Atmospheric Composition Observation of CMA and its

Atmospheric Composition Observation of

CMA and its Contributions

China Meteorological Administration

Xiaochun Zhang

Center for Atmosphere Watch and Services of CMA (CAWAS)

CMA Meteorological Observation Center (MOC,CMA)

25 Sep. 2017，Hangzhou

Outline

1. Background

2. CMA GAW History and Networks

3. Major Contributions

4. Future Plan

中国气象局气象探测中心

CMA Meteorological Observation Centre

The Global Warming Issues

Drought Flood SDS

High Temp.



Human Influence has been Dominant Cause of Warming since the Mid-20th Century

IPCC AR5: Synthesis Report



Radiative Forcing of climate between 1750-2011

IPCC AR5: Synthesis Report



Atmospheric Composition matters to Climate,

Weather, Air Quality, Human Health,and more



WMO-Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW)

• GAW(1989) = GO3OS (1957) + BAPMoN (1968)

• To understand and control the increasing influence of human activity on the global

atmosphere.

• Clearly linking to the plans of national, regional, and international observing projects,

programs, systems and strategies, e.g.

• WIGOS, GMES, GEOSS, UNFCCC, GCOS, CLRTAP, IPCC,……

6 Groups of Variables



WMO/GAW Observational Network

• Global stations:31

• Regional stations: >400

• Contributing stations: >100

GAWSIS, http://gawsis.meteoswiss.ch



Outline

1. Background



4. Future Plan



Development Stages of CMA-GAW Observation Networks Main Frame of CMA Atmospheric Composition Networks

• 1st Stage (1982 – 1994): Building Period,3 Regional-GAW

• 2nd Stage（1995 - 2002）: Stable-Running Period,1Global +3 Regional

• 3rd Stage: （2003 - now）: Rapid Development Period 3 New Regional

LFS，1991

SDZ，1981

LAN，1983

JSH，2007 XGLL，2006

AKDL，2006

WLG，1994



In 2005-2006, Four CMA-GAW Upgraded to National Atmosphere Watch and Research Station

• Based on CCOS

• 14 Key Regions

• Founded By MOST

ShangDianZi

LinAn

LongFengShan

WaLiGuan



WMO Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW): Strategic Plan and Implementation Plan

OZONE

Greenhouse Gases

Reactive Gases

Atmospheric Wet Deposition

Ancillary Variables

GURME Project

Outreach

UV Radiation

Aerosols

Atmospheric Composition Observation Networks in CMA

Since 1980

– 1 Global GAW Station

– 6 Regional GAW Stations

– 28 CAWN Stations

– 29 SDS Stations

– 332 PM10+327 PM2.5 +158 PM1

– 376 Acid Rain Stations

– 3 SDS Station CMA-NAMEM

能见度仪 BREWER（O3总量）

CMA-GAW Measurements in Networks

Greenhouse Gases

Aerosols

Reactive Gases

Ozone

Radiation

Dry and Wet Deposition

Air Negative Ions

Surface Meteorology

Outline

1. Background



4. Future Plan

Atmospheric Composition Observation Networks



Developing the Environmental Meteorology Busineses of CMA

Observation is Foundation • Network Design, Construction and improvement, Capability Develop, data

collection and NRT transfer，Watching and Warning

• QA/QC, SOP,Data Analysis and Application, Products and Services, etc.

Forecast and Warning

is the key • Improving the Accuracy of Weather

Forecast and Climate Prediction

• SDS、Haze、Air Quality、 Heavy

Pollution，Photo-Chemical Smog

• Improving the Model of Forecast and

Early Warning, NRT Transfer, Data

Assimilation, etc.

Demand Leading

Service - Orientation • Climate change, Disaster prevention and mitigation, human health

• Decision making，public and professional services, Emergency response and service

• The Social Focus, Environmental and Meteorological events, major events;

• Research： Mechanism, transport and transformation, impact assessment.

• Climate, environment, health and ecological effect, etc.



Formed Mechanism of Operation and Management in Three Levels

National

Provincial Station

Design, Plan, IP

Maintenance, Calibration

Backup and Tech-Support

Data Watch and Warning

Data Transfer

Products and Services

Routine Operation, management

Daily/Weekly/Monthly/Yearly check

Maintenance, Insitu-Calibration,

Sampling, Data Collection,

QA/QC, Data Analysis

Products

Design, Plan, SOP,Regulation

Technical Support

Maintenance, Calibration,

Advanced Audit

Software developing

Training and communication

QA/QC, Data Analysis,

Products and services



Spatial Variation Model Verification

Re-Analysis and Data Assimilation

Data Processing Evaluation and

Assessment

Effect Assessment

Professional

Decision

Calibration

Publics

Climate Change

Observation Maintenance Data

Collection

Monitoring and

Alarming LAB

Data Transfer

QA/QC Operation Monitoring

NRT and grading Quality Control

Atmospheric Composition Observation

Forecast Services

Established a Business Operation Flow and Process



Developing Specification and Standards

• Specification, Guideline

• Instruments Operation Manual, 46 Vols

• Standard Operation Procedure (SOP)

• National Standards: 14

• Meteorological Industry Standards: 38

• Technical and Management Documents

CMA-GAWs’ Environment

Protected by Law



Developing Routine Business Activites

Operation Monitoring Near Real Time

Quality Control

Instruments

Audit

Samples

Analysis

Training

Standards Gases

Calibration

Instrument Calibration Quality Assesment

Data Collection

Data Transfer Station Observation

Air Sampling



Buildup the Calibration System: Trace back to WMO Standards



GHGs/REGs International STD Transfer

WMO-GHGs Round-Robin Activities

Precipitation Chemistry International Comparison

BREWER International Calibration

Sun-Photometer International Calibration

Aethalometer、Nephelometer International Comparison

WMO-GAW Meeting, Workshop, Forum,…..

WMO-GAW Data Submit and Sharing

GHGs, Surface O3, TOZ, Precipitation Chemistry

WMO-GAW System Audit

GAWTEC Training

…… …… etc.

Fully Participate in WMO-GAW Activities

WLG + LAN : Compatibility goals

MOC : Extended compatibility goals

MOC, WLG-Picarro, WLG-GC, LAN-Picarro ,

LAN-GC Compatibility goals.

GAW Observation System Audit Results Within Compatibility Goals

CO2

CH4


CMA Meteorological Observation Centre 25

MOC, WLG-Picarro, WLG –

GC,LAN-Picarro: Extended

compatibility goals.

LAN-GC: less good results.

CO

WLG and LAN were entirely within the extended compatibility goals.

MOC are not yet available.

The results are better (within the compatibility goals for the actual relevant mole fraction range.

MOC, WLG and LAN were either

within compatibility goals or

just slightly outside the goal.

The higher results for some

analyzers are consistent with the

old MOC calibrator, which also is

slightly higher compared to WCC-

Empa.

The Whole Traceability Chain is Working.

N2O O3

Station Observation System Audit Results Within Compatibility Goals



Aerosol Optical Depth Calibration System of CMA Aerosol Remote Sensing Network (CARSNET)

WLG GAW station

CARSNET master T631

CIMEL

PFR

Lingshan Moutain Cal. Site MOC-CAMS Cal. Site

-0.01

-0.008

-0.006

-0.004

-0.002

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

6-16-09 6-17-09 6-18-09 6-19-09 6-20-09 6-21-09 6-22-09 6-23-09

1020nm

870nm

670nm

440nm

500nm

380nm

340nm

-0.01

-0.008

-0.006

-0.004

-0.002

0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

23:06:25

0:42:25

1:14:26

2:14:26

2:48:26

3:18:27

3:54:27

4:32:27

5:14:27

0:32:26

2:46:26

5:04:27

6:12:26

7:46:25

23:36:25

1:50:21

2:30:27

0:54:26

1:38:26

6:44:26

1020nm

870nm

670nm

440nm

500nm

380nm

340nm

249 Meas.

Che et al., 2009, JGR

Diff. of AOD values between the Master and the Standard

Diff. of AOD Less than 0.01



Calibration with NIST or International Standards

-25.0%

-20.0%

-15.0%

-10.0%

-5.0%

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%C

OC

OC

OC

OC

OC

OC

OC

OC

OC

O

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

SO

2S

O2

SO

2S

O2

SO

2S

O2

SO

2S

O2

SO

2S

O2

SO

2

与标

准的

偏差

Reactive Gases

NIST STD：NO，SO2， CO

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

Dif

fere

nc

e p

erc

en

tag

e f

ro

m s

tan

da

rd

#0

17

Before calibration

After Calibration

93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07-4

-2

0

2

4

Dif

fere

nc

e p

erc

en

tag

e f

ro

m s

tan

da

rd

#0

17

Before calibration

After CalibrationBrewer#077 Brewer#076

Total Column Ozone Total Column Ozone

Diff % < 2%



Results of WMO–GAW Acid Rain Performance

Survey 1999 - 2007.

Audit Results Within Compatibility Goals WMO/GAW Inter-Laboratory Comparison Studies and CMA Acid Rain Network Blind Sample Examination

• QA-SAC, WMO/GAW

• 3 Results Levels:

Good(25%-75%)

Satisfactory(Median± Sigma)

Meet DQO

• 55th: Total 87 Labs, 4 of Top 10

• 56th: Total 89 Labs, 7 of Top 10 30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

国家级酸雨站样品pH值测量考核成绩

不合格

合格

优秀

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

国家级酸雨站样品K值测量考核成绩

不合格

合格

优秀

• GOOD - Green Hexagon

• SATISFACTORY - Blue Trapezoid

• UNSATISFACTORY - Red Triangle

• DETECTION LIMIT - Open Circle

Blind Sample Examination



CMA-GAW Observation Results: GHGs

2009-2010年中国4个本底站大气CO2月平均本底浓度变化

365

370

375

380

385

390

395

400

405

410

415

420

20

08年

10月

20

08年

12月

20

09年

2月

20

09年

3月

20

09年

5月

20

09年

7月

20

09年

8月

20

09年

10月

20

09年

12月

20

10年

1月

20

10年

3月

20

10年

5月

20

10年

6月

20

10年

8月

20

10年

9月

20

10年

11月

20

11年

1月

20

11年

2月

日期（年-月）大

气C

O2浓

度 (

pp

m)

临安

龙凤山

上甸子

瓦里关80米

Seasonal

Daily

373

376

379

382

385

388

391

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

年份

大气CO2年

均浓

度(ppm)

GlobalNHSHMLOWLG

172017401760178018001820184018601880

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

年份

大气CH4年

均浓

度(ppb)

GlobalNHSHMLOWLG

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010年份

大气N2O年

均浓

度(ppb)

GlobalNHSHMLOWLG

5.25.45.65.86

6.26.46.66.87

7.27.4

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

年份

大气SF6年均浓度(ppt)

GlobalNHSHMLOWLG

CO2 CH4

N2O SF6

-9.0

-8.8

-8.6

-8.4

-8.2

-8.0

-7.8

-7.6

-7.4

-7.2

-7.0

330

335

340

345

350

355

360

365

370

375

380

385

390

395

400

405

410

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

大气

CO

2中δ

13C

月平

均值(‰

)

大气

CO

2月

平均

本底

浓度

(pp

m)

年

中国气象局-青海瓦里关全球本底台

大气二氧化碳浓度及其碳稳定同位素月平均值变化

系列1

美国MLO站大气CO2每周采样分析

中国瓦里关大气CO2中13C每周采样分析

美国MLO站大气CO2中13C每周采样分析

中国瓦里关大气CO2每周采样分析

美国MLO站大气CO2每周采样分析

中国瓦里关大气CO2中δ13C每周采样分析

美国MLO站大气CO2中δ13C每周采样分析

From Research of Zhou lx, Fang sx, Liu lx, Yao bo, etc.

CFCs Observation from SDZ:

China Achieved Great Effects

on Emission Reduction



CMA Press Conference of China Greenhouse Gas Bulletin

Globalview NOAA-ESRL

Since 2006 Since 2012



The Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report : Surface O3

WLG



Ground-based Aerosol Climatology of China Aerosol Optical Depths from CARSNET

H. Che et al,ACP, 2015; AE, 2011

WLG=3IZA=7MLO



Deep Understand of PM2.5 over China

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

阿克达拉

榆林

锡林浩特

固城

拉萨

成都

郑州

西安

金沙

桂林

庐山

南宁

番禺

常德

鞍山

沈阳

本溪

抚顺

东滩

四平

赤峰

丹东

青岛

二连浩特

μg m

-3

PM10

PM2.5

PM1

EPA

Europe

CEPA

Air Quality of PM2.5 Annual Avg. USA：15μg m-3

Europen：20μg m-3

China：35 μg m-3

Recent 5 Years average

X.Y Zhang, 2015;Science Bulletin



Bulletins, Reports and Documents

CMA-GAW Data Serve to all kinds of Projects

Meteorological Science Education

Many Tourists and Visitors visited CMA-GAW From National and International



Special Honour and Award

Chinese Meteorological

Society

Meteorological Science and

Technology Progress Award

Atmospheric Science Basic

Research Achievement Award

Chinese Meteorological

Society

First Prize First Prize

CAWAS + WLG

Advanced Collective

By MOST

Advanced Collective For Major meteorological services

By CMA

CGAWBO (Waliguan )

The Award in Meteorological Science

By Zhou Guang Zhao Foundation

5 Peoples

Advanced Individual

By MOST



Outline

1. Background



4. Future Plan

Future： More Challenge, More Chance

• Enhance the monitoring Capability of Network

• Improving the Accuracy of Weather Forecast and Climate

Prediction

• Build up the Professional Service System

Acknowledgement

黑龙江龙凤山区域大气本底站

北京上甸子区域大气本底站

浙江临安区域大气本底站

青海瓦里关全球大气本底站

• World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

• WMO-CAS, SBS, CCL,CIMO

• WMO-GAW, GCOS, GUME, WIGOS

• Ministry Of Science and Technology of P.R. China (MOST)

• China Meteorological Administration (CMA)

• China Climate Observation System (CCOS)

• Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS)

• National Climate Center (NCS)

• National Meteorological Center (NMC)

• National Satellite Meteorological Center (NSMC)

• National Meteorological Information Center (NMIC)

• Provincial Meteorological Bureaus and Stations

• Meteorological Observation Center of CMA

• …… …… ……

• …… …… ……

Thanks for your

attention!