haiku about it. Haiku about it.

Example

You must also write your sentences connecting the You must also write your sentences connecting the haiku and border to the content. The instructions haiku and border to the content. The instructions are on page 6 in your notebook.are on page 6 in your notebook.

Physical Science

Brain Teaser

This is your warm-up for today.This is your warm-up for today. Get your homework ready to be checked.Get your homework ready to be checked. Please write down the question and answer on a left hand Please write down the question and answer on a left hand

page of your notebook.page of your notebook. Also write the date, your name, and the title “Brainteaser Also write the date, your name, and the title “Brainteaser

#1” on the top of the page.#1” on the top of the page. Update this in your table of contentsUpdate this in your table of contents Here is the question:Here is the question:

Explain the relationship between the parts of an atom.Explain the relationship between the parts of an atom.

We Have Identified Seven of the Vocabulary Words

Which Ones?Which Ones?

What Did We Do Last Class?

We looked at atoms.We looked at atoms. In particularly the three parts.In particularly the three parts. The positive:The positive:

• Proton.Proton. The neutral:The neutral:

• Neutron.Neutron. Finally, the negative:Finally, the negative:

• Electron.Electron.

What Else?

Where do each Where do each ““livelive””. Where do they make . Where do they make their homes?their homes?

What other vocabulary words do you What other vocabulary words do you remember?remember?

Here’s the List


ElectronElectron ProtonProton NeutronNeutron AtomAtom ElementElement Energy levels, Energy levels,

Orbital, Electron Orbital, Electron CloudCloud

Today’s Objective:

Know how to construct a model/diagram of Know how to construct a model/diagram of an atom, labeling each part.an atom, labeling each part.

Essential QuestionEssential Question How do you make a model or diagram of How do you make a model or diagram of

what an atom looks like including the what an atom looks like including the labels?labels?

Energy Levels

Energy levels Energy levels are paths for the electrons.are paths for the electrons. A Danish scientist named Niels Bohr A Danish scientist named Niels Bohr

suggested that electrons in an atom move in suggested that electrons in an atom move in set paths around the nucleus of the atom.set paths around the nucleus of the atom.

The path defines the electrons energy level.The path defines the electrons energy level. Only a certain number of electrons can Only a certain number of electrons can

occupy, or reside, in a certain energy leveloccupy, or reside, in a certain energy level..

Picture a Building

Energy Levels

The basement is where the nucleus isThe basement is where the nucleus is Each floor is an energy levelEach floor is an energy level The elevator (The elevator (electronelectron) ) can gain energy and can gain energy and

move from a lower level to a higher levelmove from a lower level to a higher level Or the elevator (Or the elevator (electronelectron) ) can lose energy can lose energy

and move down a leveland move down a level But the But the electron electron cannotcannot get stuck between get stuck between

floors (floors (levelslevels))

Energy Levels

Also Also only a certain number of electrons can only a certain number of electrons can fit on eachfit on each floor ( floor (energy levelenergy level))

Energy Levels

44thth energy level energy levelCan hold 32 electronsCan hold 32 electrons 33rdrd energy level can energy level can

hold 18 electronshold 18 electrons 22ndnd energy level can energy level can

hold 8 electronshold 8 electrons 11stst energy level can energy level can

hold hold onlyonly 2 electron 2 electronssNucleusNucleus

Electron CarElectron Car

Energy Levels A Good Example

Why Is This a Bad Example of Energy Levels?

Vocabulary Revisited



Orbitals, Electron Orbitals, Electron CloudsClouds

What Is Left?

Atomic mass.Atomic mass. Atomic number.Atomic number. Atomic symbol.Atomic symbol.

How do I find these? Not just the definitions How do I find these? Not just the definitions but where do I actually find the information.but where do I actually find the information.

Back to the Atom

Have you ever heard of the periodic table of Have you ever heard of the periodic table of elements?elements?

ItIt’’s filled with symbols numbers all s filled with symbols numbers all arranged in a certain way.arranged in a certain way.

Periodic Table

The Periodic Table

Tells you an elements Tells you an elements atomic massatomic mass.. Sum of the number of protons, neutrons in the Sum of the number of protons, neutrons in the

atom.atom. Tells you the Tells you the atomic numberatomic number..

The number of protons in the nucleus of the The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.atom.

Gives you the Gives you the atomic symbolatomic symbol.. The atomic symbol is how we recognize the The atomic symbol is how we recognize the

element, itelement, it’’s s the letter(s) given to the element. the letter(s) given to the element. Like H for hydrogen.Like H for hydrogen.

Looking DeeperLooking Deeper

Atomic Atomic

NumberNumber Atomic Atomic

SymbolSymbol Atomic nameAtomic name Atomic massAtomic mass

66

CCCarbonCarbon12.010712.0107

Periodic Table

Finally, It’s Over

Let’s take one final look at our new Let’s take one final look at our new vocabularyvocabulary

New Vocabulary



Orbitals, Electron Orbitals, Electron Clouds.Clouds.

That’s All Folks

What happened today?What happened today? What were we doing and why?What were we doing and why? I think I will volunteer someone to describe all I think I will volunteer someone to describe all

the information we can gather by looking at the information we can gather by looking at sodium on the periodic table of elements.sodium on the periodic table of elements.

Go up to the screen and use the meterstick to Go up to the screen and use the meterstick to guide us as you explain the numbers and guide us as you explain the numbers and symbols.symbols.

The class doesn't get off scott free, you have to The class doesn't get off scott free, you have to correct if necessary.correct if necessary.

Sodium (Na)

1111

NaNaSodiumSodium

22.9922.99

HomeworkHomework

T-Shirt Art for T-Shirt Art for Hydrogen or an Hydrogen or an element of your element of your choice.choice.

Example

You are still responsible for the 2 paragraphs. The You are still responsible for the 2 paragraphs. The instructions are on page nine of your notebookinstructions are on page nine of your notebook..

The EndThe End

This has beenThis has been

An An

Irish stewIrish stew

ProductionProduction

Documents

Atoms and Matter Today’s Objectives Understand the components of the atom. Understand the components of the atom. Be able to explain the parts of the