Atomic Attack Guide (1951)

7/28/2019 Atomic Attack Guide (1951)

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YOUCANLIVE

YOU CAN LIVE THROUGH ANATOMIC EXPLOSION IF YOU LEARNAND PUT INTO PRACTICE THE FEWSIMPLE COMMONSENSE PROTEC-

T v E MEASURES OUTLINED IN THISBOOKLET. THE ATOMIC BOMB IS NOTTHE ULTIMATE WEAPON--NOR WILLIT DESTROY ALL LIFE ON EARTH.

TACTICAL AIR COMMANDRADIOLOGICAL DEFENSE SCHOOL

LANGLEY A. F. BASE . VA.


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CHAPTER PAOElHTRODUCTI0N . .... .. . ... .. . ... ..... ..... . ...... . ... . ..... ...... .. i i iPRACTICAL PROTEcTiVe M& .... . .... . .... .. 1

II Httliltli8ltR THel l t THING! . ................ . ... . .. . . . . . .......... . .. 1III CONveNTIoNAL BOM1ls VItRSUS ATOMIC BOIiBS I IIV Sp ec , , . , c E, . , .eCTI 0 , . AN ATolUC BOMa ISV CHANCItI 0,. SURVIVAL ........................ .. . .. . . ...... . ...... 21VI DaTt tCTloN 0 , . RADIATION . ..... . . . ....... ....... . .. . . . . ... . .... . .. 27

VlI QueSTIONS ................... . .. .. ..... ........ .. ............. . .. .. 3 1


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RItSTRICTItDINTRODUCTION

Ove!' five yeara have elapaed since the detonation of the fil'8t atomic bomh at AliUDogordo heraldedthe begianin@:ofthe Atomic Ase-Cive years in which we have made unparalleled prosrea. io explorio@:aod otitiziq. for the Modit of all mwiod, .ome of the power locked within the atom. This same fiveye. , . h.. al80 seflQ the prospect of a lastio@: world peace undefSO a cootinuing deterioration.Th e private life of the stom haa hecome public. Thi. unveHin@: of the uakoown hlUl reeulted intl'elllflndoue advucee in medicine and industry which give promiI5e of a looger and fuller life for thebwnao race. The spotlight of publicity also revealed another IlIId le88 cheerful aapect of the Atom'sprinte life-the improvements which have made atomic weapons more desirable than ever for militarypurposes.

The .eventa of tile pu t five years are sign posta pointing out the imminent denger to our futu.resecarity for:

0 ) We. asld Olll" mende, no 10ngeT ar e. the 80Ie possessora of the atomic know-how.(2) The complscency reaulting from the tbeOl"etical aecurity afforded by our distance from a potentia! asgt'eeaor h.. been made invalid by the contilllain@: development of modern long r4ll@:e aircralL(3) The "one aircraft. one bomb. ODe city" alos-n shoald point up the prellent need for an adequateatomic defenae orp.aiaation for both the military asld the civilian.The be" - ,Uote for fear i . Irnowletlte. This pamphlet will attempt to pa.. on to you ~ e benefit.of the pu t ezperieDce of othera in protection againat the hazanls of an atomic explosion. I f you

thoronsbly leana ud noderataod all the le..ana tausht here. you will survive_ad slrVive to help otbersIe.. fortlUlate tbaD YOUfllelf.

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NED" AWAY FaOMlEMPORA.ay BVlLDlNOS

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PRACTICAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES

1. IS-Minute Warn ingl . During duty hours( I ) Tum off all stoves(2) Close all door. and windows to keep out radioacti

dUBt.(3) Draw blinds. Tbis is a protection Dot O1lly 'hm fi

and spm s and glll8s splintefll but allJO rom radiatio.d radioactive dus t. I

(4) Draw driokiog water and put in de. covered colainel'8 for use al ter the attack.(5) Pllt on protection dothing and draw you pocke t chabere and fim badges.(6) Tale shelter. In a building, the bu t shelter is tbaaem ent. Lie next to the wall, away from windowor aga inst th e base of It strong supporting cnluma. D

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HOllE oa ON DUTYJf'S ALL THE SAME.

DON'T LOOK UP

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not take refuge 011 the upper floors sillce they mightcollapse IllId sillce tbe dllllger of radioactive contaminlltioll ia mucb grellter.

(7) If you are in tbe open, take refuge in a ditch, gutteror agaioat the hue of a sub.taDtial atl'llcture. Keepaway from treee or temporary buildings that mightcollspse.

h. Oft Duty HoursAll the various measllles you would take i(ytlu were 011

duty would also be taken ilYOIi are lit home. Since no protectiveclothing would be available to you, put on loose littiag, light-coio!'ed clothing. Tuck the bottom of your trollaere or slacka i ~ t o socks,put OD gloves, wear a hat, brim down, moi s ten a bandkerchief aDdput over the face as a milK for uae ae a duat filter to protectaguiut breathing radioactive dUllt IIDd ae a protection IIgainet flyillg gleee or splinters.

Theae eame precnutioDs are valid for other members ofyOIll family .

2. No Waminga. Li e flat on e tom ach with fnce er..ned in arms, eyee tightly doeed. Do not look up immediately ~ r di.e explosioo. Remainprone lor at least ten aecoode.,


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DON'T EAT. D R I N ~OR SMOKE _No.E INA CONT.4.MIN.4.TID .4.KE.4..

R .ITRfCTEDb. If on tbe poat, report immediately to your duty alatioo ao

sland by '"or further iOSU>lctioos.AFTER BLAST

1. Contamillated AreasIt is wise to aasultle that the area that you . . io durillg th

eaplosioo, is or will aooo be coolalllillated by radioactive duaTherefore, tbere are certaiu precautions you should take.

a. Do oat eal, do IIOt drink or do not amMe while ill thia lUb. Moiateo a haodlr.erchief by allY means available aod placover the mouth to prevent inhalation of radioactive dust.c. Get out of the area .. rapidly a. po.. ble and report

your duty atatioo wale.. you are io an apprD"Ved air raid uelteIn auch case, remain tbue until tbe all deu aipal ia IIOUDde

d. When you bave arrived in ISO uncOD\lUllin ated. IU'es, throaway al l cigarettes and food you may bsve your po.. saiosince it probably ia CO lltaminaled. Do not eat" driH or amoke anthillg until you have been checked by a mOllitor to malte sure thyou and your dothing ate not contaminated.

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R...ITIIIC"I:&D

TAKE" oooD BAlli08 SHORR TO REMOVECONT"MIN"11ON.

Fortunately , decontlllllination of personnel i . a ailllple matterlIiDce it involves Domin! more lhlUl taking a good shower.

Upon reportiD! to your post, you Will be directed to person-nel decontllllliution station which will, in all probability, be noth-ing more than a .bower in a barTack. or s temporary a e ~ a p ia theopen. A thorough .crubbing with lIOap IlDd wllter and a few I ichwith II G. I. brueh will, in moet cues, n ~ i D a t . e all personnel.At the end of your .hower. you will he checked by a qualifiedperaonnel monitor and a medic.u corpamao to iu.1lf't that you haveheen i l e c o n ~ i n a t e d to aafe level and that you have received DOinjuries whicb require immediate medical attentioo: Cleu clothiugwill then be issued to yon.

If YOIl are uaable to decoDt.a.minate YOlu"lJelf to a . . Ie level.you will be sent to the hospital for further treatment.


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POlNTS TO .EIl IE.BIE.

2. Never look up immediattiy after GI l e::rrplo.rion.3. The ordirwry clothing wAich you hllVe tUo/Uid tlae /wl.,re . i lprotect you ~ a i n s t the flash oM also ogaullt e O l l t G m i / l Q l ~ nby radioactive dlUt.4. Deeontaminot.ion of personnti n ~ i l s rw,/aing more t.\an a

thorougA seruMin!.

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REME111BER THESE THINGS

1. Doublins the destructive power of the bomb does nol double tharea destroyed.2. Both conventional and atomic bombs produce de.vuction bblast and heat.3. 'An air burst is the most probable type of burst to be used sincit would deslJoy lhe larses t area.4. In surface or sub-surface bursts thue is ma%imum desvuctio

fJlId lastins radioacti ve contamination but ONLY IN THE SMALAREA. IMMEDIATELY AROUND THE EXPLOSION.5. Shielding from th e flash heat is easily attained because of it

e%I,emely shorl duralion. Light colored matericJs will offeeffective protection.

6. Nillety-five per cellt (95%) of th e rat/iation is emitted at th e istant of dewnation . Only minor amounts of radialion arc preseone minute afur the instant of delonation. (Air burs t)

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R TR tCTap

1. Cl. If you are within the area inclosed by a ciTcle o f milerodius from me zero point, you have one cAance Olll of tellof s,,",ivin&.

b. Fro", mile Olll '0 a mile from tAe zero point you willitavea 50-50 cluusce of S,,",il1in&.

c. BerOM the one mile limit you will have nearly 100% chanceof sUMIivins.

8. TAe percenwse of cosrwlties will be sready reduced by ode. qlUJte ~ i " ~ and an odeqlUJte defense pro&fGm.

10. A"ytAi"S wAich will protect you from 'h e biost will also pr


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14. Remlljll prone for III letJ&' len seconds Ilfter Ihe explosion,15. Never look up immediately after / I I I uplosion.16. TAe ordinary clothin which you luwe ato/Uld the house

protect you agllinst the {lllsh a.nd cdso a.a.inst contaminaby radioactive dust.17 . De contomination of personnel enl4ils nothin more thCJ

thorough scrubbin.

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li.ItST RI C T It D

CONVENTIONAL BOMBS VERSUS ATOMIC BOMBS

Firat nf all, leta cnmpare cnoventiooal bombs with atnmic bombs. Both depead for their de-atruct ive effect on the aame things-Malt and heat. Tbe definition of lU I explo.ion, "s rapid re-leaae of a large amount of ene rgy in s ahort t ime and in a emall space", appliel equally well toboth typell of bomba .

Type ofReaction

Equiva lentS i ~ e

Heat

TNT

In explnsive. auch aa TNT the "oomph"is produced by a rapid


14/38

RIlSTJlICTIlD

R.diua ofBI.. DlUllage Th " radiua of blut damar &om aoae-toll TNT bomb ill approximatel,..391 h. n ia rMi.a iadudea thalU'ea wlaere IIIOre damase i . dODe tohuildiDp th.. met'ely breakiuS wilt"dow. or crackiDg plaater.

BlutAna

Shock W.ve

The b1aat . .ea for a one-ton TNT bombia ..,ptOxilll&lely 460,000 aCE' ft. orapproximately 1/60 of aCE. mile.AS.iD, thia ia tbe 1U'e8 ill whicb tbet'eia aevere to moderate damae:e ,doDe to

b u j l d i l l ~ .

The extreme temperatW'ea rl lentedwithill the fire ball produce a rapidelI:panaioll of the ga"", .Ild the aurroUD.diDg air. Thia aa"lid waH of ai rwhich mabea outward at velocitiea upto 500 MPH tro'm the cellter of theexploaioD ill called a abock wave. IIIthe Tt-fT exp1oai!lD ~ e ahod!. wave. 1l!-lIta at .. olle poillt abo.t oDalDiliiolltA of a aecoDd. Th e Nault ofthia ahock wave 8trikiag a bllildingcan be compare.d to. a ahatp, quickblow of the hammer. "

atwlla temperaturea of over- 1,000,0000Ceot ipe , .t tile i.. u.t of deloit"&lion. Aa thia .. t.h.iug _a of firee%pllDda. tile temperatD..l'e drop. rapidlyeo that., oae tell tholla_dth of a aee-olld .Iter tile detoa&lio., the telllp""atare Ia. . dropped: ' ", 30,0000 Ceati-pe. Perhapa a better id.. of thetemperature cao he saiaed froID theract that at thia .IIIOmeat (OlSe teotlaoua.. tll of a aecoDd after the detoaatioa) t.h.e ball of fire wollld appearapproximately olle b.. red t im.bripter ti l.. dr.e SIlII to .. ONe1"Verai s mile. diat.. .na ram.a of blut d_age &om Il.IIaw.ic ellJ'loaioll wowd be aboat Z7tiID. greater or approxi.atel,.. 10,560r ...Til. daatn.Jctive . . a of the atolllic bombwowd be ItOme 700 tim.. aa sreat ..that of the Olle ton TNT bolllh ..would affect .. area of 80me 335,000,000 aq. ft. or approximately 12 aCE..i1ea.


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The duration or the 8hock wave in aaatomic explosion i8 80mewhere be-tween 1/10 aad 1 second or at leaat,100,000 time. the duration of a TNTsbock wave. The eHect on a buildingcan be cOlllpared 10 a long IIteadyprea8ure , Many stnlcture8 capableof withatu.dillg a ~ . t 8bock or veryahor\ duration will fail waen 8ub-jected to a comparatively lOllS puah.This partially accoun18 for the greatdestnlction of Hiroshimll and Naguaki.

NOTE: EveD though the atomic bomb is 2D,OOO times as powerful as the TNT bomb, it does notdestroy an area 20,000 timea a8 great.

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1. Doublin& the d e s ~ " c l i v e power o{ 'h e bomb does /lOt doublethe area destroyed.

2. 80th conventi01l(jl and awmic bombs prodllCe destruction bybla.&t and heal.

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TIDLEE DIFFERENTKL'roS OF BURSTS1....2. SvaFACE3. SUB-SURF.4.CE. . Lo\ND

b. W.4.n:Jl

SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF AN ATOMIC BOlllB

There are three main eflecte which cause the widellipread dell!ruction produced by an atomic exp losion - the blast, the heat,and the radiation. Radiatioo is the phenomenon which distinguishes an atomic explosi on from the usual high exp losive burst.Atomic explosions have heen claS!lified as ai r bW'8ts, surfaceblJl'St!I and sUHurface burst!l. This classification depends on theposition of the bal l of fire in relation to the earth's s urface; thus ,an air b ~ t ie one in which the ball of fire does not intersect thel!I urface, a surface bUnlt one in which th e ball of lire touches thesurface, and a aub-tlurface bunJt one in whi ch the ball of fire iabelow the surface. Tbis latter type may be either under water orsubtelT8nean.

The Alamogordo detonation was classified as a surface bW'8tsioce the fire ball touched the earth'a aurfac:e even tbough thebomb itaeU was aUl!lpended from a tower some 100 ft. in height.The greatest overall destructive effect!l may be expected from anair burat and the following tabulation of blaat and incendiaryeffeCt!l is based upon the reau lte of such a burs t.

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Rr;ITRICTItD

SEVERE D.4.!4AGEOUT TO ONE MD...E:.MODEJL\TE D.4.MAOEour TO TWO MILES.LIGUT DA.M.4.0E OUTTO DGHT MILES.

naES ST 4.BTEDBY THE FlASftOUT TO 10,000 FT.

RZIT5IICTZD

01/2115 /8

2

1/2 mile1 mile

1 5/ 8 mile2 miles

Bum EffectsVirtually complete . deatructioo of al lstructurea.Severe damage whicb would result in tbecollapae or liability to collapae of thebuilding.Moderate damage to atructurea, aufficientto ren


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FLASH LABfSABOUT nlRf.E'lECONDS SOPROTCI1ON 15FAIRLY EASY

PROl!IPT RADIATIONACCOOPn'S FOR

~ O F TOTAL

RESTRICTEDThousands of fires were also lltarted by the secondary effecta

of the blast - disruption of gall mainll. e lectric wiring. and overturned heating appliancell. These 8econdary firu will probablyproduce as much or more destructinn than the firell II tarted by tbeflasb itself. An important point in connection with tbe flash effectof In atomic explosion is tbe fact tbat nearly all of thill tremendOlla amOUI)! of heat ill released in an extremely sbort time. aboutthree seconds after the initiation of tbe explosion. Thill ill animportant factor in protection from the flallh. lIince IIhieiding forlIuch a IIhort period ill eallily attained. Ligbt colored cloth, whitepainted metal, or eYen beavy wbite cardboard will offer protectioo.

RadiotionOf total amount of radiation produ::ed in an atomic explo

aion, approximately 95% is given off the inlllant of detonation.Such radiation is termed prompt or immediate radiation . Tbe remaining 5% (U",eri'" o. delayed ,odill/io . ) is derived from threesources -1. UniIJllioned bOlllb material - the atomic bomb is relatively inefficient IImce it is imponible to hold all the t!ranium orPlutonium together loog enough for sl l of it to fisllioo. (Spliui . ,of the A 10", ') . A considerable amount of this original bomb material ill not fissioned but is divided by tbe force of the blallt into. amali particles, each emitting deadly alpha aDd gamma radiation.2. Tbe fillsioIl fragmenta - the elements into wbich theoriginal bomb material bas been changed by tbe finion proce!lll

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RsTRICTEDUNGERING oaDELAYED RADIATION

F I l O ~ f " I R E E SOURCES1. VNFISSIONED

80M" MATERIALZ. FISSION FRAGMENTS3. INDUCED R,\[)IOACTIl'rTY

PROMPT RADlAnGNIS DOTTED AT HIGHINT'F.NsnY OUT L"srsONLY" snORT TN E

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are aleo radioactive, and emit bOIl. beta and gamma radiation.3. loduced radioactivity - a neutron is the atomic bullet

",I.ich causes an atom of Uranium to fission. An average ofthree neutrons Sf1! released per fission, thu., tbe reaction i., ,elfauataining. Siuce all of tbe Vranium doe., not get a chance to re.act, tbue neulfons have no target to strike. The reault ill ao itltense field of neulfons or a neutron flux . When this neulfon fluxcomes into contact with certain elements receptive to neUIfODcaptlin'! ( ,"ch '" ,old or .0J ,,,", ), they cause tbat ma terial tobecome artificslly radioac tive. Such materials, in which radioIlctivity has been induced by exposure to the neutron flux, emitmainly bets and gllmm"a radiation.

In Iln ai r bUNt, the major radiation danger is from the promptradiation which, like a f luh, is emitted at higb intensity but last8only a short period of time. Th e other radiation produced by anai r bUl'llt is of minor importance. In a s unace and sub-eunaceburst tbe possibility of wide spread danger from the prompt radiati on decrea&es since it is confined to a relat ively smali Ilrtll. Onthe other hand, the delayed radiation - produciug agents are alsoconfined in a relatively small "'pllce QDd would produce a I.igblycontaminated area immediately around the burst. Radiation intensity in this area would moat certainly be highly da.ngerous forsome time after the explosion occulTed.

We can compare the eUecla of the three different type s ofatomic explosions aa follows:18


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RESTIUCTED

AIR SURFACE SUB-SURFAC

AlIt auasT MOST De&ru 01 SEVERE MORE SEVER I: MOlT SEVERAPI' TO BE USED Dul,"elio" 01SINCE A lARGER Immedi4k ArellAl tA IS AFF'ECfEO

Bkul Artll L ARGE'T MEOW" LEASTIAcendiaryf/lecl DUlr"C- SEVERIt MOII" SI!lVl!lR" MO'T SEVElioll oll",me-;liIIlt AreaE"uII' 01 A'eII LAROI!.ST MEDWIIII LEASTolDuu"cljoi/;Rodilllo,iclli SLIGHT Ml!lOIUIIII EXTREIIIIECOnla. . llOlioll

I' RE'TRICTED


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POINTS TO REMEMBER1. An air burst is the most probabk typ e of burs t to be usedsince it would destroy Ihe [wges' wea.2. In surface ar sub-surface bursts there is nuu:imWII destruction

and Lasting radioactive CO nlammatjon but ONLY IN THES,/ALL AREA IMMEDIATELY AROUND THE EXPLOSION.3. Shieldift! from the flash heal iseasily auained because of it s

utremely dort duration. Light colored makria[s will offereffective protection.4. Ninety-five percent ( 9 S ~ ) 0 / tAe radiation is emitted ,I ll theinstant of detcnatioll. Ollly mi1lOr amounts of ,adiOlion we '

present one minute alter th e i/lStant of detonation. (Air burst)


23/38

",00Iil FATALmESIN AN lJNPIlOTECTt:nCJ1'Y OF UI,OOO

~ OF CASUALTIES.u i PitOOOttD BYBlAs t AND FLASH

RI!. !TRICTI!.D

CHANCES OF SURV/JIAl.

It bas been eatimatedthat in a modem American city of 250,000population, at leas t 180,000 casualties will renl t from a singleatomic bomb. Remember tbat a casualty is ddioed as any individual wbo is unable to perform his normal duties because of someinjury to bis body, whether it be from a bullet, frost bite, diseaseelc. Probably there would be 40,000 fatali ties in the modernAmerican city, but theae estimates are based 00 8 condition otota l o ~ p a r e d n e s 00 defeasive organization aod flO waroiogwllataoever. In al l probability, moel citiea would receive at leaata IS-minute advlloce ootice, aod if proper facilities were availllblef(lf" alertiog the populace, the casualties would be reduced COD-siderably. If sl l individuals know what to do and wheo to do itthere would be a further reductioo io the Dumber of casualtiee froman atomic bombing.

The causea of death from an atomic aUack cao be broke n downaa follows :

20%

'5>21

60% Seeo"do,y blo l l elleeu (/ Io ,! deb,; s , efe.30% F /t " 11 bur" .

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24/38

RESTRI C TED

WITI1IN A HALFMft.EYOUR CIIANCES OF SURVIVINGARE ABOlfI' ONE OU T OF TEN

NO DANGER OF BEINGCaUSIlED BY ntEBLAST PRESSUaE

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The number of fataliti es can be compared witb tbe d is tance ofthe victim from the :tero point, or the point on the ground imme-diately be low the burst. Thus:

0 1000 ft. ." _Wild1000 2000 ft. 920 Irill"d2000 3000 ft. 860 killed3000 1 mile .. IrUl"dLe t us consider by type of injury , the various factors involvedin producing thie huge number of casualtiea.

1. 8wst: Two types of blBlI injuries, namely direct and in-direct may be considered. Direct blast injuries resulting froDl thepoaitive pressure phase of the s hock wsves, acting on the bodyao as to ca ua e injury of the lunga, stomach, intest ines, elll' drumsand interoal hemOlThages. At Naguaki and Hiros bima, the dire ctblast effect WIUI not a significan t pr imary clluse of fata li ty, s incethose near enough to the explosion to suffer injury in this mannerwere either burn ed or crusbed to death. A pressure of ahout 3SIhs per square inch or more is required to couse direct harm tothe hum an being, and the peak pressure of the shock .... ave froman a tomic homb would attain such values only at a distan ce of1000 feet or less from ground loero, assuming a height of burst of2000 fee t.

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SECONDARY BLASTEFFECTS PItODVCEsa,. OF THE Ta rAI.FATAUllES

zo - 30% OFFATALrrlES DUETO FLASI! BURNS -RUT PROTt::CTIOSIS SIMPLE

RESTJtfCTI:DMore important than the primary blaat injury ia the Japaaeeebombillp were the illdirect or the aecondary eUccta, due to colJaplling buildillp and to timber aEld otber debtia flung about by

the blut wave. The oature of the indirect iIIjory from blut varie.dfrom cOlllplete crullhiog, aevere fractures, and serions cot. tominor acratches and bruises. It haa been estimated that approltimate Iy 60% of the deaths in the Japaaese bombiogs were doe tosecoadary blaat effects.

2. Fi(Js" B/U'I1s: Two typea of bums were ohllerved a' H i r ~abima and Nagasaki: (1) fire or flame bU"1l8 and (2) n . bunasdoe to thermal radiatiou rom the bomb buntt. Exposure to the ,ioitial f1asb oa a fairly clear day would lead to more or less aeriOUIaltia bUfOa withiJI radius of aboat 10,000 feet frOQl gOllod zero.However, despite its great fRlIge, protectioll from this flaah radiatioll is eaaUT achieved. Sbelte . behind almOllt aoy object in theinterior of a hone, away from wip.dowa, of cOUJ"Se, or behind atree, or even prolectiOIl of one part of tbe body by aoother 110 aato avoid direct exposure to the atomic ba ll of fire. would be effective. Oaly fairly c1011e to grouod zero would the n . radiatioabe expected to peaetrate clothing, aad so parts of the body covered in tbis way are genef'ally aafe from nub bunas. It baa beeneatimaled tbat 20% to 30% of the fatal cIIIJuahiea in Japao weredue to nash burna. Another effect of the n .h u. the extreme tanlling of tbe akin by the tremeudous quantities of ultra-violet radiation emitted at the moment of detooation.

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26/38

ONLY 111- 20'10OF DEATIIS OUt:.TO. aAOlATION

RItS'J',nCTItD

Some pt:rI!Ioonei in Japan were temporuily blinded .iDee theychanced (0 look directly at the a_t with it . intan.e flaah' ofvisible light. All of theIR: c.... iu ree:overed from the effee:t.of oveMixposure to Iigbt. TiliI. te.parry blindoull ill simil . , to"that 'whie: h would be prodaced by lookin, for a period of tUne intothe light oC an eliectZ"ic arc weldiDg tore:h . .The Lhree c::omponeCilUi of the nallh wbich caue all tbe peraouloel iDjurie. are the i D f r ~ d nldiation or heat, the viaihle lightaDd ultr.a-violet.

3.' /ladioUOII: The majority t)f e:aaualtiea from i ~ ~ i : o p . . ~among those upoaed to the prompt radiation frOID .Lhe exploaionil8elf. Howeve.f, it ahould be noted that if the b..,.t, bad beenaurlace . or eUMuriace, the perceut.ge of ca ahie. frozn ,radia.tiou alona would bave riaeu. It ia eatimated that oaly 15% to 20%of the death. in , Japu were due to radiation effe cta. III j apu ,radiation ptOyed let"1 for au average radi of 3000 feet fromg r o ~ d : l e r o . Tb.e oaly effeetive protectiou from gam_ radiation, ia either distance or' ahielding or a combination of both. MallY illdiyidual . will receive 811fficiellt high dosagea of radiation tomaka them aiek - but they will reeover alld recover to lead I. .. _

. fuUik.f ( a d i ~ t i ~ " n H o ~ o r J $ :

'At ,thie. point, 80metbiog should be !!laid cOllcenlliDg the rel a t ~ v e p ~ l ! e t r a t i D g power of ta e three different type. of radiatioDprod:llced by an atomic exploaion.

,.


27/38

ALPHA AND BETAaADl.4.'I1ON AU NOT

D ~ l l O O S

."'rCa OUT roa I'IU:MITl'I lI8. RIORLYo.vl


28/38

Rlt tTl t lCTItD

ftz l T a lC TI.D

POINTS TO R fMEMBER1. a. If you are within the area inclosed by a circle of 1/2 mileradiull fr om tbe zeto point. you one cba nce out of teo

of surviving. providing YO Il h a v ~ adequate prote ction.b. From h a l f mile out to a mile from the zero point youwil1 b a v ~ a 5O-S0 d a nce of s urviving.e. Beyond the ooe mile limit you will have nearly l()()% chance

of sW'Viviog.2. The percentage of c.... tie. will be greatly reduced by adequate wlU'Ding lind an adequate ddep.s e program.3. Protectiop. from the blast is a matter of distance aDd ahielding.4. Anythiog which will protec t you from the blast will 111.0 pro-

tect you fr om the nash heat .5. Radiatiop. i . of minor importance io the prodllction of casualties.

26


29/38

/110 HtlMA... SENSE C ANDTECT RADIATION.WE IIItJST D E P ~ ONINna t lENTS FO a.,....;cnoN

QIIiIE&.MUELLEa......,..... ....,VE&Y Ii:N5D'IVE TO LOW1N1OI8ITD Of' 8ADL\TION.)lOIn' UIIEf'tIL Faa, ~ IIONITORlNO.

RCSTRICTD

OTECT!ONOF RADI.4TION

Both the hl.. and flaah are conventional hazardll whi ch eIl nbe detected by the various human lIe nlles . TILey caD be heard. ca nbe reh . Radialion, on the other hand. ill an insidious type of hrzard and can be detected by Done of the humlUl IIenaes . For detect ion of rad iation, we muet, therefore, depend upon iaatnlmentll totell ua if radiation is present, how much of it ia there and howdangeroua it ia to UII.

The", are two general types of aurvey iUlltrumenta-the Geiger.Muelle r type (lad the Ion Cbam.ber Iype, each baving il a own particular ulllge and Iimitationa. The Geige rM ue lle r type instrumentis by f. , the mOllt aensitive Bad i . used primarily to de tec t lowillteoaitiea of radiatioa. Thia very aeeait ivity limits ita uae sslin area survey iastrufllllat, but readers it particularly valaab le iadetectins amall a mou nta o{ 'coalllminlltioo oa the body.

Geiger-MltIIller iaatfumenta, tben, are used maiely ia pe,.oaoel1II000ilori llg a lld for 1II:lremely aC(,lII'ate surveyiag of amall arllaScCHItam illsted by low intenaity ud by small amouol.a of radioactive _terial ." Rlt lTR1CT ltD


30/38

RESTRICTIED

IONCHAdD INSTRUMENTSAU USED '1'0 DETreT HIGHIN'JENSrry BADlAnON.TREY .utE MOST USEFULFOR U E A MONITOItING.

THE PRINCIPLES OFSURVEY lNff('RlIMENTCONITRVCTlON ARESIMPLE.

ReSTRICTED

Th e Ion Chamber. on the other hand. becaulle of ita lellllor lIensitivity. clln not be uaed lIucce_fully in personnel monitoring.but beCiluse it can be easily made to measure inteDlllitiell lU I high1111 250 R/ hr. it is particularly useful in the rllpid aurvey ing oflarge areae which are highly contaminated.

All survey inatrumenta are cODllltructed in 'generally the sameway. Two platee. one charged negatively ond the "otber chargedpoeitively. (like the two poles of a bauery) are connected ' to "abattery and 0 meter. All long aa we have a gap betwectf the twooppotliteiy charged plates. DO cnrrent will flow from the batteryand so we will b . ve no re .. ding on the meter. If. by aome means,we can produce charged particlell (iolls) which will trave l betweeothe platea, we will then have a flow of current ud the meter willregister the amount of CUlTe llt f1owiDg . Radiation atriking the air,or other g.. which filla tbe apace between the two platea ' in oW"inlltrument produce8 theee charged panicles (iolii.:iuwn)"so"d eocOlUle a cUJr'ent to flow between the platu. Th e 1II0re'r.:diatiotl,the gester tlumber of cbarsed particlea. the more CarTeDt flowiligbetween tbe platee aod tbe h i g b ~ the readiDg 00 the meter. . -

Tbie ia .. aimplified explanation of bow an elD"Vey illatrUlllCtitawon.. Th e main difference betweetl the two typea , Geiger-Muellerand Ion Cbambu, ia the voltage of the battery uaed. III tbe GeigerMlleller type , we use batleriell which give a total potential of 900volta _d in the Ion Cbamber type, batteries which produce 671 / 2vo"s. 28


31/38

POCKET CIIAMnEftS ANDFILM BADGES ARE USEDAS PERSONNEL PROTECTlVEDEVlCES

RESTRI C TE D

Poc kel Chambus and Film Radgu

This type of rodiati on detection instrument is used primarilyfor the protection of personnel and will be worn by al l pe rsonnelwho ore bein/l: , or will be , exposed to the hazarda of radiation .

Th e pocket chomber is nothing more than a miniature ion chamber, but in this case, no batterie s are used. One plate of thischamber ie given a definite charge. Radiat ion entering th e cham-ber and producing charged particles in the ai r wi ll al10 w thischarge to lesk acrOS9 to the other plate, thus gradually neutruliz iog the chcmher. To read tbe chamber, we attach it to a meterwh ich teUs us how much of the original charge is left in thechamber. Thi8 residual charge is subtracted from the originalcharge on the chamber aod tells U8 how much radiation ha s paased through th e chamber, aod 80 how much radia tion tbe individualhas received while weariog the chamber.

The film badge ie nothing more than one or more email piecesof X ..ay film, protected from light by a ligh t.proof paper covering.All photographic films s re sensitive to rsd istioll whether it be illthe form of visible light or some of the in vi8ihle lype8 of radistioll auch as X ..adia tion, gamma radiat ion or beta radiation.

On developing tbe film, we con determine the amount of ex posure to radiation by comparing the deosity, 01' hlackness, of the29 RESTRICTED


32/38

Ih .STR ICTEDFILM BADGES TV&."l BLACKWilEN EXPOSED TO RADIATlOS. TIlt-:: 8l.ACIiER TilEYARE TIlE MORE RADIATION.

I h:S T RI CTI!D

rilm with other filmll whieh have been expOfted to a known intens ity or ra.diation. Like the pocke t cb'\mber, film badges will heia.aued to all pereonnel and worn or clUTied somewh ere on th ebody a!!l an addili ona! mea ns or mealluring tbe amount of radial ion10 which the individual has hcen expoled .

rilm bodge l have one se ri ous drawback -- the t ime it ta kes toproceaa rh em and the extreme care whieh must be exe reised intheir process ing, si neeone degree of temperature difference in thedeveloping so lution and one minu te more or leaa in tbe developing time will throw off the dosage reading by as much as 1(1,1..

POINTS TO RM/:.',V8RI . You do not need to know how to operate a G e i 8 e r - ~ l u e l l e r coun

tertrained peraonDe l are already available for auch s p e c i a l i ~ ed work aa aTea and personnel monitorinfil:.2. Remember that none of your normal aensea will de lec l radia-

ti on, 10 pa y attention to the radiologica l monitor when he tellsyou it is dangerous to ente r or to remain in an area.

3.


33/38

PJUJ1'renvE CLOTBINOCAN BE. PIJ"IlOVaEDFROM NORMAL WEAaI:NGlAPPAIIEL.

QUESTIONS A.ND A.NSIFERSAfter reading thill little PllJllphlet, there are no doubt IItill many

quelltion8 in yoW' mind, ao we will attempt to anllwer a few.1. What ill protective clotbing?

The gener..l purpolle of protective clothing ill to ",olect thewearer from coming into contact phYllically with radiation ~ u l l i t -ters, either by inhalation or ingutioll of the radioactive materialainto the body, or by actual depOllition of thue materialll on thelIudace of tlie d;in. Adequate protective 'clothing ill a oearly com-plete shieldiog from alpha radiation itllelf and a partial ahieldingagainllt beta radiation. It ia of ahaolutely no value in protectingthe hody from gamma r..diation.

Typical equipment which will be included i se t of protec-tive clothing ill (1) gall manit (2) gloves (3) hooties (4) hood and(S) permeable protective clothmg similar to that used lor protec-tion againllt chemical warfare agents. 10 tbe eveDf"iuch clothiogill not available, normal C.I. clothiog which completely covert!the body, with the paot legs tucked uno the sock.. IIhilt .leovtlltucked into glove cuffs, a ha t of 1I0me type snd a duet rtllpiratoror even a wet handkerchief will be a aati.factory substitute.2. What effect will radioactivity have 00 radio eommonications?

31 REST . feTED


34/38

R..sTRJCTaoaAIlOACTlVrrV WILL NOTAFFEcr yooa RADIO.

a.4.DlA1JON ISALWAY!,B.4.JtMFVL.

Ih:STRICT D

Absolutely none. The exploaioo itself would produce a tr'e.meodous burat or atatic but radioactive part idea would have 00effect wbataoever 00 oonnal COmOllloic:atioll8 equipmeot. A battery operated radio would cootiDue to work, and telep bone, teleU-ph aDd radio equipment if power ia still available, would alsocootinue to operate.3. Is all ..adiation harmful?

Yes. But remerober exposure to radiation doea not neceallarilyO l e ~ tbat you will die or evea become sick. EveD if yOll an! ex.. poeed to a aufficieut quaatity of radiation to make you aick, youhave an excelleDt cbance of recoveriug with D.O i l l eHecta wbataoeve.'.4. Wbat about aterility?

If yOll receive a a ufficieDt doaage of r a d i a t i o o ~ ~ a k e youpennaoentiy sterile, the poaaibilitin of living are ., .Jigbt. Japaneac caee biatoriea ahow&d tbat even tlr.oue;b some l J r ~ i v i d u a l swere made temporarily aterile by expoll_ to radiarioci . al l regained their fertility at aome later date. T h i a little poem willp083ibly be of Bome comfort. ;" >

32

, 1I'0rry not about skrilit1.: ;Life won't be oil futility.Tru e. you'll lose yOUI' fertility.But the but will be left - ability.


35/38

CON'r.u.NA'11ON IIYUDIOACTIVE 1IA1'EUAL8CAN II.\.VE SEIIIOVSCON8I!QVENCD.

I lE IP YOUR IIOC1S ntEEOf ' IHn.A.IOIABlE TLtSB.KNOW IIOW TO 1118N OF 'D..ECfUCrry, GAS; nJELOIL. TC.

RaSTRICT&!)

5. What apont a futun face of monllter.?To date in Japan no radical changes have taken place. No six

headed, one lesged, four eared monater. have heeo hom and Iheywon't he. Re llearch I.. . indicated that tbe probability o( a radicalchllllge in the human fona, becaaae nf expoeure t4 radiation, iaextz'enuily lll igbt. . .6. Wby ahoald I won')' about contamiution?

If radioac tive mllteriala are allowed to remain in contact witbthe body they can call1le serious IIkin burns, lose of hair and otherdisabling injW'ies. Fortunately, as mentioned previously, it is relalively easy 10 remove lI uch radioactive dust from tbe body mereIy by a good and a thorough IICT'Uhbiog. Particular attention shouldbe paid to removing all tbe dirt collected uoder lbe fingernailsand from tbe bair. Particular care abould be taken in "'&8aingarouad body openings 110 as not to introduce any of this "bot"material inside tbe body where it can do mucb greater damage.7. What can I do to protect my bouse?

I f YOUf house is withm a ooe mile radiu. from tbe ...enter of theblaat - very little. However, bere are lIeveral tipe waich willhelp protect YOD and your bouse.

s. Clean out al l inflammable trash.33 lUaTRICTaD


36/38

R.n.leTSD

A CA& F E _ UTIL I :nOTllCTDN MiL\IN8T'1'11 BlAST.

b. You and yo ... wile IIbould become thOn)agbly fllftliliarwitb the location of the muter ewitcb for the electricity aad fueland wateT c l I t ~ f f yalvell eo aa to be able to IIbut t l U ~ 1 I I off imme-ediately "ben all alert ill lIounded.

c. Good supplies of caDDed and glaall protected foodaeboliid be kept on halld I l l ! an emergency food lIupply. If care isulled iD openiDg these CODtainers, allY radioactive duat wbich mayuve .ewed nD ",em cau be kept oat of Ibe food.

d. Alway. keep II flub light handy lIioce the power willundoubtedly be disrupted.

e. keep a I n l a id kit bandy III aillimell.8. CaD I eat food wbicb baa been expoeed to radiation?

Yes, i f it baa beell protected from COlltarninatioa by fadioactivedUBio Mere eXpoIIlft to radiation doeB not reDder a material radio-active DOf does it ma.e it unfit for buman cooaumplioll.9. What if la m in a car?

If YOIl bllve lIufJicieot wlII'Dillg it would be advisable, to lIeekIIbelter ill a well conlllructed bllilding or if 1I0De . . , available, li edown i . the sutter with your face cradled in yo . _ . If yOIl arein the Ope'li country Beek IIhelter in a ditch or bebiocl a bauk.

34


37/38

KEO' YOU. RFADAND SAVE YOW NEca.

Wben driving tltrongb coul.-miuted ~ .. .after doe nploaina bepa ll tbe windows and ve.ulaton dosed siDee t..U. will protect T -frOID cootalllillatioQ by radmctive d.. . R.dioactiYity will !MItaffect the operatioll of YOIIIIs.u.-bile.10. What .bMld I do .fter the exploei()8;?

Keep yow bealll. r e -u . calm .. if yM _ ill s.llef- oryOIII' I a ~ . sley doCIle ustil.otified by proper s..u.onliaJ. 0 . . . ,spre_ " . . . . . ami flo "'" da r t pa.Uc.

Rlt STRICTItD


38/38

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AI UU T or ATo '" e .ou1 ' 0 1 ' I U l s r

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I. TAL[ ~ o t ' .. . ,-"us. ~ I i D I : ' ""IIt'K,_ uu..-u. U". UJI.""-O 'H ' A n ou "".,.r, . .. un tu.oc.u c , . . ~ _ HOncr_.I. nc "n U,,_ 1 U I cem. , 0 u n /MIT .. , UI" "(M t'fJJ-UTIL . L o n N . . S .u ~ u 'U_ "Ud . uu "0,, Cot "U"

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Documents

Atomic Attack Guide (1951)