Atomic Energy Act

8/7/2019 Atomic Energy Act

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ATOMIC ENERGY ACT O F 1946(Public Law 585, 79h Congress)

Excerpted from

LEGISLAT IVE HISTORYOF THE

ATOMIC ENERGY ACT OF 1946(Public Law 585, 70thCongrcss)

Coinpilcd byJanics D. NiiscAEC Hcadqoartcrs Library

Voliiinc IPrincipal Docriiiiciits

U.S.ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSIONWASHINGTON, 1965


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[PUBLIC LA W 8 5 - 7 9 ~ ~CONQRESS][CHAPTER 724-2~ SESSION][S. 17171AN ACT

For the development and control of atomic energy.Be it enacted 6y the Senate and House of Re resentdives of t bUnited States of A m r i c a in Congress assemble$

D E C L A R A T I O N O F POLICYSEGITON. (a) FINDIN~SND DEctAfiA11oN.-ResenrCl~ a n d experi-mentation in the ,field of nuclear chain reaction have nttained. thes tage a t which th e release of atoniic energy on a large scale is prachcal.T h e si ificanca of, he a tom ic bomb or military purposes 1s evident.T he eiPct of the us0 of atomic energy fo r civilian p urposes upon thesocial, economic, and political structures of today cannot now bodetermined. It is a field in which unknown factors are involved.Therefore, any legislation mill necess:trily be subject to revision fFomtime to time. It is reasonable t o antici ate, however, that tappingthis now source of energy will cause proPund changes in our presentway of life. Acco rdingly, it is hereby declared to be the policy ofthe people of t he United St ate s thnt, subject nt all tifnes to the para-mount objective of assuring the common defense and security, thedevelopment and utilization of rtoinic ener shall, so f a r us prsc-ticable, be directed tmvartl improving the pu1:ic we!fare, .increasingthe stanndnrd of living, stren4hening free competltloh m privateenterprise, and piwmolii i woiqd peace.(b) PuicrosE OF Aor.--Et is the purpose of this A ct to effectuate theolicie? set out in section 1 a). by providing, among others, for theFollowing mnjor prog rams m\:ttiiig ( 0 atomic energy :rogram of mis t ing wid fosteying private research andde%o&&t to encourage m axi~n um cienllfic progress;(2 ) A program f or the control of scientific an d technical informa-tion which will rmit. the dissemination of such info rm atio n toencourage scientiK"progress, and for the sharin g on. a reciprocal basisof information concerning the practical indu strial npp limtion ofatomic energy a s soon as effective nnd enforceable safegu ard s ag ainstits use fo r destructive purposes can be devised;(8 ) A program of federally conducted research and developmentto assure the Government of adequate scientific an d technical accom-plishment;(4 ) A program for Government control of th e production, owner-ship, and use of fissionable material to asstire the common defense nndsecurity an d to insure the broadest possible exploitation of th e fields;and(5) .A pro rnm of arlministrat,ion which will be consistent with th eforegoing po%cies and with internntionnl arrangemen ts m ade by the

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P U B . LAW 86.1 2United States, and which will enable the Congress to be c n m n t l yinformed so as to take further legislative action as may hereafterbe nppropriate. ORGANIZATIONSEO. . ( a ) AmmaENERQYOMMISSION.-(1) 'I'here is hereby established nn Atomic Energy Commission(herein called the Commission), which shnll be eom m d of five

Commission.members. Threemembers hall constitute a uorum oP he Commis-sion. T he Presiden t sha ll designata one mem1r as Chairman of the

Commission.(3) The principnl office of the Commission shall be i n t h e Districtof Columbia, bu t th e Commission or nny duly authorized re resenta-tive may exercise any or a11 of its powers in any placa Tp e Corn-mission shall hold such meetings, conduct such hearings, a nd receivesuch reportsasmay bo necessary to enable it tocarry o u t th e provisionsof this Act.

(A) a General Manager, who shall discharge such of t.headministrative and executive functions of th e Comm ission as th eCommission m ay direct. T h e General Manager shall be appointedby the President by and wi th the advice and consent of theSenate, en d shall receive compensation a t the rate of $15,000 perannum. "lie Commission may make recommendations to thePresident with respect to the appoint.ment or removal of th eGeneral hfnnager.(B) a Division of Research, R Division of Production, a Divi-sion of Engineering, and a Division of Military Application.

(4 ) Them a re hereby established within the Commission-


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3 mm.LAW ae61Bnch division shall be und er the direction of a Director who shall .be appointed by the Com mission, an d s hal l receive compenstLliona t the ra te of $14,000 per annum. T he Director of tho Divisionof M ilitary Application shall be a m ember of th e armed forces.T he Comm ission shall requ ire each such division t o exercjse suchof th e Commissions powers un der this Act as he Commission madetermine, except th at th e authority grante d u nder section 3 (afof this Act shall not be exercised b the Division of Research.

Commithe to advise th e Com mission on scientific an dIldviso7echnicn rnntters relating to materials, production, and research anddevelopment, to be com osed of nine m embers, who shall be appointedfrom civilian life by tR President. Eac h member shall hold oficefor - a t e rm of six years, except th at (1) any member appointed to fi!la vacancy occurring prior to the expiration of the term for whlch hlspredecessor was appointed, shall be appointed for the remainder ofsuch term; nnd (2) tho tcrms of ofice of the members first takingofice af te r the date of the enactm ent of this Act shall expire, a s desig-nated by the President a t the time of appointment, three a t the endof two years, threo at the end of four years, and three a t the end ofsix ears, af ter the cbte of the enactmont of this Act. Th e Comm itteeshall m eet at least four times in every calendar year. Th e membersof th e Com inittee shall receive a per diem compensation of $50 fo reach day spent in meetings or conferences, and ,211 members shallreceive their necessary trav eling or other expenses while engaged inthe work of the Comm ittee.( c ) MILITARYIAISONo m m . - T l i e r e s h a l l bo a MilitaryLiaison Committee consisting of representatives of the Departmentsof W ar and Navy, detailed or assigned thereto, without ad ditional com-pensation, by the Secretaries of W a r nnd Navy in such number ns theymay determine. Th e Commission shall nd v~ se nd consult with theCom mittee on all atomic e n e r g matters which tho Committees deemsto relata to militnry applications, includ ing tho dcvelopment, manu-facture , use, and storngo of bom bs, the allocation of fissionnble m aterialfor military research, and the control of information relating to themanufncture or utilization of atomic wea ns. Tho Commission sh d lkeep the Committeo fully informed of n E u c h matters before it andthe G mm it tee sha ll kee th e Comrnission fully informed of al l atomicactivit ies of the k a r an d Navy Departments. The CommitteeshalnerW: ve authority to make written recoinmendations to the Com-mission on m atters relating to militn applications from time to timeas it may deem appropriate. If fhe&xnrnittee at any tim e concludesth at any action, pro osed action, or fnilure to act of t.he Commissionon such matters is $verse to th e responsihilitics of the D epartmen tsof War or Navy, derived from the Constitution, laws, and treaties, th eCommittee may refer such action, pro osed action, or fa i lure to actto the Secretanes of W a r a n d N av . f eith er Secreta concurs, he6 ) rNTMEm OF ARMYND NAVYOFPIcEns.-Notmithst.nndingthe provisions of section 1222 of th e Revised Statutes (U . S.C., 940edition, title 10,.sec 676), section 212 of the Act entitled An Actmaking appropnations fo r the Legislative Brancb nf he Govsrnment

(b ) GENFBAL DVISORY o ~ ~ z ~ ~ -ero shall be a General

shaP designate one of its own menibers as Chnirlnitn. T h e Com mittee

ma refer tho matter to th e PresiK fnt, whose decision 91a l l be final.

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p v a . LAWes.] 4for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1933, and for other purposes",approved June 30, 1932, RS amended (U. S. C., 1940 edition, title 5,Fec. 59a , ection 2 of the Act enti t led "An Act m along spproprlationsfor th e fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred nnd ninety-five, and for other purposes", approved July 31, 1894, as am?nded(u.S.c. 1940 edition, title 5, sec. 62), or any other law, any active orretired ohcer of th e Army or the Navy may serve as Director of theDivision of Military A plication cstnblished by subsection (a) (4 )(B) of th is section, witRout prejudice to his commissioned status assuch officer. Amy such officerserving as Director of the Division ofBfi!itary App lication shall m i v e , in addit ion to his pay f rom theUnited Statesas such officer,an am ount equal to the difference betweensuch pa y and the compensation prescribed in subsection (a) (4 ) (B)

RESEARCH

for the Iegislative, executive, and judicinl expenses of the Governm ent

Of thlS S 8 C t i O RSEO. . (a) RIWEARCHSSIETANCE.-"~~ommission is directed toexercise its powers in such manner as to insure the continued conductof research and development activities in the fields s p i f ie d below byprivate or public institutions or ersons and to assist in the a uisitiqn

to make arrangements (including contracts, agreements, and loans)for the conduct of research and developnient activities relating to-of an ever-ex anding fund of tKeorctical and practical know7dge insuch fields. 5 this end the Commission is authorized and directed

processes, ma terials, find devices relntcd to such prodl) ction;nuclear processes;the theoq and produc t ion of atomic energ including

(3) utilizatio n of fissionltble. pnd radioactive m aterials forme dical, biological, h ealth, or m il ita ry p u r p o v ;(4 ) utilization of fissionable an d radioactive materials an dprocassesentailed in tho prod uction of suc.h mate rials fo r all otherth protection of health during reseai-ch and productionactivities.T h e Commission may mako such arrangements without re a d o th eprovisions of section 8709 of the Revised. Statu tes (U. S.8.,i t le 41,8ec 6) upon certification by th e Commission th at such action is neces-sary in t h e interest.of the common defense and security, or upon ashowing th at advertis ing is not reasonably practicable, and may makepartial and advance paymen? unde r such nrrangements, and may makeavailable for use in connection therewith such of its equipment andfacilitim m,it ma y deem desirable. Slicli arrangements shall containsuch provislonsto pmt+ct herrlt,h,to minimize dnnger from explosionand other hazards to l i fe or property, and to require the reportingand to permit th e inspection of work performed t.liereunder, as th eCommission ma detsrmine; but sha!l not contain any provisions orconditions w h i d prev ent tho clisseininntlon of scientific or technicalinformation, except to the exten t such d issemination is prohibited by

(b) REBEARCHY TEE C o ~ ~ r s s i o ~ . - T h eommission is authorizedand directed to conduc through i ts own facilities, activities and

ses, ncluding industrial uses; and

law.studies of the t p peci4ed in subsection (a) above.

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5 p u n . L A W 36.)P R O D U C T I O N OF FISSIONABLE M A T E R I A L

SEO.. ( a ) DEFINITION.-AS used in thi s Ac t, th e term produce,when used in relation to fissionable material, means to manufacture,produce, or refine fissionable material, as distinguished from sourcematerials as defined in section 6 (b ) ( l ) , r to separa te fissionablematerial from other substances in which such material may be con-tained or to p roduce new fissionable material.(b ) PRolrmmoN.-It sha ll be unlawful fo r any person to own an yfacilities for the produ ction of fissionable material o r f o r an y personIo produco fissionable materjal, except to the extent authorized bysubsection ( c).

(1) OWNEI~SIIIPF PRODUGITONACII,KT~E.~.-T~~ommission,as ngent of and on behalf of the United States, shall be th eexclusive owner of a l l facilities for the production of fissionablematerial other than facili t ies which ( A ) are useful i n the conductof research and development activities in the fields specified insection 3, an d (B) do not, in the opinion of the Commission,I1at.e a potential production rate adequate to enable th e operatorof such facilities to produce within a reasonable rid of timea sufiiciant qua ntity of fissionable m aterial to prog.IX an ntomicbomb or any other atomic w anpon.The Commission is nuthorized and directed to p r o d w e o r towovide for the production of fissionable material in its owniacilities. To the extent deemed necessary, the Commission isauthorized to make, or to continue in effect, contracts w ith per-sons obligating them to prodace fissionable ma terial in facilitiesowned by the Commission. The Commission is also authorizedto enter into research and development contracts authorizinthe contractor to produce fissionable material in facil ities ow neby the Commission to the extent thnt the production of suchfissionable material nirry be incident to the conduct of research

(c ) OWNE~SHIFN D OI*ERATIONF PRODUCXIONACILITIES.-

(2) OIERATION OF THE COBfMISSIONS PRODUCTION FACILXTIES.-

%

6) upon certification byin the interest ofth at adver-tising is not

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[PUB. LA W 86 1 6(3) OPEI~ATIONF m i m IRODUCXION FncILrrr~.-Fjssionnblcmaterial inay be produced in the conduct of research and develop-mcnt activities in facilities which, under pa ragra ph (1) above, nron o t rqii ired to be owned by th e Com mission.(d ) I R R A I ~ T T O NF MAmmAi,s.-For th e pu rpo se of increasing t h osupply bf radioactive mnterials the Commission and persons lamf iillyproducing or utilizin fis io na ho matcrial nrc authorized to exposematerials of any Irinf to the radiation incident to the processes ofproducing or utdizi ng fissionable material.(e ) ? ~ ~ A ~ T U F A C T O P ~F PR~IWCTXONACIT~ITIES. -~~~~SSuthorizedby a liccnso issued by the Cammission, no person may manufacture,

produce, transfer, or acquire an fncilities fo r the production oflation establish and shall

as will resti4ct the production a n d distribution o such facilities toeffect,uatB th e po licies nnd purposes of this Act. Nothing in thisFaction sha ll be decined to require a liccnse or such manufacture, pro-duction, transfer, or acquisition incident to or fo r the conduct ofrcscnrch or dcvelopmcnt activities in the Unif.ed States of the typesspecified in section 3, or to prohibit the Commission from manufac-tu r ing or producing such facilitirs or its ow n use.CONTROL OF MATERTALS

fissionable materin l. Licenses sha 1be issued in accordance with suchk ssued in accordnnce with such standarcT an d upon such conditionsrocedures as the Cmmrnission may by r

8m:. i. (a) IirssroN.\nr,E &~ATEI:IALs.-(1 ) I)ITTNITION.-ASused in this Act, the term %ssionableni:i(,winlmeans plutonium, nmnium enriched in the isotope 235, anyother mnterinl wliicli the Commission determines to be capable ofreleasing substantial qi ia~i t i lcs of cncrgy through nuclear chriinreiiction of th e mnteriril, or any inntcrial artificially enriched by an yof th e fo re go i ng ; hu t does not i n c k l c , source materials, as defined inscctjon 5 ( 1 ) ) ( 1 ) .rig t, title, and intorest. with in or nnder the ~u risdic t ion f the UnitedState, in or to nny fissionrrblc matcrial, 1 1 0 ~ r horcnfter produced,$hall be he property of the Commis4on, and shnll be decmed to berested in the Com mission by vivtue of t h i s Act. Any person owningan7 interest in any fissionable mnterinl nt the time of tlie enactment ofth is Act, or owning any int,rrcst in an y niatn.j:il at the t h e wliensuch material is hereafter clctrrmincd to Im a fissionable material, orwho law fully pi-oduces an fissicmnble ma terial incident to privatelypensation therefor. T h e Corninission may, by action consistent wit hthe provisions of paragraph (4) below, authorize any such erson tosession of such fissionable inntarid, but no person sRall havoan ycnl?itfin or t o nny fissionable material.(8) PnoIxInmoN.-It shall bo unlawful for any person, after sixtydays from the effective data of th is Act to (A ) posscss or transfer anyfissionnblo material, except RS authorized by t.1-e Commission, or(13) ex ort from or impor t into th e United States any fissionableany fissionable ma terial outside of the Tnitarl Slates.to its continued ownership thoreof, tho Commission i s wtliorized ta

f?) GOVERNMENT OWNPSIlIi OF A L L FISSONAl3LE MATERIAL-A 1

f i i ~ ~ i c c desearch or dovor pincnt activit.ies, sha l l be paid just com-

9ateria , or (C) directly o r indirect.] engnge in th e production of(4) DI~RIBUTIONF FIFI88JONAnLE MAimIAL.-without prejudice

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distribute fissionnble mnterinl owned by it with or without charge,to app licants requesting such material (A ) for th e conduct of researchor dcvclopnient activit,ies either independ ently or under con tract orothcr arrangement with the Commission, (B) fo r use in medlcal*empy, or (C ) fo r use pursuant to a license issued under th e auth orityof section 7. Such material shall be distributed i n such quantities andc11siic*h erms t ha t no a plicant will be enabled to obtam an amountsiifficient to construct ae,mb or other military weapon. T he Com-mission is directed t,o distribu te siificient fissionable innte rial to permitI ie conduct of widespread independent research and development:IC! ivity, to tlie maximum extent practicable. Jn determ ining theqitantities of fissionable material to be distributed, the Commissions l d 1 mak e such provisions fo r its own needs an d for tlie conservationof fissio1i:iblc material as it ma detcrniiiie to be necessary in theiinlionnl interest for th e fut ur e &uelopment of atomic energy. Th eCommission slinll not distribute any material to any applicant, andshall recnll m y dist ributed material from any applicant, who i? notq u i p p e d to chserve or mho fails to observe such safety standards toprotect. hcnltli niid to minimize clan er from explosion or other hezardiiscs such ninteriaf in v iolntioii of 1 % ~r regu1:ition of the CoinmissionIW in a IIIIIIIIIC~other than ns disclosed in tlic application therefor.( 5 ) The Comn iission is rcutliorizcd t o purchase or otherwise ucquireany fissioriablc i i interinl or nny interest therein outside the .UnitedStates, or any interest in facilities or tlie production of fissionablemi r r h l , o r in real property on mliicli such facilities are located,n-itliout regard to the provisions of sectioii 3709 of the Revisedt4t:itiitt.a (U . S. ., tM e 41, sec. 5 ) upon cct.rtificn.tionby the Commissionthat sucli action is necessnry in the interest of the common defensean d security, or upon n sliowing tliat. advertising is not reasonablypracticable, and partinl and advance paymcnts may be made undercontracts fo r such purposw. The Commission is furth er authorized( o ake, fgui sit i on , or condemn, or otherwise acquire an y interest insricli facilities or rea1 property, aiid ju st compensation shall be made1heref or.(b ] SOURCEATERIALS.-(1 DF.FINITION.-~\Ssed in this Act, the term source materialincans uranium l thorium, or any other mnterial which is determined.IIJ the Con~mission,with the B provxl of the President, t o be ecul inr l jmly if they contain one or more of the foregoing materials in suchcoilcentration a s the Commission may by regulation determine fromtime to time.(2 ) LICENSEOR TRANSFERS IIEQmBED.-Unless authorized by a. license issued by th e Cam mission, no person ma t ransfer or deliver,sourco mnterinl after removal from its plnce of dcpogit in nature,except that licenses shall not be required fo r qunntities of sourcematerials which, in th e opinion of the Commission, are unimportant.(3) ISSUANCEF LraNsm.-Tlw Coinmission shall establish suchstand ards f or t he issuance, refusal, or revacntion of licenses as it mngdeem necessary to assure adequate source materinls for productioc,resiearcb, or clevelopment activities p ursu ant to this Act or to prevent

to life or 1)i-oprrt a s may be cstnb shed by th e Commission, o r who

essential to the production o? issionable ma terials; but in cP des oresieccive possession of or title to, or export f rom t30 United States an?


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DUB.AW 8s 8the use of such m a t ~ r i a l sn a manner inconsistent with the nationalwelfare. Licenses shall be issued in accordance wit h such proceduresa s t h e Comm ission may b regulation establish.(4 ) RmomNa.-The 8omrnission is autliorizod to issue such r e g -lntions or ordeis requirin reports of ownership, possession, extraction ,decin necessary, except t ha t such reports shall not be required witrespect to (A ) any source material prior to re.mova1 fro m 1tSdeposit in nature, 01: (13) qunn tities of source ma terial s mhic in theopinion of the Commission are unimportant or tho reporting of whichwill discourage independent pro spc t in g fo r ne w deposits.

( 5 haQnIsrnON.--The Commission IS authorized and directed toof source ni:iterinls or any inte res t in rcal properly containing depositsof source materials to th e extent it dceins necessary to effectuate theprorisions of this Act. An y purchnso made under this earagra hRevisctl Statutcs (U . S. C., t i t le 41. sec. 5) upon certification by theCommission th at such action is nccessmy in the interest of the commondefense and security, or upon B sliowjng tlint advertising is not reason-ably practiaible, and partial nnd cldvnnce paymmts may be mndot Itcreuudcr. TJio Coniinission may establish giwaiitcecl prices for allsource rnaterinls delivered to it within II specified time. J u s t corn-pcnsation slinll be made for ally property taken, rcquisitioned, orcondemned und w this paragrnph.(6) Exi.r.oR,\TroN.-T1ie Coniinission is au t l i o i kd to conduc t andenter into contrncts for the conrliirt of rxplorafory operations, inves-tigatioiis, r t n d insprctions to dctcrminp the location, cstent, ?node ofocciirrence,use, or conditiolis of dcposi(s or sripplies ?f soiirco mah-rials, malting just compeiwition fo: an y c1:m:igc or iitlury occnsionedthereby. Such exploix tory operations may be conducted only withth o consent of tlic owner, btrt siich inrcstigntions and inspectionsmay be conducted with or ni tb oi it siicli consent.(7)PDELIG~ N D s . - A ~ ~raiiiiim. tliorium, nnd all other m aterialscle~crmirieclpursuant to parag raph ( I ) of this subsection to bepeciiliarly emmtial to tlic production of fi~sionnhlematerial, con-tained, in whatwcr con~enti-:ition,n tlrposits i n flie public lnnds arehereby reserved for th e us o of the Iliiitrcl Stafe s siibjcct to v alid claims,* r igh ts ,or privileges rxistiiig 011 (h e &ate of the enactment of this Act:Providctl, howcner, That no inclividiinl, corporation , partnership, orassociation, which hart an y part, directly or indirectly, i n th e develop-ment of th e atomic bomb pmjort, may brnefit by niiy location, entry,or scttlernent upon the piiblic c1oin:iin inado after such indiviclnal,corpomtjoc, pnrtnership, or asocial ion took part in such project,i f such nclivirlual, corpo ration , artnomhip, or nssociation, by reasonof havine hnd siich part in the &rcIopmcnt of th o atomic bomb proj-ect, acquired confidential oficitil infonnntion as to the existence ofdeposits of such uraniiim, thorium, or other materials in the specificlands upon which such location, entry, or settlement is made, findsubsequent to the date of tho enactment of this Act made such low-tion, entry, or settlement or caused th e same t.o be made fo r his, its,or their benefit. TheSecretary of the In ter ior sliall cniise tobc insertedin every patent, conveyaiice, loase, permit, orother authorizationhereafter granted to use th e public. lands or their mineral resources,

hgefining, sbipmciit,, or ot1r hand l ing of source materials as i t maglaceOf

purc ! ase, tnko, requisition, condcinn, or otherwise acquire, suppliesmay be made without regard to the provisions of section 3r09 of tx

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9 Dam. LA 686.Junder any of which there mig ht result the extraction of any m aterialsso reserved, a reservation to the United States of all such materials,whether or not of commercial value, together with the right of theUnited States throng11 it s aiithorizcd agents or representatives atany time to enter upon the land and prospect for, mine, and removethe same, making jus t compens:ition for any clamago or injury occa-sioned thereby. Any lands so paten ted, conveyed, leased, or otherwisedisposed of may be used, nnd any rights under any such permit orauthorization niay be exercised, as if no rc.^servnt,ion f such materialshad been made under this subsection; except that, when such useresults in the extraction of tiny siicli material from the land in quan-tities which may not be transfcrred or delivered without a licenseunder thi s subsection, such matcrial shall bc the property of the Com-mission nnd the Commission mny require delivery of such mnterinlto i t by an y possessor thereof after siich mnter inl has bcen separatedRS such from the ores in which it was coatained. I f the Commissionrequires the delivery of such material to it, it shall pay to the personmining or extractin g the saitie, or to such other person RS the Com-mission determines to be entitled thereto, such sums, including profits,as the Commission deems fa ir an d rcnsonable fo r the discovery, min-ing, development, prochiction, extraction, and other services performedwith r(?spcct o such mntcrial prior to siic:h delivery, but such pay-ment shnll not iiirlude any amoriiit on account of the value of suchmaterial before rcmornl from its place of deposit in nature. I f theCommission does no t rcquiro delivery of such material to it, the reser-vation made pursuant to th is par t~grnpl i hall be of no further forceor effect.c ) Banonurn ~~,YI-P:RIAIA-1) DEFINITICW.-ASsed in this Act, tlie term by roduct mate-yielded in or mndo i*ndionctiye11yexposine to tlie radiation incidentto the proccsscs of prodilcing or utilizing fiwionoble material.(2) DISTRIBUTI(IN.-T~~~nminission is nuthorized to distribute,wi th o r without charge, bgprorliirt innterinls to app licm ts seeking suchmatprjnls fo r research or development activity, niedical therapy, Indus-t r ia l IISW, o r such othe r usefril npplications as niny be developed. Inclistrihuting such materials, tlie Commission shall gire preference toapplicants proposing to us0 siirh inaterinls in tho conduct of researchand development activily or rnerlical thentpy. The Coinmission slinllnot distribute any t~y pro du ct anteri:ils to m y a plicnnt, and shall(quipped tn observe or who friils to observe such safety s tandards toprotrcL henlth as may be established by the Commission or who usesFuch materials in violntion of law or wgulation of thc Commissionor in a manner other than ns disclosed i n the npplication therefor.

( I ) distributo nny fissioiiable ntatcrinl to (A ) any person fo ra use which is not iindcr or within tlie jurisdiction of the UnitedStates, (l3) nny foreign government, or (C ) any person withintho United Stntes if, in the opinion of the Cominimon, the distri-bution of su ch fissionnble mntcrinl to siich person would beinimical to th e common defense and security.

r i aI means any rndioactive material (excrpt fissions6e mnterinl)i - e c a ~ ~ny distributed materials from nny nppf cnnt, w~io s not

(d) GENERALnovlsioNa.-The Conirnission din11 not-

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Wa. LAW86.1 10(2) license any person to t ransfer or deliver, receive possessionof or t i t le to, or export from th e United States any source inateriali f, in th e opinion of th e Comm ission, the issuance of a license tosuch person o r such purposo would be inimical to the commondefense and security.

M I L I T A R Y A P P L I C A T I O N S O F A T O M IC E N E R G YSm. 6 (a ) ArrrHonrm.-The Coinmission is authorized to-(1) conduct experimcnts and do rescnrch and developmentwork in th e military npplicntion of atomic encrg(2 ) engage in the production of atomic born s, atomic bombparts, or other militar y mcnpons utiliziiio fissionable ma terials;except that such activities shall be Carrie$ on only to the extentthat the express coiisent and direction of the President of theUn itcd States has been obtaincd, which consent and direction shallbeobtained a t least once each year.Th e President from time to t ime may direct the Commission (1) todeliver such q uantities of fissionable materials or weapons to th e armedforces for such use as lie deems necessary in the intere st of nationaldefense or (2) to authorize the armed forces to manufacture, produce,or acquire any equipment or device utilizing fissionable m aterial oratomic energy as a mili tar wmpon.

facture, roduce, transfer, or acquire nny equipmcnt or device utilizin gma be authorized by the Commission. Nothing in this subsectionto prohibit research activities In respect of military weapons, or toperm it the export of any such g u i p n i en t or device.

U T I L I Z A T I O N O F A T O M IC E N E R G YSEO.. (a) LICENSEEyuxnm,.-It shall bo iinlnwful, except as pro-vided in sections 5 ( a ) (4 ) (A ) or (B) or 6 (a) , for any person tomanufacture, produce, or export any cquipment or .dovice utilizin

or atomic energy w ith or without such equipment or device, exceptunder and in accordance with a license issucit by the Commissionauth orizin g such manufacture, production, ex ort, or utilization. Nolicenso m ay p erm it any such activ ity if fissionc%lematerial is producedincident to such activity, except as provided in sections 3 an d 4.Nothing in this section shall be deem+ to requirc R license fo r th econduct of research or develo ment activities rclnt.inf: to the mnnufac-Cure of such equipment or s vices or the utilization of fissional~lematerial or atomic ener , r for the manufacture or use of equipment(b ) REPORTO ~ ~ c ~ ~ s s . - - W h o n e v e rn its o inion an9 industrial,

energy h w been sufficiently developed to be of ractical vdu theCommission shall. prepare a report to th e Presi!nt statin a$ "9facts with respect to such use, tho Com mission's es timate of t e socialpolitical, economic, and internationnl effects of such use and the Com-mission's recommendations for nece-ssary or desirable supplementdlegislation. The President shall then transmit this report to t h e

g; and

(b ) PR OII IHITx ON.- I t sKd l be unlawful for any person to manu-fissionabP material or atomic energy as a military wcapon, except assha 1 be deemed to modify the provisions of section 4 of this Act, or

fissionable material or atomic energy or to utilize fissionable ma te n9

or devices for medical trmpy.commercial, or other nonmili tary use of fissiona1e material or atomio

i

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11 (pos. AW 88.1Congress together with his recommendntions. No license for anyman ufacture, production, export,or use sha ll be issued by the Commis-sion under this section until a f te r (1) a report with respect to suchmnn uacture, production, export, or use has been filed with the Con-gress; a n d (2 ) a period of ninety days in which the Congress was insession has elapsed aft er th e report has been so filed. I n cornputinsuch period of ninety day s, th ere shall be excluded the d ays on whiceither House is not in session because of an adjo urnme nt of m ore thanthree days.(c ) ISSUANCEF LrmNsEs.-After such ninety-day period, unlesshereafter prohibited by lam, th e Chmm ission may license such manu-facture , production, export, or use in accordance with such proceduresand subject to such conditibns ns i t may b regulntion estnbljsh tocffcctuate th e provisions of this Act. Th e &mmission is authorizedand directed to issue licenses on a nonexclysive bnsis and to supplyto th e extent available nppropriate qnan tit im of fissionable materialto licensees (1)whose roposed nc tivities will .serve some usefu l pur-sum ex ; (2) mho nre equipped to observo such snfety standards toprotect health and to minimize dan ger from explosion or other hazardto life or property a s the Commission may establish; and (3) whoR ~ I ' C Co inalic avuilahle to th e C ommission such technical inform ationa i id data concerning their activities pursunnt to such licenses as theCommission niay determine necessa to encourage sim ilar activitiesby ns many licensees asfo r n spccif'cd pe riod, shn be rnvocable at any time by the Commissionin accordance with such proc edim a ns th e Commission ma y establish,a n d m ay be renewed upon the expiration of such period. W hereactivities under nny license might serve to maintain or to foster thegrowth of monopoly, restraint of trade, unlawful competition, orother trade position inimical to t he en try of new, freely cornaiiter rises in the field, the Cornmission is authorized and gotitiverectedto reP se to issue such license or to establish such conditions to preventtheso results as the Commission, in consultation with the AttorneyGeneral, may determine. T h e (hmmission slinll report romptly tothe Attorney Gennral an informntion it may have witR respect toto have these results. No license may he given to any person foractivities which ar e not iiiider or within the jnrisdiction of the UnitedSte tm, to any foreign governmcnt, or to nn y pelson within th e UnitedStates if , in the op inion of th e Cornmission, the issuance of a licenseto such person would be inimical to the common defenso an d security.which may be utilized is pro-ducccl in the procltict.ionof fissionage matarial, such energy may. eused b tho Commission, transferred to other Gov cmm ent agencies,or sold o public of private util i t ies under contmcts providing forreasonable resale prices.

INTERNATIONAL AR R ANGE M E NT SSEO. . (n) DEF+INITION.-AS iscd in this Act, the term "inter-

na tiona l a rm npm ent " shall nican an y trenty npproved by the Senateor intnmational agreement licreafter npproved by the Congress,during the time such treaty or agreement is in full force an d effect. ,

pose roportionrrte to tPe q u n n t i t i a of fissionable ma terial to be con-

. 2ch such license shall be issuedr s i b l c

nny utilization of fission8Ple maferi:il or ntomic energy w hich appears

( d ) BYPRODUWorn.-If ener

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( b ) EFFECTF INTERNATIONALRltANaEMENTs.-lbly prOVkiOn. Ofthis Act or any a ction of the Commission to the ex tent tha t it conflictswith the provisions of any international arrangement made nfter th edntc of enactment of th is Act shall bc dcenied to he of no further forceor effect.pcrforma nce of i ts function s uiidcr this A ct, the C:o~iimissionhall givetnaxiinum effect to the policies contained in any such internationalarrangement.

PROPERTY O F THE COllMISSIONSEC. . (a The Presidcnt sliall direct the transfer to the Com-mission of a1 ' interests owned by the United S tates or any Governmentiigency in tlie following property :( 1) All fissionable m ater ial; all ntoniic weapons and part s there of;n11 facilities, equipment, an d m aterials or tlic proccssing, roduction,:Iid ~ ~ l i i i i c a lnform ation of any kind ) and the source thcreof (includ-i i i w d:it:t, c lrawinps , spec ificatio ns, pat ant s, patent applications, andotKcr sourccs (relating to the processing, production, or utilizationof fissioiiahle riatcrial or atomic cncrgy ;:ud 111co ntracts a gp cm en ts,~rnws, atents, applications for patents, inrcntions and discoveries(whether patented or unpntcntcd) , nd otlicr rights of an y kind con-ccarning any su ch ite m s;

(2 ) All facilities, equipment, an d m aterials, devoted prim arily totitomic cncrgy rescarch and dcvelo mmit,; and(3 ) Such other property ownrtfby or in flic cristody or control. ofthe Manliattan Engineer District or other G ov~rrinien t gencies a stlie Frcdont m ay determine.(b ) In order to render financial :issistaiico to tliosc States andloc,alities n which th c activities of tho Commission arc carried on andi n which the Commission ha s acqiiirctl property previously subject toState and lccal tnxntion, the Conimi~sion S nnthorizcd to make ay-merits to St:itr a n r l l o c n ~ ovcrnnieiits in lieu OF propcrty taxes. Juchpayments may be i n th e mo u n t s , :it tlic tinies, and upon the terms theComm ission deems appro prin te, hut. tlic Com ii~ission hnll be guidedby th e policy of not making paynicitts in cxc'css of the taxes whicht ~ o u l d ave becn payable for w cli property in the condition in whichit Wn s acquired, except in ~ ~ I S C SIici*r. pccial burdens liavc been cas tupon the State or local g o v ~ ~ im i t i~ i i ty activities of the Commission,tlw 32:tnhattm Engineer D k t r i r t or their agcnts. I n any such case,nny twirfit ticcruing to th c Stntc or local governm ent by reason of suchactiri t ics shall be considerrtl in dctcniiining t.1i.e ~-f"oi:nt f the pny-mpnt. Th e Commission, nnd the property, activities, nnd income ofthe Com mission, nre hereby cxp ressly exempted from taxation in anymanner or farm by m y Stnto, county, municipality, or any subd in -sion thereof.CONTROL O F I N F O R M A T I O N

( C ) P O t ~ c ~ ~ONTAINEDIN INTERNATIONALRI:~\NOE?tENTS.-In he

or iitiljzatioii of fissioiiable material o r atomic energy; nf proccsses

SEO.0. (n) PoracP.-It shnll be the licy of th e Comm ission t oass~irehe common defense qnd security. Consistent with such policy,the Comriiission shall Im guided by the following principles:control the dissemiiiation of rrstrictcd (Pots in such a m m n e r as t o

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13 Iron.LAW ea.)(1) Th at until Congress rlc~:lni~esy joint resolution that effec-tive mid enforceable iiitcriintiorinl safeg uards a ninst the use of

there sha ll be no csch ange of inforin ation w ith ot her n:t.tions w ithr q e c t to t he use of atomic energy for industr ial purposes; and(2) That the dissemination of scientific and technical infor-nintion relating t o atomic energy should be permitted a nd encour-aged so as to provide tha t fme iiiterchnilge of idea s an d criticismswhich is essential to scicntific progress,1) The term restricted data as uscd in this section means allda(:i concerning the maniifacture or uti1iz:ition of atoniic weaponst l ie production of fissionable ni nte rix ~, r the usn of fissionable rnateriaiin the production of power? bat s1i:ill not include any dnta which theCommission from tiine t o time detertnincs may bo publishcd withoutadversely affecting the coiniiioii defense an d security.(2) JVJi(~?ver,awfully or nnl:t.wfully, lwviiig possessioii of, accessto, control over, or being mtru st?d with, m y document, writing,sketch, photograph , plan, model, jnsl rumeiit, applinnce, note or infor-mation involving or inco rporatin g rcstriclecl data-(A ) cominunjcatts, tr:iiismits, or discloses the sniiie to anyindtviclnnl o r person, or atteiill>tsor conspires to do any of thefoi*egoing, wit.h intent l o iiijurc the Uiiitatl Slat es or with intentto secure an advantage to niiy foreign nation, upon convictiontliereof, shall be pmiislic!l by dc:al 11 or imprisonment for l ife(but the penal ty of death or impi*isonrneiit f o r l i fe m a y beiiriposecl only upon rrmniinend :itioii of tlte jury and o nly iii caseswhere th e offeiise was coniinittctl with intcut to iiijtire the UiiitedStates) ; r by tl fine of no t Inore tlinii $20,000 o r iiiiprisoinneiit f o rnot more than tmcnty years, or both ;AB) communicntes, transmits, or rlisclo~es he same to anyin ividual or person, or attempts or conspires to do any of theforegoing, with reason to believe such data will bo utilized toinjure the United States o r to wciirc an ndvantage to any foreignnation , shall, upon conviction, Le punislied by a fine of not niorethan $lO,OOO or iniprisonmcmt for riot 11101~3 han ten years, orboth.(3) Whoever., with intent to inju re the United States or with intentto secure an advantage to any foreign iiation, ne uires or attempts or

ni de l, inst,rument, ap&ance, note or infoi-~nntionnvolving or incor-restricted data shall,. upori conviction thereof, be puiiishedby dent 1 or m risonment for life (but tlio penalty of death or im ris-onment for S& may be imposed only i ijwn recommendation o f t h eju ry and on1 in cases where the offenso WRS committed with i nten t toinjure the &bd States) ; r by a fine of not more tlian $20,000orim risonment fo r not more than tmoiity years, or both.f4) Whoever, with inte nt to injure the United Sta tes or with intentto secure an sdvnntage to any foreign nation, removes, conceals,ttimpers with, alters, mutilatcs, or clestroys any document, writing,sketch, photograph, plan, model, instrumelit,,B pliance, or iiote involv-ing or incorporating rcstrictcd dnki and use! by any individual orpeiaon in connection with the producl.ion of fissionable materia l, or

atomic energy for destructive purposes have f e n established,

F!TRICrIONS.-

.

conspires to acquire ai1 docunicnt, writing, slietc1, photograph, plan,

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I P m . LAW 86.1 14research or dere lopineiit relating to n.toinic ciicrgy, conducted by theUn ited St.atcs, or fiiiaiiced in \vhole or in p w t by Federal funds, orconducted with the aid of fission:tblo material, s1i:dl be punished bydeath or imprisonment for l ife (bu t the pcnd ty of death or imprison-nieiit for l i fe may bo irnposrd only upon i.ecoini~ieiirl:ilionof thc jurynn d only in cns6.s mhcru thc offcnse W V ~ T ominitted with intent toinjure tlic United States) ;or by a fine of not niorc t l im $20,000 orjn ipri~onnientor not inoro tha n tverrty ycnis o r both.( 5 ) ( A ) No person shall tic. prosrciitctl f o r a n y violation unde r thissect ioii u n 1 m niitl iintil tllr Attorney Gciicrnl of the United Ststesliasndvised the Coniniission with resprct 1 0 stich proseciition and no uchprosecution shall bo conimenced except upon tlie express direction oft l i o Attorney Gcneral of the IJnitetl SLatcs.(B) ( i ) No srrangciiiciit sli:ill be made und cr section 3, no contractslinll be m a d e or cniitiniicil i i i eflect uiiclcr section 4, and no licensesIia11 be i.;sued u n d w section 4 (e) or 7, iinlcss tlie p m o n wi th whomsuch arrnngeiricnt is made, !h c contractor or prospective contractor,or the prospective 1icmsc.e agree,.; in w rit ing no t to pe rm it an y ind i-vidiiiil to lmvo accass to rtstrictcd dnln until the Federal Bureau ofInvestigSntion slinll hnvc irtndc an invcatiqntion nnd repo rt to th e Com-mission on the character, assncint ions, nittl lopnl!y of such individualniid thc. Coniniission s l i n l l h a w defnnni i icd that permit ting such ci w nto have accrss to i-ertricted (kit3 w i l l i iot rntlanger tlie common c f fenseor security.(ii) Except n:: nnthorized by !ho Com mission in cnsc of emergency,i in h l i v it l ~ i n l h l 1 be tmployctl by thc. (.hmi.ssion until the Federal1 3 1 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ if Invest,igatioii sliall llar e m a t l ~ 11 investigation and reportlo th e Comiiiissioit on thr c.linr:ic.ter, nsswintioiis, and loyalt,y of suchindivitlanl. nn dmay be nccesary to ninkc the invwtigat ioii) report, nnd determinationrequired by suc*hparagraphs, ( a ) niiy inrl~vid~ittllio was permittednccess to restricte d data by ilia hfiiii1intt:iii Thginccr District may bepermi t ted acc~ss o rwtrictrd d:!tn niicl (1)) tlic Cnininissjon maye.mploy an y int1ivicl11:ilw l i o WR S r i i i ;>lopl by (lieMa nhattan EngineorDistrict.( iv) To protwt ngniwt t l ic 1 ~ i l l i ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~ i l1isscntin:ition of restrictedclatn nnd to s:ifcg~i:rrd fncilitiw. tv~uipintwt, n:iterials, and otherproperty of the Commission, tho l'rwitlm t sha ll have auth ority toutilize the scrviccs of :iny Govtwinitmt :igtwry lo the extent lie maydeem necesmry or desir:ildc.(C) All violations of this A ct sh:i11 be inrestigated by tho FoderalRurcau of Invcstipntinn of the Dcparttt imt of histico.(6 ) This section sha ll not cxcliirlr t l ic : ipplicnl)lc y i s i o n s of nnyother laws, except. t h a t no Govcr*nint.nt rgc nc y dial take any nci ionrindor siicli other laws inroiisisttwt villi tlic I)t*ovisions f thi s section.(c ) INsrEmIom,IIEC~ROS,ND t r i v ~ i ~ ~ ~ s . - ~ ~ l ~ eommission is-authorizccl by rcyil:il iw or oi*tkr o rcyiire such reportsan6"he keeping of such records wi(li rcsprrk to, and to providofor sucli inspections of, :ictivities ant1 s! rit1ir.s of types spccificdin soction 3 and of activities nndcr l iccns t .~ ssuet1 p~iisnant o

the p1w-i- ons ( i f s;uhpnrngi.aphs (iof t f r w nftci. tlw cnnctment of th is Act as

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15 [PUB. h A W sebfsection 7 as niny bc iiccwsary to rfffrclrinte tlic pui-poses of thi sAct ;(2) nut,horized an d directed by regulation or order to requirercgrilnr reports and records with respect to, :cnd to rov ide fo r fr0-the conduct of research an d dove lop~n ent ctivities.qiient inspections of, the production of fissionatl:o material in

PATENTS AND INVENTIONSS E C . 11. ( a ) PRoDUcTION ANI) MILITARYTIIAIZATI@N.( 1 ) No patent shall hereafter be granted for an y invention orciiscovery which is useful solelye n tho production of fissionable mate-rial or in tlic utilization of fissioiiable m nler ial or atomic energy for

;I military weapon. Any p:itent granted for any such invcntion o rtliscovery is he rcby revo ld , and just conipensation slinll be madet hercfor.(2 ) No patent hereafter gran ted slinll confer any rights with respectto nng invention or discovery to the extent th:it such invention o rtliscovery is u w l in the prcttliiction of fissionable mater ial or in theutilization of fissioiiuble material or atomic energy for a niilitaryircapon. Any rights confrrrccl by any p i te nt heretofore granted forany invention or discovry are hercby revoked to the extent tha t suchirivention or cliscorcry IS SO tiscd, niid just coinpensntion shall beI 11acle theref or.(3) Any person mho has mnclc or Iiwcafter niakes nny inventionor discovery useinl in tho protlircrtion of fissionabb mnterial or in theutilization of lissionable nititcrjnl or atornic energy for n militaryweapon sli:ill file with th e Co niiiiission a rc port. coiitaiiiing a com pletetlrscription tlicreof, tiiiless t;ucli j~ivriitioti r discorcry is described intin npplicntion for a patent, filed in the Patent Office by such personnitliiri the time required for the f i l ing of such report . The reportc.ovcring nriy such iiivwtion or discowrg sh:ill he filecl 011 or beforewliiclierer of tho follo\ving is ( l i t : Iatvst: (A ) Tlic sixtieth day irfterLlic dnta of enactment of this Act ; U ) thc six tid h d ay nfter tlic corn-plction of such invention or discorwy ;or (C) th e sixtieth day nfkerwch pcrsoii f i i s t discovers or lirst 1i:ts wison to bclicvo that suchi ivrntion or discovery is i tsc~f i i l n such protluction or utilizatioii.

(b ) U ~ RF ImEwrrom FOR 111.: .;~\1:c~rr.--No patrnt heret i itw grnntccdsliall coiiEer ririy rights with rrspcct to nny invention or discovery totlio extciit tli:it such i i iver~t~ioi~r discowry is iisetl in tlic conclwt ofrr!semc.h or development nctivitks in tlic iields spxifiecl in section 3.t i ny rights conferrcd by :my pi tent lieretofore ~r:iiite,clor any inven-tion or tliscovcry are hercby i v i d < d o t lw extent tha t such inventionor discovery is so used, and just con~ pensa tion liall be made t,herefor.(1 It shall bo the dut of the Conimission t o declare any patent to

covered by the pa tent utilizes or is mwiiti:d in the iiLilizntion of fission-nble niatcrinl or atoniic energy ; nnd ( I { ) tlic licensing of such inven-tion or discovery u nder th is subsection is necess:u*y to cffectunte thepolicies nnd purposes of this Act.(2 ) Wllenever anyp$:nt 1 lm n clrcl:~red, ursuant to paragraph{ l ) , o be affected wit 1 e pu ic i n t e ~ s d

(C ) NONBIILIWRY UTILIZJ\TION.-1)e aBe c t d wit11 t~ie u b i c intwrst if (A ) th e inveiltion or discovery

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[ P U B LAW 85.1 16(A ) Th e Commission is Iicreby licensed to use the inpention ordiscovery covered by such pa ten t in performing a ny of 1ts powersunder this Act ; and(B) An y person to whom a liccnse has been issued unde r section7 is hereby hceiised to use the invention or discovery covered bysuch patent to the extent siicli invention o r discovery is used by himin carrying on the activities authorized by his license undersection 7.Th e owner of th e patcnt shall be entitled to a reasonable ro alty fee

Such ro ulty fee may be 11 reed upon by such owner and the licensee,Commission.(3) No court shnll bare 'iirisdiction or power to stay, restrain,or otherwise cn'oin the use o2 ny invention or discoveiy by a licensee,tho grou nd of infringement of niiy patent. If in any action forinfringement against such liccnsec the court sliall determine that thedefcndant is excrcising siich license, tho measure of damn es shallsuch costs, interest, nxid m:tsonaLle attorney's fees as may be fixedby tho court. I f no royaky fcc lins h e n determined, the court shallstr iy the p rm ct lin g until tho roj:i lty f ro is determined pursuant tothis section. If : r i y mich licoiisec s1i:ill fail to pny such royalty fee,the patentee inny bring an action in aiiy court of competent jurisdictio nfor such royalty ice., togctlic*r i t l : such costs, interest, and reasonableti t torney's fccs a s may bo fixctl by the coiirt.(cl) ALQUEITIONF PAWNs.--Tho Conmission is authorized topurcliasc, 01' to take, reqtiisitioti, or c~cmtle~riii,nd make ju st cornpen-sation for, (1) any invention or (1iscovei.y which is usefu l in thepi*oduc.t on of fix~icJn:il?h :itcri:il or in the utiljzation of fissionablematerinl or atomic energy for n military -i-ic:ipon, or which utilizesor is cssciltinl i n tlio utilizat.ioii of li.ssionablc nuterid or ntoniic energy,or 2) any patent or patent. niylicalioii covering any such inv entionmission of all applicatioris for patents heretofore o r hereafter filedwhich in his opinion clisc.lose such inventions or discoveries an d sh all

e) COMIPENSAT~ONWAI~DS,N I) lto~-,\r.i~w..-1) PATNNTmrrms:imoN iso.\nn.--'l'he Commission sh all dwig-iiato a Patent Compeiis:ition Board, consistin$ of two or moreemployees of the Gmaiission, to consider applications under thissubsection.patent licensed under subscction (c ) (2 )o r tin licensee thereu nde r may mako application to the Conimis-

ance with such procedures 11s it by mgu lation mag establish.(B ) Any pcmn smking to obt:rin the just compensation pro-vided i n subsections (a), ( b ) , or (a ) shall make applicationtherefor to the Coniinissjon in accord an cs d h uch procduresas it ma by regulation estrrblish.(C) i n y p i x on m a k in a ny inve ntion or discove useful in

for any use of an invention or discovery licensed by this sut ection.or in t3e absence of sucii agrreineut shall be determined by theto the extent that such use is lirotiscd by paragraph (2) above, onhe th e royalty fee detcniiiiicd puiauan t to this scction, togetP1er with

or ciscovery. T he Conirnissioiier of Patents shall notify the Corn-

th e Cornmission access to all sricli applications.

(2) ~ I ~ T t Y I I U L l ~ . -(A) Any owner ofsion P r tlic determination of n rc;lsonable royalty fee in accord-

the production of fissionaB o material or in the ut%zation of

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fissionable material or atomic energy fo r a military weapon whois not entitled to compensation therefor iinrlcr sihscction (a) andwho ha s complied with subsection (a ) (3) above may m ake appli-cation to the C ommission for, an d th e Commission may grant, anaward.(U) Any person. making application under this subsectionshall have th e r ight to be represented by counsel.(A ) I n determinin g such reasonable royalty fee, the C o m m i s -

sion shall take into consideration m y defense, general o r s ecial,thro ug h federa lly financed ir,searcli, the degree of utility, nove ty,and importance of the invention or discovery, and may considerthe cost to the owncr of the pat en t of clevelopiiig such inven tionor discover or acquiring such patent.(1%) n ie termin ing w hnt cons ti tutes j u s t compensation un dersubsection (a), (b), or ( d ) shove, the Commission shall take int oaccount the considcrntions set. forth in paragraph (A) above, an dthe actual us0 of such invention or discovery, and may determinethat such compensntion bc pnid in periodic payments or in alum sum.(8 ) n determining the am nun t of an y awnrcl under para-p p h (2) (C ) of th is subsection, the C ominission shall tnk e intoaccount the considerntioiis set for th in paragraph (A) above,and tho actual me of surli invention or discovcp Awards somacle may be paid by the Commission in periodic payments orin n lurnp sum.( 4 ) JUDICIAL Rwmw.-Any person ag rje T ed by an y determinationof th e Commjssjon of a n s w ar d or of a reasonable royalty fee may

(3 ) STANDARDS.-t ha t m i h t be pleaded by a dcfendant in an action fo r inP i n pment, tEe extent to which, if any, such patent was develo edY

of th e Commission as

ceeding. GENERAL AUTHORITYSF^. 12. (a) In the performalice of its functions th e Commission

(2 establish advisory b o n d s to advise with nnd m ake recom-men ations to the Commission on legislation, policies, ndminis-tration, research, and other matters;is authorized to-

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mm LAWmi 18(2) establish by regi la t ion or order such s tandards andinstruclions to govern the possession and use of fissionable andbyproduct materials as tho Commission may deem necessay ordesirable to protect health or to minimize dan ger fro m explosionsand other hazards to l ife or(3) make suchmstion, and hold suchnecessary or proper toviclcd in this Act, or

ations, obtain such inlor-Commission may deemany authority pro-or enforcement ofthis Act, or an regulations or orders issued thereunder. Foran d nflirmations, and by subpena to require. m y person to appearand testify, or to ap mr and pmrlure documents, or both, a t anydesignated place. 80person shnl l be excused from complyingwith niiy requirement,, und er tliis p:ir:ig:aph becnuse of h is p riv-ilege against self-incriminntion, but, the immunity provisions ofthe Compulsory Testimoiiy Act of February 11, 1803 (U. S. C.,title 49, sec. 46), shall apply with respect to my iiidiviclual whos ecifically claims such privilege. Witnesses subpen aed undertris subsection sha ll be paid the mm e fees nnd mileage as are paidwitnesses ip the.district cou rts of the Unif ed States;(4) appoint and fix the compeasatioii of such officers andemployees as m ny be necessary to carry out the functions of theCommission. Such officers an d eniDlovee.. shal l be np iminted in

such purposes ti Comniission is authorized to administer oaths

accordance with the civil-service fa& and their cdr;lpensationfixed in accordance with the Classificntion Ac t of 1923,as amended,except that to the extent tho Commission deems such action nec-cssnry to tlie discliarge of its responsibilities, personnel may beemployed and their wm ensntion fixed without regard to suchistrativo review of nny determination to dismiss any employee;uipment, s nd facilities,estnblish or construct such buildings a 2 acilities, and modifysuch buildings and facilities from time to time ns it may deemnecessary, slid construct, acquire, provide, or ar r ange fo r suchfacilities and services (at, roject sites where such facilities andand recreation of pc~.so~uic?ln ip lopd bp the Commission ns itmay deem necessary ;(6 ) with th e consent of th e agency concerned, utilize or employth o servicesor personnel of any Government agency or any Stateor local government, or voluntary or uncompensated personnel,to perform siicli functions on ifsbehalf n s may n pear desirable;leasel pnnt , nnd dispose o f such real and personal property asprovided in th is Act; nnd(8) without regard to the provisions of the S urp lus P roper tyAct of 1944 or any otlior lnw, innke such disposition ns it maydecm desirable of (A ) radioactive materials, nnd B) any otherproperty the special disposition of tvliicli is, in t ie opinion oftho Comm ission, in the interest of tho national security.

laws. Th e Commission srn l l make adequate provision fo r ndmin-services are no t avnilahlc) r r tho housing, lieallh, safety,. welfare,

er tyI ns agent oP and on behalf oL the United Sta tes and to se t ;

(5 ) acquire such materink, property,

um~iRsc,cirse, and 1 1 0 ~eal nnf pe r s ona l pro

i a


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19 IPns. LA W 86.1(b) SEcmrm.-The Preside nt may, in advance, exemp t an y specificaction of the Commission in a particular matter from the provisionsof la w relating to coiltiacts whenever he cletormines th a t such actionis essential in the interest o i the coinmon defense and security. .(c) ADVISORYConrawrrms.-Tlie niembc rs of the Gen eral AdvisoryCommittee established puisiirrnt to section 2 (b) and the members ofadvisory boards established ursiiant to subsection (a) (1 of this

109 and 113 of th e Criminal Code (18 U. S. C., secs. 198 and 203) orsection 19 (e) of t he Contract Settlement Act of 1944, except insofmas such sections may prohibit any such member from receiving com-pensa tion in respect of any particii1:rr matter which directly involvesthe Commission or in which the Commission is directly intereqted.C O M P E N S A T I O N FO R P R I V A T E PROPERTY ACQUIREDSEO.3. (a). The Uni t rd States sh:ill make just com ensation fo rany property o r interests therein taken or rqui s i t ione r pursuant tosections 5 an d 11. The Commission shall determine such compensa-tion. I f the compensation so determined is unsatisfactory t o th eperson entitled thereto, such person shall be paid 50 per centum of t h sm o u n t so determined, an d shall he entit led to sue the United State sin the Court of Claims or in any d istrict court of the United State s inth e manne r provided by sections 24 (20) and 145 of th e Judicial Codeto recover such fur the r sum as added to said 50 per centum will makeup such amount 8s will be just compensation.(b ) I n the exercise of the rights of m in en t domain and condemnn-tion, proceedings may be instiliited uiidcr the. Act of August 1, 1588(U . S. C., t i t le 40, ec. 257), or any other applicable Federal statute.Upon 9r after the filing of the conrlemnatioii petition, immecliatopossession ma y be taken nncl the property may be occupied, used, andimprove d fo r the purposes of t hi s Act, notmitlistniicling any oth er lam.R e d roperty acquired by purclia.~~,onation, or other means of

of t h i s Act, prio r to approval of tit10 by the Attorney G eneral.J U D I C I A L R E V I E W AND A D M I N I S TR A T I V E P R O C E D U R E

SED. 4. (a ) Notwithstandiiip tlis provisions of section 12 of th eAdministrative Procedure Art (Piiblic Lam 404, Seventy-nin h Con-gress, approved June 11, 1946) which provide when such Act. shalltake effec section 10 of such Act (relnting to judicial review) shallunder the autho rity of this Act or by any Agency created by or underthe rovisions of this Act.(8 , Except as provided in subsection (a), no provision of this Actshall be held to supersede or modify the provisions of the Administra-tive Procedu re Act.(c As used i n this section th e term agency action and ngenAdministrative Procedure Act. .

section may serve a s such witPout regard to the provisions o1 ections

t ransP r may also be occupied, iised, nnd improvetl fo r the purposes

be applicab e, upon the enactment of this Act, to an y agency action

Tna1 1 have the same meaning RS is assigned to such terms m t eJ O I N T C O M M I T TE E O N ATOMIC E N E R G Y

Sm. 5. (a) There is hereby established a Jojnt Committee onAtomic Energy ta be composed of n ine M embe rs of t he S e n a to be

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Poa.LA W136.1 20appointed by the President of the Senate, nnd nine Members of theHouse of Itepresentatives to be appointed by the Speaker of theHouse of Representatives. I n each instance not more tha n five mem-bers shal l be mem bers of th e Game po litica l party.(b) T h o joint committee shall make continuing studies of !henctivities of the Atom ic Energy Comniission nnd of problems relatingto tlie development, use, and control o ntoinic energy. T he Commis-sion shal l keep the j o h t committoe ful ly and currently informed withrespect to tho Commission's activities. All bills, resolutions, an dother mxtteis in the Senate or th e House of Representatives relatinprimarily to tho Commission or to the development, use, or controof a tomic e n e r g shn ll be referred to the joint committe.e. Th e mem-bers of the joint committee who are Members of the Senate shal lfrom time to t ime report to the Senate, nnd th c members of t h e l o in tcommittee w ho are Members of tho House of Representatives shallf iwn t ime to t ime roport to th e House, by bill or othemiso,. theirrecommendations with respect to mat t c i s wj hin the juri$diction oftheir respective Houses which nre (1) reicrred to the loint ?om-mittee or (2) otherwise within tlic juiwdiction of the join t comm ittee.(c) Vacancies in tho mcmbewhip of the joint commitbe shall notnffcct tho power of the remaining members to execute the functionsof the joint committee, and shall be filled in the same manner as intlie case of th e original selcction. Th e joint committee shall selectIL chairman and a vice chairman froin nmong its members.( d ) The joint committee, or any duly authorized subcommitteethereof, is autlioiized to hold such hearings, t.0 sit and act at suchplaces and times, to require, by subpe na or otherwise, the attendanceof such witr?e,wes and t h e p rd i t c t i o n of such books,.papers, a nd docu-ments, to administer such oaths, to take such testimony, to procuresuch printin an d binding, nnd to make such expendituresas it deemsndvisable. ' h e cost of stenographic services o report such hearingsshall not bo in excess of 25 cents pe r hun dred words. T he rovisionsin cnsc of any iniluro of an witiiess tp comply with a subpena or to

(e) Tho joint committee is empowered to nppoint and fix the com-pensation of such experts, c~ ns ul tan ts, echnicians, and clerical andstenographic Rssistnnts as it deems nect?s..ary an d advisable , b u t th ecompensation so fixed shn ll no t exceed tlie coin nsatio n prescribedduties. T he committee is nut.liorized to i i tdlze th e services, informa-tion, facilities, an d personnel of the dt-prtments an d establishmentsof the Government.

ENFORCEMENTSm. 16. (a) Whoever millfully violates, attempts to violate,. orconspires t6 violate, any provision of sections 4 (b ) 4 ( e ) , 5 ( a ) (3),or 6 (b ) shall, upon conViction tliereof be punished by a fine of notmore than $lO,OOO or by imprisonment for no t more tha n five years, orboth, except that whoever commits mch an offense with intent toin jure the U nited States or with in ten t to secure nn advantage to anforeign nation shall, u n conviction t.hon?of, be punished by dent

or imprisonment for lip" (but the penalty of death or imprisonment

7

of sections 102 o 104, inclusivc, of tho Revised Sta tutes s% l l applytestify when summ oned unB r aut ,honty of this section.under the Classification Act of lW9, as .n!nenced, f o r comparable

K

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21 [Pun L A W% jfo r l i fe may be imposed only upon recommendation of th e jury pndrmly in cases where the offensc was coiiimitted with intent to inlurethe United States); or by a fine of not mor0 than $20,000 or byimprisonment f o r not more than twenty years, or both.(b ) Whoever willfully violates, attemp ts to violate, o r conspires toviolate, any provision of this Act othcr than those specified in sub-

section (a) and otlicr tlinn section 10 (b ) , or of any regulation ororder c), or 12inore t itin $5,000 or b imprisonment for not more than two years,i i i jnre the United States or mitli intent to secure an advantage tonny foreign nation shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by afine of not more than $20,000 or by imprisonment f o r not more thantwenty years, or both.(c) Whenever in the jndgmen t of the Comm ission an y person hasengaged or is about to engage in any acts orpract ices which con st i tubor mill constitute a piolation of an provision of th i s Act, ?r anythe appropriate court for an order enjoining such acts or practices,or for an o rder enforcing.com liance with such provision, a nd upona showing by the Coinmissioii tk i t sudi person hns engaged or is aboutto engage in any siich acts or practicas n permanent or temporaryinjunction, restraining ordrr, or otlicr order mny be grante d.( d ) I n c ase of failure of refusal tu obey a subpena served uponan y person pursu:int lo sectioii 12 ( a ) ( 3 ) , the district court for an ydistri ct in vhi,ch such xrson is found or iesides or trans acts business,an o rde r requiring such person to aplnnr and give test imonappear and produce clocnments, or both, in accordance with t 10 sub-na ; and any failurc to obcy suchordcr of the court may be punishedgs such court a s a contemp t thereof.

rescribcd or issued under sections 5 (b ) (4), 10(n) (2 , hall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by a rlne of notor both, except that m oevcr commits such nn offense with intent to

regulation or order issuccl therenntQ rl it may make application to

upon application by Cr;e Com mission, sliall have jurisd iction t o issueT OrREPORTS

SED.7.Th e Commission shall srrbmit to the Congress, in J a n u a r yan d Ju ly of each year, a re po rt coiicerniiig the nctivlties of the Com-mission, T he Commission shall inclucle in Such re po rt an d shall atsuch other times as it deems dcsirnblo submit to th e don-, suc hrecommendations for adclitionnl Icgisfadion as the Commission deemsnecessary or desirable.

DEFINITIONSSEC.8.As used in this Act-( a ) T h e erm stomicenergys l d I be miistrued to mean all formsof energy r e 1 4 n t h e course of o r ns n result of nuclear fission ornuclear transformation.(b) The term Qovetmment, ngcncy menns any exy ut iv e de ai%-

part ly owned by the U ni ted States which is an instrumental i t ofitg, administration, or othcr estnblisluneiit, in the executive brancho the Government.

ment, comm ission, indep ende nt estnblisliment, corp oration who1P orthe U nited States,board, burenu, division, service, office, ofic er, a u tK r-

21
http://enforcing.com/http://enforcing.com/


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I P m LA W 86.1 22( c ) T h e term person mearis a n y iiitliviclunl, corpora tion, p art ne r-ship , firm, associatioil, trust, estate, p b l i c or private institution, group,the United States or any : y r n c j illereof, :my government other thanthe United State.., ny political subdivision of any such government,and an y legal succc,ssor, representnt,jve, agen t, or agency of the fore-going, or olher entity, but sh:ill not incluclc the Comm ission or officersor employees of the Coinmission in the exercise of duly authorizedfunctions.(d ) Th e term United States, when used in a p g n p h i c a l sense,incluclcs al l Territo ries an d possessions of th e United State s an d th eCanal Zone.( e ) T h e term "research R I I ~ evelopment means theoreticnlanalysis, exploration, and expcrimenta tion, and th e extonsion ofinvestigative findings arid tlieorics of n scientific or techniail nntureinto pract im l appl ication for cxp~r im entn l nd demonstration pur-poses, includitig the experirncn nl production and testing of models,devices, equipm ent, mntcrinls, m i r l proccse%( f ) The term eqiiipment or device utilizing fissionable ma terialor atoniic energy sha ll be cotisti*ur.clo mean any eqnipincnt or devicecapable of mnking use of fissionable. m ata rin l or peculiarly adapted for

in:iking use of atomic energy and m y important, componentespecially desippcd fo r such qu ip m el it or devices, ns dctermine bythe Commission.( ) T h e term facilities for the prod uctio n of fissionable m ateria lsh aF bc construed to mean any cquipncnt or device capable of suchproduction an d nny mp ortant componcnt,part espccially designed forsuch equipment or devices, tw determinecl by the Commission.APPROPXtlATIONS

SED.9. There ar e hereby authorizcd to bo appropriated such SumsRS may be n-wy and nppropri:i te to carry out tho provisions andpurposes of this Act. Tlic Acts ap propri:1ting sridi suiiis may np ro -tion of th e Com niis~ion iily. Funds n q~iripri:tted o the Cominissionpriated, remain available fo r exlwiiditurc for four years following theexpiration of th o fiEca1 ycdr for d i i c h nppropnated. Af ter suchfour-year period, the uucxpciidrcl 1ml:ti~cesf appropriations shall becarried to th e surplus fund and covered into th e Trensury.

SEPARABILITY OF PROVISIONS

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p i a t e specified portions thereof to bo riccoiriifccl fo r upon the certi1n-shall, if obligtktad by contract diiring t6o fiscal year fo r which appro-

Sm 20. If mig provision o f this Act, or the np licntion of suchof thisA c t or th e Rpplicntion of siich provision to persons or circum-shnc es o ther than those as to whicli it is held invalid, shall not beaffected thereby. SHORT TITLE

provision toanyperson or circumstances, IS hcld invaPd, tho remainder

SEO.21. ThisAct may be cited ns the Atomic Energy A ct of 1946.Approved August 1, 1946.

Documents

Atomic Energy Act