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5/1/2018 1 Athletic Field Performance Testing Gerald Henry, PhD University of Georgia Chase Straw, PhD University of Minnesota Grass vs. artificial turf: Battle heats up for Women’s World Cup – The Post and Courier Turf war: Artificial surfaces, grass both have pluses, minuses for football – Decatur Daily The field that the Super Bowl will be played on in 4 months is a disaster – Business Insider Dolphins blame field conditions, cleats for poor footing vs. Ravens – The Score Patriots replacing new turf at Gillette Stadium after embarrassing loss to Chiefs – CBS Sports Falcons, Rams battle slick grass at Coliseum in wildcard game ESPN The media does not understand turfgrass (or synthetic turf) nor its management Dramatize, embellish, aggrandize, amplify, hyperbolize……. We need to educate coaches, players, administration, the media, and the public NFC Wild Card Game January 6, 2018 Sports Field Management Athletic fields often blamed first for poor athletic performances Monetary inputs for field management are insufficient and usually an afterthought Artificial Turf vs. Natural Grass Sports Fields Neither are management free Both exhibit field variability Injuries occur on either surface Focus needs to be on player safety and field playability

Athletic Field Performance Testing · Athletic Field Maps • Mowing patterns • Cultivation practices • Pest presence • Wind direction • Irrigation leaks • Drainage issues

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Page 1: Athletic Field Performance Testing · Athletic Field Maps • Mowing patterns • Cultivation practices • Pest presence • Wind direction • Irrigation leaks • Drainage issues

5/1/2018

1

Athletic Field Performance Testing

Gerald Henry, PhD

University of Georgia                                 

Chase Straw, PhD

University of Minnesota

Grass vs. artificial turf: Battle heats up for Women’s World  Cup – The Post and Courier                                           

Turf war: Artificial surfaces, grass both have pluses, minuses for football – Decatur Daily

The field that the Super Bowl will be played on in 4 months is a disaster – Business Insider

Dolphins blame field conditions, cleats for poor footing vs. Ravens – The Score

Patriots replacing new turf at                    Gillette Stadium after embarrassing              loss to Chiefs – CBS Sports

Falcons, Rams battle slick grass at Coliseum in wild‐card game ‐ ESPN• The media does not understand turfgrass (or synthetic turf) nor its management

• Dramatize, embellish, aggrandize, amplify, hyperbolize…….

• We need to educate coaches, players, administration, the media, and the public

NFC Wild Card GameJanuary 6, 2018

Sports Field Management

• Athletic fields often blamed                                                    first for poor athletic                                               performances

• Monetary inputs for field                                        management are insufficient                                                   and usually an afterthought             

Artificial Turf vs. Natural Grass Sports Fields

• Neither are management free

• Both exhibit field variability

• Injuries occur on either                                                       surface

• Focus needs to be on                                                            player safety and                                                                       field playability

Page 2: Athletic Field Performance Testing · Athletic Field Maps • Mowing patterns • Cultivation practices • Pest presence • Wind direction • Irrigation leaks • Drainage issues

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Concussion Report Highlights Field Maintenance – New York Times

• 15.5% of concussions in high school sports occur when heads hit the playing surface 

• Synthetic Turf• Concussion Legacy Foundation

• No difference between real and synthetic turf injury numbers

Variability

• A big challenge to understanding field conditions• Occurs when a measured quantity is different across and between locations

Soil Moisture

Spatial Relationships

Case Study: Oconee County H.S., GA

‐ 120 samples‐ Soil moisture (VWC)‐ Soil compaction (PR)‐ Turf quality (NDVI)‐ Surface hardness (G‐max)‐ Thatch depth‐ Root mass

‐ 0‐2 inch depth‐ 2‐5 inch depth

Soil moisture represents the irrigation pattern

VWC

Comp

Hard

NDVI

Thatch

Roots (upper)

Roots (lower)

Roots (total)

‐0.71

Spatial Variability

VWC (%)PR

(lbs. force)

Soil Moisture Soil Compaction

Variability

• Occurs regardless of field age, construction, sport, level, etc.

• Plant and soil parameters have major influences on each other

• Variability cannot be controlled, but management options need to account for it

• Need to gather info about your site!

Page 3: Athletic Field Performance Testing · Athletic Field Maps • Mowing patterns • Cultivation practices • Pest presence • Wind direction • Irrigation leaks • Drainage issues

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Disregarding Variability

Effects playability, performance, and predictability of your field

Performance Testing

• Used to evaluate field playability• Linked to player safety

• Can identify field variability• Soil compaction

• Soil moisture

• Surface hardness• Surface evenness• Sod strength• Root mass/depth

Player Safety 

• You will never prevent all field‐related injuries

• Do your best to produce a uniform, “predictable” playing surface 

•DUE DILIGENCE

Performance Testing Challenges

• What to test for?• Sensor technology and limitations

• How many samples do you take?• Accurately describe field variability

• How does your irrigation system impact data collection?• Effect of soil moisture on soil and plant parameters• Increasing irrigation efficiency

• When and how often do you sample?

• What do you do with the information?

Sensor Technology

Types of Sensors

• GPS – Elevation/Sample location

• TDR Probe – Soil moisture

• Penetrometer – Soil compaction

• Clegg Impact Tester – Surface hardness

• Shear Vane – Shear strength• Electrical Conductivity Soil Meter – Soil salinity, soil texture

• NDVI – Turfgrass vigor/health• Infrared Thermometer – Canopy temperature

Page 4: Athletic Field Performance Testing · Athletic Field Maps • Mowing patterns • Cultivation practices • Pest presence • Wind direction • Irrigation leaks • Drainage issues

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Soil Moisture Meter

• TDR Probe 

• Measures soil moisture from a depth of 1.5 to 8 inches

• Recorded as % volumetric water content (%VWC)

• GPS compatible

Soil Compaction

• Penetrometer

• Determines soil compaction (to a depth of 18 inches) and potential water infiltration

• Recorded in pounds per square inch (PSI)

Surface Hardness

• Clegg Impact Tester

• Determines surface hardness in the upper 2 inches of the soil profile

• Recorded in gravities (G‐max)

Shear Strength

• Shear Vane• Measures rotational strength of the turfgrass (Nm)

• Influences the ability of athletes to          grip the turf            and make cuts

Plant Health/Turf Color

• NDVI Chlorophyll Meter

• Readings are reported on a scale of –1 to 1

• The NDVI value is a measure of leaf area index and green biomass

• Color Meter

• Readings reported as turf color on a scale of 1 to 9

Mobile Sensor                        Technology

Page 5: Athletic Field Performance Testing · Athletic Field Maps • Mowing patterns • Cultivation practices • Pest presence • Wind direction • Irrigation leaks • Drainage issues

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• Strong correlations for soil moisture and NDVI

• Moderate correlation for soil compaction• Mobile sensors insert penetrometer rods at a uniform speed = more accuracy 

Historical Testing Procedures

5

4

3

2

1

Testing Natural Turf Sports Surfaces: The Value of Performance Quality Standards

Bartlett et al., 2009

5

6

7

8

9 104

3

2

1

ASTM F1936 – Test Procedure

10 Clegg Readings – Surface Hardness

5

6

7

8

9 104

3

2

1

Testing Procedures

? ?

?

? ?

?

• Issues:• Sample locations (≤ 12)• Assumes diamond            shaped wear

• Descriptive stats                               determine variability

ASTM F1936 – Test Procedure60

110 70

80

50

120

80

50 120

110

Clegg Readings – Surface Hardness Avg: 85

Limit = 100 Gmax

Page 6: Athletic Field Performance Testing · Athletic Field Maps • Mowing patterns • Cultivation practices • Pest presence • Wind direction • Irrigation leaks • Drainage issues

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How many samples are needed to accurately depict 

field performance?

450 Samples 115 Samples 36 Samples

Accuracy of Sample Size

Straw et al. 2017 – J. of Testing and Evaluation  

450 SamplesMean = 22.9

VWC (%)

115 SamplesMean = 22.7

36 SamplesMean = 21.5

Accuracy of Sample Size

Soil Moisture

Influence of Soil Moisture on Data Collection

Irrigation System Efficiency

Page 7: Athletic Field Performance Testing · Athletic Field Maps • Mowing patterns • Cultivation practices • Pest presence • Wind direction • Irrigation leaks • Drainage issues

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Malfunctioning Irrigation Head

Improving the efficiency of your irrigation system

Current Approach ‐ Catch Can Method

• Assessment usually based on a small number of samples

• Measures distribution uniformity

• No indication of “effective” irrigation

Catch Can Method

Fate of Irrigation

Mass Flow vs. Preferential Flow

Uniformity vs. Efficiency

• The use of a soil moisture meter following irrigation application will provide more valuable information

• Water infiltration location• Rewetting potential• Soil compaction/thatch issues• Need for wetting agent applications

Page 8: Athletic Field Performance Testing · Athletic Field Maps • Mowing patterns • Cultivation practices • Pest presence • Wind direction • Irrigation leaks • Drainage issues

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Soil Moisture vs. Catch Can Soil Moisture vs. Catch Can

VWC (%) ml

= Irrigation head

VWC

Comp

Hard

NDVI

Thatch

Roots (upper)

Roots (lower)

Roots (total)

ID of Easily Correctable Problems

When a problem head is identified, field investigation is conducted to determine:

• Incorrect scheduling

• Localized dry spot

• Head alignment

• Head not operating

• Head spacing

• Wrong nozzle size

• Sprinkler or nozzle wear

• Mismatched sprinklers or nozzles

Influence of sampling time on data collection

Dry Down Following Irrigation Events

‐ 5 day soil dry down

‐ 120 samples‐ Soil moisture (VWC)‐ Soil compaction (PR)‐ Turf quality (NDVI)‐ Surface hardness (Gmax)‐ Traction

Page 9: Athletic Field Performance Testing · Athletic Field Maps • Mowing patterns • Cultivation practices • Pest presence • Wind direction • Irrigation leaks • Drainage issues

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Volumetric Water Content

%

lbs. force

Penetration Resistance

Normalized Difference 

Vegetative Index

Day 1 Day 3 Day 5

Spatiotemporal Variability

‐ 34% + 25% + 3%

Gmax

Surface Hardness

Nm

Shear Strength

Day 1 Day 5

Spatiotemporal Variability

+ 15 % ‐ 12 %

Low Tech Mapping

Low‐Tech Mapping?

• What if I can’t afford this technology?

• What if I’m not comfortable using this technology?

• MAPS ARE NOT REQUIRED (although they provide the most detail):

• Low‐Tech Mapping = eyes + turf background + pencil & paper

• Google Earth – photos can be outdated!!

Page 10: Athletic Field Performance Testing · Athletic Field Maps • Mowing patterns • Cultivation practices • Pest presence • Wind direction • Irrigation leaks • Drainage issues

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Athletic Field Maps

• Mowing patterns

• Cultivation practices

• Pest presence• Wind direction

• Irrigation leaks

• Drainage issues

Information Application 

• The more you know about your site the better decisions you can make

• Athletic field maps can help plan:• Irrigation Scheduling/Syringing

• Wetting Agent Applications

• Pesticide Applications

• PGR Applications

• Aerification Practices

• Drainage Installation

• Field Rotations

What do you do with the information?

Precision Turfgrass Management

• Applying inputs (water, cultivation, etc.) only where needed, when needed, and in the amount needed

• Fosters more precise and efficient application of inputs

PTM Examples

Soil Compaction SSMUs

Low

Moderate

High

Page 11: Athletic Field Performance Testing · Athletic Field Maps • Mowing patterns • Cultivation practices • Pest presence • Wind direction • Irrigation leaks • Drainage issues

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Site‐Specific Cultivation Study

Rep 1

Rep 2

Rep 3

Rep 4

Treatment plot

1. Control2. 1x entire plot3. 1x site‐specific4. 3x entire plot5. 3x site‐specific

Upper quartile map:

Top 25 % surface hardness of this plot:

Bottom 75% surface hardness of this plot:

Page 12: Athletic Field Performance Testing · Athletic Field Maps • Mowing patterns • Cultivation practices • Pest presence • Wind direction • Irrigation leaks • Drainage issues

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Spring 2015 Spring 2016

Site Specific Cultivation New Sprayer Technology

Smithco Star Command‐ Capstan SharpShooter‐ Raven Envizio GPS Pro

Star Command System

• On/off spraying function controlled at nozzle tip• Any application rate from 0.4 gal/1000 ft2

• Operating speed from 2 to 10 mph

• Proper flow and pressure is maintained

• No overspray

• Records/Maps of applications

Soil Moisture SSMUs

Low

Moderate

High

Weed Control

Spray Zones

Page 13: Athletic Field Performance Testing · Athletic Field Maps • Mowing patterns • Cultivation practices • Pest presence • Wind direction • Irrigation leaks • Drainage issues

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Estimated ET

Drone Technology Questions?

Dr. Gerald HenryE‐mail: [email protected]

@UGATurfgrass

Dr. Chase StrawE‐mail: [email protected]