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7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
1/90
C D
C O
to
C D
C O
J2
C O
05
C O
>
C O
Z
^
CarderockDivision
Nava lSurface WarfareCen t e r
Bethesda,
Md.
20084-5000
CARDIVNSWC-TR-61
94/44
Apri l1995
Survivabil ity,
Structures,an dMater ialsDi rectorate
Technica lRepor t
Atlas
o f
Polar izat ionDiagrams
fo r
Nava l
Mater ia ls
in
Seawate r
by
Harvey
P .
Hack
w
E
C O
o >
C O
c
o
c o
N
*l
_ c o
o
0 _
C O
C O
O)
CO
I
D C
* T
( A
Z
>
Q
C C
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
2/90
D I S C L A I M
N O T I C E
THISOCUMENTSEST
QUALITY AVAILABLE.
HE
COPY
FURNISHED
TO
DTIC
CONTAINED
A
IGNIFICANT
UMBER
F
COLOR
AGESWHICHO
OT
REPRODUCELEGIBLY
ON
BLACK
AND
WHITE
MICROFICHE.
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
3/90
Carderock
Division
Nava lSurfaceWarfare
Cen te r
Be thesda ,
M d.
20084-5000
CARDIVNSWC-TR-6194/44
Apr i l
1995
Survivab i l i ty ,
Struc tures,
andMate r i a l s
Directorate
Techn ica lRepor t
Atlas
o f
Polar izat ionDiagrams
fo rNava l
Mater ia ls
in
Seawater
by
Harvey
P .
Hack
DTICQUALITY
IM3PECTED
2 1
Approved fo r
publ ic
re lease ;
dist r ibut ionis
un l im i ted .
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
4/90
ABS TRACT
Polarizationcurves
were
developed
inseawater
at
low(quiescent)
flow
and
at
2.4
m/s
flow
forninestructuralalloys.Potentiostatically generatedcurves forupto
120
days
arecompared
with
potentiodynamically
generated
curvesat four
scan
rates
with
freely
corroding
pre-exposures
of
I
or
120 days.
Smoothed
curves
successfully
used
in
comput-
er
modelpredictions
ofcathodic
protection
currentand
potential
distributions
are
also
presented.
These
curvesar ecompared
with
previously publisheddataavailable for80 0
days
exposure
andwith
cathodicprotectioncurrentdensitydesign
guidelines.Corrosion
ratedataasa
function
of
potentialafterupto
120
daysexposurear ealso presented.
Accession
or
HT.IS
O A &I
inannounced
]
.
}
Jgsti.f1n.nt.Inn
JL..
B y
_ .
.Distrib
ution/
?V
e*
availability
(Jedes
(Availnd ,
Bist Special
CARDIVNSWC-TR-61
94/44
in
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
5/90
CONTENTS
Page
Abstract ii
Administrative
Information
i
Acknowledgments
i
Abbreviations i
Introduction
Materials
Apparatus
and
Procedure
Qu ie sc en t
Flow,
Potentiostatic
Tes t s
Qu ie sc en t
Flow,
Potent iodynamic
Test s
FlowingTest s
Data
Analysis
Techniques
Resultsand
Discussion
Conclusions 0
References
1
AppendixA .
PolarizationCurves FromThisStudyforHY-80
Steel 3
Appendix B .
PolarizationCurves From
This
Studyfor90-10
Copper-Nickel
25
AppendixC .
Polarization
Curves
From
This
Study
for
70-30
Copper-Nickel
37
Appendix
D .
Polarization
Curves
From
This
Study
for
Navy
Type
M
Bronze 47
Appendix E.
PolarizationCurvesFrom
This
Study forNickel-Aluminum
Bronze
59
Appendix F.
Polarization
CurvesFrom
This
Study for
Monel
1
AppendixG.
Polarization
CurvesFrom
ThisStudyfor
Alloy
625
3
Appendix
H.
PolarizationCurves From
ThisStudyforTitanium
50 5
AppendixI.
Polarization
Curves
From
This
Study for
Anode
GradeZinc
...
05
Appendix
J.
CorrosionRates
From
Potentiostatic
Tes t s
in
This
Study
15
AppendixK.
Smoothed
Polarization
CurvesU s e d inBoundary
Element
Study
13 1
Appendix L.
Foster
and
Moores'
800 -DayPolarizationData35
AppendixM. Cathodic
Protection
DesignDataforSteel
49
InitialDistribution 53
Standard
Form
29 8 55
CARDIVNSWC-TR-6194/44
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
6/90
F IGURES
1 .
xposure
vesse l sfor
quiescent
tests
2.pecimen
mountingfo rquiescenttests
3.
lowing
t es t
cell
de s ign
4.
ne
flowing
cell
te s t
loop
5.
our
flowing
cell
t es tloops
TABLE
Nominal
composition
ofalloys
te s ted
2
ADMIN I STRAT IVE
I NFORMAT ION
This
project
w as
funded
u nde r
the
Surface
Ship
Materials
Technology
Program
sponsoredby
the
O ffice
of
Naval
Research
( O N R )
an d
managed
byM r.
Ivan
Caplan.
T he
work
w asperformed
u nde r
program
e l emen t
62761N,
task
area
SF61541-591,
work
units
1-2803-162
an d1-2803-164.Work
w as
conducted
in
th e
MarineCorrosion
Branch
un -
d e rth e
direction
ofM r.
Rober t
J .
Ferrara.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT S
I
wish
to
particularly
acknowledgethe
contributions
of
D r.
John
R.
Scully,
w hoper-
formed
manyof theexperiments
descr ibedherein.
Alsoacknowledged
is
the
staff
at
the
L a Q u eC en t e rfor
Corrosion
Technologyforhelp
in
the
des ign
and
conduct
of
these
e x-
periments .
ABBREV IAT IONS
A S T M
merican
Society
fo r
Testingand
Materials
C A R D E R O C K D I V ,
N S W C CarderockDivision,
Naval
SurfaceWarfareC en t e r
E G & G
PA R
G& G
Princeton
Applied
Research
IR
urrent
xResistance
rm sootmean
square
V
i
ARDIVNSWC-TR-6194/44
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
7/90
I NTRODUCT ION
Predicting
th e
amount
ofgalvaniccorrosion
an d
the
current
demand
fo r
cathodic
protection
in
seawater
requiresaccurate
polarizationdata
fo r
th ematerialsinvolved.
Computer
model s
that
predict
the
distribution
of
galvaniccorrosion,
stray
current
corro-
sion,
an d
cathodic
protection
also
require
accurate
polarization
data.
Rates
of
galvaniccorrosionare
commonlypredicted
using
tables
of
galvaniccom-
patibility,
1
differences
in
corrosionpotentialb e tween
members
ofthegalvaniccouple
wherethecorrosionpotentialsar eobtainedfromalistorchart,
2
or
by conductingrela-
tively
short-term
exposures
or
electrochemical
testsand
extrapolating
theresultstoapply
to
the
item
in
service .
3
-
4
T he
first
tw omethodsar e
qualitative,
providing
onlyan
indica-
tionof
th e
tendencyfo rcorrosiondamage
in
thegalvaniccouple.Unfortunately,
polarizationcurvesfo r
moststructuralmaterials
in
seawater
ar e
exposure-timed e p e n d e n t
andscan-ratedependen t ,makingquantitativepredictionfromshort-termexposuresinac-
curate.
Current
dens i t ie sfo rcathodicprotectionare frequently
predicted
fromvaluesfound
in
standards .
5
'
6
Thes e
values,
although
based
on
long-term
exposures ,
ar e
not
complete
polarizationcurves
and
are,
therefore,not
adequate
fo r
us e
incomputer
modeling.
T he needfo r
asinglesourceofpolarizationcurvesfo r
commonlyused materials
in
s eawate rand fo raquantificationofexposuretimean dscanrateeffects
le d
to
this
inves-
tigation.Although
portions
of
these
data
have
b een
presented
e l sewhere ,
7-12
this
document
presents
al l
of
thedata
collected ove r
th e
course
of
theinvestigation.
MATER IALS
Materials
inthis
study
were
selected
to
be
representative
of
the
major
classes
of
structuralmaterialsused by th eNavyfo rseawatersys temsonships.T he
fol lowing
mate-
rialsweres tud ied :
Y-80
s t e e l
(MIL-S-16216H*)
0-10copper-nickel(C70600)
0-30
copper-nickel
(C71500)
onel
400(C92200)
ickel-aluminum
bronze
(C95800)
ronzecompositionM (C92200)
itaniumgrade50(R50400)
lloy
625
(N06625)
nodegradezinc(MIL-A-18001J**).
Nominal
compositions
of
the
alloys
tested
appear
in
the
following
table.
Corrosion
sam-
ples
were
prepared
by
roughcutting
blanks
from
the
supplied
bars
or
plates,milling
to
* Steel
Plate,Alloy,Structural,
High
Yield
Strength
(HY-80
an d
HY-100).
** Anod e s ,SacrificialZinc
Alloy.
CARDIVNSWC-TR-61
94/44
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
8/90
a
CD
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C D
w
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o
c
c
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*-*
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o
o
75
c
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o
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co
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o
,_
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o
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00
oo
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
9/90
approximate
dimens ions ,and
grinding
to
final
dimens ionsyie ld ing
a32-rms(approxi-
mately120-grit)finish
on
al lsurfaces.
APPARATUS
AND P ROCEDURE
Q U I E S C E N T
F L O W ,P O T E N T I O S T A T I C
TESTS
For
th e
short-termexposures
(5
min
an d
1
day) ,
specimens
were
12.7mmsquare
by
6 .2
mm
thick.
Exposures
were
performed
sequentially
in
beakersof
fully
oxygenated
nat-
ural
seawaterheatedtoa
constant
30C .
Forthe
long-term
exposures ,
specimens
were
25.4
mm
square by
6 .2
mmthick.
Three
specimens
of
identical
material
were
exposed
at
the
same
potentialfordifferentlengths
oftime
connected
to
th e
samepotentiostat.
In
this
way,
al l30-,
60-,
and
120-day
exposures
were
conducted
simultaneously.
A
ser ies
ofin -
dividual
exposure
vesse l s
w as
used
to
avoid
ground
loops
orstraycurrenteffects
( s e e
Figure
1).
O nehundredeight
4-L
vesse l swerefitted intotw o
woodenboxes
l ined
with
thermal
insulation.
Heated ,filterednaturalseawater
was
drip-fed
into
eachcontainer
to
maintain
oxygen
levels
inthebulk
solution
atsaturation
and temperaturesat30C .
Quiescent
floww as
maintained
via
thelo w
refreshment
rate.
Corrosion
coupons
were
suspended
in
the
exposure
vesse l sbymeans
ofathreadedro d
screwed
into
aholetapped
into
the
specimen
e dge .Thisro dwas also
used fo r
electricalcontact
to
the
specimen
( s e e
Figure
2) .
Waterwas
excluded
fromtheelectrical
contact/mounting
ro dby
means
ofa
glasstube
and
Teflongasket .
Platinum-coated
counterelectrodes
were
placed
adjacent
to
th e
specimen
faces.
Ag/AgCl
reference
electrodes
were
placed
inthe
plane
of
th e
corro-
sion
coupons,
directly
belowthe
specimens.
Somevesse l s
contained
three
identical,
freely
corroding
specimens
of
each
material
fo r
sequential
removal
at30 ,
60 ,
an d120
days .
Thes e
vesse l salsocontainedreferencee l ec trodes ,
but
no
counter
electrodes .
A
bank
of7 0
potentiostats constructedfo r
this
exper iment
w as
located
inan
adja-
centtemperature-control ledrooman dw as connected
to
th e
te s t
cells
through
insulated
electrical
l eads .Potential
an d
current
readingsweretakenby
a
computerized
dataac -
quisition
sys tem.
For
the
potentiostats employed,
a
plusor
minus
5-mVvariation
in
s e t
potential
wasmaintained.
Athermal
instability
coefficientofabout1mV/C
airtempera-
turean d
IR
(Current
X
Resistance)
dropthrough
the
cabling
w as
identified
asthe
source
ofthesevariations.
Electrical
l eads
from
thespecimen
groups
ofthree
were
connected
in
ser ies
to1-ohm
resis tors
fo rcurrentmeasurement
as
potential
drop.
Fifteen
to
seventeenpotentials
werechosen
fo r
each
material
in
potentiostatic
polar-
izationexperiments .Exposureswereconducted
in
several
runs,
each
runconsisting
of
s imultaneous
testing
of
al l
materials
ove r
th e120-dayperiod.
Currents ,potentials,
an d
temperatureswere
recorded
once
aminute
fo rthe
firstd ay
ofexposure,
every10
minutes
fo r
th e
first
we e k ,
an d
three
t imes
dailythereafter.
ASTM-recommended
procedures
for
cleaning
drying,
an d
mass ing
were
fol lowed
fo r
mass
lossdeterminations.
13
Specialcare
was
taken
to
ensure
that
the
threaded
hole
w as d ry
priorto
massing.
Mass ing
was
performed
to
the
neares t
0.1
mg.
Q U I E S C E N T
F L O W ,
P O T E N T I O D Y N A M I C
TESTS
Exposure
vesse l s
an dcoupon
mounting
werethesame
as
the
potentiostatic
expo-
sures.
Specimens
were
12.7
mmsquare
by
6 .2
mm
thick.
Platinum-coated
counter
CARDIVNSWC-TR-6194/44
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
10/90
C O
Q)
*-
0)
o
C O
cr
o
C O
C O
C D
>
C O
o
Q .
X
LU
0)
il
CARDIVNSWC-TR-6194/44
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
11/90
:*#
Figure
2.
Spec imen
moun t i ng
fo rquiescen t
tes ts .
CARDIVNSWC-TR-6194/44
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
12/90
electrodesand asaturated calomelreferenceelectrodewithLugginprobewereu s ed .
Instrumentation
consisted of
an
E G & G
PA R(PrincetonApplied Research)mode l
173
potentiostatwitha
lo g
currentconverterand amode l
175programmer.A nApplecom-
puterw as usedfo ranalog-to-digitalconversions an dfo rdatastoragean dretrieval.
Specimenswerestudied u nde rtw oconditions:
-hror
120-day
pre-exposure
atopen
circuit
potential
in
natural
seawater .
In
general ,
te s t
procedures
fol lowed
A S T M
Standard
G5 .
1
4
Separatespecimens wereindependent lypolarized anodically andcathodically
startingatthecorrosionpotential.Duplicatespecimenswere
te s ted
atmostscanrates.
T he followingfour
scan
rateswere
used :
1 .
.5
V/hr
(0 .14mV/s)
2.
V/hr(1.4mV/s)
3.0V/hr(14mV/s)
4.
00V/hr(28mV/s).
F L O W I N GTESTS
T he
te s t
cell
des ign
fo r
flowing
seawater
exposures
is
shown
in
Figures
3
to
5.
T he
direction
of
flow
was
parallel
toth especimenlength
through
a
rectangular
channel
2.54
cm
high
by
0.635
cm
wide .
Eight
1-cm
square
workingelectrodes
an d
eightplatinum
counter
electrodes
were
mounted
flush
against
the
interior
wallof the
rectangular
cross
sectionfacingeachotheracrossoppositewalls
( s e e
Figure3) .A ninsulatedelectricallead
w asattached
to
thed rybackfaceofbothcounteran dworkingelectrodes .T he same
ar-
rangement
w as used
fo r
potentiostatic
and
potentiodynamic
testing.
Reference
electrode
ports
were
dril led
through
theto p
interior
wall
of
al l
parallel
plate
cell
positions
( s e eFig-
ure3) .Hydrostaticpressureforced seawater
through
a
vinyltubecontaining
microelectrodes .
A
0.42-cm
d iameter
Ag/AgClmicroreference
electrode
was
positioned
above
the
referenceelectrode
port.
Avalve
w as
positionedb e tween
the
port
an d
the
ref-
erence
electrodetoallowai rbubbleremoval.
Figure
4
shows
a
single
flow-throughcellte s t
loop.
Heated naturalseawater
was
pumped froma70-L
(17-gal)
holdingtankthrough
the
test
cell
and
backto
the
tank.
Fil-
tered (8
|xm)
naturalseawaterfo rrefreshment
was
fe dfromacommon200-L(50-gal)
preheated makeup
tank
atarate
of
5
L/min
toeach
holding
tank
ineach
loop,
whereit
w as
heated
to
30
C
plus
orminus
3
C ,
an dthe
exces sal lowed
to
overflow.
T he
flow
velocityinthe
te s t
cellsw as2.4m/s.Four
flow-through
cells
were
used
( s e eFigure5).
Concernfo relectrodepositiononaspecimen
downstream
ofmetallostfromaspeci-
me n
upstream le d
to
carefulconsiderationofspec imen
placement
withineach
cell
an d
b e tween
thefour
te s t
loops.
Aluminum
gutterswerealsoplaced ineachholdingtank.
Flowinthiste s tsetupw as de termined
to
be
turbulent
byReynolds
number
analysis .Wall
shear
stresswas
calculated
tobe 17.4to18.7N/m
2
.
Six
to
nine
potentials
were
chosen
fo r
each
material
in
the
potentiostatic
tests.
Onl y
single120-day
potentiostatic
specimenswereexposed .
Anodical ly
and
cathodically
po -
larized
potentiodynamic
specimens,
pre-exposed
fo r
120
day s ,were
exposed
inseparate
cells.O ne-hour,
pre-exposed
potentiodynamic
spec imens
were
exposed
in
individual
flow-through
cells.
Potent iodynamic
scanswere
conducted
attw oscanrates:0 .5an d5
V/hr
(0 .14and
1.4
mV/s,respectively) .
CARDIVNSWC-TR-61
94/44
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
13/90
REFERENCEELECTRODE
PORT
V.-
SPACING
BETWEEN
SPECIMENS
EPOXY
OUNT
FOR
ORTHOGONAL
SPECIMEN
MOUNTED
PARALLEL
TO
FLOW1 DIAMETER
MOUNT.
m
2
SURFACEAREA
SPECIMEN)
OUTLET
FLOW
INLET
FLOW
'INSULATED
ELECTRICAL
CONNECT ION
Figure
3 .
Flow ing
t e s t
cel l
des ign .
DATA
ANALYS I S
TECHN IQUES
Potential
variability
w as
plus
or
minus 10
mV .
Where
the
actual
potential
devia t ed
significantly
from
the
s e tpotential,
th e
actualpotentialvalue
w as
used
at
th e
timeperiod
being
analyzed .
Currentresolutionw asbetterthan1percentofth ereported
values
for
5-min
exposures ,
betterthan1
iA/cm
2
fo r
1-day
exposures ,
andbetterthan
0 .1
to
0 .6
[iA/cm
2
forlonger
exposures ,
depend ing
onthe
numberofspec imens
in
test.Insome
cases ,data
averaging
or
curve
fitting
w as
used
toreduce
th e
quantity
of
data
hand l ed .
To
obtain
current
dens i t ie s ,
th ecurrent
vs .
time
plotswere
hand-fitted
with
smoothcurves
an dvaluespicked
off
at
the
appropriate
exposure
t imes,
normalizingforthenumberof
specimens
remainingin
te s tat
thatt ime.
Where
duplicate
spec imen
datawereavailable,a
compositecurve
w as
constructed.
In
some
cases ,
d ue
to
rapid
fluctuations,current
w as
numericallyintegrated overthe
exposure
period
of
interest
to
ge t
an
average
value.
Dep th
ofattackmeasurement sm a d e
on
somespec imens
after
th ete s tduration
werelinearly
e x-
CARDIVNSWC-TR-6194/44
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
14/90
THERMOCOUPLE
CONTROL30C
5
UTER/MIN
SEAWATER
NP
T
FEED
FILTER
SEAWATER
REC IRCULAT10N MAIN
ALUMINUMANKUMP
Cu
+
+
IO N
COLLECTORS
FLOWMETER
AND/OR
ORAF ICE
PLATE
OPT IONAL
KJ U*-.
I SCHARGE
^
ND
CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS
PORT
TI
I I I
WW
M E T E R
'
E
TO
POTENTIOSTATS
ANDDAS
Figure
4 . One f low ing
cel l
test
l oop .
FROM
MULTIMEDIA
FILTER
8
pm
FLOW
METER
REFRESHMENT
li ft' il llUI
i
50
GAL
ft
OVERFLOW
M
17
GAL
-+-ESS1E
< ~ W
^~
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uwv*
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
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trapolated
to
estimate
attack
depths
after
1 yr .
Corrosion
rates
reported
ar e
based
on metal
loss
andsurfacearea
and,
therefore,d onot
reflectlocalizationofcorrosion.
RESULTS
AND
DISCUSS ION
T he resultsofthisinvestigation
ar e
contained
in
thepolarizationcurves
in
Appen-
dixes
A
throughI.Detailed descriptionsof
the
behavior
ofeachmaterial,flow,typeof
polarization,exposureduration,scanrate,etc.,wouldbetoolengthytostate
here .
Some
generalresults
ar e
that
scan
rate
an d
pre-exposuretimehaveasignificanteffect
on
poten-
t iodynamicpolarization
behavior.
Exposuretimeha salargeeffectonpotentiostatic
polarization
behavior.T he polarizationcurrentusuallylevelsout
after
30day s
u nde r
quiescent
conditions,exceptat th emostnegativepotentialswhereth eassumed buildupof
calcareous
depositsallows
fo r
continued
current
decay,e v e nupto120days .U n d e r
quiescent
conditions,thecathodic
behavior
ofal l
materials
is
roughly
th e
same ,witha
constant
current
dens i tyofabout10
uA/cm
2
at
potentials
wel l
below
the
corrosion
poten-
tial
an dabove
approximately
-900
mV .
Flowing
potentiostatic
data
have
to omuch
scatter
tomakemany
conclusions
other
than
that
current
dens i t ie s
ar e
typically
significantly
higher
than
u nde r
quiescent
conditions.
None
of
the
potentiodynamic
curves,
even
those
after
a120-daypre-exposure,resemblethelong-term
potentiostatic
curvessufficiently
to
beused fo raccuratepredictionofgalvanicorcathodicprotectionbehavior.
Appendix
J
containscurvesshowingcorrosionratefrom
mass
loss,
normalized
to1
yr ,
of
each
material
except
Ti-50andAlloy625 ,
which
ha d
no
measurable
massloss
un -
d e r
quiescent
flowconditionsas afunctionof
exposure
timean dpotential.
AppendixKcontainsthesmoothed
120-day
potentiostaticpolarizationcurvesused
as boundaryconditionsfo ra
boundarye l emen tmode lof
a
16-m-long,
cathodically
pro-
tectedbarge
in
seawater .
15
Inthat
paper,
th epotential
and
currentdistributions predicted
by
theboundarye l ementmode laccuratelymatchedthosemeasuredonarealbarge.This
meansthatth ecurvesused
in
the
mode l
were
representativeofth elong-termperfor-
mance
of
the
materials
on
the
barge.
Anotherstudyw as
performed
on manyofthesame
materials
as thisstudybyFoster
and
Moores
at the
Defence
Research
Estab l i shment
Pacific
inCanada.
16
Thei rstudywas
conducted inwaterat9C for
time
periodsupto2,000day sexposure,althoughonly
data
up
to
8 00day swerereported.Potentials usedwereas lowas -1,100mVvs .Ag/AgCl .
O n l yaveragecurrentdens i t ie sove r
theentirete s twerereported.T h e s e
ar e
replotted
in
a
format
consistent
withthe
data
generated
inthisstudyin
Appendix
L .Fosterand
Moores'data
ar e
verysimilar
to
thelong-termpotentiostaticdatagenerated
here ,
but
their-1,100-mVspecimens usuallyha dsignificantlyhighercurrentdens i t ie sthanthe
-1,100-mV
spec imensfromthecurrent
study
reported
in
AppendixesA throughI.
ComparisonofHY-80
stee l
datafromthesestudiestoactualcathodicprotection
des igncurrentdens i ty
and
potentialrangesfo r
stee l
is
instructive.Des igndatafrom
N A C E
International,
5
technical
guidance
from
the
Naval
Se a
Sys tems
Command ,
6
an d
several
Norwegian
and
United
Kingdom
des ignguidel ines ,as
reported
byWyatt ,
17
are
showninAppend ixM .
While
al l
des ignguidel ines
recommend
protectionto-800
mV
vs .Ag/AgCl ,thedes igncurrentdens i t ie sused rangeovermorethan
an
ord e rofmagni-
tude,
centered
roughlyaround the
10-uA/cm
2
valuefromthes tee ldata
in
Appendix
A .
T he
data
in
Appendix
A are,therefore,consistentwithdes ignpractice.
CARDIVNSWC-TR-61
94/44
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16/90
CONCLUSIONS
Noneof th epotentiodynamiccurvesresemblesthelong-termpotentiostaticcurves
sufficientlytobeused fo raccurate predictionofgalvanicor
cathodicprotectionbehavior.
Adequate
predictionrequiresth eus eoflong-term,
potentiostatically
der ived
polarization
curves.
Data
ar e
presented
that
have
be e n
successfully
usedtopredict
cathodic
protection
current
an d
potential
distribution
on
a
large
structure.
Data
from
this
study
ar e
in
agree-
mentwithdata
from
otherinvestigatorsan dwithcathodicprotectioncurrentdens i ty
de s ignguidel inesfromseveralcountries.
10 ARDIVNSWC-TR-61
94/44
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17/90
REFERENCES
1 .
ACE
Corrosion
Engineer'sReferenceBook,R.S.Tresede r ,
Ed. ,
N A C E
Interna-
tional,Houston,
Tex.,
p.
62(1980) .
2.
aQu e ,
F.L.,
MarineCorrosion Causes
an d
Prevention,John
Wileyan d
Sons,
Inc.,
Ne wYork,
N.Y.,
p.
179
(1975) .
3.
ylor,
D.M. ,
an dH.P.
Hack,
Comparative
Galvanic
Corrosion
Effects
of
Noble
Metal s
on
Bronze
in
Seawater,
C O R R O S I O N / 8 2 ,
Paper
No.
61 ,
N A C EInterna-
tional,Houston,Tex.
(1982) .
4.ack,
H.P.,
and W.L.Adamson ,
Analys i s
of
Galvanic
Corrosion
B e t w e e n
a
T i-
tanium
C onden se r
an d
Copper-NickelPiping
Sys t em, CARDEROCKDIV,
NSWC
Report
4553
(Jan1976).
5.
Standard Recommended PracticeCorrosion
Control
ofSteel ,
FixedO ffshore
Platforms
Associated
WithPetroleumProduction,
Standard
RP0176 ,
N A C E
International,Houston,
Tex.
(1983) .
6.
aval
Ships'
TechnicalManual ,Chapter633,
Cathodic
Protection,
S9086-VF-STM-O10/CH-633,
Naval
Se aSys tems
Command ,
Crys tal
City,Va.
( D e c
1991) .
7 .
ack,
H.P,
GalvanicCorrosionPrediction
Us ingLong-TermPotentiostaticPo-
larization
Curves ,
C O R R O S I O N / 8 3 ,
PaperN o.7 3,
N A C E
International ,
Houston,
Tex.
(1983) .
8.
ack,H.P,
ExposureTimeEffectson
CurrentDens i t ie sofPolarizedMarine
Materials ,
C O R R O S I O N / 8 3 ,
Pape r
No.
210 ,
N A C E
International,Houston,
Tex .
(1983) .
9.
cully,J.R.,and
H.P
Hack,
GalvanicCorrosion
PredictionUs ing
Longand
Short
Term
Polarization
Cu rve s , CORROSION/84 ,
PaperN o.
34 ,
N A C E
In -
ternational,
Houston,
Tex .
(1984) .
10.
cully,
J.R.,and
H.P.
Hack,
Effectof
Exposure
Timeon
th e
Polarization
Behav-
io rofMarine
AlloysU n d e rFlowing
an d
Qu ie sc en tCondit ions,
C O R R O S I O N / 8 5 ,
PaperN o.
214,
N A C E
International,Houston,
Tex .
(1985) .
11 .
ack,
H.P,
and J.R.
Scully,
GalvanicCorrosionPrediction
UsingLong-and
Short-Term
Polarization
Curves , Corrosion,
Vol.
42,No.
2,pp.
79-90
(Feb
1986).
12 .
cully,
J.R.,H.P.
Hack,and
D.G.
Tipton, Effect
ofExposure
Time
onthePolar-
ization
Behavior
of
MarineAlloys
U n d e r
Flowingan d
Quiescent
Condit ions,
Corrosion,
Vo l
42 ,No.
8,
pp .
462-469
(Au g
1986).
13.Standard
Practice
forPreparing,
Cleaning,and
Evaluating
Corrosion
T e s tSpeci-
mens, Standard
Gl,
A S T M
Book
of
Standards,Vo l
03 .02 ,Philadelphia,
Pa
(1986) .
CARDIVNSWC-TR-61
94/44 1
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
18/90
14 .
Reference
Te s t
Method
for
Making
Potentiostatic
an dPotentiodynamic
Anod ic
Polarization
Measurement s , StandardG5 ,
A S T M
B o o k
ofStandards ,Vol
03 .02 ,
Philadelphia,
Pa
(1986) .
15 .
ack,H.P.,and
R.M.
Janeczko,
Verification
of theBoundary
Elemen t
Mode l -
lingTechnique
for
Cathodic
Protection
of
LargeShipStructures,
C A R D E R O C K D I V ,N S W CReportCARDIVNSWC-TR-6193/02
( D e c
1993).
16.
oster ,
T,
and J .G.
Moore s , CathodicProtection
CurrentDemandof
Various
Alloys
in
Se a
Water,
C O R R O S I O N / 8 6 ,
PaperN o.
295 ,N CE
International ,
Houston,Tex .(1986) .
17.
yatt,
B.S.,
CathodicProtection
Monitoring
an d
Survey
Requirements for
Off-
shore
Platforms
an dPipel ines:
Part
1, Anti-Corrosion( Jun1985) .
12
ARDIVNSWC-TR-6194/44
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
19/90
APPENDIX
A
P O L A R I Z A T I O NCURVES
F R O M THISS T U D Y
FO R
HY-8 0STEEL
CARDIVNSWC-TR-6194/44 3
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
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APPENDIX
B
P O L A R I Z A T I O N
CURVES
F R O M
THIS
STUDY
FO R90-10
CO P P E R- N ICKE L
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APPENDIX C
P O L A R I Z A T I O N
CURVES
F R O M THISSTUDY
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APPENDIX
D
P O L A R I Z A T I O N
CURVES
F R O M
THIS
STUDY
FO RNAVYT Y P E
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APPENDIX
E
P O L A R I Z A T I O NCURVES
F R O M
THIS
STUDY
FO RNICKEL -AL U M I NUM BR ONZE
CARDIVNSWC-TR-61
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(Hack)
1
O NR
334
(Vogelsong) 1 613
(Hays)
2 NavalCivilEngineering
1
13
(Jackovic)
1
613
Laboratory,
(Mantel)
2 NCELL 43(Jenkins)
l
613
(Murray)
1 613
(O 'Connor )
4 DTI C
614
(Montemarano)
1 614
(Czyryca)
1
615
(DeNale )
1
62
(Eichinger)
1
624 (Bards ley)
1
624
(Clayton)
1 624 (DiGiovanni)
1 63
(Alig)
1 64
(Fischer)
CARD IVNSWC-TR-6194/44
15 3
7/25/2019 Atlas of Polarization Data
90/90
REPORT
DOCUMENTAT ION
PAGE
Form Approved
OMB
No.
0704-0188
Public
reporting
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ncluding
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andto
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Paperwork
Reduction
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0704-018B),
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0503.
1.
AGENCY
U SE ONLY
Leave
blank)
2 .
REPORT
DATE
April995
3 .
REPORT
TYPE
AND
DATES
COVERED
Final
4.
TITLE AND
SUBTITLE
Atlas
of
Polarization
Diagrams
fo r
Naval
Materials
in
Seawater
6.
AUTHOR(S)
HarveyP .
Hack
5. UNDINGNUMBERS
Program
Element
6276
IN
Task
AreaSF61541-591
WorkUnits1-2803-162;
1-2803-164
7 . ERFORMING ORGANIZATIONNAME(S)ANDADDRESS(ES)
Carderock
Division
Naval
Surface
Warfare
Center
Bethesda ,
M d .
20084-5000
8. ERFORMINGORGANIZATION
REPORTNUMB ER
CARDIVNSWC-TR-6194/44
9
SPONSORING/MONITORING GEN Y
NAME S) ND
ADDRESS ES)
O ffice
ofNaval
Research
800
N.QuincySt.
Arlington,Va.22217- 5000
10 . PONSORING/MONITORING
AGENCY
REPORT
NUMB ER
11.
UPPLEMENTARY
NOTES
12a .
ISTRIBUTION/AVAILAB IL ITYSTATEMENT
Approved
fo r
public
release;distribution
is
unlimited.
12b . ISTRIBUTION
CODE
13 .
ABSTRACTMaximum
200
words)
Polarization
curves
weredeve lopedin
seawater
at
low
(quiescent)
flow
andat2.4m/s
flow
fo r
nine
structural
alloys.
Potentiostaticallygenerated curves
for
upto120days
are
compared
with
potentiodynamically
generated
curves
at
four
scan
rates
with
freely
corroding
pre-exposures
of
1
or
120
days .Smoothed
curves
successfully
used
incomputer
mod e l
pre-
dictions
ofcathodic
protection
current
and
potential
distributions
are
also
presented .These