Atiyahs Accidents and Compensation

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Atiyahs Accidents, Compensation and the Law Seventh Edition

Since its first publication, Accidents, Compensation and the Law has been

recognised as the leading treatment of the law of personal injuries compensation

and the social, political and economic issues surrounding it. The seventh edition

of this classic work explores recent momentous changes in personal injury law

and practice and puts them into broad perspective. Most significantly, it

examines developments affecting the financing and conduct of personal injury

claiming: the abolition of legal aid for most personal injury claims; the increasing

use of conditional fee agreements and after-the-event insurance; the meteoric

rise and impending regulation of the claims management industry. Complaints

that Britain is a compensation culture suffering an insurance crisis are

investigated. New statistics on tort claims are discussed, providing fresh insightsinto the evolution of the tort system which, despite recent reforms, remains

deeply flawed and ripe for radical reform.

Peter Cane has been Professor of Law in the Research School of Social

Sciences at the Australian National University since 1997. For twenty years

previously he taught law at Corpus Christi College Oxford. His main research

interests are in the law of obligations, especially tort law; public law, especially

administrative law; and legal theory. Recent publications include Responsibility

in Law and Morality (2002) and The Oxford Handbook of Legal Studies (edited

with Mark Tushnet) (2003).

Patrick Atiyah is one of the leading common lawyers of his generation. Until

his early retirement in 1988 he was Professor of English Law at Oxford

University. His published writings range widely over topics in tort law, contract

law, legal history and legal theory; and include The Sale of Goods (11th edition

with J N Harpers and H L McQueen, 2005), The Rise and Fall of Freedom of

Contract (1985) and The Damages Lottery(1997).


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The Law in Context Series

Editors: William Twining (University College London) and

Christopher McCrudden (Lincoln College, Oxford)

Since 1970 the Law in Context series has been in the forefront of the movement to broaden

the study of law. It has been a vehicle for the publication of innovative scholarly books that

treat law and legal phenomena critically in their social, political and economic contexts

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Books in the Series

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Cane: Atiyahs Accidents, Compensation and the LawClarke & Kohler: Property Law: Commentary and Materials

Collins: The Law of Contract

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de Sousa Santos: Toward a New Legal Common Sense

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Harvey: Seeking Asylum in the UK: Problems and Prospects

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Atiyahs Accidents,Compensation and theLaw

Seventh Edition

Peter Cane

Research School of Social Sciences

Australian National University


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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, So Paulo

Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

First published in print format

ISBN-13 978-0-521-68931-1

ISBN-13 978-0-511-34855-6

Cambridge University Press 2006

2006

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521689311

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision ofrelevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place

without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

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ISBN-10 0-521-68931-7

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Contents

Preface xiv

List of abbreviations xvii

List of tables xxii

Table of legislation xxiii

Table of cases xxviii

Part One: The Issues in Perspective

1 Introduction: surveying the field 3

1.1 Compensation for accidents 3

1.2 Natural and human causes 6

1.2.1 The issue 6

1.2.2 Societys responsibility for human causes 8

1.2.3 Protecting reasonable expectations 9

1.2.4 Egalitarianism and the problem of drawing the line 10

1.3 Mixed systems in a mixed society 11

1.4 Some facts and figures 18

1.4.1 Accidents causing personal injury or death 18

1.4.2 Death and disability from other causes 20

1.4.3 The prevalence of disability 211.4.4 The effect of disability on income 21

1.4.5 Distribution and sources of compensation 22

1.4.6 The more serious and the less serious 25

Part Two: The Tort System in Theory

2 Fault as a basis of liability 33

2.1 The conceptual basis of tort law 33

2.2 Negligence as a basis of liability 342.3 The fault principle 35

2.4 Negligence as fault 36

2.4.1 A question of fact? 36

2.4.2 The nature of negligence 40

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2.4.3 Probability of harm 42

2.4.4 Likely magnitude of harm 43

2.4.5 The value of the activity and the cost of the

precautions needed to avoid harm 45

2.4.6 The function of the negligence formula 462.4.7 Foreseeability 47

2.4.8 The objective standard of care 48

2.4.9 Negligence in design and negligence in operation 50

2.5 Conduct of the claimant 53

2.5.1 Contributory negligence 54

2.5.2 Volenti non fit injuria 61

2.5.3 Illegality 65

3 The scope of the tort of negligence 68

3.1 The nature of the duty of care 68

3.2 Specific duty situations 70

3.2.1 Common situations in which duties of care

have been imposed 70

3.2.2 The distinction between acts and omissions 72

3.3 Nervous shock 84

3.4 Family claims 89

4 Departures from the fault principle 92

4.1 Fault liability and strict liability 92

4.2 Procedural devices 94

4.3 Breach of statutory duty 95

4.4 Contractual duties 99

4.5 Rylandsv. Fletcher, nuisance and animals 100

4.6 Joint liability 101

4.7 Vicarious liability 102

4.8 Products liability 103

4.9 Proposals to extend strict liability 105

4.9.1 Dangerous things and activities 105

4.9.2 Railway accidents 106

4.10 Ex gratia compensation schemes 107

4.10.1 Vaccine damage 107

4.10.2 HIV 108

4.10.3 Hepatits C 108

4.10.4 Variant CJD 109

5 Causation and remoteness of damage 110

5.1 Introduction 110

5.2 Factual causation 111

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5.2.1 Proving causation 111

5.2.2 Causing and increasing the risk of harm 112

5.2.3 Omissions 115

5.2.4 Multiple causal factors 116

5.3 Limits on the liability of factual causes 1185.3.1 Legal causation 118

5.3.2 Damage not within the risk 125

5.3.3 Foreseeability again 127

5.4 Conclusion 129

6 Damages for personal injury and death 130

6.1 The lump sum: predicting the future 130

6.1.1 Personal injury cases 130

6.1.2 Fatal cases 132

6.1.3 Variation of awards after trial 135

6.1.4 Suitability of lump sums 137

6.1.5 Alternatives to lump sums 139

6.2 Full compensation 143

6.2.1 Interest 145

6.2.2 Lost earnings and support 146

6.2.3 Medical and other expenses 149

6.3 Full compensation for lost earnings: is it justified? 1526.3.1 The earnings-related principle 152

6.3.2 The hundred-per cent principle 156

6.4 Full compensation: the commitment in practice 157

6.5 Intangible losses 161

6.5.1 Assessing intangible losses 161

6.5.2 The tariffsystem 166

6.5.3 Subjective factors 170

6.5.4 Should damages be payable for intangible losses? 171

6.6 Overall maxima 173

6.7 Punitive damages 173

7 An appraisal of the fault principle 175

7.1 The compensation payable bears no relation to

the degree of fault 175

7.2 The compensation bears no relation to the means of

the tortfeasor 177

7.3 A harm-doer may be legally liable without beingmorally culpable and vice versa 179

7.3.1 Collective liability 179

7.3.2 The objective definition of fault 180

7.3.3 Moral culpability without legal liability 182

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7.3.4 The fault principle and popular morality 183

7.4 The fault principle pays little attention to the conduct

or needs of the victim 183

7.5 Justice may require payment of compensation without fault 185

7.6 It is often difficult to adjudicate allegations of fault 1877.7 The fault principle contributes to a culture of blaming and

discourages people from taking responsibility for

their own lives 192

Part Three: The Tort System in Operation

8 Claims and claimants 201

8.1 Accident victims and tort claimants 201

8.1.1 Cases reaching trial 2018.1.2 Cases set down for trial 203

8.1.3 Actions commenced 203

8.1.4 All tort claims 204

8.2 Why do people (not) make tort claims? 206

8.2.1 Some research findings 206

8.2.2 Alternative remedies 207

8.2.3 Claims consciousness 209

8.3 Particular types of claims 214

8.3.1 Road accidents 214

8.3.2 Industrial injuries and illnesses 216

8.3.3 Public liability claims 218

8.3.4 Medical injuries 219

8.3.5 Group claims 221

9 Tortfeasors and insurers 222

9.1 Defendants 222

9.2 Individuals as tort defendants 2229.3 Employers and corporations as tort defendants 228

9.4 Insurers 233

9.5 The nature of liability insurance 234

9.6 Some problems of liability insurance 239

9.7 First-party insurance for the benefit of others 244

9.8 The impact of liability insurance on the law 245

9.8.1 Statutory provisions 245

9.8.2 The impact of insurance on the common law 248

9.9 The Motor Insurers Bureau 255

10 Trials and settlements 260

10.1 The importance of settlements 260

10.2 Obtaining legal assistance and financing tort claims 261

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10.3 The course of negotiations 268

10.3.1 Individual claims 269

10.3.2 Group claims 274

10.4 When negotiations break down 278

10.5 The time taken to achieve a settlement 28110.6 The amount of compensation 284

Part Four: Other Compensation Systems

11 First-party insurance 291

11.1 Types offirst-party insurance 291

11.2 First-party insurance compared with tort liability 295

12 Compensation for criminal injuries 300

12.1 Tort claims 300

12.2 Compensation orders 301

12.3 Other sources of compensation 303

12.4 Criminal injuries compensation scheme 304

12.4.1 Justifications for the Scheme 304

12.4.2 The scope of the scheme 309

12.4.3 Comparison between the CICS and tort liability 316

12.4.4 Administration 324

12.4.5 Claims consciousness 326

13 The social security system 328

13.1 Foundations of the social security system 328

13.1.1 Workers compensation 328

13.1.2 National insurance 330

13.2 The Beveridge Report and the 1946 Acts 331

13.3 Developments since 1946 333

13.4 The industrial injuries system 33813.4.1 The scope of the system 338

13.4.2 Accidents and diseases 340

13.4.3 Benefits 342

13.4.4 Administration 351

13.4.5 The tort system and the IIS compared 355

13.5 Non-work-related disablement 355

13.6 Preferences within State provision for the disabled 356

13.7 Income-support benefits 358

13.7.1 Benefits 35813.7.2 Administration 360

13.8 Fraud and abuse 360

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14 Other forms of assistance 363

14.1 The taxation system 363

14.2 Social services 365

14.2.1 Employment 366

14.2.2 Mobility 36914.2.3 Housing and residential accommodation 370

14.2.4 Other social services 371

14.3 Conclusion 372

Part Five: The Overall Picture

15 A plethora of systems 377

15.1 The concept of over-compensation 377

15.2 The choice of compensation system 37815.3 Subrogation and recoupment 380

15.4 Tort damages and other compensation 385

15.4.1 General principles 385

15.4.2 Tort damages and sick pay 387

15.4.3 Tort damages and personal insurance 388

15.4.4 Tort damages and charitable payments 389

15.4.5 Tort damages and social security benefits 390

15.5 Criminal injuries compensation 394

16 The cost of compensation and who pays it 395

16.1 The cost of tort compensation 395

16.2 Costs not paid through the tort system 402

16.2.1 The cost of social services 402

16.2.2 The cost of the social security system 403

16.2.3 Other sources of compensation 405

16.2.4 Costs in perspective 405

16.3 The cost of criminal injuries compensation 406

17 The functions of compensation systems 408

17.1 Compensation 408

17.1.1 Some preliminary questions 408

17.1.2 The meaning of compensation 411

17.1.3 Compensation and compensation systems 414

17.2 Distribution of losses 415

17.2.1 What should be distributed? 415

17.2.2 How should it be distributed? 416

17.3 The allocation of risks 418

17.4 Punishment 419

17.5 Corrective justice 421

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17.6 Vindication or satisfaction 422

17.7 Deterrence and prevention 424

17.7.1 Rules and standards of behaviour 425

17.7.2 Accident prevention via insurance 433

17.8 General deterrence 43917.8.1 The basic idea 439

17.8.2 Ascertaining the costs of an accident 442

17.8.3 Allocation of costs to activities 442

17.8.4 Responsiveness of price mechanism 446

17.8.5 Applying general deterrence criteria in practice 448

17.8.6 General deterrence and existing systems 448

17.8.7 An assessment of the value of the

general-deterrence approach 453

17.8.8 Conclusions about general deterrence 457

Part Six: The Future

18 Accident compensation in the twenty-first century 461

18.1 Where we are now and how we got here 461

18.2 Basic issues 467

18.2.1 Strict liability or no-fault? 467

18.2.2 Limited or comprehensive reform? 468

18.2.3 Preferential treatment 47218.2.4 Assessment of compensation 474

18.2.5 Funding 477

18.2.6 Goals of the system 478

18.3 Proposals and schemes 484

18.3.1 Road accident schemes 484

18.3.2 Other schemes 487

18.4 The way ahead 488

18.4.1 A social welfare solution 48818.4.2 A private insurance solution 493

18.5 Damage to property 495

18.6 The role of the insurance industry and the legal profession 496

Index 499

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Preface

The seven years since I wrote the preface to the sixth edition have been ones of rapid

and momentous change in the tort system, affecting most particularly the financing

and settlement of personal injury claims. Some of these changes were foreshadowed

in the previous edition; but it was hard to predict the precise contours of the revolu-

tion that was about to be triggered by the abolition of legal aid for most personal

injury claims and the consequent growth of the claims management industry. Phrases

such as compensation culture, blame culture and insurance crisis have become

part of the common currency of public debate and political rhetoric in Britain. At the

same time, social security provision for the disabled and compensation for victims of

crime have continued to engage the concern and attention of the government and the

public, both being under review as I write. Nor is it only in Britain that personalinjury compensation looms large in legal and political debate. In the USA, for

instance, asbestos and medical malpractice litigation are matters of intractable and

acrimonious disagreement. In Australia, as a result of turmoil in the liability insur-

ance industry, tort reform became, for several months in 2002, the hottest issue in

domestic politics, leading to the appointment of a committee to review personal

injury law and, in its wake, major legislation in all jurisdictions. Despite widespread

dissatisfaction with the tort system, the past decade has (ironically, perhaps) seen its

further entrenchment in the political economy of personal injury compensation.

Except at the margins, the thrust of public policy has been to make the tort system

work better (whatever that might mean), not to replace it with something better.

Changes to the law, both in the areas already mentioned and in others such as the

assessment of damages, have required substantial rewriting of various parts of the

book. The opportunity of a new edition has also been taken to relocate the discus-

sion of human and natural causes (which appeared in chapter 16 of the sixth

edition) into chapter 1 where (I think) it sits more comfortably. In this edition, too,

there is new discussion (particularly in chapter 4) of various forms of administra-

tive compensation arrangements benefiting victims of hepatitis-C, black lung,vibration white finger and other chronic externalities of modern industrial and

technological activities.

Moving away from law and procedure, undoubtedly the most important devel-

opment since the last edition has been the increasing availability of reliable statistics

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about the tort system. The NHS Litigation Authority now publishes detailed infor-

mation about the number and cost of medical negligence (and other personal

injury) claims against NHS Trusts, and the Compensation Recovery Unit within

the Department of Work and Pensions as administrator of schemes for recoup-

ing the cost of social security benefits and NHS treatment from payers of tort com-pensation produces robust estimates of the total number of tort settlements. The

general picture that emerges is that tort claims have increased about threefold since

the 1970s (assuming that figures produced by the Pearson Commission were

reasonably accurate). The impact of this new information is most obvious in

chapter 8; but its influence pervades many parts of the book. As yet, intelligence

about the cost of compensation is more patchy and less reliable. In some areas

criminal injuries compensation, for instance the facts are known. But the total

cost of the tort system, for example, is a matter of considerable speculation and dis-

agreement. Estimates of the total economic cost of personal injuries are even more

problematic. There seems little doubt, however, that the turnover of the compen-

sation industry (broadly understood) runs into the tens of billions of pounds per

annum a significant amount by any standard.

As ever, the main aim of this book is to provide the reader with resources for

standing back from tort law and the tort system and viewing them in a larger legal

and social landscape. Whether placing tort at the centre of the picture in this way

continues to be desirable is a difficult question deserving of serious attention. From

the point of view of legal education, the approach still seems defensible because tortlaw is the only aspect of the political economy of personal injuries that the typical

law student encounters. Whether the focus on tort has the same utility in the

context of public policy debates is contestable. Tort law has an immanent ideology,

and taking tort as a starting point may undesirably skew consideration of the basic

question of how risks of personal injury ought to be distributed. Tort law and the

tort system are (it seems) here to stay. The challenge is to imagine a dispensation to

which tort can make a positive contribution in partnership with other principles

and institutions of risk distribution. Only by doing this can we nurture the hope

that the various components of existing compensation arrangements can be held

in benign and creative tension. In the world of realpolitikthe burning question is

not how to get rid of tort but how to live with it.

When a book has had as long a life as this one, the passage of time effects much

more than the law discussed therein. This edition will appear under the imprint of

the third publisher of the Law in Context Series, in which this book was the first.

In 1970 academics used pens, typewriters and dictaphones to produce their manu-

scripts. Fax machines had not been invented, let alone personal computers, email

and the internet. Thanks to the World Wide Web and other marvels of informationtechnology, much of the research required to prepare a new edition of this book is

more easily done at my desk in Canberra than it was a decade ago when I lived and

worked in England. Even so, the help of colleagues based in England especially

Professor Richard Lewis and Professor Nick Wikeley has been invaluable. Email

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has also enabled me to keep in frequent contact with Patrick Atiyah, whose char-

acteristically forthright and original observations and opinions continue to provide

inspiration and stimulation. The best form of thanks I can think of is to dedicate

this edition to him with affection, admiration and respect.

Peter Cane

Canberra

April 2006

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List of abbreviations

A Atlantic Reporter (USA)

AC Appeal Cases

All ER All England Law Reports

ALR Australian Law Reports

App Cas Appeal Cases (19th C)

ATE insurance after-the-event insurance

Australian Committee Report Compensation and Rehabilitation in Australia,

Report of the National Committee of Inquiry

(Australian Government Publishing Service,

Canberra, 1974)

Beveridge Report Social Insurance and Allied Services, Report bySir William Beveridge (Cmnd 6404, 1942)

BMLR Butterworths Medico-Legal Reports

BTE insurance before-the-event-insurance

C claimant

CA Claims assessor

Cal Rptr California Reporter

Can BR Canadian Bar Review

Cantley Committee Report Report of the Personal Injuries Litigation

Procedure Working Party (Cmnd 7476, 1979)

CFA Conditional Fee Arrangement

Ch Chancery Division Reports

CICA Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority

CICB Criminal Injuries Compensation Board

CICS Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme

Civil Justice Review Report of the Review Body on Civil Justice

(Cm 394, 1988)CLR Commonwealth Law Reports (Australia)

Cm Command Paper (HMSO)

CMC Claims management company

Cmnd Command Paper (HMSO)

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CNST Clinical Negligence Scheme for Trusts

Conard, Automobile Accident A.F. Conard and others, Automobile Accident

Costs and Payments Costs and Payments (Ann Arbor, 1964)

CPR Civil Procedure Rules

CRU Compensation Recovery Unit

D defendant

DCA Department for Constitutional Affairs

DH Department of Health

DLA disability living allowance

DLR Dominion Law Reports (Canada)

DPTC disabled persons tax credit

DSS Department of Social Security

DWA disability working allowance

DWP Department for Work and Pensions

ER English Reports

F Federal Reporter (USA)

FC Family Credit

F Supp Federal Supplement (USA)

Fisher Committee Report The Abuse of Social Security Benefits(Cmnd5228, 1973)

George V. George, Social Security: Beveridge and After

(London, 1968)

GLO Group Litigation Order

HC House of Commons

Harris 1984 Survey D.R. Harris and others, Compensation and

Support for Illness and Injury(Oxford, 1984)

HL House of Lords

HMSO Her Majestys Stationery Office

How Much is Enough? Personal Injury Compensation: How Much is

Enough?Law Com. No. 225 (1994)

ICLQ International and Comparative Law Quarterly

ICR Industrial Cases Reports

IIAC Industrial Injuries Advisory Council

IIS Industrial Injuries SchemeIPI Income protection insurance

IRLR Industrial Relations Law Reports

IS Income Support

Ison T.G. Ison, The Forensic Lottery(London, 1967)

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J (after a surname) Mr/Ms Justice

J. Journal

JPIL Journal of Personal Injury Law

JSSL Journal of Social Security Law

KB Kings Bench Reports

KIR Knights Industrial Reports

Law. Com. Law Commission Report

LGR Knights Local Government Reports

LJ (after a surname) Lord/Lady Justice

LJ Law Journal

Lloyds Rep Lloyds ReportsLQR Law Quarterly Review

LR Law Review

LR . . . Ex Law Reports (Exchequer) (19th C)

LS Legal Studies

LSC Legal Services Commission

MIB Motor Insurers Bureau

MR Master of the Rolls

MVR Motor Vehicle Reports (New South Wales)

NE North Eastern Reporter (USA)

NHSLA National Health Service Litigation Authority

NI National Insurance

NSWLR New South Wales Law Reports

NW North Western Reporter (USA)

NY New York Reporter (USA)

Osgoode Hall Study A.M. Linden, Report of the Osgoode Hall Study

on Compensation for Victims of Automobile

Accidents(Toronto, 1965)

Osgoode Hall Study (Victims A.M. Linden, Report of the Osgoode Hall Study

of Crime) on Compensation for Victims of Crime

(Toronto, 1968)

OPCS Disability Survey Report 1: Martin, Meltzer and Elliott, The

Prevalence of Disability Among Adults(HMSO,1988)

Report 2: Martin and White, The Financial

Circumstances of Disabled Adults Living in

Private Households

List of abbreviations xix


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Report 3: Bone and Meltzer, The Prevalence of

Disability Among Children(HMSO, 1989)

Report 4: Martin, White and Meltzer, Disabled

Adults: Services, Transport and Employment

(HMSO, 1989)Report 5: Smyth and Robus, The Financial

Circumstances of Families with Disabled

Children Living in Private Households(HMSO,

1989)

Report 6: Meltzer, Smyth and Robus, Disabled

Children: Services, Transport and Education

(HMSO, 1989)

P (preceded by date in square Probate Division Reports

brackets)

PAI Personal accident insurance

Pearson Report Report of the Royal Commission on Civil

Liability and Compensation for Personal Injury

(Cmnd 7054, 1978, 3 volumes)

Piercy Committee Report Report of the Committee of Inquiry on the

Rehabilitation, Training and Resettlement of

Disabled Persons (Cmnd 9883, 1956)PMI Private medical insurance

PPO periodical payment order

Q. Quarterly

QB Queens Bench Reports

QBD Queens Bench Division Reports (19th C)

QdR Queensland Reports

R. Review

REA Reduced Earnings Allowance

RTR Road Traffic Reports

Robens Committee Report Report of the Committee into Safety and

Health at Work (Cmnd 5304, 1972)

SCR Supreme Court Reports (Canada)

SDA Severe Disability AllowanceSF Social Fund

SFO Social Fund Officer

SLT Scots Law Times

SSAT Social Security Appeals Tribunal

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List of tables

Table 1 Numbers of disabled persons in Great Britain by age and

degree of disability (thousands) 22

Table 2 Sources of income of family units containing a disabled

adult by severity of disability (per cent) 23

Table 3 Numbers of injured persons obtaining compensation

from different sources 23

Table 4 Cost of compensation paid from different sources to

injured persons and administrative costs of payments, average over

19716 (1977 currency values) 24

Table 5 Court waiting times in personal injury actions 202

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Table of legislation

Administration of Justice Act 1970........................................................................226

Administration of Justice Act 1982 ...............................................................89n, 462

s.1 .......................................................................................................................90n

s.2 ...........................................................................................................149n, 382n

s.5.................................................................................................349n, 390n, 393n

Animals Act 1971......................................................................................72, 101, 248

s.2(2)(b)...........................................................................................................101n

s.6 .....................................................................................................................101n

Attachment of Earnings Act 1971........................................................................226n

Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act 1970..................................................365s.2........................................................................................................................370

Civil Evidence Act 1995

s.10......................................................................................................................158

Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1978.................................................................102

Civil Partnership Act 2004 .....................................................................................89n

Civil Procedure Act 1997

s.7 .....................................................................................................................187n

Coal Industry Act 1975 ........................................................................................357n

Companies Act 1989

s.141 .................................................................................................................253n

Congenital Disabilities (Civil Liability) Act 1976 .............................57, 72, 246, 462

Consumer Protection Act 1987.....................................................71, 103, 104, 105n,

124, 219

Part I ................................................................99n, 103, 143n, 462, 467, 476, 489

s.4(1)(e) ...........................................................................................................104n

Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 ...................................................2445

Courts Act 2003s.95s.96...........................................................................................................302n

s.100 .................................................................................................................142n

Courts and Legal Services Act 1990

s.58(4)(c) .........................................................................................................265n

xxiii


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Criminal Damage Act 1971

s.1(1)(2).........................................................................................................311n

Criminal Injuries Compensation Act 1995 ...................................303, 307, 309, 381

s.7As.7D ...........................................................................................................303

Criminal Justice Act 1988.......................................................................................308Criminal Justice Act 1991

s.18s.21...........................................................................................................178n

Damages Act 1996 ................................................................................................159n

s.2 .....................................................................................................................142n

Damages (Scotland) Act 1976........................................................................90, 172n

Defective Premises act 1972

s.4..........................................................................................................................72Disability Discrimination Act 1995 .......................................................368, 369, 370

Part IV................................................................................................................370

s.1(1) ..................................................................................................................368

Disability Living Allowance and Disability Working Allowance Act 1992..........335

Disabled Persons (Employment) Act 1944............................................367, 368, 369

Domestic Proceedings and Magistrates Courts Act 1978

s.3(2) ................................................................................................................155n

Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004

s.59 ...................................................................................................................303n

Employers Liability Act 1880 ............................................................................3289

Employers Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969...228n, 234, 246, 259, 297n

Factories Act 1961

s.14........................................................................................................................96

Fatal Accidents Act 1976........................57, 58, 89, 90, 91, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136n,

137n, 141n, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, 162, 171, 172n,240, 245, 253, 318, 320, 323, 351, 381, 393

s.1A.....................................................................................................................89n

s.3(3) ................................................................................................................134n

s.3(4) ................................................................................................................351n

s.4 ...................................................................................................144, 245n, 351n

Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 ..................................................................98

s.47(1)(2) ...........................................................................................................98Health Services and Public Health Act 1968.......................................................371n

Highways (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1961..............................................72, 191

Housing (Homeless Persons) Act 1977 .................................................................365

Human Rights Act 1998 .........................................................................................194

xxiv Table of legislation


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Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988

s.263 .................................................................................................................364n

s.265 .................................................................................................................364n

s.327 .................................................................................................................364n

Industrial Assurance and Friendly Societies Act 1948..........................................295Industrial Injuries Act 1946 .....................................................................................98

Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 ....................................36, 55, 245

Law Reform (Husband and Wife) Act 1962..........................................72, 245, 255n

Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1934..................36, 132, 147, 148, 245

Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1971

s.4........................................................................................................................240

Law Reform (Personal Injuries) Act 1948 .......................................36, 245, 391, 392

s.1(3) ................................................................................................................245n

s.2........................................................................................................................390

s.2(4) ................................................................................................................150n

Legal Aid Act 1988

s.13 ...................................................................................................................268n

s.16(6) ..............................................................................................................268n

s.17 ...................................................................................................................268n

Local Authority Social Services Act 1970 ..............................................................365

Lord Campbells Act 1846 ................................................................................91, 132

National Assistance Act 1948

Part III ................................................................................................................365

s.21s.28...........................................................................................................371n

National Health Service and Community Care Act 1990

Part III..............................................................................................................371n

National Insurance Act 1911........................................................330, 331, 337, 343n

National Insurance (industrial Injuries) Act 1946................................................338

Occupiers Liability Act 1957 .....................................................................36, 72, 248

Occupiers Liability Act 1984 .............................................................................36, 72

Offences Against the Person Act 1861

s.34 ...................................................................................................................311n

Pneumoconiosis etc (Workers Compensation) Act 1979..................................357n

Policyholders Protection Act 1975.........................................................................242

Powers of Criminal Courts Act 2000.....................................................................301s.130s.134.......................................................................................................301n

Race Relations Act 1976 .........................................................................................368

Riot (Damages) Act 1886 .............................................................................295, 305n

Table of legislation xxv


28/550

Road Traffic Act 1988.......................234, 246, 247, 248, 253n, 256, 257, 297n, 302n

s.144 .................................................................................................................233n

s.149(2) ..............................................................................................................61n

s.149(3)....................................................................................................65n, 257n

s.151(4) ............................................................................................................257ns.153....................................................................................................232, 246, 247

s.158 .................................................................................................................382n

Road Traffic (NHS Charges) Act 1999...........................................................382, 402

Sex Discrimination Act 1975 .............................................................................3689

Social Security Act 1975 .........................................................................................334

Social Security Act 1985

s.23 ...................................................................................................................108nSocial Security Act 1986 .........................................................................................335

Social Security Act 1989 .................................................................................391, 392

Social Security Act 1990 .........................................................................................335

Social Security Act 1998 ...............................................................................352n, 360

s.29 ...................................................................................................................355n

Social Security Administration Act 1992 ................................................334, 3512n

Part IV................................................................................................................391

s.10(1)(b) ...........................................................................................................340

Social Security (Contributions and Benefits) Act 1992 ................................334, 344s.94(3) ..............................................................................................................339n

s.99 ...................................................................................................................338n

s.101............................................................................................................339, 340

Sch.6.................................................................................................................344n

Social Security (Incapacity for Work) Act 1994....................................................336

Social Security (Recovery of Benefits) Act 1997 ................................359n, 381, 383,

384, 393

s.17 ...................................................................................................................393nSupreme Court 1981

s.32A.................................................................................................136, 142, 283n

Tax Credits Act 2002

s.10 ...................................................................................................................358n

Third Parties (Rights Against Insurers) Act 1930 .................................232, 246, 247

Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977..............................................................62, 244, 248s.2..........................................................................................................................61

s.11(4) ..............................................................................................................248n

Vaccine Damage Payments Act 1979 .............................................................108, 381

xxvi Table of legislation


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Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999 ......................................................336, 347n

Workmans Compensation Act 1897 .............................................................328, 330

Secondary legislation

Civil Procedure Rules......................................................................................354n

Part 19 ...........................................................................................................276Part 36 ...........................................................................................................280

Part 45.........................................................................................................265n

Part 46.........................................................................................................266n

Part 72.........................................................................................................225n

Damages (Variation of Periodical Payments) Order 2005............................142n

European Communities (Rights Against Insurers) Regulations 2002..........246n

High Court and County Courts Jurisdiction Order 1991.............................201n

Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999reg.22(1) .......................................................................................................98n

Motor Vehicles (Compulsory Insurance) (Information and Compensation

Body) Regulations 2003

reg.11 ..........................................................................................................256n

reg.13 ..........................................................................................................256n

Social Security (Claims and Payments) Regulations 1979

reg.25 ..........................................................................................................355n

Social Security Commissioners (Procedure) Regulations 1999....................354n

Social Security (General Benefit) Regulations 1982

Sch.2............................................................................................................344n

Social Security (Recovery of Benefits) Regulations 1997..............................393n

reg.2(2)(a) ..................................................................................................351n

Vaccine Damage Payments Act 1979 Statutory Sum Order 2000.................108n

Working Tax Credit (Entitlement and Maximum Rate) Regulations 2002

reg.4(1) .......................................................................................................358n

European legislation

Compensation of Crime Victims Directive 2004/80/EC.................................312European Convention on Human Rights ........................................................194

Art.3 ..............................................................................................................70n

Art.6 ....................................................................................................70, 82, 83

Art.13 ........................................................................................................70, 83

European Convention on the Compensation of Victims of Violent Crime...312

Fifth Motor Insurance Directive 2005............................................................297n

Product Liability Directive................................................................................489

Working Time Directive .................................................................................396nNew Zealand legislation

Accident Compensation Act 1972 ..................................................16n, 153n, 156

Injury Prevention, Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2001

s.122 ............................................................................................................467n

Table of legislation xxvii


30/550

Table of cases

AB v British Coal Corporation [2004] EWHC 1372..........................................286n

AB v John Wyeth & Brother Ltd [1994] PIQR P109 ..........................................277n

Adamson v Motor Vehicle Insurance Trust (1957) 58 WALR 56.......................182n

Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] AC 789 .......................................................170n

Albert v MIB [1972] AC 301..................................................................................259

Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1992] 1 AC 310...................87n, 88n

Allen v Distillers Co (Biochemicals) Ltd [1974] 2 All ER 365 ...........................137n

Arnold v Teno (1978) 83 DLR (3d) 609 ................................................................77n

Ashton v Turner [1980] 3 All ER 890; [1981] QB 137 ...............................66n, 258n

Attia v British Gas [1988] QB 304...............................................................85n, 316n

Austin v Zurich Insurance Co [1945] KB 250 ....................................................381n

Baker v Willoughby [1970] AC 476...........................................................116n, 380n

Banque Keyser Ullman v Skandia Insurance [1990] 1 QB 665............................74n

Barker v St Gobain Pipelines plc [2004] EWCA Civ 545 ...................................114n

Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee [1969]

1 QB 428 .............................................................................................................78n

Barrett v Enfield LBC [2001] 2 AC 550...........................................................70, 82n

Barrett v Ministry of Defence [1995] 1 WLR 1217 ..............................................80n

Berina (1888) 13 App Cas 1 ...................................................................................57n

Beswick v Beswick [1968] AC 58 .........................................................................258n

Bevan Ashford v GeoffYeandle (Contractors) Ltd [1998] 3 All ER 238 ...........273n

Biesheuvel v Birrell [1999] PIQR Q40.................................................................173n

Bird v Pearce [1979] RTR 369................................................................................77n

Bolitho v City and Hackney HA [1998] AC 232...................................................39n

Bolton v Stone [1951] AC 850 .................................................................43n, 45, 186

Bond v Chief Constable of Kent [1983] 1 All ER 456 ........................................303n

Bradburn v Great Western Railway (1874) LR 10 Ex 1 ......................................388nBradley v Eagle Star Insurance Co Ltd [1989] AC 957.......................................253n

Bretton v Hancock [2005] EWCA Civ 404..........................................................247n

Brice v Brown [1984] 1 All ER 997......................................................................127n

Broome v Cassell [1972] AC 1027 .......................................................................419n

xxviii


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Brown v Roberts [1965] 1 QB 1 ............................................................................82n

Buckley v John Allen & Ford Ltd [1967] 1 QB 637 ............................................134n

Burmah Oil Co v Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75 ....................................................117

Burns v Edman [1970] 2 QB 541.........................................................................318n

Bux v Slough Metals Ltd [1974] 1 All ER 262 .......................................................115

Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605..............................................68n

Capital & Counties plc v Hampshire CC [1997] QB 1004...................................79n

Capps v Miller The Times12 December 1988.......................................................55n

Carmarthenshire County Council v Lewis [1955] AC 549 ..................................179

Cassidy v Ministry of Health [1951] 2 KB 343.................................95n, 180n, 232n

Caswell v Powell Duffryn Collieries [1940] AC 152...................................54n, 111n

Cavanagh v Ulster Weaving Co [1960] AC 145 ....................................................38n

Chadwick v British Railways Board [1967] 1 WLR 912...............................83n, 88n

Chaplin v Boys [1971] AC 356...............................................................................254

Charlton v Forest Printing Ink Co [1978] IRLR 559..........................................301n

Chester v Afshar [2005] 1 AC 134 .......................................................................115n

Chief Adjudication Officer v Faulds [2002] 2 All ER 961 ..................................341n

Chorlton v Fisher [2002] QB 578 ........................................................................247n

Clark v National Insurance Corporation [1963] 3 All ER 375...........................237n

Clarke v Vedel [1979] RTR 26..............................................................................257n

Clunis v Camden and Islington Health Authority [1998] 3 All ER 180 ..............67nCole v South Tweed Heads Rugby Football Club Ltd (2004) 217 CLR 469 ........79n

Colledge v Bass Mitchells & Butlers Ltd [1988] 1 All ER 536 ............................388n

Connelly v RTZ Corporation plc [1998] AC 854 ...............................................168n

Cooke v United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust [2004] 1 WLR 251 ...................160n

Cookson v Knowles [1979] AC 556 ..................................................133, 145n, 159n

Cooper v MIB [1985] QB 575 .............................................................................257n

Corfield v Groves [1950] 1 All ER 488...................................................................258

Corrigan v Bjork Shiley Corp (1986) 227 Cal Rptr 247 .....................................168n

Cox v Hockenhull [1999] 3 All ER 577 ...............................................................132n

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Litigation; Group B Plaintiffs v Medical Research

Council (1997) 41 BMLR 157............................................................................87n

Crocker v Sundance Northwest Resorts Ltd [1988] 1 SCR 1186 .........................79n

CSR Ltd v Eddy [2005] HCA 64 ..........................................................................149n

Cutter v Eagle Star Insurance Co Ltd [1998] 4 All ER 417.................................247n

Daly v General Steam Navigation Ltd [1980] 3 All ER 696................................149n

Davie v New Merton Board Mills [1959] AC 604.................................................249Davies v Eli Lilley & Co [1987] 1 WLR 1136 ......................................................267n

Davies v Swan Motor Co [1949] 2 KB 291............................................................55n

Davies v Taylor (No 2) [1973] 1 All ER 959........................................................279n

Davies v Whiteways Cyder [1975] QB 262............................................................143

Table of cases xxix


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Davis Contractors v Fareham UDC [1950] AC 696 .............................................38n

Deep Vein Thrombosis and Air Travel Group Litigation (Re) ................................3

Deyong v Shenburn [1946] KB 227.......................................................................75n

Dillon v Twin State Gas & Electric Co (1932) 163 A 111...................................116n

Dimond v Lowell [2002] 1 AC 384......................................................................265nDodds v Dodds [1978] QB 543................................................................................57

Donnelly v Joyce [1974] QB 454 .........................................................................151n

Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562..............................................................68, 71

Dooley v Cammell Laird [1951] 1 Lloyds Reports 271 .......................................88n

Doughty v Turner Manufacturing Co [1964] 1 QB 518.......................................126

DP & JC v UK (2003) 36 EHRR 183 .....................................................................70n

Dunne v NW Gas Board [1964] 2 QB 806..........................................................419n

Dunnett v Railtrack plc [2002] 1 WLR 2434 ......................................................274n

Eagle v Chambers (No 2) [2004] 1 WLR 3081 ...................................................137n

Eley v Bedford [1972] 1 QB 155 ..........................................................................391n

Fairchild v Glenhaven Funeral Services Ltd [2003] 1 AC 32..............................113n

Finlay v Railway Executive [1950] 2 All ER 1969................................................280n

Fitzgerald v Lane [1989] AC 328 ...........................................................................59n

Fletcher v Autocar Ltd [1968] 2 QB 322 .............................................................251n

Flynn v Commonwealth of Australia (1988) 6 MVR 186 ....................................50nFontaine v Insurance Corporation of British Columbia......................................94n

Froom v Butcher [1976] QB 268 .............................................................................55

Frost v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1999] 2 AC 455 .....................87n, 88n

Gaca v Pirelli General plc [2004] 1 WLR 2683 .........................................388n, 389n

Gale v Motor Union Insurance Co Ltd [1928] 1 KB 359 ...................................378n

Gardner v Moore [1984] AC 548 ....................................................258n, 315n, 379n

Gaskill v Preston [1981] 3 All ER 427 .................................................................391n

Giambrone v JMC Holidays Ltd (No 2) [2004] 2 All ER 891 ............................151n

Goldman v Hargrave [1967] 1 AC 645 ..............................................................83, 84

Goodburn v Thomas Cotton Ltd [1968] 1 QB 845 ............................................133n

Gorris v Scott (1874) LR 9 Ex 125 .........................................................................126

Gray v Barr [1970] 2 QB 626 ...............................................................................319n

Gray v CICB (1998)..............................................................................................313n

Green v Russell [1959] 2 QB 226.........................................................................244n

Gregg v Scott [2005] 2 WLR 268 .................................................................114n, 117

Gregory v Kelly [1978] RTR 426............................................................................64nGriffiths v British Coal Corporation [2001] 1 WLR 1493..................................393n

Griffiths v Brown The Times23 October 1998......................................................79n

Groves v Wimborne [1898] 2 QB 402.........................................................96n, 328n

Gurtner v Circuit [1968] 2 QB 587........................................................................258

xxx Table of cases


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Gwilliam v West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust [2003] QB 443.....248n, 250n

H v Ministry of Defence [1991] w QB 103 .........................................................166n

Haigh v Ireland [1974] 1 WLR 43............................................................................98

Haley v London Electricity Board [1965] AC 778................................................42nHall (Arthur JS) & Co v Simons [2002] 1 AC 615................................................69n

Hall v Brooklands Auto Racing Club [1933] 1 KB 205 ........................................64n

Halsey v Milton Keynes General NHS Trust [2004] 1 WLR 3002 .....................274n

Hamilton v Al Fayed (No 2) [2003] QB 1175.....................................................263n

Hardy v MIB [1964] 2 QB 745.............................................................................319n

Harman v Crilly [1943] 1 KB 68..........................................................................248n

Hartley v Birmingham CC [1992] 1 WLR 968 ...................................................233n

Harvest Lane Motor Bodies, Re [1969] 1 Ch 457 ...............................................253n

Hatton v Sutherland [2002] 2 All ER 1 .................................................................87n

Hay v Hughes [1975] 1 All ER 257 ......................................................................147n

Hayden v Hayden [1992] 1 WLR 986..................................................................255n

Heil v Rankin [2001] QB 272 ..............................................................................165n

Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Ltd [1995] 2 AC 145.........................................78n

Hepburn v Tomlinson [1966] AC 451 ................................................................244n

Hewson v Downs [1970] 1 QB 93 .......................................................................391n

Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire [1989] AC 53 ....................53n, 82n, 301n

Hinz v Berry [1970] 2 QB 40 .................................................................................85nHodges v Harland & Wolff[1965] 1 WLR 523...................................................166n

Hodgson v Imperial Tobacco [1998] 2 All ER 672 .............................................275n

Hodgson v Trapp AC 807.....................................................................................391n

Hollis v Dow Corning Corp (1995) 129 DLR (4th) 609 ....................................115n

Holmes v Syntex Laboratories Inc (1984) 202 Cal Rptr 773..............................168n

Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co [1970] AC 1004 ...............................52n, 81n, 301n

Horsley v MacLaren (The Ogopogo) [1971] 2 Lloyds Reports 210............76n, 79n

Hosie v Arbroath Football Club Ltd [1987] SLT 122 ...........................................83n

Hotson v East Berkshire HA [1987] AC 750...............................................113n, 117

Houghton v Hackney BC (1961) 3 KIR 615 .......................................................301n

Hudson v Ridge Manufacturing Co [1957] 2 QB 348..........................................81n

Hunt v Severs [1994] 2 AC 350 ...............................................151n, 158n, 255, 389n

Hunter v British Coal Corporation [1988] 2 All ER 97........................................88n

Hussain v New Taplow Paper Mills [1988] AC 514............................................388n

ICI v Shatwell [1965] AC 656 ......................................................................64n, 184n

IRC v Hambrook [1956] 2 QB 641......................................................................379n

Jaensch v Coffey (19834) 155 CLR 549 ...............................................................87n

Jefford v Gee [1970] w QB 130 ............................................................................145n

Table of cases xxxi


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Jobling v Associated Dairies Ltd [1982] AC 794.......................................118n, 380n

Jones v Dennison [1971] RTR 174 ......................................................................181n

Kars v Kars (1996) 187 CLR 354..........................................................................255n

Kent v Griffiths [2001] QB 36................................................................................79nKingston v Chicago & NW Railway (1927) 22 NW 913.....................................116n

Kirkham v Chief Constable of Manchester [1990] 2 QB 283..............66n, 67n, 79n

Kralj v McGrath [1986] 1 All ER 54 ....................................................................174n

Lamb v Camden LBC [1981] QB 625 .................................................................128n

Lamb v Cotogno (1987) 164 CLR 1 ....................................................................174n

Lane v Holloway [1968] 1 QB 379.......................................................................319n

Larner v British Steel plc [1993] ICR 551 .............................................................96n

Leakey v National Trust [1980] QB 485 ................................................................83n

Lee v Lees Air Farming Ltd [1961] AC 12 ..........................................................338n

Lefevre v White [1990] 1 Lloyds Rep 569...........................................................232n

Leversley v Thomas Firth [1953] 1 WLR 1206 .....................................................97n

Lim Poh Choo v Camden Health Authority [1979] QB 196; [1980]

AC 174..................................................................................143, 148n, 252n, 416n

Lincoln v Hayman [1982] 1 WLR 488 ................................................................391n

Lister v Romford Ice & Cold Storage Co Ltd [1957] AC 555 232n, 249n, 254, 381n

Longden v British Coal Corporation [1998] AC 653 .........................................388nLowe v Guise [2002] QB 1369 .............................................................................149n

Lubbe v Cape ple [2000] 1 WLR 1545.................................................................168n

McCafferey v Datta [1997] 1 WLR 870 ...............................................................280n

McCamley v Cammell Laird Shipbuilders Ltd [1990] 1 WLR 963....................388n

McGhee v National Coal Board [1972] 3 All ER 1008 .......................................112n

McGlinchey v UK (2003) 37 EHRR 41 .................................................................70n

McHale v Watson (1964) 111 CLR 384 ...............................................................181n

McKew v Holand and Hannen and Cubitts (Scotland) Ltd [1969] 3 All ER

1621.................................................................................................121n, 122, 128n

McNealy v Pennine Insurance Co [1978] RTR 285............................................233n

McWilliams v Sir William Arrol & Co [1962] 1 All ER 623 .........................115, 117

Mahony v J. Kruschich (Demolitions) Pty Ltd (1985) 156 CLR 522.................122n

Mallett v McMonagle [1970] AC 168..................................................................159n

Meah v McCreamer (No 1) [1985] 1 All ER 367..............................67n, 123n, 300n

Meah v McCreamer (No 2) [1986] 1 All ER 943........................................67n, 300n

Medlin v State Government Insurance Commission (1995) 182 CLR 1...........122nMetropolitan Police Commissioner v Reeves [2000] 1 AC 360 ...........................79n

Miller v Jackson [1977] QB 966...................................................................186n, 446

Mitchell (George) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd [1983] 2 AC 803 .......................62n

Mitchell v Mulholland [1971] AC 666 ........................................................136, 159n

xxxii Table of cases


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Monk v Warbey [1935] 1 KB 75 ..........................................................................247n

Moriarty v McCarthy [1978] 1 WLR 155............................................................161n

Morley v United Friendly Insurance plc [1993] 1 WLR 996..............................237n

Morrell v Owen The Times12 December 1993.....................................................44n

Morris v Ford Motor Co [1973] QB 792 ..................................................251n, 381nMorris v KLM Royal Dutch Airlines [2002] 2 AC 628 .......................................168n

Morris v Murray [1991] 2 QB 6.............................................................................64n

Morris v West Hartlepool Steam Co [1956] AC 552 ............................................38n

Mt Isa Mines Ltd v Pusey (1970) 125 CLR 383 ....................................................88n

Mulcahy v Ministry of Defence [1996] QB 737....................................................69n

Mulligan v Coffs Harbour City Council [2005] HCA 63.....................................81n

Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] 1 AC 398.....................................82n

Murphy v Culhane [1977] QB 94 ..........................................................................319

Murphy v Stone Wallwork Ltd [1969] 2 All ER 949 ...........................................135n

Murray v Haringey Arena [1951] 2 KB 529 ..........................................................64n

Nabi v British Leyland (UK) Ltd [1980] 1 WLR 529..........................................391n

Nagle v Rottnest Island Authority (1993) 177 CLR 423.......................................81n

Naylor v Payling [2004] EWCA 560 ....................................................................250n

Nettleship v Weston [1971] 2 QB 691.........................................................49n, 250n

Newton v Edgerley [1959] 1 WLR 1031................................................................81n

Ng Chun Pui v Lee Chuen Tat [1988] RTR 298....................................................94nNimmo v Alexander Cowan & Sons Ltd [1968] AC 107 .............................96n, 97n

ODwyer v Leo Buring Wines [1966] WAR 67 .....................................................50n

Oliver v Birmingham & Midland Omnibus Co [1933] 1 KB 35..........................57n

OLL Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport [1997] 3 All ER 897 .........................79n

Osman v UK (2000) 29 EHRR 245..........................................................................70

Owens v Brimmell [1977] QB 859 ................................................................55n, 64n

Page v Smith [1996] AC 155 ..................................................................................87n

Palfrey v Greater London Council [1988] ICR 437 ............................................391n

Paris v Stepney Borough Council [1951] AC 367...................................................43

Parry v Cleaver [1970] AC 1 ........................................................................387, 388n

Paterson v Chadwick [1974] 2 All ER 772 ..........................................................233n

Performance Cars v Abraham [1961] 3 All ER 413 ............................................116n

Persson v London Country Buses [1974] 1 All ER 1251 ....................................257n

Phillips v Britannia Hygienic Laundry [1923] 2 KB 832......................................96n

Phillips v William Whitely [1938] 1 All ER 566....................................................65nPhoto Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd [1980] AC 827 .......................62n

Pickett v British Rail Engineering Ltd [1980] AC 136........................................148n

Pickett v Motor Insurers Bureau [2004] 1 WLR 2450.......................................257n

Pigney v Pointers Transport Services Ltd [1957] 1 WLR 1121 .........................127n

Table of cases xxxiii


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Pitts v Hunt [1991] 1 QB 24........................................................63n, 65n, 66n, 258n

Polemis, Re [1921] 3 KB 560..................................................................................127

Ps Curator Bonis v CICB (1996).........................................................................309n

R (Factortame) v Secretary of State for Transport, Local Government andthe Regions (No 8) [2003] QB 381..................................................................262n

R v CICB, ex parte Clowes [1977] 1 WLR 1353..............................................31011

R v CICB, ex parte Ince [1973] 3 All ER 808 ......................................................317n

R v CICB, ex parte Kent and Milne [1998] PIQR Q98.......................................317n

R v CICB, ex parte Lain [1967] 2 QB 864 ...........................................................307n

R v CICB, ex parte Thompstone [1984] 1 WLR 1234........................................318n

R v CICB, ex parte Webb [1986] QB 184; [1987] QB 74 (CA)........310n, 311, 313n

R v Criminal Injuries Compensation Appeal Panel, ex parte Wade (2000) ......313n

R v Daly [1974] 1 All ER 290 ...............................................................................302n

R v Horsham Justices, ex parte Richards [1985] 2 All ER 1114 .........................303n

R v Industrial Injuries Commissioner, ex parte Amalgamated Engineering

Union (No 2) [1966] 2 QB 31 .........................................................................340n

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex parte Fire Brigades

Union [1995] AC 513.......................................................................................309n

Rance v Mid-Downs Health Authority [1991] 1 QB 487.....................................66n

Randall v MIB [1968] 1 WLR 1900 .....................................................................257n

Rees v Darlington Memorial Hospital NHS TRust ..............................................69nReeves v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1998] 2 WLR 401.............67n

Reffell v Surrey CC [1964] 1 WLR 358................................................................429n

Regan v Williamson [1976] 1 WLR 305....................................................134n, 147n

Reid v Rush & Tompkins [1990] 1 WLR 212 ...................................74n, 228n, 250n

Revill v Newbery [1996] QB 567 ...................................................................65n, 318

Roberts v Ramsbottom [1980] 1 All ER 7.....................................................49, 182n

Robinson v Post Office [1974] 2 All ER 737 .......................................................128n

Rookes v Barnard [1964] AC 1129..................................................174n, 419n, 420n

Rootes v Shelton (1967) 116 CLR 383...................................................................64n

Rylands v Fletcher.....................................................................................34, 100, 418

St Helens Colliery Ltd v Hewitson [1924] AC 59...............................................338n

Sarwar v Alam [2002] 1 WLR 125 .......................................................................264n

Saunders v Edwards [1987] 1 WLR 1116 ..............................................................66n

Sayers v Perrin [1966] QdR 89.............................................................................127n

Schuster v New York (1958) 154 NE 2d 534...................................................52n52n

Scottish Omnibuses v Wyngrove The Times24 June 1966...................................50nSelfe v Ilford & District Hospital Management Committee The Times

26 November 1970 .............................................................................................78n

Shiels v Cruickshank [1953] 1 WLR 533.............................................................155n

Sidaway v Governors of Bethlem Royal Hospital [1985] AC 871........................39n

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Smith v Arndt (1997) 148 DLR (4th) 48.............................................................115n

Smith v Baker & Sons [1891] AC 325 .........................................................63n, 328n

Smith v BEA [1951] 2 KB 893..............................................................................245n

Smith v Leech Brain [1962] 2 QB 405.......................................................117n, 127n

Smoker v London Fire and Civil Defence Authority [1991] 2 AC 502..............389nStapley v Gypsum Mines [1953] AC 663 ..............................................................55n

State Rail Authority of New South Wales v Wiegold (1991) 25 NWSLR 500 ...123n

Stephen v Scottish Boatowners Mutual Insurance Association [1989]

1 Lloyds Reports 535 .......................................................................................237n

Stovin v Wise [1996] AC 923.................................................................................79n

Sturges v Bridgman (1879) 11 Ch D 852...............................................................445

Suosaari v Steinhardt [1989] 2 QdR 477...............................................................50n

Tame v New South Wales (2002) 211 CLR 317 ....................................................89n

Tan Chye Choo v Chong Kew Moi [1970] 1 All ER 266.......................................96n

Taylor v Bristol Omnibus Co [1975] 1 WLR 1054 .............................................393n

Thomas v Quartermaine (1887) 18 QD 685.........................................................54n

Thompson v Price [1973] QB 838.......................................................................134n

Thurston v Todd (19667) 84 WN (NSW) (Pt 1) 231 .........................................160

Tomlinson v Congleton BC [2003] UKHL 47 ......................................................81n

Topp v London Country Bus (South West) Ltd [1993] 1 WLR 976..................125n

TP & KM v UK (2002) 34 EHRR 42......................................................................70nTransco plc v Stockport MBC [2004] 2 AC 1......................................................100n

Union Carbide Corporation Gas Plant Disaster in India in December 1984,

Re (1987) 809 F 2d 195 ....................................................................................168n

US v Carroll Towing Co (1947) 159 F 2d 169.......................................................41n

Vairy v Wyong Shire Council [2005] HCA 62 ......................................................81n

Van Oppen v Clerk to the Bedford Charity Trustees [1990] 1 WLR 235...250n, 293n

Versic v Connors (1969) 90 WN (NSW) (Pt 1) 33 .............................................128n

Vincent v Lake Erie Transportation Co (1910) 124 NW 221 .......................185, 186

Vowles v Evans [2003] 1 WLR 1607 ....................................................................250n

W v Meah [1986] 1 All ER 935 ............................................................................300n

Wagon Mound (No 1) [1961] 1 AC 388................................................................127

Wagon Mound (No 2) [1967] 1 AC 617 ...............................................................43n

Waite v North Eastern Railway (1858) El, Bl & El 719; 120 ER 679 ....................57n

Ward v James [1966] 1 QB 273............................................................................166nWarren v King [1963] 3 All ER 993n...................................................................137n

Warren v Scruttons [1962] 1 Llloyds Rep 497....................................................127n

Warriner v Warriner [2002] 1 WLR 1703 ...........................................................159n

Watson v British Boxing Board of Control [2001] QB 1134..............................250n

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Watson v Powles [1968] 1 QB 596.......................................................................144n

Waugh v James Allan Ltd [1964] 2 Lloyds Reports 1.........................................182n

Wells v Wells [1999] 1 AC 345...................................................................158n, 159n

West v Shephard [1964] AC 326 ............................................................................171

White v MIB [2001] 1 WLR 481..........................................................................257nWiddowson v Newgate Meat Corporation [1998] PIQR P138............................94n

Williams v BOC Gases Ltd [2000] ICR 1181 ......................................................389n

Williams v Grimshaw (1967) 3 KIR 610 .............................................................301n

Wilsher v Essex AHA [1988] AC 1074 ................................................................113n

Wilson v Ministry of Defence [1991] ICR 595 ...................................................136n

Winward v TVR Engineering Ltd [1986] Business and Trading Law Cases

366.......................................................................................................................50n

Wise v Kaye [1962] 1 QB 638.......................................................................170n, 171

Withers v Perry Chain Co [1961] 1 WLR 1314 ....................................................65n

Wood v Bentall Simplex Ltd The Times3 March 1992.........................................50n

Wooldridge v Sumner [1963] 2 QB 43 ..................................................................64n

Wright v British Railways Board [1983] 2 AC 773 .............................................145n

Wringe v Cohen [1940] 1 KB 229..........................................................................101

Wyong Shire Council v Vairy [2004] NSWCA 247...............................................81n

X v Bedfordshire County Council [1995] 2 AC 633.............................................82n

Yuen Kun Yeu v Attorney-General of Hong Kong [1988] AC 175.......................82n

Z v UK (2002) 34 EHRR 97 ...................................................................................70n

xxxvi Table of cases

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Atiyahs Accidents and Compensation