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Humidity and Humidity and Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change

Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

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Page 1: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Humidity andHumidity and Atmospheric Moisturep

Latent Heat of WaterLatent Heat of WaterAtmospheric Temperature Change

brownk
Typewritten Text
click here for 9/page to print
Page 2: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

HumidityHumidity

• Description of how much water air contains

• Relative Humidity compares how muchRelative Humidity compares how much moisture is in the air, to how much moisture the air could holdthe air could hold

• The amount of water that air can hold is a function of temperature

Page 3: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Relative humidity lowering temperatureRelative humidity—lowering temperature

Page 4: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Dew Point TemperatureDew Point Temperature

• The air cools to the temperature that it has 100% relative humidityy

• Air is SATURATED at 100% RH

hi i h W OIN• This temperature is the DEW POINT TEMPERATURE 

Page 5: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Humidity temperature daily trendHumidity‐temperature daily trend

Page 6: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Dew on spiderwebDew on spiderweb

Page 7: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Changes of humidityChanges of humidity

• Can warm or cool air, and not change water content

• Will result in different relative humidity

• Can increase or decrease water content of air without change in temperature

Page 8: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Relative humidity constant temperatureRelative humidity—constant temperature

Page 9: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

SlingSling psychrometer

• Dry bulb is air temperature

• Wet bulb has lower• Wet bulb has lower temperature due to 

ievaporation

• Temperature of wet pbulb depends on how much moisture is inmuch moisture is in the atmosphere

Page 10: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Relative HumidityRelative Humidity

C l l h f i h i f h l i• Can calculate the amount of water in the air from the relative humidity, if you know the air temperature and the amount of water the air could hold at that temperaturep

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⎛=⎟⎟

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hasair the water of amount

hold couldair thewater of amount

100%RH

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Page 11: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Changes in temperature with change in elevation

• Two different mechanisms– Earth’s atmosphere is heated from belowp

– Gases cool as they expand

Page 12: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Environmental Lapse RateEnvironmental Lapse Rate

• Earth’s atmosphere is heated from below

• Regularly cooler at greater distances fromRegularly cooler at greater distances from Earth’s surface

V i i h i l d• Varies with moisture, temperature, cloud cover, and other local conditions

Page 13: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Gases cool as they expandGases cool as they expand

• Still have same heat energy

• Take up larger volumeTake up larger volume

• Increase in volume at lower pressure

• Atmospheric pressure declines with altitude

• Temperature change due to change in volumeTemperature change due to change in volume called “Adiabatic lapse rate”

Page 14: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Latent Heat of WaterLatent Heat of Water

• Heat energy that water releases or absorbs when it changes phaseg p

• Gains it from environment as it melts or evaporatesevaporates– So it cools the environment

• Loses it when it freezes or condenses– So it warms the environmentSo it warms the environment

Page 15: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Latent heat of water

Page 16: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Adiabatic lapse rateAdiabatic lapse rate

• Temperature declines with lowering pressure, as air moves to higher altitudeg

• Temperature increases with increasing pressure as air moves to lower altitudepressure, as air moves to lower altitude

Page 17: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Adiabatic lapse rateAdiabatic lapse rate

• Rate of temperature change depends on saturation

• Saturated air has condensation of water, which releases heat: warms environmentwhich releases heat: warms environment

10o C / 1000 m if not saturated

5o C / 1000 m if condensation is occurring

Page 18: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Cooling by lifting adiabaticsCooling by lifting—adiabatics

Page 19: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Orographic liftingOrographic lifting

Page 20: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Rain shadowRain shadow

Page 21: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Warm front liftingWarm front lifting

Page 22: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Convergent liftingConvergent lifting

Page 23: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Convective liftingConvective lifting

Page 24: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Hot air balloonsHot air balloons

Page 25: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Stability of AtmosphereStability of Atmosphere

d b f f• Air rises due to a number of factors• Expands as it rises: cools as it does sop

– Can calculate the new temperature with the adiabatic lapse rate: p

• Dry for unsaturated• Wet for saturated

– Compare the temperature of the air that has risen to the temperature of the air at that height

• Higher density air that has risen is stable (cooler)• Lower density air that has risen is unstable (warmer)

Page 26: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Environmental Lapse RateEnvironmental Lapse Rate

• Earth’s atmosphere is heated from below

• Regularly cooler at greater distances fromRegularly cooler at greater distances from Earth’s surface

V i i h i l d• Varies with moisture, temperature, cloud cover, and other local conditions

Page 27: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Adiabatic lapse rateAdiabatic lapse rate

• Rate of temperature change depends on saturation

• Saturated air has condensation of water, which releases heat: warms environmentwhich releases heat: warms environment

10o C / 1000 m if not saturated

5o C / 1000 m if condensation is occurring

Page 28: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Stable conditionsStable conditions

Page 29: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Conditional stabilityConditional stability

Page 30: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Stable conditionsStable conditions

Page 31: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Absolute instabilityAbsolute instability

Page 32: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Conditional stabilityConditional stability

Page 33: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Surface inversionSurface inversion

Page 34: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Inversion aloftInversion aloft

Page 35: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

LA Basin InversionLA Basin Inversion

Page 36: Atmospheric Moisture - Western Oregon Universitybrownk/ES106/ES106.2011... · Atmospheric Moisture Latent Heat of Water Atmospheric Temperature Change. click here for 9/page to print

Inversion Layer Los AngelesInversion Layer—Los Angeles