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gphpl;b\hUf;F vjpuhd fyfq;fs; kw;Wk; Nghuhl;lq;fs;
1857Mk; Mz;bw;F Kd;G tiu
Mq;fpy Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf
Gul;rpfisAk;> ,af;fq;fisAk;
elj;jpath;fs; rpW Ml;rpahsh;fs;>
goq;Fbj;jiyth;fs;> njd;dpe;jpa
ghisaf;fhuh;fs; Mth;.
,th;fs; tptrhapfs;>
kiytho;kf;fs; kw;Wk; jq;fs; Nghh;
tPuh;fs; MjuTld; fpsh;r;rpapy;
<Lgl;ldh;.
,e;j fyfq;fs; kw;Wk;
Nghuhl;lq;fspd; Nehf;fk;
Mq;fpNyah;fis jq;fs;
gFjpfspypUe;J tpul;b tpLtJ
my;yJ Kw;wpYk; xopj;J tpLtJ
MFk;.
Ml;rpia ,oe;j ,e;jpa
Ml;rpahsh;fis kPz;Lk; Ml;rpapy;
mkh;j;JtJ ,e;j fpsh;r;rpfspd;
Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Mdhy; 1857 Mk; Mz;bw;Fg;gpwF
Mq;fpy Ml;rpapd; jd;ik
khWglNt Fbahdth;fs;>
kiytho;kf;fs; kw;Wk;
njhopyhsh;fspd; Nghuhl;lq;fspd;
jd;ik khWgl Muk;gpj;jJ. epy
tUtha; kjpg;gPl;bw;Fk;
thpt#ypf;Fk; Gjpa nfhs;ifia
mwpKfk; nra;jhh;fs;
Mq;fpNyah;fspd; epyj;jpd; kjpg;gPL
mjd; tpisjpwd; mbg;gilapy;
mike;jpUe;jJ. NkYk; epythp
gzkhf nrYj;jg;gl
Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
epy tpw;gid> mlkhdk;> nrhj;J
khw;wk; Mfpatw;wpw;Fk; gzk;
Njitg;gl;lJ.
,jdhy; midj;J kf;fSk; fld;
nfhLg;gth;fis rhh;e;Nj ,Uf;f
Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
,e;j epyf;Fj;jifg; gpur;rid
tptrhapfSf;Fk; epyr;Rthd;
jhh;fSf;FkpilNa cs;s cwtpy;
rpf;fiy Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
Mq;fpNyahpd; ,e;j Gjpa tptrhaf;
nfhs;ifahy; [kPd;jhh;fs;> Mq;fpy
gpujpepjpfs;> tl;bf; filf;fhuh;fs;
MfpNahh; goq;Fbapdh;
gFjpfSf;F nrd;W> Mq;fpy
mjpfhu th;f;fj;jpd; MjuTld;
goq;Fb kf;fis Ruz;bdhh;fs;.
2
goq;Fbapdh; epykw;w
njhopyhsh;fshfTk;> nfhj;jbik
tptrhapfshfTk; khwpdh;. ,jdhy;
goq;Fb kf;fspd; rKjha tho;f;if
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
fhyg;Nghf;fpy; Vo;ik epiyaile;j
,e;j goq;Fbapdh; ,Wjpapy;
MAjk; Ve;Jtij jtpu NtW top
,y;iy vd;w epiyf;F
js;sg;gl;ldh;.
epyRthd;jhh;fSf;Fk;> tl;bf;Fg;
gzk; nfhLg;gth;fSf;Fk;
gpd;dzpapy; gf;fgykhf Mq;fpy
muR ,Ug;gij czh;e;j
tptrhapfs; kw;Wk; goq;Fbapdh;
,aw;ifahfNt Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
<Lgl;ldh;. MdhYk; etPd
njhopy;El;gk;> Nghh;j;js thlq;fs;>
MAjq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk;
gphpl;b\hh; fyfq;fis xLf;fp
ntw;wp ngw;wdh;.
t. vz;
,af;fq;fs; / jiyth;fs;
,lk; / Mz;L Njhd;w fhuzq;fs; kw;Wk; nray;ghLfs;
1. rhe;jhy; vOr;rp (Santhal Up rising)
jiyth;fs;: kQ;rp>jhG Nfh\h;> rpNjh> fd;F.
[hh;fz;l; (uh[;k`hy; kiyfs;) - 1854> 1855 - 56> 1872 - 82
fhuzq;fs;: i) epyf;Fj;jif cah;T> tl;bf;F fld; nfhLg;gth;fspd; mlf;FKiw ii) [kPd;jhh;fs;> tUtha; mjpfhhpfs;> fhty;Jiwapd; mlf;FKiwahy; rhe;jhy; kiytho;kf;fs; xU ,af;fj;ij Muk;gpj;jdh;.
2. rd;ahrp fyfk; (The Sanyasi Revolt)
tq;fhsk; kw;Wk; fpof;fpe;jpah 1770
rd;ahrp kiytho; kf;fspd; Gdpj jyq;fis ghh;itapl gphpl;b\hh; jiltpjpj;jjhy; eilngw;wJ.
3. Rthh; vOr;rp (Chuar
Uprising)
kjpdhg;g+h; (tq;fhsk;) 1766 - 1772> 1795 - 1816
gQ;rk; kw;Wk; epythp cah;Tf;fhf Rthh; kiy tho;kf;fs; elj;jpa vOr;rpahFk;.
4. N`h vOr;rp (Ho
Rising)
[hh;f;fz;l; Nrhl;lh ehf;g+h; gPlg+kp 1820 - 22> 1831 - 37
gphpl;b\hh; kw;Wk; tl;bf;F gzk; nfhLg;gth;fs; kw;Wk; ,ilj;jufh;fshy; Nfhgkile;j Nrhl;lhehf;g+h; gPlg+kpapd; N`h kw;Wk; Kz;lh kiy tho; kf;fs; elj;jpa
3
Nghuhl;lkhFk;. 5. Nfhy; fyfk; (Kol
Mutiny)
[hh;fz;l; 1831 rPf;fpah;fs; kw;Wk; K];yPk;fs; epyq;fis ngw;W ,q;F FbNawpajhy; Nfhgkile;j Nrhl;lh ehf;g+h; gPlg+kp Nfhy; kf;fs; ,e;j fyfj;ij elj;jpdh;.
6. fe;j; vOr;rp (Kandh
Upring) jiyth;: rf;uh gprha;
ghl;dh 1837 - 56 fe;j; kiytho;kf;fspd; kdpjh;fis gypapLk; gof;fj;jpw;F (Human Sacrifice
- Mariah) gphpl;b\; vjph;g;G njhptpj;J jLj;jjhy; fe;j; kf;fs; gphpl;b\hUld; Nghhpl;ldh;.
7. mNfhk; fyfk; (Ahom
Revolt)
jiyth;: Nfhk;jhh; Nfhd;thh;
m];]hk; 1828 Kjy; gh;kpa NghUf;F (1824 - 26) gpwF mNfhk; kiy tho; kf;fspd; m];]hk; gFjpapypUe;J ntspNaWtjhf cWjp mspj;j gphpl;b\;> ntspNaWtjw;F gjpyhf NkYk; gy gFjpfis $Ljyhf mgfhpf;fNt fyfk; eilngw;wJ.
8. fhrp vOr;rp (Khasi
Uprising) jiyth;: jpuj; rpq;
Nkfhyah (fhrp kiyfs;) - 1830
fhrp kiyg; gFjpapy; rhiy Vw;gLj;j gphpl;b\hh; Kad;wdh;. mjw;fhf Ntiy nra;tjw;fhf tq;fhspfs;> ntsp Ml;fs; Nghd;Nwhiu nfhz;LtuNt fhrp kiytho; kf;fs; Nfhgkile;J rz;ilapl;ldh;.
9. ghfy; ge;jpf;fs; (Pagal Panthis) jiyth;: fuk;\h> mtuJ kfd; jpg;G
tq;fhsk; 1820 Fj;jifj;jhuh;fs; kw;Wk; [kPd;jhh;fspd; mlf;F Kiwf;F vjpuhf tq;fhsj;jpd; tlf;F khtl;lj;jpd; xU kjf;FO (ghfy; ge;jpf;fs;) Vw;gLj;jpa Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
10. giurp fyfk; (Faraizi
Revolt) jiyth;fs;: `[p \hpaj; my;yh>
fpof;F tq;fhsk; 1838 -57
[kPd;jhh;fs;> Mq;fpNyah;fSf;F vjpuhf fpof;F tq;fhs K];yPk;fspd; Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
4
mtuJ kfd; JJ kpahd;
11. gpy; vOr;rp (Bhil Uprisings) jiyth;: Nfthuk;
Nkw;F ,e;jpah 1817 - 19> 1825 - 46
Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdpf;F vjpuhf elj;jg;gl;l vOr;rpahFk;.
12. uhNkhrp vOr;rp (Ramusi Rising)
jiyth;: rpj;J}h; rpq;
Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfs; 1822 - 29
gphpl;b\hhpd; eph;thfj;jpw;F vjpuhf elj;jg;gl;l Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
13. Kz;lh vOr;rp (Munda Revolt)
jiyth;: gph;rh Kz;lh
[hh;fz;l; Nrhl;lhehf;g+h; 1890 -1900
Mq;fpy eph;thfpfs; [kPd;jhh;fs; kw;Wk; tl;bf;fhuh;fspd; mlf;FKiwf;F vjpuhf ele;j vOr;rpahFk;.
14. #uj; cg;G fpsh;r;rp (Surat Salt Agitation)
#uj; 1844 cg;G thp 50 igrhtpypUe;J 1 &gha;f;F cah;j;jg;gl;ljhy; elj;jg;gl;l fpsh;r;rpahFk;.
15. jf;fhz tptrhapfs; vOr;rp (Peasant
Uprising of Deccan)
jf;fhzk; (g+Nd> mfkJ efh;) 1875
,uaj;Jthhp Kiwahy; epythp cah;j;jg;gLjy; kw;Wk; ,ilj;jufh;fspd; mlf;FKiwahy; elj;jg;gl;lJ.
16. tp[aefuk; uh[htpd; vOr;rp (Revolt of Raja
of Vizianagaram)
tl rh;f;fhh; 1765 Mq;fpNyahpd; epy Mf;fpukpg;G> md;gspg;G Ntz;Ljy; kw;Wk; gilfis fiyf;f tw;GWj;jpajhy; tp[aefu uh[h fyfj;jpy; <Lgl;lh;.
17. Nghypfh;fs; fyfk; (Poligars Revolt)
jpz;Lf;fy; kw;Wk; kyghh; 1801 1856
Mq;fpNyahpd; mlf;FKiw epythpj; jpl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhf jpz;Lf;fy; kw;Wk; kyghiur; Nrh;e;j Nghyppfh;fs; elj;jpa Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
18. jpthd; NtYj;jk;gp fyfk; (Divan Velu
Rampi’s Revollt)
jpUtpjhq;$h; 1805
nty;ny];ypapd; Jizg;gilj; jpl;lk; kw;Wk; mjpf epythpf;F vjpuhf fyfj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;.
19. uk;gh fpsh;r;rp (Rampa
Revolt)
jiyth;: mY}hp rPjhuhkuh[_
flNyhu Me;jpuk; 1879> 1922 -24
Gjpa fhLfs; xOq;FKiw jpl;lk; kw;Wk; Mq;fpNya tUtha; Jiw mjpfhhpfspd; mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffSf;F vjpuhf eilngw;wJ.
5
20. Ffh fyfk; (Kuka Revolt)
jiyth;fs;: gfj; [t`h; khy; my;yJ rpahd; rhNfg;> uhk;rpq;
Nkw;F gQ;rhg; 1840
gQ;rhg; ,izg;gpw;F gpwF mlf;FKiw Mq;fpNyahpd; nray;ghLfSf;F vjpuhf eilngw;wJ. Muk;gj;jpy; ,J xU rPf;fpa kjr;rPh;j;jpUj;j mikg;ghFk;.
21. mThp Gul;rp (Indigo Revolt)
jiyth;fs;: jpfk;gh; gp];th]; kw;Wk; gp\;Z gp];th];
tq;fhsk; 1859 - 60
,q;fpyhe;J tzpfh;fs; mThp rhar; nrbia fl;lhakhf;fp tpistpf;ff; $wpajhy;> mjw;F vjpuhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Gul;rpahFk;.
22. ghg;dh tptrha yPf; fpof;F tq;fhsk; 1870 -80
[kPd;jhh;fspd; epythp cah;j;Jjy; mlf;F KiwfSf;F vjpuhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Nghuhl;l mikg;ghFk;.
23. fprhd; rig ,af;fk; (The Kisan Sabha
Movement)
jiyth;: nfshp rq;fh; kp];uh> ,e;jpuh ehuhazd; jptpNtjp> ghgh uhk;re;jpuh> Jh;fhghy; rpq;
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; (m) xd;W gl;l khfhzk; 1918
nghpa epyr;Rthd;jhh;fspd; mjpf epythp fhyp nra;jy; Nghd;w mlf;F KiwfSf;F vjpuhf Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,af;fkhFk;. 1920y; ghgh uhk; re;jpuhtpd; Ntz;LNfhSf; fpzq;f NeU tUif Ghpe;J Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J nfhz;lhh;.
24. vfh ,af;fk; (Eka Movement)
jiyth;: khjhhp gh]p
cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; 1921
mjpf epythp> thp t#ypg;gth;fspd; mlf;F Kiwahy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
25. khg;gpshf;fs; fyfk; (Mappila Revolt)
kyghh; (Nfush) 1836 -1855 1873 - 1885 1894 - 96 1920 - 21
kyghh; gFjpapypUe;j jPtputhj K];yPk; Fj;jifjhuh;fs; khg;gpshf;fs; Mthh;. ,e;J [kPd;jhh;fspd; epythp cah;T mlf;FKiwfSf;nfjpuhf elj;jg;gl;l fyfkhFk;.
26. gh;Njhyp rj;ahfpufk; (Bardoli Satyagraha) jiyth;fs;: rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly;
gh;Njhyp jhY}fh - #uj; 1928
epytUtha; 30% cah;j;jg;gl;ljw;F vjpuhf elj;jg;gl;l rj;ahfpufkhFk;.
6
27. mfpy ,e;jpa fprhd;rig /fhq;fpu]; The All India Kisan
Sabha / Congress
jiyth;:Rthkp \h[hde;j ru];tjp nghJnrayhsh;: N.G. uq;fh
yf;Ndh 1936 tptrhapfspd; FiwghLfis Nghf;fTk;> Nghuhl;lk; elj;jp murplk; ePjp ngwTk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l mikg;G. ,jd; gj;jphpf;if: ,e;Jyhy; ahf;dpf; (Indulal
Yagnik) 1933y; N.G uq;fh> Me;jpuhtpy; ,e;jpa tptrhapfs; epWtdj;ij (The India’s Peasant’s Institute) Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
28. njghfh ,af;fk; (Tebhaga Movement)
tq;fhsk; 1946 1946 y; tq;fhs khfhz fprhd; rgh - gpsl;FOtpd; (Flood Commission) ghpe;Jiuahd ‘%d ;wpy; ,uz;L gq;F tpis nghUis epyj;ij cOgth;fSf;F nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;” vd;gij eilKiwg;gLj;j Ntz;b Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;wJ.
29. njYq;fhdh ,af;fk; (Telungana
Movement) jiyth;: Re;jua;ah
Me;jpuk; 1947 -48 i`juhghj; ep[hKf;F vjpuhf kf;fs; kw;Wk; fk;a+dp];Lfspd; MAjNke;jpa nfhhpy;yh Nghuhl;lkhFk;. 3000 fpuhkq;fis ghjpj;j nghpa Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
2. njhopyhsh; Nghuhl;lq;fs;
(The movement of the working
class):
,e;jpahtpy; 19-Mk; E}w;whz;by;
etPd njhopw;rhiyfs; cUthf
Muk;gpj;jd. Mapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
njhopyhsh;fs; uapy;Ntf;fspYk;
etPd njhopw;rhiyfspYk; gUj;jp
kw;Wk; epyf;fhp
njhopw;rhiyfspYk; rzy; njhopy;
njhopw;rhiyfspYk; Ntiy nra;a
Muk;gpj;jdh;.
,e;jpa njhopyhsh;fspd;
gpur;ridfs;:
1. Fiwthd Cjpak;
2. ePz;l Ntiy Neuq;fs;
3. Rfhjhukpd;ik
4. mgha Ntiyfs;
5. Foe;ij njhopyhsh;fs;
6. mbg;gil trjpfs; ,d;ik.
7
Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l ,e;jpa
njhopyhsh;fspd; gpur;ridfSf;F
murplk; NghuhlTk;> jPh;T ngwTk;
gy;NtW mikg;Gfs; Njhd;wpd.
rrpgjh ghdh;[p (Sasipada
Banerjea) vd;gth; njhopyhsh;
fpsg;igAk; (Working men’s Club)
ghuj; \puk;[Ptp (Bharat
Shramhjeevei) vd;w
gj;jphpf;ifiaAk; 1870 Mk; Mz;L
Muk;gpj;jhh;.
1880 Mk; Mz;L ehuhaz; nkfh[p
Nyhf;fhz;Nl vd;gth; jPdge;J
vd;w gj;jphpf;ifiaAk;> gk;gha;kpy;
kw;Wk; kpy; N`z;l; (Mill Hands)
$l;likg;igAk; Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
jpUney;Ntyp kw;Wk; J}j;Jf;Fbapy;
t.c.rpjk;guk;gps;is kw;Wk;
Rg;gpukzpa rpth MfpNahh;
njhopyhsh; eyDf;fhf Nghuhb
rpiw nrd;wdh;.
mfpy ,e;jpa mstpy; njhopyhsh;
eyDf;fhf Nghuhl N.M. N[h\p
vd;gth; mf;Nlhgh; 31 1920y; mfpy
,e;jpa thzpg a+dpad; fhq;fpui]
(All India Trade Union Congress)
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. mjd; Kjy;
jiytuhf me;j Mz;L ,e;jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpu]; khehl;bd;
jiytuhd yhyh y[gjp uha;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.AITUC apd;
Kjy; nghJr; nrayhsuhf jpthd;
rhnkd; vd;gtUk;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;.
1929y; K[hgh; mfkJ S.A. Nld;[;>
N[hf;Nyf;fh;> gpypg; nrsfj;
c];khdp Nghd;w 31 njhopyhsh;
jiyth;fis kPul; rjp tof;fpy;
(1929) muR Fw;wk; rhl;b ifJ
nra;jJ. ,J njhopyhsh;
Nghuhl;lq;fis tYtpyf;f
nra;jJ.
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpwF njhopyhsh;
Nghuhl;;lq;fs; murpay;
mbg;gilapy; tYg;ngw;wd.
1. NtY}h; fyfk;
(Vellore Mutiny 1806):
jkpo;ehl;bd; Ke;ija tl Mw;fhL
khtl;lj;jpd; jiyefuk; NtY}h;.
jw;NghJ NtY}h; khtl;lk; vd;W
ngah; khw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. 1806 y;
NtY}hpypUe;j ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fs;
fyfj;jpy; <Lgl;ldh;.
fhuzq;fs; (causes)
kjuh]pd; MSeuhf ,Ue;j
tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuGtpd;
mDkjpNahL gilj;jsgjp rh;
[hd; fpulhf; vd;gth;
jiyg;ghifAld; $ba Gjpa
rPUilia mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;.
8
,e;j jiyg;ghif INuhg;gpa
njhg;gpiag; NghyNt ,Ue;jJ.
fhjzpfis mzptJk;> rka
rpd;dq;fis ,l;Lf; nfhs;tJk;
jil nra;ag;gl;ld.
NkYk; rpg;gha;fs; jq;fs; Kfj;ij
ed;whf kopj;J> kPirfis
xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
vd;W tpjpf;fg;gl;ldh;. Mdhy;
,e;j eltbf;iffis jq;fsJ
rka kw;Wk;
r%fg;gof;ftof;fq;fSf;F
,iof;fg;gl;l mtkjpg;ghf
rpg;gha;fs; fUjpdhh;fs;. NkYk;
midtiuAk; fpwpj;Jt
rkaj;jpw;F khw;Wk; Kaw;rpf;F ,J
Kd;Ndhb vd;w fUj;J gutpaJ.
[_d; 17-k; Njjp 1806 Mk; Mz;L
Kjyhk; gilg;gphpitr; Nrh;e;j
rpg;gha; K];jgh ngf; jd; cah;
mjpfhhp fh;dy; Nghh;g;]plk;>
INuhg;gpa ,uhZt
mjpfhhpfisAk; JUg;GfisAk;
g+z;NlhL mopg;gjw;fhd jpl;lk;
jPl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij
njhptpj;jhh;. Mdhy; mtuJ
nra;jpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
jug;gltpy;iy.
NtY}h; fyfk; cUthtjw;F Kd;G
Kd;G jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; %j;j kfd;
gNj i`jh; kw;Wk; nkha;RjPd;
Mfpa ,UtUk; ,ize;J jpl;lk;
jPl;bdh;. kPz;Lk; K];yPk; Ml;rpia
Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;gjw;fhf
NtY}h;fyfk; eilngw;wJ.
Gypj;Njth;> fhd;rhfpg;
fl;lnghk;kd; kUJ rNfhjuh;fs;>
jpg;G Ry;jhd; Nghd;NwhUf;F
Vw;gl;l epiyahy; frg;Gzh;T
nfhz;l rpg;gha;fs; NtY}h;
fyfj;jpd; <Lgl;ldh;.
fyfj;jpd; Nghf;F (Course):
[_iy 10 k; ehs; tpbaw;fhiy 1
kw;Wk; 23k; gilg;gphpit Nrh;e;j
,e;jpa rpg;gha;fs; fyfj;ij
Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;. ,g;gilg;
gphpTfspd; ,uhZt mjpfhhp
fh;dy; ghd; Nfhh;l; Kjypy;
gypahdhh;. 23k; gilg; gphptpd;
,uhZt mjpfhhpahd fh;dy; kp
Nfu];> mzp tFg;G
ikjhdj;jpy; Rl;L
tPo;j;jg;gl;lhh;. mLj;J
nfhy;yg;gl;l ,uhZt mjpfhhp
Nk[h; Mk;]; l;uhq; Mthh;.
Vwj;jho 12f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
,uhZt mjpfhhpfs;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;.
NtY}h; Nfhl;ilf;F ntspNa
,Ue;j Nk[h; $l;]; 14
iky;fSf;F mg;ghYs;s
,uhzpg;Ngl;ilf;F tpiue;J
9
nrd;W mq;fpUe;j
,uhZtj;jsgjp fh;dy;
[py;y];gpaplk; fhiy 7
kzpastpy; NtY}h; Gul;rpiag;
gw;wp jfty; njhptpj;jhh;. Rkhh;
fhiy 9 kzpastpy; [py;y];gp
,uhZtg;gilAld; NtY}h;
Nfhl;ilia mile;jhh;.
mjw;Fs; fpsh;r;rpahsh;fs; jpg;G
Ry;jhdpd; %j;j kfd; gNj
i`jiu Gjpa Ry;jhdhf
mwptpj;J jpg;G Ry;jhdpd;
Gypf;nfhbiaAk; gwf;f tpl;ldh;.
Mdhy; ,f;fpsh;r;rp fh;dy;
[py;ny];gpapdhy; cldbahf
mlf;fg;gl;lJ. Nfhl;ilf;Fs;
kl;Lk; 800 ,e;jpa rpg;gha;fs;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. jpUr;rpapYk;
NtY}hpYk; 600 rpg;gha;fs;
rpiwg;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;. rpyh;
J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;. ,Wjpahf
jpg;Gtpd; kfd; fy;fj;jhtpw;F
mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;lhh;.
gilj;jsgjpAk;> nrd;id
MSeUk; jpUg;gpaiof;fg;
gl;ldh;. Kiwahf
jpl;lkplg;glhjjhy; NtY}h;
fyfk; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jJ.
kjpg;gPL:
1857 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ,e;jpa
Rje;jpug; NghUf;F NtY}h; fyfk;
Kd;Ndhb vd;W rthh;f;fh;
fUJfpd;whh;.
Mdhy; NtY}h;f;fyfk; 1857 k;
Mz;L rpg;gha; fyfj;jpw;F top
tFj;jJ vd;w $w;iw Nf.Nf.
gps;is vd;w tuyhw;W Mrphpah;
kWf;fpwhh;.
,e;jpa tpLjiyf;F jkpoh;fNs
Kd;Ndhbfshf jpfo;e;jdh;
vd;W rQ;rPtp $wpAs;shh;.
fhydpahjpf;fj;ij vjph;j;J
kUJ rNfhjuh;fs; elj;jpa
Nghuhl;lj;jpd; njhlh;r;rpNa
NtY}h; fyfk; vd;W Nf.
uhra;ad; vd;w tuyhw;W mwpQh;
fUJfpwhh ;.
Kf;fpakhd tptrhap ,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; rq;fq;fs;
,af;fq;fs; kw;Wk; tUlk;
gpuhe;jpak; jiyth; Fwpf;Nfhs;
ghfy; gd;b]; ,af;fk;
tq;fhsk; Fuk;\h kw;Wk; jpg;G \h
thlif cah;T td;Kiwahf eRf;fg;gl;lJ.
10
Kk;gh vOr;rpfs; Kyghh; Fkh`k;kj; n`hrp kw;Wk; Vyp
kpA+]yp[pah;
tUtha; Nfhhpf;if kw;Wk; fd msT Fiwg;G Mfpatw;wpw;F vjpuhf
,z;bNfh nuty;yl;
ehbah bfk;ghh; kw;Wk; gp\;D gps;th];
INuhg;gpa ,d;bNfh fkp\d; (1860) tpjpf;fg; gl;l tpjpfSf;F vjpuhf epiyikfisf; fhz mikf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ.
ghl;dh mfhpad; vOr;rp (1872)
ghl;dh khtl;lk; fpof;F
tq;fhsk;
Rh\ re;jpg; uha; rk;G ghy;> Nfhb Ky;yh
kw;Wk; B.C rhl;lh;[p RC jj;
Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fis chpikahf;Ftijj; jLg;gjw;fhf [kPd;;jhuh;fspd; nfhs;if fSf;F vjpuhf> ngq;fhy; FbAhpikr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg; gl;lJ.
G+dh rh;tn[dpf; rgh (1870)
jhdh khtl;lk; nfhyk;gh kw;Wk; uj;dfphp
M.C. uhdNl tptrhapfs; rl;l chpikfis gpugyg;gLj;Jtjw;F
rk;gud; (Sampran)
rj;ahfpufh (1917) rk;gud;> gP`hh;
tptrhapfs; INuhg;gpa ,z;bNfh Miyfshy; Rkj;jg;gl;l bq;fp];lh mikg;Gf;F vjpuhf rk;guhd; rl;lk; jpq;fjpah Kiwia xopj;jJ.
Nflh (Kheda)
rj;jpahfpufk; (1918)
Nflh> F[uhj;
fhe;jp> tptrhapfs; gaph; nraypog;G tof;fpy; epy tUthiaf; Fiwg;gjw;fhf Gwf; fzpf;fg; gl;l KiwaPL fSf;F vjpuhf Nfhhpf;if ,Wjpahf epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
U.P. fp\hd; rgh kjd;Nkhfd; khytpah kw;Wk; ,e;jpuh eNud;
Mtj; tptrhapfs; ,af;fk; (1918)
gpnua;yp gpujg;fh;f;
11
cj; fp\hd; rgh (1920)
cj; NeU kw;Wk; ghgh uhk; re;jpuh
Me;jpuh tptrhapfspd; rq;fk; (1928)
Me;jpuh N.G. uq;fh [kpd;jhh; Kiwia xopf;f xg;Gf; nfhs;Sjy;
My; ,e;jpah fp\hd; rgh (1936)
Rthkp rfh[de;jh nghUshjhu Ruz;ly; ,Ue;J tptrhapfs; ghJfhg;G
1
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; Njrpa jiyth;fspd; vOr;rp
,e;jpahtpw;Fs; tpahghuj;jpw;fhf
Eioe;j Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa
tpahghuf; fk;ngdp> cs;ehl;L
murpay; #o;epiyfisAk;>
gytPdq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp
,e;jpa Jizf;fz;lk;
KOtijAk; jd; Mjpf;fj;jpd; fPo;
nfhz;L te;jJ. Ml;rpahsh;fs;
kf;fSf;F ,ioj;j
nfhLikfspdhYk;> ehL gpbf;Fk;
nfhs;if fspdhYk;> nfhba
mlf;FKiw eltbf;iffspdhYk;
ntWg;gile;j ,e;jpah;fs;
Mq;fpNyah;fspd; Mjpf;fj;ij
,e;jpahtpypUe;J xopj;Jf;fl;l gy
topfspy; Kad;W
nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;.
1806 y; eilngw;w NtY}h; fyfKk;
1824 y; guf;g+hpy; eilngw;w
giltPuh; fyfKk;> 1857 y;
eilngw;w ngUk;Gul;rpAk;
mitfspy; Fwpg;gplj;
jf;fitahFk;. Mdhy; ,e;jpa
kf;fspilNa Njrpa vOr;rpiaAk;>
murpay; tpopg;Gzh;itAk;
Vw;gLj;jpaJ ,e;j fyfq;fs;
kl;LNk my;y> khwhf kf;fspd;
tuyhw;W ghuk;ghpaKk;> ,e;jpah
xd;Wgl Ntz;Lnkd;w
vz;zKk;> jq;fSila jha;
ehl;il jhq;fNs Ms
Ntz;Lnkd;w Fwpf;NfhSNk
,e;jpa kf;fspilNa Njrpa vOr;rp
cUthdjw;F fhuzq;fshFk;.
,dj;jhy;> nkhopahy;> rkaj;jhy;
gof;f tof;fq;fshy; khWgl;L
me;jpa Mjpf;fj;jpy; mtjpAw;w
kf;fs; vOr;rpAw;W> xd;Wgl;L
Mq;fpNyah; Mjpf;fj;ij vjph;j;J
mth;fis ntspNaw;wp Rje;jpuk;
mile;jdh;.
1. ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk;
Njhd;Wtjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;:
i. murpay; xw;Wik
Mq;fpy Ml;rpapd; tpisthf
,e;jpahtpy; murpay; xw;Wik
Vw;gl;lJ.
mjdhy; ,e;jpah xNu ehL vd;w
vz;zk; kf;fspilNa tsh;e;jJ.
r%f rka rPh;;j;jpUj;j
,af;fq;fSk; kf;fspilNa
2
tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jp
mth;fisr; xd;W Nrh;j;jd.
ii. Mq;fpNyahpd; nghUshjhur;
Ruz;ly;:
,e;jpahtpd; nry;t tsk;
midj;ijAk; jk; ehl;bw;F
Ruz;br; nry;tNj
Mq;fpNyahpd; Nehf;fkhf
,Ue;jJ.
19k; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy;
,e;jpah> Mq;fpy ehl;bw;F
Ntz;ba fr;rh nghUl;fis
Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; ehlhfTk;>
me;ehL cw;gj;jp nra;j
nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;Ak;
re;ijahfTk; khwpaJ.
NkYk; Mq;fpNyah; jq;fs;
%yjdj;ij KjyPL nra;J
,yhgk; milAk; ,lkhf
,e;jpah khwpaJ.
iii. ,ju INuhg;gpa ehLfSld; Vw;gl;l
njhlh;G
Mq;fpyk;> gbj;j ,e;jpah;fspd;
nkhopahfpaJ.
mjdhy; ,e;jpah;fs; Nky;ehl;L
fUj;Jf;fs;> gz;ghLfs; gw;wp
mwpe;jpUe;jdh;.
NkYk; n[h;kdp> ,j;jhyp
If;fpakile;jJ fz;L
,e;jpah;fs; Cf;fk; nfhz;ldh;.
vdNt jhq;fSk; jq;fs;
tpLjiyf;F Nghuhl vz;zpdh;.
iv. 19 k; E}w;whz;by; Vw;gl;l r%f>
rka rPh;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs;:
,uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;> jahde;j
ru];tjp> ,uhkfpU\;z
guk`k;rh;> Rthkp
tpNtfhde;jh;> lhf;lh; md;dp
ngrz;l; MfpNahh; ,e;jpah
kw;Wk; ,e;jpahpd; Gfio Gj;Japh;
ngwr; nra;jdh;.
mth;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa
,af;fk; Njhd;w mbj;jsk;
,l;ldh;.
Rauh[;ak; vd;w nrhy;iy
Kjd;Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpath;
jahde;j ru];tjp Mthh;.
v. jfty; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J
Kd;Ndw;wk;:
,Ug;Gg;ghij> je;jp> fk;gpapy;yh
je;jp Kiw> jghy; Kiw>
rhiyfs; kw;Wk; fhy;tha;fs;
mikj;jy; Nghd;wit ehl;bd;
njhopy; tsh;r;rpf;F cjtpd.
,j;njhopy; tsh;r;rp ,e;jpa
kf;fis xd;wpizj;jJ.
vi. mr;rfKk;> nra;jpj;jhs;fSk;
Njrpak; Njhd;wTk;> tsuTk;
,e;jpa gj;jphpf;iffs; ngUk;
gq;fhw;wpd.
3
tl;lhu nkhopapy; gy
nra;jpj;jhs;fs;
ntspaplg;gl;ld.
,tw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit
Mq;fpNyaUf;F vjpuhd
fUj;Jf;fis ntspapl;ld.
,it ,e;jpa kf;fspilNa Njrpa czh;it nghq;fp vor; nra;jd.
vii. ,dg;ghFghL
viii. ypl;ldJ eph;thfk; kw;Wk; kf;fs;
tpNuhjr;rl;lq;fs;
ix. ,y;gh;l; kNrhjh rr;ruT
x. Gjpa kf;fs; th;f;fq;fspd; tsh;r;rp
xi. Ml;rpahsh;fspd; tuk;G kPwpa
VNjr;rjpfhur; nray;fs;
2. Muk;gfhy murpay; fofq;fs;:
tq;fhs fofq;fs; kw;Wk; Mz;L /
jiyth;:
gq;fgh\h gpufhrpf rig (The
Banga bhasha Prakasika Sabha) -
1836 uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uhapd;
ez;gh;fs;
tq;fhs gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa r%fk;
(The Bengal British India Society)-
1843
gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa $l;likg;G(The
British Indian Association) - 1851
fpof;fpe;jpa $l;likg;G (The East
India Association) - 1866 (yz;ld;
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p)
,e;jpa yPf; (The Indian League) -
1875 (rprph; Fkhh; Nfh\;)
,e;jpa fy;fj;jh $l;likg;G (The
Indian Association of Calcuta) -
1876 RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p kw;Wk;
Mde;j Nkhfd; Ngh];
gk;gha; fofq;fs; :
gk;gha; fofk; - 1852 (jhjhgha;
nesNuh[p)
g+dh rh;t[hdpf; rig (The Poona
Sarvajanik Sabha) - 1867
kfhNjt;Nfhtpe;j uhdNl
gk;gha; khfhz $l;likg;G (The
Bombay Presidency - 1885
(gf;UjPd; jpahg;[p> ngNuh\h Nkj;jh
Association) K.T. Njyq;)
kjuh]; fofq;fs;:
kjuh]; RNjrp rq;fk; - 1852
kjuh]; kfh[d rig (The Madras
Mahajan Sabha) - 1884 (M.
tPuuhfthr;rhhp>
B. Rg;ukzpa ma;ah;> P. Mde;j
rhh;Y)
4
Ke;ija fhq;fpu]; khehLfs;/ Muk;g murpay; ,af;fq;fs;
mikg;G jiyth; ,lk; Mz;L
epy chpikahsh;>/ [kPd;jhh; fofk;
,utPe;juehj; jh$h; fy;fj;jh 1837 / 1838
,e;jpa Njrpa rq;fk; A.O. `pA+k; fy;fj;jh 1883
gphpl;b\; ,e;jpa rKjhak;
[hh;[; jhk;rd; fy;fj;jh 1883
kjuh]; nrhe;j rq;fk; y\;kp eurp nrl;b> PS nrl;bahh;
kjuh]; 1852
Kk;ig rq;fk; [fd; rq;fj;nrj; Kk;ig 1852
fpof;fpe;jpa rq;fk; jhjhgha; nesNuh[p yz;ld; 1866
G+dh rh;tQdpf; rgh vk;.[p. uhdNl> GV n[Hrp G+dh 1870
,e;jpa rq;fk; S.N. ghdh;[p> Mde;j; Nkhfd; Ngh];
fy;fj;jh 1876
kjuh]; kfh[d rgh uq;fiah ehAL> M. tPuuhfthr;rhhpahh;> G. Rg;ukzpa Iah;> Mde;j; rhU
kjuh]; 1884
,e;jpa rKjhak; Mde;j; Nkhfd; Ngh]; yz;ld; 1872
gphpl;b]; ,e;jpa rKjhak;
tpy;ypak; Mlk; fy;fj;jh 1839
yz;ld; ,e;jpa rKjhak;
gj;UjPd; jpahgp> W.C. ghdh;[p
yz;ld; 1865
Njrpa rq;fk; Nkhp fhh;ngz;lh; yz;ld; 1867 jf;fhzj;jpd; rq;fk; Nfhghy; `hp Nj];Kf; G+Nd 1852
Njrpa gpujpepjpfs; FO
yz;ld; 1883
3. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; (1885):
gphpl;b\; murhq;fj;jpy; gzpahw;wp
Xa;T ngw;wtUk;> ,e;jpa eydpy;
mf;fiw nfhz;ltuhd Myd;
Mf;Nltpad; `pa+k; vd;gth;
,e;jpah;fspd; r%f> murpay;
eyd;fSf;fhf xU mfpy ,e;jpa
mikg;ig Njhw;Wtpf;f Kaw;rpfs;
vLj;jhh;.
mjd; tpisthf 1885 ,e;jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpu]; epWtg;gl;L mjd;
Kjy; $l;lk; 1885 y; gk;ghapy;
5
eilngw;wJ. Gfo;ngw;w
tof;fwpQh; W.C. ghdh;[p
fhq;fpurpd; Kjy;
jiytuhfTk;>A.O `pa+k;
nrayhsuhfTk;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;. Kjy;
$l;lj;jpy; 72 gpujpepjpfs; ,e;jpah
KOtjpypUe;J fye;J nfhz;ldh;.
fhq;fpurpd; ,uz;lhtJ $l;lk;
1886 y; fy;fj;jhtpy; jhjhgha;
nesnuh[p jiyikapYk;
%d;whtJ $l;lk; 1887y; kjuhrpy;
gf;UjPd; jpahg;[p jiyikapYk;
eilngw;wJ.
fhq;fpurpd; Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; nfhs;iffs;:
ehl;bd; eyDf;fhfg; ghLgLk;
nghJ eyj; njhz;lh;fspilNa
neUf;fj;ijAk; el;GwitAk;
tsh;j;jy;.
,dk;> kjk; khfhz
NtWghLfis Neub el;GwTfs;
%yk; ePf;fp ehl;bdhpilNa
Njrpa czh;Tfs;>
xUq;fpizg;G Kaw;rpfis
tsh;j;jy;> rpjWz;L fplf;Fk;
,e;jpah;fis xU Njrpa
mikg;gpy; nfhz;L tUjy;.
r%fk;> murpay;> mwptpay;
Mfpa midj;J JiwfspYk;
ehl;il kW rPuikj;jy;.
rKjhaj;jpd; Kf;fpa
gpur;ridfspy; fw;wwpe;j
,e;jpah;fspd; njspthd
fUj;Jf;fis fz;lwpe;J gjpT
nra;jy;.
,e;jpahtpw;Fk;
,q;fpyhe;jpw;FkpilNa Xh;
,izg;G ghykhf nray;gLjy;.
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]pd; (m) Njrpa
,af;fj;jpd; tuyhw;iw %d;W Kf;fpa
epiyfshf mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;:
kpjthjpfs; fhyk; (1885 - 1905)
,f;fhyj;jpy; fhq;fpu];
gphpl;b\hUf;F tpRthrkhf
nray;gl;lJ.
jPtputhjpfs; fhyk; (1905 -
1917) ,f;fhyj;jpy; RNjrp
,af;fk;> jPtputhj Njrpak;>
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; Nghd;wit
eilngw;wd.
1917 Kjy; 1947 tiuapyhd
fhyk; fhe;jpabfs; fhyk;
vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
4. kpjthjpfs; fhyk; (1885 - 1905):
Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; njhlf;f
fhykhd ,e;j fl;lj;jpy;
V.X.`pa+k;> lgps;a+ rp. ghdh;[p>
RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p>jhjhgha;
nesNuh[p> ngNuh]; - \h-
Nkj;jh> Nfhghy fpU\;z
NfhfNy> kjd; Nkhfd;
6
khstpah> gf;UjPd; jpahh;[p>
ePjpgjp uhdNl> [p. Rg;ukzpa
ma;ah;>D.E. thr;rh Nghd;wth;fs;
Kf;fpa jiyth;fshf ,Ue;J
top elj;jpr;nrd;wdh;.
RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p
NghuhLtjw;fhf ,e;jpaf; fofk;
xd;iw Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;. mth;
epWtpa ,e;jpa Njrpa Nguit
(1883) gpd;dh; 1886 y; ,e;jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpuRld;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ.
[p. Rg;ukzpa ma;ah; kjuh];
kfh[d rig %yk; Njrpaj;ij
gug;gpdhh;. ‘jp ,e;J”> RNjr
kpj;jpud; Nghd;w
gj;jphpf;iffisAk; mth;
epWtpdhh;.
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p ,e;jpahtpd;
KJngWk; kdpjh; vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,e;jpahtpw;fhd
mjpfhug;G+h;tkw;w J}juhf
,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,th; fUjg;gl;lhh;.
gphpl;b\; ehlhSkd;wj;jpd;
nghJkf;fs; mitapy;
cWg;gpduhd Kjy; ,e;jpah;
,tNu Mthh;.
Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy
fhe;jpapd; FUthff;
fUjg;gl;lth;. 1905y; ,e;jpa
gzpahsh; r%fj;ij (Servants
of India Society) Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
ehl;bw;fhf njhz;L nra;a
,e;jpah;fSf;F gapw;rpaspg;gNj
,f;fofj;jpd; Nehf;fkhFk;. Kjy;
rpy Mz;Lfs; fhq;fpu];
gphpl;b\; Ml;rpahsh;fspd;
Mjuitg; ngw;W jpfo;e;jJ.
kpjthjpfspd; Nfhhpf;iffs;:
rl;lrigfis tphpthf;Fjy;>
rPh;j;jpUj;Jjy;.
I.rp.v]; Njh;Tfis xNu
rkaj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;jpYk;>
,e;jpahtpYk; elj;jp
cah;gjtpfspy; ,e;jpah;fSf;F
mjpf tha;g;Gfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
eph;thfj;JiwapypUe;J
ePjpj;Jiwiag; gphpj;jy;.
cs;shl;rp mikg;GfSf;F
NkYk; mjpfhuq;fs; toq;Fjy;.
epythpiaf; Fiwj;jy; -
epahakw;w epy
chpikahshplkpUe;J
Fbahdth;fis ghJfhj;jy;.
cg;G thp> rh;f;fiu thpia
xopj;jy;.
uhZt nryTfisf; Fiwj;jy;.
Ngr;Rhpik> vOj;Jhpik kw;Wk;
rq;fq;fs; mikf;Fk; chpik
NfhUjy;.
7
kpjthjpfspd; topKiwfs;:
gphpl;b\hhpd; ePjp kw;Wk;
epahaj;jpy; kpjthjpfs; ngUj;j
ek;gpf;if itj;jpUe;jdh;.
Nfhhpf;if kDf;fis mspj;jy;>
jPh;khdq;fs; NghLjy;>
$l;lq;fs; elj;Jjy;> Jz;L
gpuRuq;fis tpepNahfpj;jy;>
J}Jf;FOf;fs; %yk; Ngr;R
elj;Jjy; Nghd;w topKiwfis
kpjthjpfs; gpd;gw;wpdh;.
murpay; chpikfisAk;
jd;dhl;rpiaAk; gbg;gbahf
miltNj mth;fsJ
Fwpf;NfhshFk;.
Muk;g fhyj;jpy; gphpl;b\;
murhq;fKk; ,e;jpa Njrpa
fhq;fpurpd; Njhw;wj;ij
tuNtw;wJ. 1886y;fy;fj;jh
fhq;fpu]; khehl;bd;
cWg;gpdh;fSf;F jiyik
MSeh; lg;hpd; gpuG NjePh;
tpUe;jspj;jhh;.
kpjthjpfspd; rhjidfs;: kf;fspilNa gue;j Njrpa
tpopg;Gzh;it kpjthjpfshy;
cUthf;f Kbe;jJ.
[dehafk;> rptpy; chpikfs;>
gpujpepjpj;Jt epWtdq;fs;
Nghd;w rpj;jhe;jq;fis
gpugyg;gLj;jpdhh;fs;.
gphpl;b\hh; vt;thW ,e;jpahit
Ruz;Lfpwhh;fs; vd;W mth;fs;
kf;fSf;F Ghpa itj;jdh;.
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p vOjpa
‘,e;jpahtpy; tWikAk; gphpl;b\;
jd;ikaw;w Ml;rpAk;” vd;w
E}ypy; nry;t Ruz;ly;
Nfhl;ghl;il tpsf;fpapUe;jhh;.
,e;jpahtpd; nry;tk; ve;nje;j
topfspy; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F
vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLfpwJ
vd;gij gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;bdhh;.
a. Cjpaq;fs;
b. Nrkpg;G
c. Xa;T+jpaq;fs;
d. ,e;jpahtpypUe;j gphpl;b\;
gilfSf;fhd
nrytpdq;fs;
gphpl;b\; tzpf epWtdq;fspd;
yhgk; vd;gij me;jg;gl;baypy;
mlq;fpapUe;jd. ,ijg;gw;wp
tprhhpf;f gphpl;b\; murhq;fk;
nty;gp FOit epakpj;jJ.
mjpy; Kjy; ,e;jpa cWg;gpduhf
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
uhdNl> NfhfNy Nghd;w xU
rpy kpjthjpfs; r%f
rPh;jpUj;jq;fspYk; ftdk;
nrYj;jpdh;. Foe;ij jpUkzk;>
8
tpjitfs; mtyk;
Nghd;wtw;iw vjph;j;jdh;.
1892 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa
fTd;rpy;fs; rl;lj;jpd; thapyhf
kiwKf Njh;jy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. rl;lrig
cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia
cah;j;jpaJk; kpjthjpfspd;
rhjidahFk;.
1893y; ICS (Indian Civil Service)
Njh;T xNu Neuj;jpy;
,e;jpahtpYk;> ,q;fpyhe;jpYk;
eilngw Ntz;Lk; vd gphpl;b\;
ghuhSkd;wk; jPh;khdk;
epiwNtw;wpaJ.
5. jPtputhjpfs; fhyk; (1905 - 1917):
jPtputhjpfs; my;yJ jPtpu Njrpa
thjpfs; Jzpr;ryhd top
Kiwfisf; ifahz;L
ntw;wpngw KbAk; vd ek;gpdh;
ghy fq;fhju jpyfh;> yhyh
y[gjpuha;> gpgpd; re;jpughy;>
mutpe;j; Nfh\; Mfpath;fs;
jPtputhj jiyth;fspy;
Kf;fpakhdth;fs;.
jPtputhjk; Njhd;Wtjw;fhd
fhuzq;fs;:
1892 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa
fTd;rpy; rl;lg;gb rl;lrig
tphpthf;fk; jtpu NtW ve;j
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ntw;wpiaAk;
kpjthjpfs; ngwj;jtwpdh;.
1896-97 Mk; Mz;L Njhd;wpa
gQ;rj;jpdhYk; gpNsf;
NehapdhYk; ehL KOtjpYk;
cs;s kf;fs; fLk; Jd;gj;jpw;F
Mshapdh;.
kf;fspd; nghUshjhu epiyik
NkYk; NkhrkhfpwJ.
epwntwp fhuzkhf njd;
Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; ,e;jpah;fs;
Nkhrkhf elj;jg;gl;ldh;.
1904 - 05 Mk; Mz;Lfspy;
eilngw;w u\;a -
[g;ghdpag;Nghhpy; INuhg;gpa
ehlhd u\;ahit [g;ghd;
ntd;wJ. ,jdhy; INuhg;gpa
ehlhd gphpl;lid
,e;jpah;fshYk; nty;y KbAk;
vd Cf;fk; gpwe;jJ.
fh;rd; gpuGtpd; gpw;Nghf;fhd
Ml;rp jPtputhjj;jpw;F cldb
fhuzkhf mike;jJ. fh;rd;
gpuG fy;fj;jh khefuhl;rp
rl;lj;ij (1899)y; nfhz;L
te;J ,e;jpahpd; mjpfhuj;ij
Fiwj;jhh;. gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;
rl;lk; (1904) %yk;
gy;fiyf;fof mikg;Gfspy;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;l
cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if
9
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk;
gy;fiyf;fofq;fspd;
jd;dhl;rpj; jd;ik
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. mit murpd;
Jiwfshf khwpd.
,uh[ JNuhf Fw;wr; rl;lk;
mjpfhhpfs; ufrpa fhg;Gr;rl;lk;
kf;fspd; chpikfis gwpj;jJ.
fh;rd; gpuGtpd; Nkhrkhd
eltbf;if
tq;fg;gphptpidahFk; (1905)
jPtputhjpfspd; Kjd;ikf; Fwpf;Nfhs;:
jPtputhjpfspd; jiyaha
Fwpf;Nfhs; Rauh[;ak; my;yJ
KO tpLjiyNa jtpu ntWk;
jd;dhl;rp my;y.
jPtputhjpfs; gpd;gw;wpa topKiwfs;:
muR ePjp kd;wq;fisAk;>
gs;spfs; kw;Wk; fy;Y}hpfis
Gwf;fzpg;gjd; %yk; gphpl;b\;
muRf;F xj;Jiog;G nfhLf;f
kWg;gJ.
RNjrpg; nghUl;fis Mjhpg;gJ
kw;Wk; me;epag; nghUl;fis
Gwf;fzpg;gJ.
Njrpaf;fy;tpia tsh;g;gJ.
jPtputhjpfspd; jiyth;fs;:
,e;jpahtpy; gphpl;b\hUf;F
vjpuhd xU KOikahd
,af;fj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; ghy
fq;fhju jpyfh; Mthh;. mtiu
Nyhf; khd;a jpyfh; vd;Wk;
miog;gh;. kuhl;lh kw;Wk; Nfrhp
,jo;fspd; thapyhf
gphpl;b\hhpd; nfhs;iffis
rhbdhh;.
Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy; fye;J
nfhz;ljw;fhf gphpl;b\huhy;
,uz;L Kiw rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;lhh;.
gpd;dh; 1908 y; 6 Mz;L fhy
rpiwthrj;jpw;fhf khz;lNy
(gh;kh) nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;lhh;.
1916 y; g+dhtpy; jd;dhl;rp
fofj;ij mikj;jhh;.
‘Rauh[;ak; vdJ gpwg;Ghpik
mij ehd; mile;Nj jPUNtd;”
vd;W Koq;fpdhh;.
yhyh y[gjpuha; ‘gQ;rhgpd;
rpq;fk;” vd;W gyuhYk;
mwpag;gl;lth;> RNjrp
,af;fj;jpy; ,th; Mw;wpa gq;F
kfj;jhdJ. mnkhpf;fhtpy;
1916y; jd;dhl;rp fofj;ij
y[gjpuha; Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
muRf;nfjpuhd gpur;rhuj;jpw;fhf
kz;lNy rpiwapy;
itf;fg;gl;lhh;.
irkd; FOtpw;F vjpuhd
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; NghyP];
10
jbabapy; fhakile;J 1928
etk;gh; 17y; caph; ePj;jhh;.
gpgpd; re;jpughy; xU
kpjthjpahf jdJ tho;f;ifia
njhlq;fp jPtputhjpahf
khwpath;. RNjrp ,af;fj;jpy;
gq;F nfhz;L Kf;fpa
gq;fhw;wpdhh;. jdJ mdy;
gwf;Fk; Ngr;Rf;fshYk;
vOj;Jf;fshYk; Njrpaj;ij
ehl;bd; %iy
KLf;Ffspnyy;yhk; gug;gpdhh;.
mutpe;j Nfh\; RNjrp
,af;fj;jpy; jPtpukhf
gq;Nfw;whh;. mjw;fhf
rpiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lhh;.
tpLjiyahd gpwF gpnuQ;R
gFjpahd ghz;br;Nrhpapy; jq;fp
Md;kPf eltbf;iffspy; ftdk;
nrYj;jpdhh;.
tq;fg;gphptpidAk; jPtputhj vOr;rpAk;
(1905):
,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpy;
jPtputhjk; Njhd;Wtjw;F 1905
Mk; Mz;L tq;fg;gphptpid xU
jPg;nghwpahf mike;jJ.
nkhj;j gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpd;
kf;fl;njhifapy; ehd;fpy; xU
gq;F kf;fl;njhifia (78
kpy;ypad;) nfhz;l
tq;fhsg;gFjpia eph;tfpg;gJ
fbdk; vd;W $wp
eph;thff;fhuzq;fSf;fhf
tq;fg; gphptpid nfhz;L
tug;gl;ljhf fhuzk;
$wg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; fh;rdJ
cz;ikahd Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;
tq;fhsj;jpypUe;J ,e;Jf;
fisAk; K];yPk;fisAk; gphpj;J
itg;gJ. jhd; epidj;jij
rhjpj;J gphpl;b\; murpd;
typikia ntspg;gLj;JtJ.
1905 mf;Nlhgh; 16 k; ehs; tq;fg;
gphptpid eilKiwf;F te;jJ.
md;Nw tq;fhs kf;fs; vjph;g;Gf;
$l;lq;fis elj;jp md;iwa
jpdj;ij Jf;f jpdkhf
mDrhpj;jdh;. te;Nj khjuk;
ghlg;gl;lJ. xw;Wikapd;
milahskhf uhf;fpfis
fl;bdh;. tq;fhsj;jpd;
murpaypy; ngUk; khw;wq;fs;
epfoj; njhlq;fpd.
,e;jpahtpy; cz;ikahd
tpopg;Gzh;T tq;fg;gphptpidf;F
gpd;G jhd; Njhd;wpaJ vd;W
fhe;jp vOjpdhh;. ,Wjpahf
1911 y; tq;fg;gphptpid
jPtputhj nray;fshy; uj;J
nra;ag;gl;lJ.
jPtpu Njrpathjpfspd;
nray;ghLfs; kpjthjpahd
11
jhjhgha; nesNuh[pia 1906
fy;fj;jh fhq;fpu]; khehl;by;
Rauh[;ak; Fwpj;J Ngr itj;jJ.
me;j khehl;by; RNjrp Fwpj;Jk;
me;epag; nghUl;fSf;F jil
Fwpj;Jk; jPh;khdq;fs;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;ld.
kpjthjpfs; ,jdhy; fspg;gila
tpy;iy. khwhf murpayikg;G
hPjpahf Rauh[;ak; nty;yg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vd;W mth;fs;
fUjpdh;. ,j;jif fUj;J
Nkhjy;fshy; jhd; 1907 Mk;
Mz;L #uj; fhq;fpu];
khehl;by; fhq;fpu]; fl;rp
,uz;lhf gpsTgl;L> jpyfh;
jiyikapy; jPtputhjpfs;
khehl;il tpl;L ntspNawpdh;.
,J #uj; gpsT vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
1
,e;jpa Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;l gaq;futhjpfs;
gphpl;b\hhpd; eph;thfk;>
nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; mlf;F
Kiwahy; Nfhgkile;j ,e;jpa
,isQh;fs;> gaq;futhjj;jhy;
jhd; g+uz tpLjiy ngwKbAk;
vd;W vz;zpdh;. vdNt mth;fs;
gphpl;b\; mjpfhhpfis nfhiy
nra;jy;> Mq;fpNyaUf;F
tpRthrkhf jfty; mspf;Fk;
,e;jpah;fis nfhiy nra;jy;>
MAjf; nfhs;if> gzk; kw;Wk;
nghUl;fs; nfhs;is uhZt
rjpfs;> jdp rhfr tPur;nray;fs;
Nghd;w nray;fis nra;J
Mq;fpNyaiu gaKWj;jp>
rz;ilapl;L ntspNaw;WtNj ,e;j
gaq;futhjpfspd; Nehf;fkhf
,Ue;jJ.
1. gaq;futhjpfs; fhyk; Kjy; epiy
(1900 - 1917):
tq;fhs gaq;futhj nray;fs;:
Kjy; Gul;rpfu mikg;Gfs; 1902 -
kpjpdhg;g+h; ehNue;jpuehj; ghR
vd;gth; jiyikapy;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
fy;fj;jhtpy; mDrPyd; mikg;ig
GNuhNkhj;jh kpl;lh;> [jpe;jpuehj;
ghdh;[p> kw;Wk; ghpe;jpuFkhh;
Nfh\; MfpNahh; Vw;gLj;jpdh;.
1906y; mDrPyd; mikg;gpd; cs;
mikg;igAk; (Inner Circle)
thug;gj;jphpf;if ‘Afe;jh;” vd;Dk;
gj;jphpf;ifiaAk; ghpe;jpu Fkhh;
Nfh\; kw;Wk; GNge;jpuehj; jj;jh
MfpNahh; Muk;gpj;jdh;.
1908 y; guhflj;jy; Gypd;jh];
vd;gth; jiyikapy; lhf;fh
mDrPyd; mikg;G Vw;gl;lJ
NkYk; 1912y; uh]; gpfhhp Ngh];
kw;Wk; rr;rpd; rd;ahy; itrpuha;
`hh;bQ;r; kPJ nly;ypapy;
ntbFz;L jhf;Fjy; elj;jpdh;.
Gul;rpfu gj;jphpf;iffs;:
re;jpah> Afe;jh;> - tq;fhsk;
fy; (Kal) - kfhuh\;buk;
kfhuh\;bu gaq;futhj nray;fs;:
1879 y; uhNkh]p
tptrhag;gilia (Ramosi
Peasant Force) thRNjt;
gy;te;j; gl;Nf vd;gth;
2
gphpl;b\;f;F vjpuhf MAjNke;j
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
rthh;f;fh; kw;Wk; mtuJ
rNfhjuh; ,UtUk; ,ize;J
1890 kpj;u Nksh (Mitra Mela)
vd;Dk; ufrpa mikg;ig
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. ,J 1904y;
mgpet; ghuj; vd;Dk; gaq;futhj
mikg;Gld; xd;wpize;jJ.
1897 y; rhg;Ngf;fh;
rNfhjh;fshd jhNkhjh; kw;Wk;
ghyfpU\;zh MfpNahh;
g+dhtpd; gpNsf; Mizah;
kw;Wk; nyg;bzd;l; mah;];l;
Mfpa ,UtiuAk; jpl;lkpl;L
nfhiy nra;jdh;.
gQ;rhg; gaq;futhj nray;fs;:
yhyh y[gjpuha; kw;Wk; m[pj;rpq;
Mfpa ,UtUk; ,ize;J
mQ;Rkhd; - I - Nkhfp];ghd; - I -
thl;lhd; vd;w ,af;fj;ijAk;>
ghuj; khjh vd;w ,jioAk;
yh$hpy; Muk;gpj;jdh;.
ntspehLfspy; ,e;jpa gaq;futhj
nray;fs;:
1905 y; \pahk;[p fpU\;zth;kh
vd;gth; yz;ldpy; ,e;jpa
jd;dhl;rp r%fk; (Indian Home
rule Society) - ,e;jpah ,y;yk;
(India House) vd;w mikg;igAk;
The Sociologist gj;jphpf;ifia
Muk;gpj;jhh;.
ghhp]; kw;Wk; n[dpthtpy; Nklk;
gpfh[pfhkh vd;gth; Gul;rpfu
nrayhw;wpdhh;. te;Nj khjuk;
vd;w ,jioAk; elj;jpdhh;.
ngh;ypdpy; tpNue;jpuehj; vd;gth;
Gul;rpfu nray;fspy; <Lgl;L
te;jhh;.
Kjy; cyfg; Nghhpd; NghJ gaq;futhj nray;fs;:
1913 y; uhk;jh];g+hp> G.D. Fkhh;>
jhuf;ehj; jh];> Nrhfd; rpq;
gf;dh kw;Wk; yhyh `h;jahs;
MfpNahh; mnkhpf;fhtpy; rhd;
gpuhd;rp];Nfh gFjpapy; fhjh;
fl;rpiaAk; (The Ghadr Party)>
fhjh; (The Ghadr) thug;
gj;jphpf;ifiaAk; Muk;gpj;jdh;.
fhjh; fl;rp cUthtjw;F Kd;Ng
gaq;futhj nray;fis elj;j
RNjr Nrtf; ,y;yk; (Swedesh
Sevak Home) > (United India
House) vd;w mikg;ig rpahl;ly;
(Seattle) vd;Dk; ,lj;jpYk;
Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jdh; ,e;jpa
gaq;futhjpfs;.
nfhkfj;j kU epfo;T (Komagata
Maru Incident) - 1914
rpq;fg;g+hpypUe;J fdlhtpy;
thd;Fnth; gFjpf;F rPf;fpah;fs;
3
kw;Wk; gQ;rhgpfis nfhz;L
nrd;w fg;gypd; ngah; nfhkfj;j
kU MFk;. gphpl;b\hhpd;
J}z;Ljyhy; fdlhtpd;
murhq;fk; fg;giy jpUg;gp mDg;g
mJ nrg;lk;gh; 1914y; fy;fj;jhtpy;
fiu njhl;lJ. kf;fs;
fg;gypypUe;J ,wq;fkWj;J gQ;rhg;
nry;Yk; uapypy; nry;y tpUk;ghky;
Nghuhl;lk; nra;jdh;. ,jdhy;
fhtyh;fSf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk;
Vw;gl;l rz;ilapy; 22 Ngh;
,we;jdh;. ,J nfhkj;j kU
epfo;thFk;.
1915 y; ,e;jpa tpLjiyf;fhd
ngh;ypd; fkpl;b - tPNue;jpuehj;
rl;Nlhgjp> GNge;jpuehj; jj;jh>
yhyh `h;jahs; MfpNahuhy;
INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
2. gaq;futhjpfs; fhyk; - ,uz;lhk;
epiy (1923 - 31):
gQ;rhg; - xd;Wgl;l khfhzk; gPfhh;
gFjpfspy; gaq;futhj nray;ghLfs;
1924 y; `pe;J];jhd; FbauR
$l;likg;G (Hindustan Republican
Association) fhd;g+hpy; uhk;gpurhj;
gp];kpy;> N[hNf\; re;jpu rhl;lh;[p
kw;Wk; rr;rpd; rd;ahy;
MfpNahuhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,J
gpwF 1928 y; `pe;J];jhd;
Nrh\payp];l; FbauR $l;likg;G
(Hindustan Socialist Republican
Assocation) vd ngah;
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
fNfhhp nfhs;is 1925 - yf;Ndh
(Kakori Robbery)
gp];kpy;> Nuh\d; rpq; kw;Wk;
uhN[e;jpu yfphp MfpNahuhy;
elj;jg;gl;lJ.
HSRA (Hindustan Socialist
Republication Association)
mikg;gpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth;fs; i)
gfj;rpq;> Rf;Njt;> Nthf;uh
(gQ;rhg;)
ii) gpN[ha; Fkhh; rpd;fh> rpt;
nth;kh> n[a; Njt; - xd;Wgl;l
khfhzk;.
HSRA tpd; nray;ghLfs;
i) yh$h;> brk;gh; 1928 -
yhyhy[gjpuha; ,wg;Gf;F
fhuzkhd irkd; FOtpw;F
vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;ij xLf;fpa
NghyP]; mjpfhhp rhz;lh;];
nfhiy nra;ag;gLjy;.
(rhz;lh;]; nfhiy tof;fpy;
Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;lth;fs; -
gfj;rpq;> Mrhj;> uh[;FU)
ii) gfj;rpq; kw;Wk; gl;L Nf\;th;
jj; MfpNahh; ,ize;J Vg;uy;
1929y; kj;jpa rl;l kd;wj;jpy;
ntb Fz;il tPrp jhf;Fjy;
elj;jpdh;. gfj;rpq;> uh[;FU>
4
Rf;Njt; MfpNahh; yh$h; rjp
tof;fpy; (1929) Fw;wk;
rhl;lg;gl;ldh;. ,Wjpahf Mrhj;
gpg;uthp 1931y; Nghyp];
vd;fTz;l;lhpy; Rl;Lf;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhh;. gfj;rpq;>
Rf;Njt; kw;Wk; uh[;FU
MfpNahh; khh;r; 23> 1931 y;
J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;. 1926 y;
gQ;rhg; nes[thd; gFjpapy;
gaq;futhj nray;fs; ghuj; rig
(Punjab Naujavan Charat
Sabha) mikf;f gfj;rpq;
cjtpdhh;.
#h;ah nrd; jiyikapy; rpl;lfhq;;
Gul;rpf; FO Vg;uy; 1930 -y;
rpl;lfhq; MAj fplq;if
#iuahbaJ. ,jpy; #h;ah
nrd;dpw;F cjtpahf
nray;gl;lth;fs; -Mde;j rpq;>
fNz\; Nfh\; kw;Wk; Nyhfpehj;
ghy; Mthh;. ,JNt rpl;lq;fhf;
MAjf; flj;jy; MFk;. ,Wjpahf
gpg;uthp 1933y; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L
[dthp 1934 J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhh;.
Gul;rpfu Gj;jfk;
The Philosophy of the Bomb
gftjpr;rud; Nthuh vd;gtuhy;
vOjg;gl;lJ. (Bhagwaticharan
Vora).
1
RNjrp ,af;fk;
RNjrp ,af;fk; (1905):
RNjrp ,af;fk; gy;NtW
jpl;lq;fis nfhz;ljhFk;.
muRg;gzp> ePjpkd;wq;fs;>
gs;spfs;> fy;Y}hpfs;
Mfpatw;iwg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;>
me;epag; nghUl;fis
Gwf;fzpj;J RNjrg;
nghUl;fis thq;fp Mjhpj;jy;>
Njrpag; gs;spfisAk;>
fy;Y}hpfisAk; epWtp Njrpaf;
fy;tpia tsh;j;jy; Mfpad
,j;jpl;lq;fspy; mlq;Fk;.
RNjrp ,af;fk; xU murpay;
nghUshjhu ,af;fkhFk;.
RNjrp ,af;fk; khngUk; ntw;wp
ngw;wJ. tq;fhsj;jpy; ngUk;
epyr;Rthd;jhh;fSk;
gq;Nfw;wdh;. kfspUk;>
khztUk; kwpaypy; <Lgl;ldh;.
me;epa fhfpjj;jhyhd
ifNaLfis khzth;fs;
Gwf;fzpj;jdh;.
RNjrp ,af;fj;ij xLf;Ftjw;F
muR fLikahd
eltbf;iffis vLj;jJ.
,jw;fhf gy rl;lq;fs;
,aw;wg;gl;ld. te;Nj khjuk;
ghLtjw;F jil tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
gs;spfSk;> fy;Y}hpfSk;
jq;fspd; khzth;fs; ,jpy;
fye;J nfhs;shkypUf;f
eltbf;if vLf;Fk;gb
typAWj;jg;gl;ld.
,y;iynad;why; cjtpj;njhif
epWj;jg;gLk; vd;W vr;rhpf;ifAk;
tplg;gl;lJ. rpyh; jq;fsJ muR
gzpfis ,oe;jdh;. jPtputhj
jiyth;fshd ghyfq;fhju
jpyfh;> yhyh y[gjpuha;> gpgpd;
re;jpughy;> mutpe;j; Nfh\;
Nghd;Nwhh; rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;ldh;.
RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ
mutpe;j; Nfh\; murpay;
tpLjiyNa xU ehl;bd; caph;
%r;R vd;W Koq;fpdhh;.
,utPe;jpuehj; jh$uhy; ghlg;gl;l
mkh; Nrhdh gq;sh vd;w ghly;
tq;fhs Njrj;jpd; Njrpa
fPjkhf khwpaJ.
2
RNjrp ,af;fj;ij ,e;jpah
KOtJk; gug;gpath;fs;
i) g+dh kw;Wk; gk;gha; - jpyfh;
ii) gQ;rhg; - yhyh y[gjpuha;>
m[pj;rpq;
iii) nly;yp -iraJ i`jh; uh[h
iv) kjuh]; - rpjk;guk; gps;is.
jPtputhjpfspd; rhjidfs;
Rauh[;aj;ij gpwg;Ghpikahf
Kjypy; Nfhhpath;fs;
jPtputhjpfshth;.
tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpd; kf;fis
ngUkstpy; <LgLj;jpaJ Njrpa
,af;fj;jpd; r%f mbg;gil
NkYk; tphpthf;fg;gl;lJ.
Kjd; Kjypy; midj;J ,e;jpa
murpay; ,af;fj;ij (RNjrp
,af;fk;) mikj;J elj;jpaJ
Nghw;wj;jf;fjhFk;.
6. K];yPk; yPf; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLjy;
(1906):
1906 brk;ghpy; ,e;jpah
KOtjpYkpUe;j K];yPk;fs;>
K];yPk; fy;tp khehl;by; fye;J
nfhs;tjw;fhf lhf;fh efhpy;
$bapUe;jdh;.
lhf;fhit Nrh;e;j ethg; ryp
Ky;yh K];yPk;fspd; eyDf;fhf
xU mikg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lnkd;W $wp 1906 brk;gh;
30k; ehs; mfpy ,e;jpa K];yPk;
yPf;if Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
njhlf;fj;jpy; gphpl;b\hh; ,jw;F
MjuT fhl;bdh;. kpd;Nlh khh;yp
rPh;jpUj;jq;fspd; NghJ
K];yPk;fSf;nfd
jdpj;njhFjpia Nfl;Lg;ngw;wJ
mth;fsJ rhjidahFk;.
7. yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk; (1916):
1916 Mk; Mz;L yf;Ndh
fhq;fpu]; khehl;bd; NghJ
,uz;L Kf;fpa epfo;r;rpfs;
eilngw;wd. jPtputhjpfs;>
kpjthjpfs; kPz;Lk;
xd;wpize;jdh;.
1916 Mk; Mz;L yf;Ndh
xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jhdJ
,jd;gb> fhq;fpuRk; K];yPk;
yPf;Fk; gphpl;b\hUf;F vjpuhf
xd;wpize;J NghuhLtJ vd;W
xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. yf;Ndh
xg;ge;jk; ,e;J - K];yPk;
xw;Wikf;F rhjfkhf
vLf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpa KbthFk;.
8. jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;(1916):
1916 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;L
jd;dhl;rp fofq;fs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
3
Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; g+dhtpy; jpyfh;
jd;dhl;rpf; fofj;ij
njhlq;fpdhh;.
nrg;lk;ghpy; md;dp ngrz;l;
mk;ikahh; kjuh]py; kw;nwhU
jd;dhl;rp fofj;ij epWtpdhh;.
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa
Fwpf;Nfhs; gphpl;b\;
NguuRf;Fs;NsNa ,e;jpahtpw;F
jd;dhl;rp ngWtjhFk;.
Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ midj;J
ehLfSf;Fk; cs;s ,aw;ifahd
chpik vd ,UtUNk ek;gpdh;.
fhq;fpuRld;> K];yPk; yPf;Fk;
Nrh;e;J Nghuhbd. jpyfhpd;
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;
kfhuh\;buj;jpy; ftdj;ij
nrYj;jpaJ.
md;dp ngrz;bd; jd;dhl;rp
,af;fj;ij ,e;jpahtpd;
,jugFjpfspy; nray;gl;lJ.
1917 Mf];L 20 Mk; ehs;
,q;fpyhe;J maYwT mikr;rh;
khz;NlF ,q;fpyhe;J
ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; xU
mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lhh;.
,e;jpahtpy; gbg;gbahf
jd;dhl;rp epWtdq;fs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;W cWjp
$wpdhh;. ,e;j Mf];L mwpf;if
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ij Kbtpw;F
nfhz;L te;jJ.
9. fhe;jpabfs; fhyk; (1917 - 1947):
kfhj;kh fhe;jp ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy;
Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jd;dpfuw;w
jiytuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. mtuJ
nfhs;iffshd mfpk;ir kw;Wk;
rj;jpahfpufk; gphpl;b\;
murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf
nray;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
Njrpa ,af;fj;ij fhe;jp kf;fs;
,af;fkhf khw;wpdhh;.
Nkhfd;jh]; fuk;re;j; fhe;jp 1869
mf;Nlhgh; 2 Mk; ehs; F[uhj;jpy;
Nghh;g; ge;jh; vd;w Chpy; gpwe;jhh;.
,q;fpyhe;jpy; rl;lk; gapd;w mth;
1893 y; jdJ fl;rpf;fhuh; (Client)
jhjh mg;Jy;yh vd;gthpd; tof;F
rk;ge;jkhf njd; Mg;gphpf;fh
nrd;whh;. mq;F epytpa ,d
xJf;fy; nfhs;iff;F vjpuhd
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; 20 Mz;Lfs; jk;ik
<LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;.
njd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; elhy; ,e;jpa
fhq;fpui]Ak;(Natal Indian
Congress) ,e;jpad; xg;gPdpad;
(Indian Opinion) vd;w
gj;jphpf;ifiaAk; Muk;gpj;jhh;.
Kjy; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;ij
gphpl;b\hUf;F vjpuhf elj;jpdhh;.
njd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; fhe;jpf;F
4
cjtpahf C.F Mz;l;&]; vd;gth;
cldpUe;jhh;.
,Wjpahf 1915 y; ,e;jpah
jpUk;gpdhh;. gpd;dh; ,e;jpa Njrpa
,af;fj;jpy; KOikahf gq;Nfw;W
top elj;jpr; nrd;whh;.
uh[;Fkhh; Rf;yh vd;gthpd;
Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;f 1917 y;
gPfhhpy; rk;guhd; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
INuhg;gpa mThpr; nrb (Indigo
Plant) gz;izahsh;fSf;F
vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J
nfhz;l mth;> mq;F jhd; jdJ
rj;jpahfpufk; vd;w mwg;Nghh;
Kiwia Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpa
kz;zpy; ghpNrhjpj;Jg; ghh;j;jhh;.
,e;jpahtpy; ,e;j rk;guhd;
rj;ahfpufk; fhe;jpapd; Kjy;
rl;lkWg;G ,af;fkhFk;.
tptrhapfs; jq;fs; epyq;fspy; 3/20
gq;F (jpd;fhjpah Kiwg;gb)
epyj;jpy; fl;lhak; mThpr;nrb
gaphpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;. NkYk;
tpiyia Mq;fpNya tpahghhpfNs
eph;zak; nra;jjhy;> tptrhapfs;
Nghuhl;lk; nra;jdh;. fhe;jp fye;J
nfhz;ljhy; Nghuhl;lk;
jPtpukile;J ,Wjpapy; Mq;fpy
muR tprhuizf;fhf fkpl;b
mikj;J mjpy; fhe;jpia
cWg;gpduhf;fpaJ. fhe;jp ,e;j
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ntw;wp ngw;whh;. ,e;j
Nghuhl;lj;jpy; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;>
kfhjpNah Njrha;>J.B. fpUghypdp
MfpNahh; fhe;jpf;F Mjuthf
Nghuhbdh;.
1918 y; F[uhj;jpy; Nfjh
khtl;lj;jpy; kw;nwhU rj;ahfpuf
Nghuhl;lj;ij fhe;jp elj;jpdhh;.
twl;rpapdhy; Nkhrkhd
tpisr;ryhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
Fbahdth;fSf;F epythpapypUe;J
tpyf;F mspf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gjw;fhf ,g;Nghuhl;lk;
eilngw;wJ. ,J Nfjh rj;ahfpuf
Nghuhl;lkhFk;. ,J ,e;jpahtpy;
fhe;jpapd; Kjy; xj;Jioahik
,af;fkhFk;. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
NghJ rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly; kw;Wk;
,e;Jyhy; ahf;dpf; Nghd;Nwhh;
fhe;jpapd; rPlh;fshf khwpdh;.
Xustpw;F ,g;Nghuhl;lk; ntw;wp
ngw;wJ.
gpwF 1918y; mfkjhghj; kpy;
njhopyhsh;fspd; rk;gs cah;T
rYif (Bonus) Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
fye;J nfhz;L 35% gpNsf;
Nghd]; Ntz;b rhFk; tiu
cz;zhtpujk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
,J fhe;jpapd; Kjy; gl;bdpg;
Nghuhl;lkhFk;. ,Wjpapy;
5
Nghuhl;lk; ntw;wp ngw;W
njhopyhsh;fSf;F 35% gpNsf;
Nghd]; fpilj;jJ.
,JNt mfkjhghj; kpy;
Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
rhk;guhd;> Nfjh> mfkjhghj;
Nghd;w rpwpa Nghuhl;lq;fs; jhk;
kfhj;kh fhe;jpia kf;fsplk;
neUf;fkhf nfhz;L nrd;wd.
mth;fsJ gpur;ridfis fhe;jpAk;
Ghpe;J nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. ,t;thW
fhe;jp kf;fspd; jiyth; epiyf;F
cah;e;jhh;.
10. nusyl; rl;lk; (1919):
muRf;F vjpuhd rjp Ntiyfis
Ma;T nra;tjw;fhf ePjpgjp rh;
rpl;dp nusyl; vd;gtuJ
jiyikapy; 1917 y; xU FO
epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;FOtpd;
mwpf;ifg;gb 1919 khh;r;
jpq;fspy; nusyl; rl;lk; kj;jpa
rl;lrigapy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.
,r;rl;lg;gb re;Njfj;jpd; Nghpy;
vtiuAk; ifJ nra;ayhk;.
tprhuid ,d;wp ifJ nra;J
rpiwapyilf;fyhk;. ,j;jifa
ifJfis vjph;j;J
tpz;zg;gNkh my;yJ
Nky;KiwaPNlh nra;a KbahJ.
,r;rl;lk; fUg;G rl;lk; vd;W
fUjg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpw;F
gyj;j vjph;g;Gfs; Njhd;wpd.
,e;j nusyl; rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhf
fhe;jp Kjy; mfpy ,e;jpa
Nghuhl;lj;ij 1919 Vg;uy; 6 Mk;
ehs; Jtf;fpdhh;.
,e;jpah KOtJk; (`h;j;jhy;)
kwpay; Nguhl;lq;fs; eilngw;wd.
ehL KOtJk; nghJf; $l;lq;fs;
eilngw;wd. nly;ypf;F mUfpy;
kfhj;kh fhe;jp ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhh;. gQ;rhgpd; Kf;fpa
jiyth;fshd lhf;lh; rj;aghy;
kw;Wk; lhf;lh; irGjPd; fpr;Y
Mfpa ,UtUk; mkph;jru]py;
ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;.
11. [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy
( 13 Vg;uy; 1919):
1919 Vg;uy; 13 Mk; ehs;
eilngw;w [hypad; thyhghf;
gLnfhiy ,e;jpa tpLjiy
,af;fj;jpy; xU Kf;fpa jpUg;G
KidahFk;. nusyl; rl;lj;jpw;F
vjpuhd rj;ahfpufg;
Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F gQ;rhgpy; ngUj;j
MjuT jpuz;lJ.
td;Kiwia vjph; Nehf;fpa
gQ;rhg; murpd; nyg;bzd;l;
fth;dh; ikf;Nfy; X ilah;>
td;Kiwia xLf;f n[duy;
6
ilah; jiyikapyhd
uhZtj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; mspj;jhh;.
n[duy; lah;
nghJf;$l;lq;fSf;F jil
tpjpj;J murpay; jiyth;fis
ifJ nra;jhh;.
Vg;uy; 13 Mk; ehs; igrhfp vd;w
mWtilj;jpUehsd;W [hypad;
thyhghf; g+q;fhtpy; xU
nghJf;$l;lk; Vw;ghL
nra;ag;gl;lJ. n[duy; lah; jdJ
gilAld; nrd;W vt;tpj
Kd;dwptpg;Gkpd;wp $l;lj;jpd; kPJ
Jg;ghf;fpr; #L elj;jpdhh;.
Jg;ghf;fpr; #L 10 Kjy; 15
epkplq;fs; ePbj;jJ. Jg;ghf;fp
Njhl;lhf;fs; jPhe;j gpwF jhd;
mJ epWj;jg;gl;lJ.
mjpfhug;g+h;t jftypd;gb 379 Ngh;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. 1137 Ngh;
gLfhakile;jdh;.
,e;jg;gLnfhiyia vjph;j;J ehL
KOtJk; Nghuhl;lq;fs;
eilngw;wd. ,e;j gLnfhiyia
tprhuiz nra;a `z;lh;
Mizak; (Hunter Commission)
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
utPe;jpuehj; jh$h; jkJ ‘
iel;Tl;” gl;lj;ij Jwe;jhh;.
nusyl; rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhd rj;ah
fpufk; td;Kiwapy; Kbe;jjhy;
fhe;jp mjid Vg;uy; 18> 1919y;
epWj;jpdhh;.
12. fpyhgj; ,af;fk;:
Kjy; cyfg; Nghhpy; JUf;fpapd;
Njhy;tpahy; JUf;fp
gphpl;b\huhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;L
Jz;L Jz;lhf;fg;gl;L
gphpl;b\huhy; eph;tfpf;fg;gl;lJ.
cyf Kfkjpah;fspd; jiytuhd
fhypgh gjtpapypUe;J fPo;
,wf;fg;gl;lhh;. nrt;u];
cld;gbf;ifAk; (1920)
K];yPk;fSf;F ngUj;j
mtkhdkhff;fUjg;gl;lJ.
NkYk; gphpl;ld; JUf;fpia
elj;jpa tpjk; cyf K];yPk;fis
Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpa K];yPk;fis
Gz;gLj;Jtjhf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt
mth;fs; fpyhgj; ,af;fj;ij
njhlq;fpdh;.
nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;>
vk;.V md;rhhp> irGjPd; fpr;Y>
myp rNfhjh;fs; ,e;j
,af;fj;ij jiyikNaw;W
elj;jpdhh;fs;.
fpyhgj; FO xd;W
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1919 mf;Nlhgh;
19k; ehs; fpyhgj; jpdk;
mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
etk;gh; 23 Mk; ehs; kfhj;kh
fhe;jpapd; jiyikapy;
7
,e;Jf;fSk; K];yPk;fSk; fye;J
nfhz;l xU khehL $baJ.
ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;F
,e;Jf;fisAk; K];yPk;fisAk;
xd;WgLj;j Ntz;bajd;
fl;lhaj;ij kfhj;kh fhe;jp
czh;e;jpUe;jhh;.
gpd;dh; fpyhgj; ,af;fk;1920 y;
kfhj;kh fhe;jp njhlq;fpa
xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;Jld;
xd;W fye;jJ.
13. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;: (1920 -22):
nusyl; rl;lk;> [hypad; thyhghf;
gLnfhiy> fpyhgj; ,af;fj;ij
njhlh;e;J kfhj;kh fhe;jp jdJ
xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; gw;wpa
jpl;lj;ij mwptpj;jhh;.
1920 brk;ghpy; eilngw;w ehf;g+h;
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; khehLk;
,jidVw;wJ.
nray;jpl;lq;fs;:
gl;lq;fisAk; rpwg;G
jFjpfisAk; Jwj;jy;.
cs;shl;rp mikg;G cWg;gpdh;
gjtpfspypUe;J tpyFjy;.
1919 Mk; Mz;L rl;lg;gb
eilngwtpUe;j Njh;jy;fis
Gwf;fzpj;jy;.
muR tpohf;fis Gwf;fzpj;jy;
ePjpkd;wq;fs;> muR gs;spfs;>
fy;Y}hpfs; Mfpatw;iw
Gwf;fzpj;jy;.
may; ehl;L nghUl;fis
Gwf;fzpj;jy;.
Njrpa gs;spfs;> fy;Y}hpfs;>
jdpahh; gQ;rhaj;J
ePjpkd;wq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw
epWTjy;.
RNjrp nghUl;fisAk; fjh;
Jzpfisak; kf;fspilNa
gpugyg;gLj;Jjy;.
kfhj;khf fhe;jp jdf;F gphpl;b\;
muR nfhLj;j rpwg;G gl;lq;fis
Jwe;J ,e;jpa ,af;fj;ij njhlq;fp
itj;jhh;. 1921 y; Nty;]; ,sturh;
,e;jpahtpw;F te;j NghJ kwpay;
Nghuhl;lq;fs; eilngw;wd.
cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpd; Nfhuf;g+h;
khtl;lj;jpYs;s nrshp nrsuh
vd;w ,lj;jpYs;s fhty;
epiyaj;ij gpg;uthp 5> 1922 vd;W
Kw;Wifapl;l kf;fs; $l;lk;
fhty;epiyaj;jpw;F jP itj;jJ. 22
fhtyh;fs; capUld; vhpj;Jf;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. ,JNt nrshp
nrsuh rk;gtk;
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j
td;Kiw rk;gtj;jhy; 1922 gpg;uthp
11 Mk; ehs; xj;Jioahik
8
,af;fj;ij fhe;jp ,ilapNy
epWj;Jtjhf mwptpj;jhh;.
xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
Fbahdth;fs;> njhopyhsh;fs;>
khzth;fs;> Mrphpah;fs;>
ngz;fs; Nghd;w rKjhaj;jpd;
midj;J gphptpdUk; gq;Nfw;w
KjyhtJ kf;fs; ,af;fkhf ,J
jpfo;e;jJ.
,e;jpahtpd; %iy KLf;nfy;yhk;
Njrpak; gut top tFj;jJ.
fpyhgj; ,af;fKk; ,jDld;
xd;wpide;jjhy; ,e;J K];yPk;
xw;Wikapd; cr;rfl;lkhf ,J
jpfo;e;jJ.
,e;jpa kf;fSf;F vj;jifa
Jd;gj;ijAk; jhq;Fk; rf;jp cz;L
vd;gijAk;> vt;tpj jpahfj;jpw;Fk;
mth;fs; jahuhf cs;sdh;
vd;gijAk; ,J vLj;J fhl;baJ.
14. Rauh[;a fl;rp (1923)
xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;
epWj;jg;gl;lijj; njhlh;e;J 1922
brk;ghpy; eilngw;w fah fhq;fpu];
khehl;by; fhq;fpu]; gpsT
Vw;gl;lJ. rpj;juQ;rd; jh];>
Nkhjpyhy; NeU> m[;ky; fhd;
Nghd;w jiyth;fs;
fhq;fpuRf;Fs;NsNa 1923 [dthp
1 Mk; ehs; Rauh[;a fl;rpia
Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;.
Rauh[;a fl;rpapdh;> rl;lkd;w
Njh;jy;fspy; Nghl;bapl;L
cs;spUe;J nfhz;Nl
murhq;fj;ij epiyFiyar;
nra;a KbT nra;jdh;. ,th;fs;
Rauh[;];Lfs; (Swarajists) vd;W
miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
1923 etk;ghpy; eilngw;w
rl;lkd;w Njh;jy;fspy; Rauh[;a
fl;rp Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ntw;wpfisg;
ngw;wJ. kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy;
Nkhjpyhy; NeU fl;rp
jiytuhfTk;> tq;fhs rl;l
kd;wj;jpy; rp.Mh;.jh]; fl;rpj;
jiytuhfTk;
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;. 1925
[_dpy; rp.Mh;. jh]; kiwe;j gpwF>
Rauh[;a fl;rp gytPdkile;jJ.
Mdhy; ty;ygha; gNly;
,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;>C. uh[
Nfhghyr;rhhp kw;Wk; M.A md;rhhp
MfpNahh; rl;lkd;wq;fspy;
Eiotij vjph;j;jdh;. Gwf;fzpg;G
kw;Wk; xj;Jioahikia
filgpbj;jdh;. ,th;fs; khw;wj;ij
tpUk;ghjthfs;; (No Changers)
vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldh;.
9
15. irkd; FO (1927):
1919 Mk; Mz;L rl;lk; gj;J
Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF mjd;
nray;ghLfs; kW Ma;T
nra;ag;glNtz;Lk; vd;W
tpjpj;jpUe;jJ. ,uz;L
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng - 1927
Mk; Mz;L gphpl;b\; murhq;fk;
kW Ma;Tf;FO xd;iw
epakpj;jJ.
,f;FOtpd; jiytuhd rh; [hd;
irkd; vd;gtuJ ngauhNy
irkd; FO vd;W ,J
miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; ,lk;
ngw;wpUe;j VO cWg;gpdh;fSk;
Mq;fpNyah;fshth;. ,jpy; xU
,e;jpa cWg;gpdh;$l ,lk;
ngwhikahy;> ,e;jpahTf;F
te;jilAk; Kd;Ng ,f;FOtpw;F
gyj;j vjph;g;Gfs; Njhd;wpd.
fhq;fpu]; cs;spl;l gy murpay;
fl;rpfs; ,f;FOit vjph;j;jd.
1928 gpg;uthp 3- Mk; ehs; ,f;FO
gk;gha; te;jpwq;fpa NghJ ehL
KOtJk; kwpay; Nghuhl;lq;fs;
eilngw;wd. nrd;w ,lnky;yhk;
fUg;Gf;nfhb Mh;g;ghl;lq;fSk;>
‘irkNd jpUk;gpg;Ngh” vd;w
Kof;fq;fSk; ,f;FOit mjpu
itj;jd. 1928 mf;Nlhgh; 30-Mk;
ehs; yh$hpy; yhyh y[gjpuha;
jiyikapy; irkd; FO vjph;g;G
Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;wJ. mg;NghJ
eilngw;w Nghyp]; jbabahy;
y[gjpuha; gLfhakile;jhh;. xU
khjk; fopj;J mth; caph; gphpe;jJ.
1930 Nk khjk; irkd; FO
mwpf;if ntspapl;lJ.
,ul;ilahl;rpapd; FiwghLfis
,J Rl;bf;fhl;baJ.
mjw;Fg;gjpy; khepy Rahl;rpia
,f;FO ghpe;Jiuj;jJ. 1935
Mz;L ,e;jpa muR rl;lj;jpw;F
,f;FOtpd; mwpf;if
mbg;gilahf tpsq;fpaJ.
16. NeU mwpf;if 1928:
,jw;fpilapy; ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
maYwTr; nrayhsh; gph;fd;
n`l; gpuG midtUk; Vw;Wf;
nfhs;sf;$ba murpayikg;G
cUthf;f KbAkh vd;W Nfl;L
,e;jpah;fSf;F rthy; tpLj;jhh;.
,e;j rthiy Vw;w fhq;fpu];
1928 gpg;uthp 28-y;
midj;Jf;fl;rp $l;lj;ijf;
$l;baJ. vjph;fhy ,e;jpahtpd;
murpay; mikg;G rl;lk; xd;iw
tiutjw;F vl;Lg;Ngh; nfhz;l
FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,jd; jiytuhf Nkhjpyhy;
NeU epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
10
,f;FOtpd; mwpf;ifNa ‘NeU
mwpf;if” vdg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j
mwpf;ifapd; rpwg;Gf;
$Wfshtd.
epiyahf nlhkpdpad; (Swaraj)
me;j];J toq;fg;gLjy;.
kj;jpapy; KOg; nghWg;G tha;;e;j
muR.
khfhzq;fSf;F Rahl;rp.
kj;jpa khfhz
muRfSf;fpilNa njspthd
mjpfhug; gfph;T.
kj;jpapy; ,uz;L mitfs;
nfhz;l rl;lkd;wk;.
K];yPk; yPf; jiytuhd KfkJ
myp [pd;dh> NeU mwpf;if
K];yPk; kf;fspd; eyDf;F
vjpuhdJ vd;W fUjpdhh;.
mfpy ,e;jpa K];yPk;fs;
khehl;il $l;ba [pd;dh jdJ
gjpdhd;F mk;r Nfhhpf;iffis
ntspapl;lhh;.
17. rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; (1930 - 34):
1929 brk;gh; khjk; yh$h;
fhq;fpu]; khehL $baJ.
[t`h;yhy; NeU ,e;j
khehl;Lf;F jiyik tfpj;jhh;.
‘g+uz Rauh[;ak;” my;yJ
‘KOr;Rje;jpuk;” Fwpj;j
jPh;khdk; ,k;khehl;by;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
NeU mwpf;ifia muR Vw;f
kWj;jikahy;> fhq;fpu]; rl;l
kWg;G ,af;fj;ij njhlq;FtJ
vd KbT nra;jJ.
1930 [dthp 26 Mk; ehs; ,e;jpa
Rje;jpu jpdkhf
mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ Kjy;
[dthp 26- k; ehs; xt;nthU
Mz;Lk; Rje;jpu jpdkhf
mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ. tpLjiyf;Fg;
gpd; 1950-Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa
murpayikg;G eilKiwf;F
te;j jpdkhf [dthp 26- Mk;
ehs; FbauR jpdkhf
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ vd;gJk;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
18. jz;bahj;jpiu:
fhq;fpurpd; ,uz;lhtJ fl;l
Nghuhl;lj;Jf;fhd fsk;
jahuhf ,Ue;jJ. 1930 khh;r;
12- k; ehs; fhe;jp jdJ
Gfo;ngw;w jz;bahj;jpiuia
njhlq;fpdhh;.
mtuhy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l 78
rPlh;fs; gpd; njhlu cg;G
rl;lq;fis kWg;gjw;fhf mth;
Gwg;gl;lhh;.
200 iky;fs; ele;J 1930 Vg;uy;
5-k; ehs; jz;b flw;fiuia
nrd;wile;jhh;.
11
Vg;uy; 6- k; ehs;
cg;Gr;rl;lq;fis kPwpajd;
%yk; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;ij
mth; Kiwg;gb njhlq;fp
itj;jhh;.
rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; jpl;lq;fs;:
cg;G thpf;fhd rl;lj;ij kPWjy;
(cg;G rj;ahfpufk;)
ePjpkd;wq;fis Gwf;fzpj;jy;
muRg;gzpapypUe;J tpyFjy;
thp nrYj;j kWj;jy;
tof;fwpQh;fs; thjhLtij
iftpLjy;.
me;epa Jzpf;filfs; kw;Wk;
kJf;filfis Gwf;fzpj;J
kwpay; nra;jy;
cg;G rj;ahfpufj;ij jkpo;ehl;by;
jpUr;rpapypUe;J Ntjhuz;ak;
tiu elj;jpr; nrd;wth; C.
uh[Nfhghyr;rhhp Mthh;. kyghh;
gFjpapy; K. Nfsg;gd;>
(Nfhopf;$l;bypUe;J igaZ}h;
tiu)
rpl;lfhq;fhf;fpy; #h;ah nrd;
jiyikapy; MAjf;flj;jy; rl;l
kWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ
eilngw;wJ.
ng\hthpy; vy;iy fhe;jp fhd;
mg;Jy; fh‡gh; fhd; nrQ;rl;il
(Red Shift Movement) ,af;fk;
vd;Dk; mikjpg; Nghuhl;lj;ij
elj;jpdhh;.
1930y; rNuh[pdp ehALk;>
fhe;jpapd; kfdhd kzpyhYk;
,ize;J jh;rdh cg;G
njhopw;rhiyapy; Nghuhl;lk;
elj;jpdh;.
ehfyhe;jpd; uhzp ifbd;ypa+
vd;gth; Nghuhl;lk; elj;jp 1932y;
ifJ nra;ag;gl;L MAl;fhy
rpiw jz;lidg; ngw;whh;.
19. tl;lNkir khehLfs;
(1930 - 1932):
1930 etk;ghpy; yz;ldpy;
eilngw;w Kjy; tl;lNkir
khehl;il fhq;fpu]; Gwf;fzpj;jJ.
1931 [dthpapy; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijf;F
cfe;j #o;epiyia cUthf;Fk;
nghUl;L fhq;fpu]; kPJ
tpjpj;jpUe;j jilia muR
tpyf;fpaNjhL> jiyth;fisAk;
rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiy nra;jJ.
1931 khh;r; 8- k; ehs; fhe;jp ,h;tpd;
xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ.
,jd;gb kfhj;kh fhe;jp rl;lkWg;G
,af;fj;ij epWj;jp itf;fTk;
,uz;lhk; tl;l Nkir khehl;by;
fye;J nfhs;sTk; xg;Gf;
nfhz;lhh;. 1931 nrg;lk;ghpy;
,uz;lhk; tl;lNkir khehL
yz;ldpy; eilngw;wJ. kfhj;kh
12
fhe;jp ,jpy; fye;J nfhz;Ltpl;L
ngUj;j Vkhw;wj;Jld; ehL
jpUk;gpdhh;. KO Rje;jpuk;> tFg;G
gpur;rid Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd ve;j
jPh;Tk; ,e;j khehl;by;
fhzg;gltpy;iy.
1932 [dthpapy; rl;l kWg;G
,af;fk; kPz;Lk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ.
kfhj;kh fhe;jp> rh;jhh; gl;Nly;
Nghd;w jiyth;fs; kPz;Lk; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;ldh;. fhq;fpu]; fl;rpAk;
jil nra;ag;gl;lJ.
irkd; FOtpd; mwpf;ifia
tpthjpf;f $l;lg;gl;lNj
tl;lNkir khehL. irkd; FO
mwpf;if tl;l Nkir khehLfspd;
tpthjj;jpd; mwpf;ifapd;
mbg;gilapy; mike;jNj ,e;jpa
muR rl;lk; 1935 MFk;.
20. tFg;G thhp gpujpepjpj;Jtk; kw;Wk;
g+dh xg;ge;jk;(1932):
Kjy; tl;lNkir khehl;by;
jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; cz;ik
epiyia vLj;Jiuj;j mk;Ngj;fhh;
mth;fSf;F jdpj;njhFjp
xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Nfhhpdhh;.
1932 Mf];L 16-k; ehs; gphpl;b\;
gpujkh; uhk;Nr nkf;nlhdhy;L
jdJ ‘tFg;Gf; nfhil” ia
mwptpj;jhh;. ,jd;gb jho;j;jg;gl;l
kf;fs; jdp tFg;gpduhf fUjg;gl
mth;fSf;F jdpj;njhFjp
toq;fg;gLk; vd;W $wg;gl;lJ (71
,lq;fs;) . ‘tFg;Gf; nfhilia”
vjph;j;J kfhj;kh fhe;jp 1932
nrg;lk;gh; 20-Mk; ehs; vuthlh
rpiwapy; rhFk; tiu
cz;zhtpuj Nghuhl;lj;ij
njhlq;fpdhh;.
,Wjpapy; lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fhUf;Fk;
fhe;jpf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU xg;ge;jk;
Vw;gl;lJ. ,JNt ‘g+dh xg;ge;jk;”
vdg;gLfpwJ (148 ,lq;fs;).
gphpl;b\; murhq;fKk; ,jid
Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
1932 -y; %d;whtJ tl;lNkir
khehL Kbtile;jJ. kWgbAk;
fhq;fpu]; ,jid Gwf;fzpj;jJ.
,Ug;gpDk; 1933 khh;r;rpy; gphpl;b\;
murhq;fk; nts;is mwpf;ifia
ntspapl;lJ.
1935 -k; Mz;L ,e;jpa muRr;
rl;lk; nts;is mwpf;ifapd;
mbg;gilapNyNa
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
21. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUk; Njrpa
,af;fKk; (1939 - 1945):
1935 -k; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR rl;l
tpjpfspd; gb 1937y; Njh;jy;
ele;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd; VO
13
khfhzq;fspy; fhq;fpu];
mikr;ruitfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld.
1939 nrg;lk;gh; Kjy; ehs;
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; njhlq;fpaJ.
kf;fis fye;J
MNyhrpf;fhkNyNa> gphpl;b\; muR
,e;jpahit Nghhpy; <LgLj;jpaJ.
fhq;fpu]; ,r;nraiy fLikahf
vjph;j;jJ. jq;fsJ vjph;g;ig
fhl;Lk; tifapy; 1939 brk;gh; 12-k;
ehs; khfhzq;fspy; gjtpapypUe;j
fhq;fpu]; mikr;ruit gjtp
tpyfpd ,jid K];yPk; yPf;
‘tpLjiy ehshff;” nfhz;lhbaJ.
1940 khh;r;rpy; K];yPk; yPf;
ghfp];jhd; Nfhhpf;ifia Kd;
itj;jJ.
22. jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufk;:
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; NghJ
,e;jpah;fs; Mjuitg;
ngWtjw;fhf gphpl;b\; murhq;fk;
1940 Mf];l; 8- k; ehs; ‘ Mf];L”
rYifia mwptpj;jJ. NghUf;Fg;
gpd; Gjpa murpayikg;ig
tiutjw;fhf ,e;jpag;
gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l xU
mikg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;W
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. fhe;jp ,jid
Vw;f kWj;J> jdp egh; rj;jpah
fpufj;ij njhlq;f KbT nra;jhh;.
jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufk; vd;gJ
td;Kiwaw;w Fiwe;j mstpy;
xU milahskhf elj;jg;gl;l
,af;fkhFk;. rj;jpahfpufj;jpy;
<LgLgth;fis fhe;jpNa Njh;T
nra;jhh;. Kjypy; jdpegh;
rj;ahfpufj;jpy; <Lgl;lth;
Mr;rhh;a tpNdhgh ghNt Mthh;.
mtUf;F %d;W khjk; rpiwj;
jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mLj;J
[t`h;yhy; NeU jdpegh;
rj;ahfpufj;jpy; <Lgl;L 4
Mz;Lfs; rpiwj;jz;lid
ngw;whh;. jdpegh; rj;ahfpufk; 15
khjq;fs; ePbj;jJ. %d;whtjhf
rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly; jdpegh;
rj;ahfpufj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;.
23. fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO (1942):
Nghh;f;fhyj;jpy; epytpa
Nkhrkhd #o;epiyiaf; fUjp
,e;jpah;fspd; xj;Jiog;ig
ngWk; Nehf;fj;Jld; gphpl;b\;
murhq;fk; 1942 khh;;r; 23- k; ehs;
rh; ];lhNghh;L fphpg;]; vd;gtiu
,e;jpahtpw;F mDg;gp itj;jJ.
fphpg;]pd; Kf;fpag; ghpe;Jiufs;:
,e;jpahtpw;F nlhkdpad;
me;j];J toq;fg;gLk;.
14
rpWghd;ikapdh; ghJfhg;G -
RNjr muRfs; kw;Wk; gphpl;b\;
,e;jpa khfhzq;fspd;
gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l xU
murpayikg;Gf; FO
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpYs;s ve;j
khfhzkhtJ ,e;j
murpayikg;ig Vw;f kWf;Fk;
gl;rj;jpy; jw;Nghija epiyapy;
njhluNth my;yJ
jq;fSf;nfd jdp
murpayikg;ig tiue;J
nfhs;sNth mDkjpf;fg;gLk;
fphpg;]pd; Nahridfis ehl;bd;
ngUk;ghyhd murpay; fl;rpfs;
Vw;ftpy;iy. fhe;jp fphpg;rpd;
Nahridfis ‘gpd; Njjpapl;l
fhNrhiy” vd;W th;zpj;jhh;.
RNjr muRfs; tpUk;gpdhy;
murpayikg;G FOtpw;F jdJ
gpujpepjpfis mDg;gyhk; my;yJ
,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpypUe;J
tpyfpNa ,Uf;fyhk; vd;w
Nahridia murpay; fl;rpfs;
Vw;ftpy;iy.
ghfp];jhd; Nfhhpf;if
Vw;;fg;glhjjhy; K];yPk; yPf;
,jid epuhfhpj;jJ.
1. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;
(1942 - 44):
fphpg;]; J}Jf;FOtpd; Njhy;tp>
,e;jpah kPJ [g;ghd;
gilnaLf;Fk; vd;w mr;rk;
Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy;
gphpl;b\hiu ehl;iltpl;L
ntspNawr; nra;Ak; ,af;fj;ij
kfhj;kh fhe;jp njhlq;fpdhh;.
gphpl;b\hh; ,e;jpahit tpl;L
ntspNawpdhy; kl;LNk Xh;
,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;ij
mikf;f KbAk;. ,e;J> K];yPk;
gpur;rpidf;F jPh;T fhz KbAk;
vd;W fhe;jp fUjpdhh;.
1942 Mf];l; 8-k; ehs; mfpy
,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b
gk;ghapy; $b Gfo; tha;e;j
‘nts;isaNd ntspNaW”
jPh;khdj;ij epiw Ntw;wpaJ.
fhe;jp ‘ nra; my;yJ nrj;J kb”
vd;W miw$tiu tpLj;jhh;.
1942 Mf;];l; 8> 9 - k; Njjpfspy;
fhq;fpurpd; Kf;fpa
jiyth;fis murhq;fk; ifJ
nra;jJ. murpd; ,e;j jpl;lkpl;l
eltbf;ifahy; ,e;jpa kf;fs;
,af;fj;ij top elj;j
jiyth;fspd;wp tplg;gl;ldh;.
kfhj;kh fhe;jp g+dh rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;lhh;. gz;bj
15
[t`h;yhy; NeU> mGy; fyhk;
Mrhj; Nghd;w jiyth;fs;
mfkJ efh; Nfhl;ilapy; rpiw
itf;fg;gl;ldh;.
1944-y; kfhj;kh rpiwapypUe;J
tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;.
nts;isaNd ntspNaW
,af;fk; xU td;Kiw
Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; c\h Nkj;jh>
mUzh Mrg; myp Nghd;Nwhh;
ufrpa fhq;fpu]; NubNah
mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jdh;.
,jpy; gy ,iz (m) jdp
murhq;fq;fs; (Parallel Govt’s)
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 1942y; ghypah
gFjpapy; rpj;J ghz;Nl ,iz
murhq;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
2. fhgpndl; J}Jf;FO (1940):
,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;Fg;gpd;>
,q;fpyhe;J gpujkuhf ml;yp gpuG
nghWg;ngw;whh;. 1946 khh;r; 15-k;
ehs; mth; ntspapl;l
mwpf;ifapy; ,e;jpahtpd;
Raeph;za chpikia Vw;wJld;
,e;jpa murpayikg;ig
cUthf;Ftjw;F xg;GjiyAk;
toq;fpdhh;.
gphpl;b\; mikr;ruitia Nrh;e;j
%d;W Ngh; ngjpf; yhud;];> rh;
];lhNghh;L fphpg;];> V.tp.
mnyf;rhe;jh; nfhz;l FOit
,e;jpahtpw;F mDg;gp itj;jhh;.
,JNt ‘fhgpndl; J}Jf;FO”
vd;w ngaiug; ngw;wJ.
K];yPk; yPf; fhq;fpu]; ,uz;Lk;
,j;jpl;lj;ij xg;Gf; nfhz;ld.
1946 [_iyapy; murpayikg;Gf;
FOtpw;fhd Njh;jy;fs;
eilngw;wd.
214 nghJj; njhFjpfspy; 205-y;
fhq;fpu]; ntw;wp ngw;wJ. 1946
nrg;lk;gh; 2-k; ehs; [t`h;yhy;
NeU jiyikapy; ,ilf;fhy
murhq;fk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
egh;fs; gjtpfs;
[t`h;yhy; NeU ntsptptfhuq;fs; kw;Wk; nghJthd nry;t tsq;fs;
rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gl;Nly;
jfty; kw;Wk; xspgug;G
lhf;lh; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;
czT kw;Wk; Ntshz;ik
[`;rPtd; uhk; njhopyhsh;
rh;jh; gy;Njt; rpq; ghJfhg;G Jiw
C.H. ghgh Ntiyfs;> Ruq;fq;fs; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;
ypahfl; mypfhd; epjpaikr;rh;
C.uh[Nfhghyrhhp fy;tp mikr;rh;
N[hjpe;jh; ehj; kz;ly; Re;jphpfh;
tzpfk;
16
3. nksz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; (1947):
1947 gpg;uthp 2- Mk; ehs; gpujkh;
ml;yp nghJ mitapy; (House of
Commons)1948 [_d; khjj;jpw;F
Kd;G,e;jpah;fsplk; Ml;rp
mjpfhuk; khw;wg;gLk; vd;w
gphpl;b\; murpd; jpl;lkhd
vz;zj;ij mwptpj;jhh;.
,jid epiwNtw;Wtjw;F
nksz;l; Ngl;ld; gpuGit
,e;jpahtpd; it];uhahf
mDg;GtJ vd;Wk; mth; KbT
nra;jhh;.
1947 khh;r; 24-k; ehs; kpFe;j
mjpfhuq;fSld;
nksz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG
,e;jpahtpd; it];uhahf
gjtpNaw;whh;. ,e;jpahit gphpj;J
ghfp];jhid cUthf;FtJ
vd;gJ jtph;f;f KbahjJ vd;W
mth; fUjpdhh;.
ePz;l tpthjq;fSf;Fg; gpwF
1947 [_d; 3-k; ehs; ,e;jpag;
gphptpidf;fhd jdJ jpl;lj;ij
mth; mwptpj;jhh;. fhq;fpuRk;>
K];yPk; yPf;Fk; ,j;jpl;lj;ij
xg;Gf; nfhz;lJ.
4. ,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lk; (1947):
nksz;l; Ngl;ld; jpl;lj;ij
Vw;Wf;nfhz;l gphpl;b\;
murhq;fk; 1947 [_iy 18-k;
ehs; ,e;jpa tpLjiyr;
rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa $Wfs;:
,e;jpah - ghfp];jhd; gphptpid
1947 Mf];L 15 Kjy;
eilKiwf;F tUk;. gphpl;b\;
murq;fk; midj;J
mjpfhuq;fisAk; ,t;tpuz;L
ehLfsplk; toq;Fk;.
gQ;rhg;> tq;fhsk; ,t;tpuz;L
khfhzq;fspd; vy;iyfis
tiuaWg;gjw;F vy;iy
tiuaWf;Fk; Mizak;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,t;tpuz;L ehLfspd;
murpayikg;G FOf;fSf;F
murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fk;
mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gLk;.
uhl;fpspg; jiyikapyhd vy;iy
tiuaWf;Fk; Mizak; ,e;jpa -
ghfp];jhd; vy;iyfis
tiuaWj;jJ. 1947 Mf];L 15-
k; ehs; ,e;jpahTk;> Mf];L 14-k;
ehs; ghfp];jhDk; Rje;jpu
ehLfshapd. Rje;jpu
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jiyik
MSeuhf nksz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG
nghWg;G Vw;whh; ghfp];jhdpd;
Kjy; jiyik MSeuhf KfkJ
myp [pd;dh gjtpNaw;whh;. 1948
17
[dthp 30-k; ehs; kpfTk;
Nrhfkhd epfo;r;rpAk;
ele;NjwpaJ. Njrj; je;ij
kfhj;kh fhe;jpia mth;
topghl;Lf; $l;lj;Jf;Fr;
nry;Yk; topapy; ehJuhk;
Nfhl;Nr Rl;Lf;nfhd;whh;.
gpnuQ;R kw;Wk; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpa gFjpfs; ,izf;fg;gLjy;
gpnuQ;Rg; gFjpfs; ,izf;fg;gLjy; (1954):
gpnuQ;R murpd; mDkjpAld;
ghz;br;Nrhp> fhiuf;fhy;> kh`p>
Vdhk; kw;Wk; re;jpueh$h; Mfpa
gFjpfs; 1954-k; Mz;L ,e;jpa
a+dpaDld; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.
Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; gFjpfs; ,izg;G
(1961)
Nfhth> ila+ kw;Wk; lhkd; Mfpa
gFjpfs; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpahpd;
trkpUe;j gFjpfshFk;.mg;gFjp
kf;fs; ,e;jpahTld; ,iza
tpUk;gpdh;. vdNt> ,e;jpa muR
jdJ ,uhZt eltbf;iffspd;
%yk; 1961 - k; Mz;L
mg;gFjpfis ,e;jpahTld;
,ize;jd.
Mz;L/ ,lk; jiyth; jfty;
1885 (brk;gh;28) Kk;ig
W.C. ghdh;[p 72 gpujpepjpfs; fye;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.
1886 (brk;gh;28) fy;fj;jh
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p 436 gpujpepjpfs;
1887 (brk;gh; 27-28) kjuh];
gj;&jPd; jpahg;[p (Kjy; K];yPk; jiyth; )
607 gpujpepjpfs; K];yPk; fye;Jf; nfhs;s xg;Gjy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
1885 (brk;gh; 28-29) myfhghj;
[hh;[; Nahy; Kjy; gphpl;b\; jiyth;
1889 (brk;gh; 27-28) fy;fj;jh
tpy;ypak;; ntz;lh;gd;
1890 (brk;gh; 28-29) fy;fj;jh
g;Nuh]h Nkj;j
1891 (brk;gh; 26-27) ehf;G+h;
gp. Mde;j; rhU
1892 (brk;gh; 28-29) myfhghj;
W.C. ghdhh;[p
1893 (brk;gh;27- 28) yh$h;
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
18
1894 (brk;gh;27- 28) kjuh];
my;uL ntg;
1895 (brk;gh;28- 29) G+dh
RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p
1896 (brk;gh;27- 28) fy;fj;jh
Nuhfpdpy;yh nra;dp
1897 (brk;gh;22- 29) mkuhtjp
C. rq;fh; ehah;
1898 (brk;gh;27- 28) kjuh];
A.M. Ngh\;
1899 (brk;gh;27- 28) yf;Ndh
uNk\; re;jpuhjl; epy tUthia epue;jukhf rhp nra;jtw;fhd Nfhhpf;if
1900 (brk;gh;27- 29) yh$h;
N.G. re;jpu Nrfh;
1901 (brk;gh; 27 - 28) fy;fj;jh
DE thl;rh
1902 (brk;gh;23- 26) mfkjhghj;
RNue;jpu ehj; ghdh;[p
1903 (brk;gh;28- 30) kjuh];
yhy; Nkhfd; Nfh\;
1904 (brk;gh;26- 28) Kk;ig
n`d;hp fhl;ld;
1905 (brk;gh;27 -30) gdhu];
G.K. NfhfNy ngq;fhypd; gphptpidf;F vjph;g;G
1906 (brk;gh;26- 29) fy;fj;jh
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p Rauh[;[pak; Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
1907 (brk;gh;26- 27) #uj;
uh]; gp`hhp Nfh\; fhq;fpu]; kpjthjpfs;/ jPtputhjpfs; vd gphpe;jdh;
1908 (brk;gh;29- 30) #uj;
uh]; gp`hhp Nfh\; fhq;fpu]pd; murpayikg;G tiuag;gl;lJ.
1909 (brk;gh;27- 30) yh$h;
kjd; Nkfhd; khstpah
1910 (brk;gh;28- 29) myfhghj;
rh; tpy;ypak; ntz;lh;gd;
1911 (brk;gh;26- 28) fy;fj;jh
BN jhh;
19
1912 (brk;gh;27- 28) gf;fpd;G+h;
RN KNjy;fh;
1913 (brk;gh;26- 29) fuhr;rp
KfKJ
1914 (brk;gh;28- 30) kjuh];
GNge;jpu ehj; gh];
1915 (brk;gh;27- 30) Kk;ig
SP rpq;fh
1916 (brk;gh;26- 30) yf;Ndh
A.C. K[;k;jhh; fhq;fpu]; yf;Ndh cld;gbf;ifapy; kPz;Lk; ,ize;jJ.
1917 (brk;gh;28- 29) fy;fj;jh
md;dpngrd;l; Kjy; ngz; jiyth;
1918 (brk;gh;26- 31) nly;yp
kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah
1919 (brk;gh;27- 28) mk;hpj;rh;
Nkhjpyhy; NeU fz;bf;fg;gl;l [y;yptd; thyh gPf; fpyh lj; ,af;fk; mjpfhpj;jJ.
1920 (brk;gh;26- 31) ehf;G+h;
C. tp[ah uhfthr;rhhpah
fhq;fpu]; Gjpa murpayikg;ig cUthf;fpaJ.
1921 (brk;gh;27- 31) mfkhjghj;
rp.Mh;.jh];; `hq;fpk; `hd;
1922 (brk;gh;26- 31) fhah
rp.Mh;. jh]; Rauh[;a fl;rp Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1923 (brk;gh;28- 31) fhfpd;jh
M. Kjkj; myp
1924 (brk;gh;26- 27) ngy;`k;
M.K. fhe;jp
1925 (brk;gh;26- 28) fhd;G+h;
rNuh[pdp ehAL Kjy; ,e;jpa ngz; jiyth;
1926 (brk;gh;26- 28) n`sfhj;jp
SS Iaq;fh;
1927 (brk;gh;26- 27) kjuh];
MA md;rhhp Rje;jpu jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ kw;Wk; irkd; fkp\d; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1928 (brk;gh;28- 31) fy;fj;jh
Nkhjpyhy; NeU midj;J ,e;jpah fhq;fpu]; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1929 (brk;gh;29- 31) yh$h;
[t`h;yhy; NeU G+h;d Rauh[;[pa jPh;khdk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
20
1931(khh;r;29) fuhr;rp
ty;ygha; gl;Nly; fhe;jp ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jj;jpy; mbg;gil chpikfspd; jPh;khdk; mDg;gg;gl;lJ.
1932 (Vg;uy;;24) nly;yp
Ar Nrj;
1933 (Vg;uy;7) fy;fj;jh
N. nrd;Fg;jh
1934 (mf;Nlhgh; 26 -28) Kk;ig
,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;
1936 (Vg;uy;; 12 -4) yf;Ndh
[t`h;yhy; NeU nghJ cilikf; Nfhl;ghl;il miltNj fhq;fpu]pd; Fwpf;NfhshFk;.
1936 (brk;gh;27- 28) g[;[pG+h;
[t`h;yhy; NeU Kjd; Kjypy; fpuhkg;Gw gFjpapy; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
1938 (gpg;uthp19- 21) `hpGuh
SC Bose Njrpa jpl;lf; fkp\d; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1939 (khh;r;10) jphpGuh
SC Bose ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; jiytuhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;
1940 (khh;r;) uhk;̀ h;j;
khTdh Mrhj;
1946 (etk;;gh;22) kPul; JB fphpghydp
1948 (brk;gh;18-19) n[ag;G+h;
P. rpj;juhikah
21
,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpw;fhd Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;
Mq;;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp
tq;fhsj;jpYk; ,e;jpahtpYk; gpw
gFjpfspYk; RNjr muRfspd;
Mjuitg; ngw;W tpahghuj;ij
tsh;j;J te;jJ. gjpNdohk;
E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp tiu
fk;ngdpapd; mjpfhu tsh;r;rp
kd;dhpd; tpUg;gj;ij
nghWj;jjhfNt ,Ue;jJ.
Mdhy; mjw;F gpwF fk;ngdpapd;
nray;ghLfs; jpUg;jp juf;$bajhf
,y;iy. vdNt gphpl;b\;
ghuhSkd;wk; fk;ngdpia
fz;fhzpf;fTk;> mjd;
eph;thfj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l
FiwghLfis fisaTk;
Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp Ml;rp
(1773 - 1858):
1. xOq;F gLj;Jk; rl;lk; 1773
(Regulating Act 1773):
Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa
fk;ngdpapd; tptfhuq;fis
xOq;FgLj;jTk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jTk;
,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wj;jhy;
,w;wg;gl;l KjyhtJ rl;lNk
xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lk; MFk;.
,jdhy; fk;ngdpf;F xU Gjpa
murpayikg;G cUthdJ.
,e;jpahtpy; ika Ml;rp Kiw
Vw;gl Kjy; gbahf mike;jJ.
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs; (Features):
1. xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lj;jpd;gb
tq;fhsj;jpd; fth;dh; tpy;ypak;
Nfhl;ilapd; fth;dh; n[duy;
vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. fth;dh;
n[duYf;F MNyhrid $w
ehd;F cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;l
eph;thf FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
mjd; jiyth; fth;dh; n[duy;
Mthh;. ehd;F cWg;gpdh;fs;
KiwNa fpshthpq; khd;rd;>
gpuhd;rp];> ghh;ty; Mthh;. thud;
N`];bq;]; gpuG tpy;ypak;
Nfhl;ilapd; Kjy; fth;dh;
n[duy; Mthh;.
2. Kd;G Nghy; ,y;yhky;> kjuh];
kw;Wk; gk;;gha; khfhz fth;dh;fs;
tpy;ypak; Nfhl;ilapd; fth;dh;
n[duYf;F fPo;gl;lth;fs; kw;Wk;
fl;Lg;gl;lth;fs; Mth;.
22
3. xU jiyik ePjpgjpAk;> %d;W
ePjpgjpfSk; mlq;fpa xU
jiyik ePjpkd;wk; fy;fj;jhtpy;
(1744)y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. jiyik
ePjpgjpahf vh; vyp[h ,k;Ng
vd;gtUk;: Nrk;gh;];> nykha;rh;>
i`l; MfpNahh; gpw
ePjpgjpfshfTk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.
4. fk;ngdp Copah;fs; jdpahf
tpahghuk; nra;aTk; kw;Wk;
,e;jpahplkpUe;J md;gspg;Ngh>
,yQ;rNkh ngwTk; jil
tpjpj;jJ.
5. fk;ngdpapd; tuT nryT
fzf;Ffs; ,q;fpyhe;J
mikr;ruit Kd; itf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; epythp
rk;ge;jkhf ,e;jpahtpypUe;J
tUk; vy;yh fbjq;fs;
fUT+yj;JiwapYk;> rptpy; uhZt
fbjg;Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fis
,q;fpyhe;jpy; ntspAwTj;Jiw
nrayhplk; rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. tq;fhs ePjp ghpghyd rl;lk;
(Bengal Judicature Act 1781 (or)
Act of Settlement 1781):
xoq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lj;jpy; ePjpj;Jiw
rk;ge;jg;gl;l FiwghLfis
ePf;fpaJ. Kf;fpakhf fy;fj;jh
jiyik ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fk; fth;dh;
n[duypd; MNyhrid FOtpw;Fk;
,ilNa Vw;gl;l rr;ruTfis
ePf;fpaJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb jiyik
ePjpkd;wk; XusT jdJ
mjpfhuj;ij ,of;f
Ntz;bajhapw;W.
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs; (Features):
1. fth;dh; n[duYk; mtuJ
MNyhrid FO cWg;gpdh;fSk;
tq;fhs jiyik ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
mjpfhuj;jpw;F cl;gl;lth;fs;
my;y.
2. fk;ngdpapd; thpt#y;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l tof;Ffis
tprhhpf;Fk; mjpfhhuk; ,e;j
ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F fpilahJ.
3. gpl; ,e;jpa rl;lk; 1784 (Pitt’s India
Act 1784):
xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lj;jpd;
FiwghLfis ePf;Ftjw;fhf
,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; tpy;ypak; gpl;
vd;gtuhy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l
rl;lNk gpl; ,e;jpa rl;lk; MFk;.
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs; (Features):
1. fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpak; (Board of
Control) ,e;jpah rk;ge;jg;gl;l
murpay; eph;thf fhhpaq;fis
ftdpg;gjw;F fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpak;
vd;w Mizah;fs; (MP) my;yJ
gphpl;b\; ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;l Gjpa rig
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
23
2. ,e;jpahtpy; fth;dh; n[duypd;
MNyhridf; FO cWg;gpdh;fspd;
vz;zpf;if ehd;fpypUe;J %d;whf
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpa khfhzq;fspy; fth;dhpd;
MNyhridf;FO mikf;fg;gl top
nra;jJ.
4. Kjd;Kjyhf ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j
fk;ngdpapd; gFjpfs;
‘,e;jpahtpYs;s gphpl;b\; gFjpfs;
(British Possessions in India) vd;W
miof;fg;gl;lJ.
5. fk;ngdp ,af;Feh;fs; FO ,dp
thzpgk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l mYty;fis
kl;LNk ftdpg;gh;. murpay;
mYty;fis fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpak;
vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,g;gb ,uz;L
tif murhq;f (Double) Kiwia
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
4. 1786 k; tUlr;rl;lk;:
xOq;Fg;gLj;Jk; rl;lk; kw;Wk; gpl;
,e;jpa rl;lk; Mfpatw;wpd;
FiwghLfis ePf;fNt
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf
fth;dh; n[duYf;Fk; mtuJ
MNyhrid FOtpw;Fk; ,ilNa
Vw;gl;l rr;ruTfis ePf;f nfhz;L
tug;gl;l rl;lkhFk;.
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs; (Features):
1. fth;dh; n[duYf;F jdJ
MNyhridf;FOtpd;
ngUk;ghd;ikNahhpd; Kbitg;
Gwf;fzpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. fth;dh; n[duNy
,e;jpahtpYs;s gphpl;b\;
gilj;jsgjpahf
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
3. Mdhy; fk;ngdp ,af;Feh;fs;
FOtpd; mDkjpapd;wp fth;dh;
n[duy; Nghh; gpufldk;
nra;af;$lhJ.
5. gl;la rl;lq;fs; (Charter Act):
fk;ngdp tpahghuk; nra;tjw;fhd
Kw;Whpik ,UgJ Mz;LfSf;F
xUKiw GJg;gpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
mjw;fhf ,q;fpyhe;J
ghuhSkd;wj;jplk; ,UgJ
Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw
tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(i) 1793 -k; tUl gl;lar;rl;lk;
(Charter Act of 1793)
fk;ngdpf;F 20 Mz;LfSf;F
chpik mspf;Fk; Kjy; gl;la
rl;lk; 1793 y; nfhz;L
tug;gl;lJ.
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs;:
1. fk;ngdpapd; tpahghu Kw;Whpik
NkYk; ,UgJ Mz;LfSf;F
ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. ,r;rl;lg;gb fth;dh; n[duYf;F
khfhzq;fspy; ‘mikjp fhd;
24
ePjpgjp” (Justices of Peace)
epakpf;f chpik nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpaj;jpd;
Mizah;fspd; vz;zpf;if
MwpypUe;J Ie;jhf
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk;
fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpaj;jpw;F MFk;
nryTfis ,e;jpa
tUkhdj;jpypUe;Nj nfhLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
(ii) 1813 -k; tUl gl;la rl;lk;
(Charter Act of 1813)
1793 -k; tUl gl;la rl;lg;gb
fk;ngdpf;F ,UgJ tUl
fhyj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;l tpahghu
Kw;Whpikf;fhyk; KbtilaNt
fk;ngdp eph;thfj;jpdh; me;j
rhrdj;ij GJg;gpj;jdh;. mjd;
mbg;gilapy; nfhz;L
tug;gl;lNj 1813 -k; tUl gl;la
rl;lkhFk;.
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs;:
1. fk;ngdpapd; thzpg Kw;Whpik
(Monopoly of Trade)
xopf;fg;gl;lJ. tpahghuk; nra;Ak;
chpik 20 Mz;LfSf;F
ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ. ,q;fpyhe;J kf;fs;
midtUk; ,e;jpahTld;
thzpgk; nra;Ak; chpik
toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; Njapiy>
fQ;rh Kjypa nghUl;fis
rPdhtpw;F tpw;gjpy; fk;ngdp
ngw;wpUe;j Kw;Whpik (Monopoly)
NkYk; ,UgJ Mz;LfSf;F
ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. fpwp];Jt kjj;ijg; gug;g
kp\pdhpkhh;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F
nry;y mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,e;jpahtpYs;s gphpl;b\;
gFjpfspy; thOk; kf;fspd; fy;tp>
gz;ghl;L> mwptpay; tsh;r;rpf;F
fk;ngdpapd; yhgj;jpypUe;J
Mz;Lf;F xU yl;r &gha;
xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd;W $wg;gl;lJ.
4. rptpy; Copah;fSf;F gapw;rp
mspf;f epiyaKk;> uhZt
Copah;fSf;F mb]; Nfhk;g; vd;w
,lj;jpy; xU gapw;rp epiyaKk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
typAWj;jg;gl;lJ.
5. fy;fj;jhtpy; cs;s
INuhg;gpah;fspd; eyDf;fhf xU
gp\g;Gk; mtUf;F cjtp
nra;tjw;fhf %d;W Jiz
mYtyh;fSk; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;.
,e;j gp\g;gpd; epakdk;
,e;jpahtpy; jpUr;rig tuyhw;wpd;
njhlf;fkhf mike;jJ.
(iii) 1833 -k; tUl gl;lar; rl;lk;:
,e;jpahtpy; ika murhq;fk;
mika vLf;fg;gl;l filrp
25
eltbf;if ,e;j gl;lar;
rl;lkhFk;. ,r;rl;lj;jpy; rpwe;j
fw;wwpthsuhd nkf;fhNy gpuG>
nghUshjhu Nkij N[k;];kpy;
MfpNahhpd; fUj;Jf;fis
fhzKbfpwJ.
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs;:
1. tpy;ypak; Nfhl;ilapd; fth;dh;
n[duy; ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb
,e;jpahtpd; fth;dh; n[duy; vd
miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tNu
tq;fhsj;jpd; fth;duhfTk;
,Ug;ghh;. fth;dh; n[duYk;
mtuJ MNyhrid rigAk;
jq;fs; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Uf;Fk;
khfhzq;fs; kPJ
Nkw;ghh;itapLjy;>
fl;lisapLjy;> fl;Lg;ghL
nra;jy; Nghd;w mjpfhuq;fis
ngw;whh;fs;. ,e;jpah
KOikf;Fkhd ‘xNu tuT nryT
jpl;lk; " fth;dh; n[duypdhy;
jahhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; fth;dh;
n[duy; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG
Mthh;.MNyhrid rigapy;
$Ljyhf rl;l cWg;gpdh;. xUth;
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. (nkf;fhNy gpuG)
2. khfhzq;fs; jq;fSf;nfd
rl;lkpaw;wpf; nfhs;Sk;
chpikfis ,oe;jd.
3. fk;ngdpapd; tpahghu
eltbf;iffs; midj;Jk;
KbTf;F te;jd. ,dpNky;
fk;ngdp ,q;fpyhe;J murhpd;
rhh;ghf eph;thfj;ij kl;LNk
elj;jp tuNtz;Lk;. rPdhTld;
fk;ngdpf;F ,Ue;j
Kw;WhpikAk;(Monopoly)
ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. kj;jpa rl;lkd;wk; my;yJ
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; njhlf;fkhf
,r;rl;lk; mbNfhypaJ.
5. fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpaj;jpd; jiyth;
,dp ,e;jpahtpw;fhd mikr;rh;
(Minister for Indian Affairs)vd;W
miof;fg;gLthh;.
6. Fbikg;gzpahsh;fis Njh;T
nra;a jpwe;j Nghl;bj; Njh;Tfis
mwpKfg;gLj;j Kaw;rp nra;jJ.
Mdhy; fk;ngdp ,af;Feh;fspd;
vjph;g;ghy; ,j;jpl;lk;
iftplg;gl;lJ.
khh;yp gpuGtpd; fUj;Jg;gb 1909
tiu gphpl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy;
,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fspy; 1833 -k; gl;la
rl;lNk kpf Kf;fpakhd rl;lkhFk;.
(iv) 1853-k; tUl gl;la rl;lk;(Charter
Act of 1853):
gl;la rl;lq;fspy; ,Wjpahf
nfhz;L tug;gl;l rl;lkhFk;.
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs; (Provisions):
26
1. rl;lkpaw;Wk; gzpf;fhf fth;dh;
n[duypd; rl;lkpaw;Wk; fTd;rpypy;
NkYk; 6 cWg;gpdh;fs;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;ldh;.
2. Fbikg;gzpahsh;fis Njh;T nra;a
jpwe;j Nghl;bj; Njh;Tfis
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;jpah;fSf;Fk;
mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf
1854-y; nkf;fhNy jiyikapy; ,e;jpa
Fbikg;gzpfs; fkpl;b
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. fth;dh; n[duypd; fTd;rpypd;
rl;lkpaw;Wk; gzpAk;> eph;thfg;gzpAk;
Kjd; Kjypy; jpl;ltl;lkhf
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. Kjd;Kjyhf cs;ehl;L kf;fSf;F
,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rk
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
mjhtJ fth;dh; n[duypd;
rl;lkpaw;Wk; fTd;rpYs;s 6 Nghpy; 4
Ngh; kjuh];> gk;gha;> tq;fhsk; kw;Wk;
Mf;uh khfhz murhq;fspypUe;J
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;.
5. fk;ngdp Ml;rp chpik 20
Mz;LfSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gltpy;iy.
6. tq;fhsj;jpw;F jdpahf fth;dh;
epakdk;.
7. ,af;Feh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 24
ypUe;J 18 Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. 18
Nghpy; 6 Ngh; kd;duhy;
epakpf;fg;gLgth;.
6. kfhuhzp Ml;rp (Crown rule 1858 -
1947):
1858 - k; tUl ,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk;
(Government of India Act 1858)
1857 -k; tUlk; ,e;jpahtpy;
Mq;fpy Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf Vw;gl;l
rpg;gha; fyfj;jpd; tpisthfNt
1858-k; tUlr;rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJk; mjd;
njhlh;r;rpahf fk;ngdp Ml;rp
xopf;fg;gl;L murpahhpd; Ml;rp
Vw;gl;lJk; MFk;. Mq;fpy
murhq;fNk ,e;jpa eph;thfj;ij
Neubahf vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
,e;jpa murpayikg;G tuyhw;wpy;
,r;rl;lk; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpwJ.
,J ,e;jpahtpy; kpfr;rpwe;j
muir cz;lhf;Ftjw;fhd
rl;lk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
rpwg;G mk;rq;fs; (Salient Features)
1. ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNya
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp Ml;rpf;F
KbT fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
fth;dh; n[duy; gjtp ,q;fpyhe;J
murgpujpepjp (Viceroy) vd
khw;wg;gl;lJ. fhdpq; gpuG
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; itrpuha;
Mthh;.
2. ,q;fpyhe;J murpNa itrpuha;>
khfhz fth;dh;fis epakpg;ghh;.
murpapd; xg;GjYld; Jiz epiy
27
MSeh;fis epakdk; nra;Ak;
chpik itrpuha;f;F
nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ntspAwTj;Jiw
nrayh; kj;jpapYk;
khfhzq;fspYKs;s
fTd;rpy;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fis
epakdk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk;
ngw;whh;.
3. fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpaKk;>
,af;Feh;fs; FOTk;
xopf;fg;gl;lJ. ,itfspd;
nghWg;Gfs; midj;Jk; ,e;jpah
muR nrayhplk; (Secretary of
State) xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpah
muR nrayh; ,q;fpyhe;J
mikr;ruitapd; Nfgpdl; gjtp
tfpj;jhh;. vdNt mth; ,e;jpah
mikr;rh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;.
mtUf;F MNyhrid $w
gjpide;J Ngh; nfhz;l ,e;jpah
fTd;rpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. me;j
fTd;rpypd; jiyth; ,e;jpah muR
nrayh; Mthh;.
4. ,e;jpah fTd;rpypd; nryTfs;
midj;Jk; ,e;jpa
tUkhdj;jpypUe;Nj nra;ag;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
5. ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzpj;Jiwf;F
gzpahsh;fis
Njh;e;njLg;gjw;fhd
rl;ljpl;lq;fis cUthf;f
,e;jpah muR nrayUf;F
mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
6. fk;ngdpapd; uhZtKk;>
fg;gw;gilAk; ,q;fpyhe;J
murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;gpw;F
khw;wg;gl;lJ.
7. ,e;jpa eph;thfj;ij ,q;fpyhe;J
murpahh; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l nra;jpia
,e;jpa murh;fsplKk; kf;fsplKk;
Kiwg;gb njhptpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
,jd; mbg;gilapy; myfhghj;
jh;ghhpy; itrpuha; fhdpq;gpuG xU
gpufldj;jpd; %yk; 1858 etk;gh; 1
y; kfhuhzpapd; Nguwptpg;ig
ntspapl;lhh;.
7. ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lq;fs;:
,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lq;fs; rl;l
fTd;rpy;fspy; ,e;jpah;fis
cWg;gpdh;fshfr; Nrh;tjw;F trjp
nra;J nfhLj;jJ. khfhz
rl;lkd;wq;fs; jhq;fs; ,oe;j
chpikfis kPl;Lf; nfhz;ld.
,q;fpyhe;J gpujkuhd
fpshl;rdpd; Rje;jpu
kdg;ghd;ikapd; vjpnuhypia
,r;rl;lq;fspy; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
,dp tutpUf;fpd;w rl;lq;fSf;F
MjhukhfTk; Kd;NdhbahfTk;
tpsq;fpaJ.
28
(i) 1861 -k; tUl ,e;jpa fTd;rpy;
rl;lk; (Indian Council Act ):
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs;:
1. itrpuha;> mjpfhhpfs; my;yh (non
- official) rpy ,e;jpah;fis
rl;lkpaw;Wk; gzpapy; epakpf;f
mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,jdbg;gilapy; 1862 y;
itrpuha;fhdpq; gpuG> ngdhu]pd;
uh[h> ghl;bahyhtpd; kfhuh[h
kw;Wk; rh; jPd;fh; uht; Mfpa
%tiuAk; jdJ fTd;rpypy;
epakpj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.
2. gk;gha;> kjuh]; khfhz
rl;lkd;wq;fspd; rl;lkpaw;Wk;
chpik jpUg;gp mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
3. ,yhf;fh xJf;fPL (Port folio
System) nra;Ak; Kiw
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
4. mtru fhyj;jpy; fTd;rpypd;
mtrurl;lk; (Ordinance) gpwg;gpf;f
itrpuha;f;F mjpfhuk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ. me;j mtru
rl;lj;jpd; MAl;fhyk; 6 khjq;fs;.
5. tq;fhsk;> tlNkw;F vy;iy
khfhzk; kw;Wk; gQ;rhg;
gFjpfspy; rl;lkd;wq;fs; KiwNa
1862> 1866 kw;Wk; 1897 y;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
(ii) 1892 - k; tUl ,e;jpa fTd;rpy;
rl;lk; (Indian Council Act): Kf;fpa
\uj;Jf;fs;:
1. ika rl;lkd;w kw;Wk; khfhz
rl;lkd;wq;fspd; mjpfhhp
my;yhj (non - official)
cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if
cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
2. rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fSf;F tuT
- nryT jpl;lj;ij tpthjpf;fTk;>
nghJ eyd;fs; gw;wp Nfs;tp
Nfl;Fk; chpik toq;fg;gl;lJ.
3. mYty; rhuhj cWg;gpdh;fis
epakdk; nra;a kiwKfj;
Njh;jy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
(iii) ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; 1909
(kpd;Nlh - khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;1909)
(Minto Morley Reforms):
Kjd; Kiwahf Njh;jy;fs; %ykhf
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;w cWg;gpdh;
fis nfhz;l rl;lkd;wq;fs;
mika ,r;rl;lk; top tFj;jJ.
ghuhSkd;w Kiw NeubahfNth
kiwKfkhfNth ,e;jpahtpy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F kpd;Nlh -
khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jq;fNs fhuzkhFk;.
(kpd;Nlh - itrpuha;> khh;yp - ,e;jpa
nrayh;) MfpNahh; Kaw;rpahy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljhy; mJ
kpd;Nlhkhh;yp rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; vd
ngah; ngw;wJ.
29
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs;:
1. ika rl;lkd;wj;jpd; cWg;gpdh;
fspd; vz;zpf;if 16 ypUe;J 60
Mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
khfhzq;fSf;F Vw;g khfhz
rl;lkd;wq;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifAk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
2. cWg;gpdh;fs; Jizf;Nfs;tpfs;
vOg;gTk;> jPh;khdq;fs; nfhz;L
tuTk; mDkjp mspf;fg;gl;ld.
3. rhjp mbg;gilapyhd
gpujpepjpj;Jt KiwAk;>
,];yhkpaUf;F jdpj;njhFjpAk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; kpd;Nlh
gpuG jdpj;njhFjp Kiwapd;
je;ij (Father of Communal
Electrorate) vd miof;fg;
gLfpd;whh;.
4. Kjd; Kiwahf itrpuha; kw;Wk; khfhz fth;dh;fspd; eph;thf FOtpy; ,e;jpah;fis Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;s mDkjp mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mt;thW itrpuhapd; eph;thff;FOtpy; Nrh;j;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;l Kjy; ,e;jpa rl;l cWg;gpdh; rj;jpNae;jpu gpurhj; rpd;̀ h vd;gtuhthh;.
(iv) ,e;jpa murhq;f rl;lk; 1919 khz;NlF nrk;]; Nghh;L rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fs; (Montagu -
Chelmsford Reforms 1919):
,e;jpa murpayikg;G tuyhw;wpy;
xU jpUg;G Kidia Vw;gLj;jpa
,r;rl;lk;> khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;il
Ml;rp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
nghWg;Gs;s murhq;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jk; (Responsible Govt)
Nehf;fj;Jld; (nrk;]; Nghh;L –
nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. itrpuha;>
khz;NlF - ,e;jpa nrayh;) ,J
khz;NlF nrk;]; Nghh;L
rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fs; vd
miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs;:
1. kj;jpa rl;lkd;w fTd;rpypy; ,U
mit Kiw (Nkyit> fPoit)
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
2. khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;il
Ml;rpKiw
(Dyarchy)mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,jd;gb khfhz murpd; gzpfs;
MSehpd; eph;thfj;jpd; fPo;
xJf;fg;gl;l gzpfs; (xJf;fg;gl;l
Jiwfs;) vdTk;>
rl;lkd;wj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;Gila
mikr;rhpd; fPo; khw;wg;gl;l
gzpfs; (khw;wg;gl;l Jiwfs;)
vdTk; gfphpe;jspf;fg;gl;ld.
3. Kjd; Kiw Neubj; Njh;jy; eil
ngw top tif nra;jJ.
4. itrpuhapd; eph;thff;FOtpYs;s
6 Nghpy; jiyikg;gilj;jsgjp
jtpu 3 Ngh; ,e;jpauhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;W typAWj;jpaJ.
30
5. rPf;fpah;fs;> ,e;jpa fpwp];jth;fs;>
Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpah;fs; kw;Wk;
INuhg;gpah;fSf;F
jdpj;njhFjpfis njhlh;e;J
toq;f mDkjpj;jJ.
6. 1936 y; kj;jpa nghJg; gzpahsh;
Njh;thizak; Vw;gl toptif
nra;jJ.
7. gl;n[l;Lfs; kj;jpa> khfhz
gl;n[l; vd ,uz;lhf
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa
ntspAwtpw;fhf yz;ldpy;
ntspAwT cah; (High
Commissioner) Mizah; gjtp
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
(v) ,e;jpa murhq;f rl;lk; 1935
(Government of India Act):
1935-k; tUl ,e;jpa murhq;f
rl;lk; ,Jtiu ,e;jpahit
MStjw;F gphpl;b\; murhq;fk;
jahhpj;j murpay;
rhrdq;fspnyy;yhk;
filrpahdJk; nghpjhdJk;
MFk;. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
tsh;r;rpapd; Kf;fpakhd
fl;lj;ijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ.
,e;jr;rl;lk; khepy mstpy;
Rahl;rpia Kjy; Kiwahf
mspj;jJ ,r;rl;lNk MFk;. 321
tpjpfisAk; 10
ml;ltizfisAk; nfhz;lJ.
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs;:
1. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j gphpl;b\;
khfhzq;fisAk; ,e;jpa RNjr
muRfisAk; nfhz;l xU
mfpy ,e;jpa $l;lhl;rp (All india
Federation) mikf;fg;gl top
tFj;jJ. vdpDk; ,Wjp tiu
,J eilKiwf;F tuNtapy;iy.
2. khfhzq;fspy; eilngw;W te;j
,ul;il Ml;rpKiw (Dyarchy)
xopf;fg;gl;L> kj;jpapy; ,ul;il
Ml;rp mky;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
vdpDk; kj;jpapy; ,J
eilKiwf;F tutpy;iy.
khfhzq;fspy; Rahl;rp
(Provincial Autonomy) Kiw
GFj;jg;gl;lJ.
3. murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs;
$l;lhl;rp gl;bay;>
khfhzg;gl;bay;> nghJg;gl;bay;
vd %d;W gl;bayhfg;
gphpf;fg;gl;ld. vQ;rpa
mjpfhuq;fs; itrpuhaplk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld.
4. tq;fhsk;> nrd;id> gk;gha;>
If;fpa khfhzk;> gPfhh; kw;Wk;
m];]hk; khfhzq;fspy; ,uz;L
mitfis nfhz;l
rl;lkd;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
5. xU jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; MW
ePjpgjpfisf; nfhz;l $l;lhl;rp
31
ePjpkd;wk; 1937y; nly;ypapy;
epWtg;gl;lJ.
6. 1858 rl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l
,e;jpa fTd;rpy; xopf;fg;gl;lJ.
7. nkhj;j kf;fl; njhifapy;
10yl;rk; Ngh; thf;Fhpik
ngw;wdh;.
8. kj;jpa hprh;t; tq;fp
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
9. $l;lhl;rp nghJg;gzpahsh;
Njh;thizak;> khfhz
nghJg;gzpahsh; Njh;thizak;
kw;Wk; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F
Nkw;gl;l khfhzq;fSf;F
,izg;nghJg;gzpahsh;
Njh;thizak; mikf;f toptif
nra;jJ.
10. gh;kh ,e;jpahtpypUe;J
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.
11. tFg;Gthhp gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
njhlug;gl;lJ.
(vi) ,e;jpa tpLjiyr;rl;lk; 1947
(Indian Independence Act):
[_d; 3> 1947 y; filrp
itrpuhapd; (kTz;l; Ngl;ld;)
jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lNj ,e;jpa
tpLjiyr; rl;lkhFk;.
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs;:
,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd; vd;w
,uz;L nlhkpdpad;fs;
cUthf;fg;gLk;. RNjr muRfs;
,uz;by; VjhtJ xd;WlNdh
my;yJ jdpj;Jk; ,Uf;f top
tif nra;jJ.
itrpuha; gjtp xopf;fg;gl;L
,uz;L nlhkpdpad;fSf;Fk;
jdpj;jdp fth;dh; n[duy;fs;
,Uf;f top tif nra;jJ.
,e;jpahtpd; fth;dh; n[duyhf
kTz;l; Ngl;lDk;> ghfp];jhDf;F
Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dhTk;
,Ue;jdh;.
Mf];L 15> 1947 ypUe;J
gphpl;b\; Nguurpapd; nghWg;Gfs;
,e;jpahtpy; fhyhtjp MfptpLk;.
,U nlhkpdpad;fspd; vy;iyia
gfph;e;jspf;f vy;iy Mizak;
(nul;fpspg;) Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
Mf];L 14-15 es;sputpy;
cyfNk cwq;Fk; Ntisapy;
,e;jpah tpopj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.
[t`h;yhy; NeU ,e;jpahtpd;
Kjd; gpujkuhf gjtpNaw;whh;.
kTz;l; Ngl;lDf;Fg; gpwF
,e;jpahtpd; filrp fth;dh;
n[duyhf C. ,uh[h[p
nghWg;Ngw;whh;.
32
,e;jpahtpy; eilngw;w Kf;fpa tof;F
tprhuizfs; mjd; KbTfs; t. vz; tprhuiz tof;F jPH;g;G 1. ,uz;lhk; gfJ}h; \h
[hgh; [dthp 27 - khh;r;R (1858) nly;yp> nrq;Nfhl;il
1857 Gul;rpapy; uh[ JNuhfk; rjp> fyfk; kw;Wk; nfhiy
Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;L uq;$Df;F ehL flj;jg;gl;lhh;.
2. RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p Nk 4 - 5> 1883 fy;fj;jh cah;ePjpkd;wk;
The Bengalee - gj;jphpf;iff;fhf Nfhh;l; mtkjpg;G
2 Mz;Lfs; rptpy; rpiw jz;lid
3. ghyfq;fhjujpyfh; 1897> 1908> 1916
Nfrhp gj;jphpf;ifapy; muir Nfhg%l;Lk; jfty;fs;
i) 1897 - 18 khjq;fs; rpiwjz;lid ii) 1908 - 6 Mz;Lfs; kz;lNyapy; rpiw jz;lid kw;Wk; 1000 mguhjk; iii) 1916 - jz;lid ,y;iy.
4. mutpe;j; Nfh\; kw;Wk; 37 egh;fs; (mypg;g+h; gk;gha; tof;F (1908 - 1909))
Krhg;gh;g+h; khtl;l ePjpgjpia nfhy;y Kaw;rp
tprhuiz ifjpahf 1 Mz;L rpiw
5. V.D. rthh;f;fh; 1910 kw;Wk; [dthp 1911.
MAjq;fs; rg;is kw;Wk; gphpl;b\hiu Nfhg%l;Lk; tpjkhf NgRjy;
,ul;il MAs; ehL flj;jg;gl;Ljy; (50 - Mz;Lfs; kw;Wk; Mdhy; 10 Mz;Lfs;) (1911 -21) me;jkhd; rpiwapy; fopj;jhh;.
6. fhe;jp kw;Wk; aq; ,e;jpahtpd; ntspaPl;lhsh;
aq; ,e;jpahtpy; gphpl;b\hiu Nfhgg;gLj;Jk;
6 Mz;Lfs; rpiw jz;lid. Mdhy; 1924y; tpLtpg;G
33
rq;fh;yhy; Ngq;fh; 1922 tpjkhf ehd;F nra;jpfs;.
7. 31 fk;a+dp];Lfs; (kPul; rjp tof;F) khh;r; 1929
gphpl;b\_f;F vjpuhf rjp
3 Mz;LfspypUe;J MAs; jz;lidf;F jz;lidfs; khwp khwp toq;fg;gl;ld.
8. gfj;rpq; [_d; 1929 [_iy 1929
kj;jpa rl;l kd;wj;jpy; ntbFz;L jhf;Fjy; NghyP]; mjpfhhp rhz;lh;i] nfhiy nra;jy;
Mas; jz;lidf;F ehLflj;jg;gLjy;. kuz jz;lid
9. M.N. uha; uh[JNuhfk; kw;Wk; rjp
12 Mz;Lfs; rpiw jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;L gpwF 6 Mz;Lfshf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
10. \h eth[;fhd; gpNuk;Fkhh; Nrf]; kw;Wk; G.S jpy;yhd; (,e;jpa Njrpa uhZt tof;F)(INA Trial) tprhuiz nrq;Nfhl;il> nly;yp 1945
nfhiy nra;jy; kw;Wk; nfhiy nra;jYf;F MjuT je;J Nghiu elj;Jjy;
Kjypy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l MAl;fhy jz;lid js;Sgb nra;ag;gl;lJ. Mdhy; mguhjk; tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Gul;rpfu epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk; tof;Ffs;
epfo;Tfs; ,lk; Mz;L Fw;wr;rhl;lg;gl;lth;
Nuz;l; kw;Wk; mkP];l;bd; nfhiy
G+Nd 1897 jhNkjh; kw;Wk; ghy;fpU\;zh> rg;Ngfh; rNfhjuh;fs;
fpq;];Nghh;il nfhiy nrg;gak; Kaw;rpj;jy;
K[hG+h; 1908 guGy;yh rf;fp> Fj;uk; Ngh];
kzpfl;lyh (fy;fj;jh) kw;Wk; mypA+h; rjp tof;F
mypG+h; 1908 mugpe;j Nfh\;
[hd;[d; nfhiy tof;F
ehrpf; 1909 Mde;j; fh;Nf
34
fh;rd; thyp nfhiy tof;F
yz;ld; 1909 kjd; yhy; jPf;uh
`hh;b]; nfhiy Kaw;rp (nly;yp tof;F)
nly;yp 1912 uh[; gp`hhp Ngh]; kw;Wk; ngrd;l;Fkhh;
ff;Nrhhp rjp tof;F
ff;Nfhhp 1925 uhk; gpurhj; gp];kp]; kw;Wk; Mrg; Uy;yh
nrse;jh; nfhiy tof;F (ASP. yh$h;)
yh$h; 1928 gfj; rpq;
rl;lkd;w Fz;L tof;F
nly;yp 1929 gfj;rpq; kw;Wk; gl;LNfhy;th;
ikf;Nfy; Y – lah; nfhiy tof;F
yz;ld; 1940 cj;jk; rpq;
rpl;lfhq;fpy; MAj;j nfhiy
rpl;lfh]; 1930 #h;ah nrd;
Fw;wthspfSf;F vjpuhd Kf;fpa tof;Ffs; rjptof;F fhuzk; kw;Wk; tUlk; jPh;Tfs; ehrpf; rjp tof;F fNz\; rthf;fh; (1990 -
10) f;F vjpuhd jPh;g;gpy; epahakpy;yhj jz;lid
37 ,isQh;fs; gpbg;gl;ldh;> 3 Ngh; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh; kw;Wk; kPjkpUe;jth;fSf;F gy;NtW jz;lidfs; toq;fpdhh;
mypG+h; rjptof;F fhty; rpiwapy; xU Fz;L njhopw;rhiy Nrhjidf;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;L Neub ntbFz;Lfis (1908) kPl;lJ.
37 Ngh; n`k;re;jpuh fhDq;Nfh cy;yhrh; jj;> cNge;jpuehj; ghdh;[p cs;spl;lth;fs; jz;lidf;F cl;gl;ldh;.
`t;uh rjp tof;F 1910 nf[pd;juh Kfh;[p jz;lidf;F cl;gl;lhh;
nlf;fhd; rjptof;F Mdhyp]pd; rkpjpapd; cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhh; (1910)
Gsdh gp`hhp jh]; 7 Mz;L fLq;fhty; jz;lid ngw;whh;.
35
nly;yp rjp tof;F `hh;bq; gpuG it nfhiy Kaw;rpahy; Fz;L ntbg;G (1915)
kh];lh; mkph;fz;l; Mtj; gp`hhp> gha; ghy; KFe;;j; MfpNahh; ,wg;Gf;F cs;shdh;fs;.
yh$h; rjp tof;F rhz;lh];; nfhiy (1929 -30)
rh;jhh; gfj; rpq;> uh[;FU kw;Wk; Rf;jt; MfpNahh; J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;.
gdhu]; rjptof;F Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs; (1915 -16)
Rr;rpe;jpu ehj; rd;ahy; me;jkhDf;F ehL flj;jg;gl;lhh;.
tpf;Nlhhpah rjp tof;F Nfhkfj;j khU rk;gtk; fhuzkhf murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf nghJkf;fs; vOe;jdh;
FUj;jh rpq; kw;Wk; jyhq; rpq; MfpNahh;f;F 2 kw;Wk; tUlk; fLq;fhty; jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ.
ff;Nfhhp rjp tof;F muRf;F nrhe;jkhd gzk; ,uaypy; nfhs;if mbf;fg;gLtjw;F (1925)
uhk; gpurhj; gp];kpy;> Nuh\d; rpq;> Mrpg; cy;yh kw;Wk; ,uhN[e;jpu yhfphp MfpNahUf;F kuz jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ.
gQ;rhg; nfhiy tof;F gQ;rhgpd; MSeiu nfhiy nra;jtw;F
`hp fpU\;zhtpw;F J}f;F jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1
,e;jpah - ghfp];jhd; gphptpid
,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lk; (1947):
nksz;l; Ngl;ld; jpl;lj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;l gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; 1947 [_iy
18-k; ehs; ,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ.
,r;rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa $Wfs;:
,e;jpah - ghfp];jhd; gphptpid
,e;jpah - ghfp];jhd; gphptpid 1947 Mf];L 15 Kjy; eilKiwf;F tUk;.
gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; midj;J mjpfhuq;fisAk; ,t;tpuz;L ehLfsplk;
toq;Fk;.
gQ;rhg;> tq;fhsk; ,t;tpuz;L khfhzq;fspd; vy;iyfis tiuaWg;gjw;F
vy;iy tiuaWf;Fk; Mizak; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
,t;tpuz;L ehLfspd; murpayikg;G FOf;fSf;F murpayikg;ig
cUthf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gLk;.
uhl;fpspg; jiyikapyhd vy;iy tiuaWf;Fk; Mizak; ,e;jpa -
ghfp];jhd; vy;iyfis tiuaWj;jJ. 1947 Mf];L 15-k; ehs; ,e;jpahTk;>
Mf];L 14-k; ehs; ghfp];jhDk; Rje;jpu ehLfshapd. Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd;
Kjy; jiyik MSeuhf nksz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG nghWg;G Vw;whh;
ghfp];jhdpd; Kjy; jiyik MSeuhf KfkJ myp [pd;dh gjtpNaw;whh;.
1948 [dthp 30-k; ehs; kpfTk; Nrhfkhd epfo;r;rpAk; ele;NjwpaJ. Njrj;
je;ij kfhj;kh fhe;jpia GJnly;ypapy; itj;J mth; topghl;Lf;
$l;lj;Jf;Fr; nry;Yk; topapy; ehJuhk; Nfhl;Nr Rl;Lf;nfhd;whh;.
�
]B >EB BD
s|> V_ >twD
> tV_ sB V]_ \mz i >kVBV_ VVV
WBt skV> VBV_ VBV x ckVm. VBD () B W[ c\BV^ VBV^.
]_kol[ \uz z]l_ kV>k^ \k VBV D, wz z]l_ kV>k >Kz () VB VBV D w.o>k[ \uz VBV kBD TVB VD\[ wz VBV kBD >k^. sB E[ TEz z .. 1792D g| w]B DM guV| kVA[ "V c[" Fm V| VBVD k k_ FD c\ um.
>uz x[AD [AD gB g]> ]m AE k>m.
o>k[\ml_ i >] \VV[ xBV D V>>V_ o>k[ *m V s>V... 1755_ u|D k_ z]l_ > l_ _ V[ >\lV g >Vum. V>B V]_ gB B ]m ]B \[ u ku mkVzD.\uV| >[ ko\B o>[ n> o \uD c>sB VV. n> oD \VBD V_ ~|>V_ c>k xB s_. gB V[V () R Vz o>k zD V >.
�
]B >EB BD
.. 1759_ V[V >\l_ ]s>V \[ \V >V k\[ \[ c>s[ u|D k_ V xulm. o>k[ >VuV... 1764_ *|D o>k[ VB uVKD .. 1767D g| _ D_ [V_ o>k[ >Vu| V xkm \V u m.
RV[ [k [V_ B \>VBD
TVB VD\[
>VuDkD : .. 1761>> : T VB
VD\[\s : nD\V^V> : \m>] : k^ >k[\ : E k \ B [
^1. .. 1790_ VVzEl[
gE V uV.2. VD\[ k V>>[ V
\V 1798 \ 31 V^ 3310 VV^ k V s>m.
3. >V_ V\V>AD gEB V[ >[ km ]z\V c> >V.
4. 1798_ .19D >] V\V> A]_ > ][ Vm VD\[ k\]V. k m FB g m. Vm > \V>o_ gB E V_. VD\[ >sVKD, \ Ek \B ^ m FBV.
5. DkD zm [ g k kV_ \ sV zs[ xs[ VD\[ zu\uk W| Ek\B ^ s|sV. V[ l D FB.
6. [ u VBV \_ VD\[ k>uzD, m D\>\V \m V> ]D VD\z > s]m.
7. VD\[ Ek VBV c>sB V. k^ \k VD\[ Ek *m B|>V. Ek gBz xBV D K] k>>V_ gB k_o A c> ]_ko *m B|>.
8. VVzE V u V\o x>oBV kwB >k_^ V sR> kz]> \ V \[
�
]B >EB BD
VB .4, 1799_ xuluV. VD\[ B \k 1799 5 V um.
9. VVzEl[ ^ (VV) [ ]_ VD\[ >VuV VD\[ \uD \m > sVKD Ek\B ^ m FBV. VD um. 1799 . 13_ Ek \B ^ VVA]_ #oV.
10. V_ \]> VD\ AmV \[ sBzV> >V \V[ Em gBD >V.
11. gB y[ 1799, V 16 [ ]_koz K^ B>V Vl_ VD\[ #oV.
>[M] AE\m V>^
gB kV_ kAu> \^ ]V^ Ek>z^V>V_ AEz gB>V\Vl. |\V> ] m u|]Bk^ \m V>^.
>VuD>> JBV wWB[>VF V[V>V^EkB gE F>
xmk| V>D Vbk TV BVuBk E[\m, B \m gk
xm k|V>[ \sB [ B T\ kKVEBV.
uV]_ gEBVV \m V>^ g ]V m >[M]B \ u|]V.
\A >\
V\V>AD/Ek - \m V>^]_ko VD\[]|_ VV VB\V k\V\ i
VB[ \V]B #V kV
1800 [ 3D >] ]t> E 1800 \V 30D >]B \V]B \[ #VBV_ gDm.>[M]B l[ kKkV ]V_ AE m V> \B]_ \m V>V_ ]E D
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]B >EB BD
1801_ kl| kV[ V kKD, pD Vl_ kKD m. gBz ]V m ]BD > x>_ D mkVzD.El[ xB ]\V VBV Vso[ EkB_ z]B .. 1801D g| \29D V^ _ s[ >\lV g >VBm. \m V>^ >Vu.gBBV_ >Vu \m V>^ EDA V_ \m V. 1801 31_ u|] V c[ >twD xkmD gB |V_ k>m.\m V>^ AmV \[V_ V V|| 1801 . 24_ ]# V l_ #oV.VVzEl_ *|D AE F> \m kD 16, 1801_ kuV.
>V_sV V^1. ]Vz | \V>]uz
x[ >Vm.2. u\l[\ \uD E
\[^ gBz g> >m.
3. T g>^ _V\_ \V>o_ ~|m.
4. Vm\^ g> \V s_.
k AEV^
1. .. 1801D g| AE xuVKD \^ \]_ m aBs_. >B EBV^ Vbk]_ m EB\V ]m >k_ \V V.
2. Vl_ E k> ]As[ kV^ \ xBVEB * k|D ].
3. ]B EVF^ gB Tz \\V >V>>V_ EVF^ \]l_ m ku\B k>m.
4. V>B [ gV > s_oBD A \][ >] V[ VV .. 1806_ x|]B >] R [kV_ kk\ >V \uD Vbk ]>^ xB \uD c V\V \>m.
�
]B >EB BD
VzVbk AEz ]As[ J> \[
> > \uD \VFy[ [ kD m ]D y. EB >k_^ x\m \Vo [k JD \Vm.
1806 13D V^ V VB ukm ]t>m.
1. h 9, 1806 [ u ]As[ \[ ]\]_ m V EVF_ 23D k > EVF^ h 10 sBu Vl_ EB mk.
2. Vbk ]V _ V[V AEz x>_ oBVV. |>>V _ t_ | V_V.
3. AE >VB E \]_ V ]B EVF^ |V_ k>m. > > _>VV s| ]As[ AoV sm.
4. mu >k_ > Vl[ >] \ sm [ _ _lD >s>V.
5. Vbk [ k> _BV_ V u| T^ E. ]As[ z|DD V_>V Ez \Vu m.
6. k AE >V_sl_ x>m.
>V_sV V^1. ]t>uz x[ >V
m.2. xBV s_.3. cB V]_ c>s s_.4. \^ z V^s_.5. EVF^ gBz
skV\V >.
Q^ m1. V.D.kV : ""x>_ ]B >]
Vz x[V''2. . s : ""]B s|>z
>tw x[V''3. . VFB[ : ""\m V>^
]B VV][ >VE''4 .. ^ : ""k D>V[
1857EVF mz ka kz>m'' [> \V.
• • •
�
]B >EB BD
]Vs B^
x[ kV1854D g| W g V >s^ E _kVzt z|D [ V c\BV Vm [ Bm.1871D g| kl \^ | \uVkBV VM m kV BD V\ V JD Vm _>_ D m xD z u V >s_ kDA s] k|D D m.BV]>V > [kV_ ]Vs x[u]uV 1876D g| s>V>V [ \AD ]Vs VB[ [ >D klm. \KD kV_ 1891_ ]Vs \V >Vusm.\ MkV[ [kV_ 1891_ B \V
>Vus| 1892D g| g]]Vs \V [ B \VuD FBm.1908D g| ]] [ VB [k k V] x uV> k EB_ x[uD V]Bt_ [ V.1909D g| E.\BD, D.AV>\[ [ kwQV_ "[ V\ _V>V D' mkm. >[ VD V\_V >VB _sB Ak >VzD.1912_ k^, TVVt, mVt [kV_ [ \A z ckVm. >[ BVV > E. x>oBV [l_ _s l >l> V\_V> \VkV ]Vs s|] [ ]V. > \ [ [ ]Vs D [ B \VuD FBm.
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]B >EB BD
1912D g| V V \ VB_ tz .]BVVB [kV_ V]kVBV s>VV ]W]mkD u ko] V m.1916D g| >V >[VE w]_ V\ _kVz \KD cB>m. > g| u DB_ \[mV >>o_ V\ _V> kV^ kD >Vum k> zB >Vm. k^ Vv >k^ [m z >m.
>VuDV\_V>k^ x[u]uV
[ sVBV Vm \]_ 1916 kD 20_ >[M]B c\ BV D kkVFA \uD _s l_ kzAkV ]W]mk l_ m| [ xB V^ l_ >Vm. .D. VB, _ , ]BVVB BV, x>oBV gBV xB x^ gk.
1916 D \V>D .]BVVB [kV_ kVu EAt V\ _V>V D klm. ]_ \V> \^ >Vl_ kD 37% \|\ c^ V\^ V >s_ ] KD,
xB >sKD c^ [ m. mk [ ""V\ _V>V[ \VV VV'' [w m.
D g ]BV V> > > BV[ D
[ z Bm. m, WR, m [ V[ ]_ ]E
B s_ s\Em.
]E>[M]B c\ D >m
V^ \B J[ ] ] k>m.
gD .D.VB, D.. oD
g] VV >Kz V>V] V|
]Vs[ >t >kD ^>[ g >wV n [
BB V [w m. mk >ta_ ]E wm.
]El[ x>_ V\_V>V \Vk \VV| 1917 g| 19D V^ VBD# V T]l_ um. x>_ \VW \VV| 1917 D 28,29 [ k_o[ ] _ um.
1917D 14_ \Vzk ]m V\ c^ m kzzD s>VV ]W]mkD Vm.
�
]B >EB BD
]El[ gE
\A] El[ WkV^ 1917 V
\V>D >>|. ]E kl V^ B EB_ kkV >m.
]Ez >kD, V[z m >kD, Vm BD, VVD >. 25 c V Buz V^ x B_|]Bm.
1920 >>Kz z E VV [ A]B E>s ckVm.
]El[ x>_ >kV . ]BVVB D, x>_ Vm BVV guV| V\VtD >>|.
\[ >>_ 19201919 tV \Vo ]>^
l_ >>_ >m. >Vz]^ kzAkV, >Vz]^ EA >Vz]^ m >Vz]^ >. [ \[]_ 127 c^ >. m_ 98 61 >Vz]^ m >>|. gE xB ]m V >>o_ Vls_. t ]E [\BV_ ]E 63 _ ku um.
V]_ Vm \]A cBk^ \|\ kVVV
. \V> \^ >V 40 t_oM_ 12, 48, 156 kV >z] u>. VBV 24.97% kVz ]kVlu.
x>_ \k (192023).]BVVB >sBu \>\BV_ g k_o[ w[ _ .VBK V|s[ >\l_ 1920 D 7D V^ \k \m. k c_W V\V >s sB>V_ 1921 11 _ V uV.1921_ >>o_ Vl z s]> > m.1920_ [ glD sz z]l_ ^_ k c kwm. [ mk k \]B c ]\V sk>m.B, \ [ Vu^ | k^ g] ]Vs [w.1922 D 18_ m WB \V>V V| km.>V>V [ VmVuV n.E.. ]V WBtV.x>_ \kl_ >tw k _ [m z>m.
�
]B >EB BD
Vkm \k
(192326)x>_ \k 1923 11 xm 1923 . 31_ >>_ >m. BVB E Vl>V_ 44 _ \|\ ku um.>MDV[\ \BV>>V_ WB\ c g>[ 1923 kD 19_ _ >\l_ VD \k >s um.1924_ BV WB\ kVBD \m. mk [ \VW BV^ >kVB \V c\VuD >m.1925[ >Kz \Val[ kEV g] _ wD \m.1922_ V|k m WB \V>V 1925_ W ku| \Vm. >[ Vl_[ JD kD k\VD Vmz B[|>|D [ sm.
J[VD \k1926D g| u >>o_ .BJ] >\l_ tB BVB E 41 KD, ]E 21KD ku u.>M DV[\ mD BVB E gE \
\m s>VKD, ]Ez DV[\ _V>>VKD, BBV Vl ""A z]'' VB[ [k ]E \uD \u B^ g>[ gE \>.km \kl_>V[ x>[ x>V \kl_ m V^V. km B. Dr. xmt . km xBuE JD s|> ^ Bu. 1930_ >k>VE x am.1929_ >t_s kEV V\ _ wD >Vm.\>V V>BV x>BV x>oBV [kV_ kzAkV ]W]mkD sB_ k\V xl_ kzm. m VV x m.
V[Vkm \k
(1930 34)1930D g| kV_ \B _kVz [\BV_ V\D, El_ m V^. > g| u >>o_ ] E 35 _ ku um.DV[\ _V>>V_ WB\ c g>kV| xVt V| >\l_ 1930 .17_ gE \>m.
�0
]B >EB BD
cE _ V\V 1932 kD 5D >] Vo x>\V VuV.V]_ t[>Vz xBmkD V|| \^ \Vu . k \B El[ _kVz B >VBm.
n>Vkm \k (193437)1934-D g| u >>o_
]E |>V_s >VKD >M DV[\[ kuu B VB E gE \V>>V_ ]E Vo >\l_ gE \>m.
BV[ ~V| ]> ]E u V>V_ BV[ g> >m.
]Vs wD1935 ]B ][
u 1937D g| >>o_ V ku u, VV >\l_ gE \>m.
1938 D 29D g| BV _V El_ >Vm ] El[ >kV >>|V.
>>_ V>l_ m ]EB sB BV J ]> VVz xBmkD V|>V.
>B|m 1944 g| 27D >] ]_ > \VV_ ]E ]Vs wD B \VuD FB|
>[ E[\V >V \Vu| A Ml_ EA kD V> V x|>m.
>[ [ ]E .V\] >\lKD (194445) ..V[ >\l_ (4547) Bz B_| \>m.
""]W]mkD [_ kl_'' E. x>oBV (\ >)
""T|z^ Ow> ][ V[ gB^ ]Vs^ V> BV
s''. .D. VB
]E TEV V^kzAkV ]W]mkD [ u zV^ EBV B_m. gBz x g> >m.cB kzV[ cBz x[\. zV EV[\l, g]]Vs \Vu .]V gl[ V\V > E _ \uD \V>_ Vz^.]E >k[ gD kV xgEBV[ B>]V Vz \uD V kE.
VoB[ kVVV |VB ]E ]s_ [m
z>m.
��
]B >EB BD
[ \V D]El[ WV m, >uz VBV V\_V> VVV_ 1917 . 20_ mkm..k ^ >kVD, ~,k.V\Vt VB m >kVD, ]. s. _BV >V, .k>VK V| V[V xB cVD >.]B[ BV [ g >D > >[ [ >t >D klm.>V>V \uD u|> V V V||k>V| g gEBD ]> V^BV Vm.
B\BV> BD>tV[ t E> ]> kV]BV BV ~.k. V\Vt VB 1925D g| B\BV> B> >Vus>V.B\BV> BD, u|> , >V> J][ B\BV>B ko]Bm[, k x>VB] \_\]uz cB>D V|m.\>D, V], EBo_ \uD x>VB]_ V\[ g]> sBD |\BV ]>m.
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s V_| ""V] >m BV]uz >tV| yskV][ g>k VV.''
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FB Vm BVVD, .. kVBV VVV\ Vui z^ ]BV BVE k|D [> >[VE w][ zV^.]B >EB V | x > V]_ >[VE BD >EB VV> ym[ ka]Bm.[M D\BV[ BVE ]uz > 1917, g 20_ kBV \Vz > VD.[M[ V> VV k \|mD s>]_ 1917 D_ _>Vs_ u V \VV[ >kV k >>|V.
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V BD]B xD^, V]l[ mwA[ >VB V B]_ >tV| gkm[ m Vm.
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BVB E]B s|> VVD > Wlom Vm BVB El \[mz^ mwBV\ B> >Vzk> x F>.>tV_ # FBV, MkV FBV, k>VK V|, sBVkVV, . Vt FBV gBV BVB El_ m \[ Owk g>>.\]B \[]uz 1892, kD 13 [ u >>o_ >tVom >>| BVB El^ .Vt FBV, g.. xD BV, [. MkV FBV gBV z>kVk.
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> >Vm V] c xB V >k^ m FB.k^B kB B> >tV_ Bk V\VVkV.
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>V.k 1946 x>_ 1947 k \uz k gV BVuV.k >] ]BVs[ k V [ 21, 1948 x>_ k 25, 1950 k >s k>V.]B k V > ]B \uD ]BVs[ E k _ gB EAzBk VV.
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B_ >[ kVu ] ^V.k ""V_'' [ kV >wD "">t x'' [ >wD ]V.>tw \kl[ >kV BVuV.2006D g_ km uV| swVs x[M| >tw km _ V|\BVD, km ckD V> W _ >B kl|D EA Fm^m.
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Cd Kw;NwhUf;F 3% ,l xJf;fPL
fy;tp> Ntiy tha;g;gpy; muR
xJf;fPL nra;Js;sJ.
1989 y; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l lhf;lh;
jh;khk;ghs; mk;ikahh; tpjit
kWkzj;jpl;lk; Vio
tpijitfspd; kfsph;
jpUkzj;jpw;nfd &. 10>000 epjp
cjtp nra;fpwJ.
Mjutw;w ngz;fspd;
jpUkzj;jpw;F epjp cjtp nra;Ak;
tifapy; md;id njurh jpUkzj;
jpl;lk; GJg;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,e;jpa muR 2002 Mk; Mz;by;
tpjitfs; kw;Wk; Mjutw;w
ngz;fSf;fhf Rthjh jpl;lk; vd;w
xd;iw Jtf;fpAs;sJ.
1000f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l mdhij
Foe;ijfs; trpf;Fk; mdhij
,y;yq;fspy; E}yfq;fis
Vw;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fkhff;
nfhz;L ‘Mde;jk;” jpl;lk;
njhlq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Kf;fpa jkpof Kjyikr;rh;fs; kw;Wk;
rpwg;G jpl;lq;fs;:
1. ,uh[h[p (1937 -39> 1952 -54):
Nfhtpy; EioT rl;lk; 1939
3
tptrhafld; epthuz rl;lk;
1938
g+uz kJ tpyf;F 1939
Fyf;fy;tpjpl;lk; 1953
,e;jp nkhop jpzpg;G jpl;lk;
2. fhkuh[; (1954 - 57> 1957 - 62> 1962
- 63)
Fyf;fy;tp jpl;lj;ij xopj;jy;
11 Mk; tFg;G tiu ,ytr
fl;lha fy;tp.
kjpa czTj;jpl;lk; (1962)
kjuh]; IIT cUthf;fk;>
nea;Ntyp ypf;idl; fhh;gNu\d;
kw;Wk; BHEL jpUr;rp Jtf;fk;
K - jpl;lk; (fhkuh[;
jpl;lk;)(1963)
3. gf;jtr;ryk; (1963 -67)
Kk;nkhopj;jpl;lk;> (Mq;fpyk;>
`pe;jp> jkpo;) 1965
,jw;F vjpuhf `pe;jp vjph;g;G
Nghuhl;lk; mz;zhJiu
jiyikapy; eilngw;wJ.
tpNtfhde;jh; ghiw epidT
kz;lgk;(1963)
4. C.N. mz;zhJiu (1967 - 67):
Rakhpahij jpUkzk;
,Unkhopj;jpl;lk;
,uz;lhtJ cyfjkpo; khehL
(1968)
1 &gha;f;F 1 gb mhprpj;jpl;lk;.
kjuh]; khepyk; jkpo;ehL vd
ngah; khw;wk; (1969)
NgUe;J ehl;Lilik
if hpf;\h xopg;G
kJ tpyf;F nfhs;if
NgUe;Jfspy; jpUf;Fws;
5. M. fUzhepjp (1969 - 71> 1971 - 76>
1996 - 2001> 2006 -11):
1 &gha;f;F 1 fpNyh mhprp
tpiyapy;yh ,ytr mhprp
jpl;lk;.
fhg;gPl;L jpl;lk;
,ytr njhiyf;fhl;rp jpl;lk;.
6. M.G. uhkr;re;jpud; (1977 - 80> 1980
-84> 1985-87)
rj;JzT jpl;lk;
rpdpkh njhopy;El;g gs;sp.
tptrhapfSf;F ,ytr
kpdrhuk;.
7. n[.n[ayypjh (1991 - 96> 2001 -
06> 2011 - jw;NghJtiu)
ngz; Foe;ij ghJfhg;G jpl;lk;
1992 (Cradle Baby Scheme)
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ngz; NghyP];
fkhz;Nlh gil Vw;gLj;jg;gly;
(2003)
4
,ytr MLfs; jpl;lk;
,ytr kpf;]p> fpiuz;lh; kw;Wk;
kpd; tprpwp jpl;lk;.
,ytr kbf;fzpdp jpl;lk;.
tpiyFiwe;j cztfk;> FbePh;>
kw;Wk; cg;G toq;Fk; jpl;lk;.
gFj;jwpT kw;Wk; jpuhtpl ,af;fk;
gpuhkzh; my;yhNjhh; ,af;fk;:
1912 y; jpUty;ypf;Nfzpapy;
lhf;lh; eNlr Kjypahhpd;
,y;yj;jpy; midj;J
gpuhkzuy;yhNjhh; xd;W $bdh;
,jd; tpisthf kjuh]; jpuhtplr;
rq;fk; vd;w mikg;G Njhd;wpaJ.
1912y; mth; gpuhkzh;
my;yhNjhUf;F vd;W jdp tpLjp
xd;iw Jtf;fpdhh;.
1916y; b.vk;.ehah; kw;Wk; gp.b.
jpahfuha nrl;bahh; Nghd;Nwhh;
midj;J gpuhkzuy;yhNjhiu
xd;W jpul;b ‘njd;dpe;jpa
tpLjiyf;fofk; vd;w mikg;ig
Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. ,t;tpaf;fk;
jpuhtpld; vd;w jkpo;
gj;jphpf;ifia ntspapl;lJ.
,JNt Mq;fpyj;jpy; [];b];
vd;Wk; njYq;fpy; Me;jpu
gpufhrpfh vd;w ngahpYk;
ntspte;jJ. ,t;tpaf;fk; 1917 y;
ePjpf;fl;rpahf khwp 1920y;
eilngw;w Njh;jypy; ePjpf;fl;rp
Ml;rpiag; gpbj;jJ. kjuh];
khfhzj;jpy; Rg;GuhaY nul;bahh;
Kjy;tuhf gjtpNaw;whh;.
1923 y; eilngw;w Njh;jypYk;
b.vk;. rptQhd gps;is
mth;fspd; jiyikapy; ePjpf;fl;rp
nghWg;Ngw;wJ. Mdhy; 1926
kw;Wk; 1937 y; eilngw;w Njh;jypy;
ePjpf;fl;rp Njhy;tpaile;jJ.
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; rhjidfs;:
Kjd; Kjyhf muR
Njh;thizaf;FO xd;W 1929y;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
1929y; Me;jpugy;fiyf;fofk;
kw;Wk; mz;zhkiyg;
gy;fiyf;fofk; Jtf;fg;gl;lJ.
1921 y; ,Ue;J mwepiyar;
rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
,jdbg;gilapy;
gpuhkzuy;yhNjhh; mh;r;rh;fshf
Nfhtpy;fspy; gzpa
kh;j;jg;gl;ldh;.
1921 y; ngz;fSf;F thf;Fhpik
toq;Ftjw;fhd rl;lk;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ.
<.nt.uhkrhkp mth;fs;
Rakhpaij ,af;fj;ij
Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
<.nt.uhkrhkp
5
1879 Mk; Mz;L nrg;lk;gh; 17
k; ehs; <Nuhl;by; gpwe;jhh;.
mtuJ je;ij - ntq;fl;l
ehaf;fh;
jhahh; - rpd;d
jhak;khs;
<.nt.uh> 19 -Mk; tajpy;
ehfk;ik vd;gtiu kze;jhh;.
gpwF ,th; fhq;fpu]py; Nrh;e;jhh;.
,e;jpahtpy; xj;Jioahik
,af;fk; eilngw;w NghJ>
jkpo;ehl;bd; fhq;fpu];
fkpl;bapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;jhh;.
1925 y; fhQ;rpGuj;jpy; eilngw;w
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];
khehl;by;> jhd; nfhz;Lte;j
tFg;Gthj gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
NfhUk; jPh;khdk; Vw;fg;glhjjhy;
fhq;fpu]py; ,Ue;J tpyfpdhh;.
1925 y; Rakhpahij
,af;fj;ijAk; FbauR vd;w
jkpo; ,jioAk; Jtf;fpdhh;.
gpwF 1928 y; Gul;rp vd;w ,jio
Mq;fpyj;jpYk; Jtf;fpdhh;.
1924 y; jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fs;
NfhapYf;Fs; Eioa Nfushtpy;
itf;fk; vd;w ,lj;jpy;
Nghuhl;lk; elj;jp ntw;wp
fz;lhh;.,jdhy; ,th; itf;fk;
tPuh; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;whh;.
ePjpf;fl;rpapd; MjuNthL 1930y;
jPz;lhik vjph;g;G rl;lk; epiw
Ntw;wg;gl;lJ. [dthp 30 Mk;
ehs; jPz;lhik xopg;G ehshf
mDrhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
ngz;fs; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhfTk;
mUk;ghLgl;lhh;. 1938 y;
kjuh]py; eilngw;w ngz;fs;
khehl;by; <.nt.uhtpw;F ‘
nghpahh;” vd;w gl;lk;
mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
<. nt. uh> lhf;lh; Kj;Jyl;Rkp
Nghd;Nwhhpd; Kaw;rpapdhy;
1930y; Njtjhrp xopg;Gr;rl;lk;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpa murhq;fk; 1961y;
tujl;riz jilr; rl;lk;
,aw;wpaJ.
1944 y; Nryk; efhpy; nghpahh;
jiyikapy; eilngw;w
ePjpf;fl;rp khehl;by;
mz;zhJiuapd; jPh;khdj;jpd;
gb ePjpf;fl;rp jpuhtplh; fofk;
vd ngah; khw;wg;gl;lJ.
nghpahUld; Vw;gl;l fUj;J
NtWghLfshy; mz;zhJiu
mth;fs; 17.08.1949 y; jpuhtpl
Kd;Ndw;w fofj;ij
Vw;gLj;jpdhh; vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
6
,e;jpa murpay; fl;rpfs;
gpujpepjpj;Jt kf;fshl;rp eilngWk;
ehl;by; murpay; fl;rpfs;
(Indirect Democracy (or)
Representative)
murhq;fj;ij mikj;J kf;fSf;F
ey;yhl;rpia toq;Ffpd;wd. nghJthf
cyf ehLfspy; %d;W tifahd
murpay; fl;rp Ml;rpKiwfs;
eilKiwapy; cs;sd.
1. xU fl;rp Ml;rpKiw (cjhuzk;
Ke;ija USSR, fpof;F INuhg;gh
ehLfs;)
2. ,U fl;rp Kiw (USA, gphpl;ld;)
3. gy fl;rp Ml;rpKiw (,e;jpah>
gpuhd;];> ,j;jhyp> Rtpl;rh;yhe;J)
Njrpa fl;rpfs; - vd;gjw;F (National
Parties - India) jFjpfs; (VNjDk; xU jFjp)
1. xU fl;rp ehd;F my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspy; Nyhf; rgh Njh;jypd; NghJ 6% nry;YgbahFk; thf;Ffis (Valid votes) ngw Ntz;Lk;. my;yJ ehd;F my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fspy; rl;lg;Nguit Njh;jypd; NghJ 6% nry;YgbahFk; thf;Ff;fis ngw Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; Nyhf;rgh Njh;jypy; khepyq;fspypUe;J 4 ,lq;fspy; ntw;wp ngw Ntz;Lk;.
2. xU fl;rp Nyhf;rgh Njh;jypy; 2% ,lq;fis ntw;wp ngWk; gl;rj;jpy; me;j ,lq;fis %d;W khepyq;fspypUe;J ntw;wp ngw Ntz;Lk;.
3. ehd;F khepyq;fspy; khepyf;fl;rpahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
t. vz; fl;rp rpd;dk; Vw;gLj;jpa Mz;L
1. ghujpa [djh fl;rp (BJP) jhkiu 1980
2. ,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu];(INC) if 1885
3. ,e;jpa fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp (CPU) fjph; mhpths;
kf;fhr;Nrhsk;
1925
4. ,e;jpa fk;A+dp];l;
(khh;f;rp];l;) fl;rp (CPM)
Rj;jpay;> fjph;
mhpths;> el;rj;jpuk;
1964
5. gF[d; rkh[; fl;rp (BSP) ahid 1984
6. Njrpathj fhq;fpu]; fl;rp
(NCP)
fbfhuk; 1999
7
khepyf;fl;rpfs; - ,e;jpah (State
Political Parties - India)
jFjpfs; (VNjDk; xU jFjp)
1. xU khepyj;jpd; rl;lg; Nguitj;
Njh;jypy; 6% nry;YgbahFk;
thf;Ffis ngw Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;
2 ,lq;fis me;j khepy
rl;lg;Nguitj; Njh;jypy; ntw;wp
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
2. Nyhf;rgh Njh;jypy; xU
khepyj;jpy; 6% nry;YgbahFk;
thf;Ffis ngwNtz;Lk;. NkYk;
me;j khepyj;jpy; 1 Nyhf;rgh
,lj;ij ntw;wp nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
3. xU khepyj;jpd; rl;lg;Nguitj; Njh;jypy; 3% jpw;F mjpfkhd ,lq;fisNah my;yJ 3 ,lq;fSf;F mjpfkhd ,lq;fisNah ntw;wp nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
ex
i) Nfush - Nfush fhq;fpu]; fl;rp (KEC)
ii) jkpo;ehL - midj;jpe;jpa mz;zhjpuhtpl Kd;Ndw;wfofk; (AIADMK)
jw;NghJ 6 fl;rpfs; Njrpa
fl;rpfshfTk;> 40f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l
khepyf;fl;rpfSk;> 950f;Fk;
Nkw;gl;l fl;rpfs; ,e;jpa Njh;jy;
Mizaj;jhy; mq;fPfhpf;fg;glhj
fl;rpfshfTk; cs;sd.
E}y;fs;> gj;jphpf;iffs;> ,jo;fs;
kw;Wk; Mrphpah;fs;
Mrphpah;fs; E}y;fs;>
gj;jphpf;iffs;> ,jo;fs;;
mutpe;j Nfh\;
1. fh;kNahfp (Karmayogi)
2. epa+ Nyk;g; ‡ghh; xy;l; (New Lamp
for old)
3. gthdp ke;jph; (Bhawani Mandir)
gf;fpk; re;jpu rhl;lh;[p
1. Mde;j; khj; (Anand math)
2. Jh;Nf\; ee;jpdp
(Durgesh Nandhini)
B.R. mk;Ngj;fh;
1. %f; ehaf; (Mook Nayak)
2. ghfp];fphpj; ghuj;
(Bahiskrit Bharat)
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
1. uh];l; fh‡g;lh; (Rast Goftar)
2. tha;]; Mg; ,e;jpah (Voice of
India)
3. Vo;ikAk; gphpl;b\hh; ,y;yh
,e;jpa Ml;rpAk; (Poverty and
Unbritish rule in India)
jahde;j ru];tjp
8
1. Ntj gh\;a g+kpfh (Veda Bhaiya
Bhumika)
2. rj;ahh;j;j gpufh\; (Satyartha
Prakash)
Nfhghy fpU\;z NfhfNy
1. Ne\d; (Nation)
2. Rjhuf; (Sudharak)
[t`h;yhy; NeU
1. b];fthp M‡g; ,e;jpah
(Discovery of India)
2. Ne\dy; n`uhy;L (National
Herald)
3. tpnjh; ,e;jpah (Wither India)
4. Nrhtpaj; Mrpah (Soviet Asia)
5. fpspk;r]; Mg; Nth;y;l; `p];lhp
(Climpses of World History)
M.K fhe;jp
1. et[Ptd; (Navjeevan)
2. aq; ,e;jpah (Young India) -
gj;jphpf;if.
3. `hp[d; (Harijan)
4. ,e;jpad; xgpdpad; (Indian
Opinion)
5. ,e;jpad; N`hk;&y;
(Indian Home rule)
6. rj;jpa Nrhjid
(My Experiments with Truth)
kjd; Nkhfd; khstpah
1. ,e;J];jhd; (Hindustan)
2. yPlh; (Leader)
utPe;jpuehj; jh$h;
1. nyl;lh;]; ‡gpuk;G\pah (Letters
from Fussia)
2. Nfhuh (Gora)
3. fhh;nldh; (Gardener)
uh[huhk; Nkhfd;uha;
1. rhk;ghj; nfsKb (Sambad
Kaumudi)
2. kPul; - cy; - mf;gh; (Mirat - ul -
Akbar)
3. gh;fh jj;jh (Barga - Dutta)
tpNtfhde;jh;
1. gpuGj;jh ghuj; cj;Nghjdh
(Prabhudha Bharat Udbodhana)
2. gpur;ah Mh; gh];rah (Prachya
aur Pashchaya)
md;dpngrz;l;
1. epA ,e;jpah (New India)
2. fhkd; tPy; (common weal)
3. Ntf; mg; ,e;jpah (Wake up
India)
B.G. jpyfh;
1. Nfrhp (Kesari)
2. kuhj;jh (Maharatta)
B.K ee;jh
1. gNahfpuhgp Mg; NfhfNy
(Biography of Gokhale)
cgjNa
1. re;jpah (Sandhiya)
9
2. ghy; rh];jphp [k;Ngfh; - jh;gd;
(Darpan)
3. ghpe;jpu Fkhh; Nfh\; kw;Wk; GNge;jpu
jj;jh - Afe;jhh; (Yugantar)
4. ghh;Nje;J `hp]; re;jpuh -
ftpthr;rhd; Rjh (Kavivachan
Sudha)
5. gpgpd; re;jpughy; - ghpjhh;\hf;
(Paridarshak)
6. fh;rd; - gpyhrgp Mg; jp <];l;
(Philosophy of the east)
7. jahs; rpq; k[Pjpah (Dayal Singh
Majeetia)
8. bhpG+d; (Tribune)
9. jPd;ge;J kpj;uh - ePy; jh;gd; (Neel
Darpan)
10. njNuh\pNah - <];l; ,e;jpad; (East
Indian)
11. NjNte;jpuehj; jh$h; - ,e;jpad;
kpuh; (Indina Mirror)
E.V.R. nghpahh; - FbauR (Kudi
Arasu)
G. Rg;ukzpa ma;ah; -
RNjrkpj;jpud; (Swadesh Mitran)
G.S ma;ah;> tPuuhfthr;rhhp> kw;Wk;
Rg;gh uht; gz;bl; - jp `pe;J
(The Hindu)
Fyhk; `_ird; - ,d;Fyhg;
(Inquilab)
`hp]; re;jpu Kfh;[p - `pe;J
Ngl;hpahl; (Hindu Patriot)
n`d;wp tptpad; njNuh\pNah -
,e;jpah nf[l; (India Gazettee)
`z;lh;]; - ,e;jpad; Kry; khd;];
(Indian Musalmans)
<];tu re;jpu tpj;ahrhfh; - N\hk;
gpufh\; (Som Prakash)
N[k;]; mf];l]; `pf;fp (1780) -
ngq;fhy; nf[l; jp fy;fj;jh
n[duy; ml;th;ilrh; (Bengal
Gazettee or the Culcutta General
Advertiser)
N[hjpgh g+Ny - Fyhk; fphp
(Chulam Giri)
K.K. kpj;uh - rQ;rptdp (Sanjivani)
K.M gdpf;fh; - jp `pe;J];jhd;
ilk;]; (The Hindustan Times)
nksyhdh mGy;fyhk; Mrhj;
1. ,e;jpah tpd;]; ‡gPhplk;
2. my;`pyhy; (Al-Hilal)
M.G. uhdNl - v];Nr]; ,d;
,e;jpah vf;fdhkpf;]; (Essays in
India Economics) ,e;jpa
nghUshjhu fl;Liufs;
M.N. Roy - ,e;jpah ,d;
buhd;rprd; (India in Transition)
Nklk; gpf;fh[p fhkh - te;Nj
khjuk; (Bande Mataram)
10
nksyhd Kfk;kJ myp - fhk;
nul; (Comrade)
KFe;j;uht; ghl;by; - jPd; kpj;uh
(Din Mitra)
K[hgh; mfkJ - et;Af; (Navyug)
P.C uha; - `p];l;hp Mg; `pe;J
nfkp];lhp (History of Hindu
Chemistry)
ngNuh\h Nkj;jh - ghk;Ng
FNuhdpf;fps; (Bombay Chronicle)
R.C. jj; - vf;dhkpf; `p];l;hp Mg;
gphpl;b\; ,e;jpah(Economic
Historyof British India)
R.P jj; - ,e;jpah LNl
(IndiaToday)
uhgh;l; iel; - ,e;jpad; ];Nll;];
Nkd; (Indian Statements)
uhgh;l; iel; kw;Wk; jhk]; gP nel; -
ghk;Ng ilk;]; (Bombay Times)
S.A NlQ;r; - jp Nrh\payp];l; (The
Socialist)
Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; - ,e;jpad;
];l;uFs; (Indian Struggle)
RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p - ngq;fhsp
(Bengalee)
rrpe;jpu ehj; rd;ahy; - gz;b
[Ptd; (Bandi Jivan)
\pahk;[p fpU\;z th;kh (yz;ld;)
- ,e;jpad; Nrh\pNahyh[p];l;
(Indian Sociologist)
rh; iraJ mfkJ fhd; - jh[pg; -
cy; - mf;yf; (Tahzib - ul - Akhlaq)
rprph;Fkhh; Nfh\; kw;Wk; Nkhjpyhy;
Nfh\; - mk;hpj g[hh; gj;hpfh
(Amrita Bazar Patrika)
jhuf;ehj; jh]; - ‡gphP
`pe;J];jhd; (Free Hindustan)
tpNue;jpu rl;NlhgNj - jy;thh;
(Talvar)
yhyhy[gjpuha;
1. aq; ,e;jpah (Young India -E}y;)
2. md;N`g;gp ,e;jpah (Unhappy
India)
uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; - ,e;jpa gphptpid
(Partition of India)
n[aNjt; - fPj Nfhtpe;jk; (Gita
Govind)
tp.tp.fphp - tha;]; M‡g;
fd;ird;]; (Voice of Conscience)
N[.gp. ehuhazd; - gphprd; ilhp
(Prison Diary)
tPh; rthh;f;fh; - ,e;jpa
tpLjiyg;Nghh;
,e;jpuh fhe;jp - ik l;&j; (My
truth)
eurpk;kuht; - jp ,d;irlh; (The
Insider)
mg;Jy;fyhk; - vOr;rp
jPgq;fs;>Wings of Fire, Vision 2020
(mf;dp rpwFfs;)
11
t. vz; ,lk; jiyth; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
1. 1885 - gk;gha; W.C. ghdh;[p fhq;fpu]pd; Nehf;fq;fs; kw;Wk;
nfhs;iffs; ntspaplg;gLjy;.
Kjy; $l;lk; 72 gpujpepjpfs;
gq;Nfw;G
2. 1886 - fy;fj;jh jhjhgha;
nesNuh[p
436 gpujpepjpfs; gq;Nfw;G,e;jpa
Njrpa fhq;fpu]pk; (Indian
National Congress), (Indian
National Conference),e;jpa
Njrpa xd;wpizT.
3. 1887 - kjuh]; gf;UjPd; jpahg;[p 607 gpujpepjpfs; gq;Nfw;G
K];yPk;fs; fhq;fpu]py; ,iza
mikg;G tpLf;fg;gl;lJ.
4. 1888 -
myfhghj;
[hh;[; A+Ny 1248 gpujpepjpfs; gq;Nfw;G
5. 1889 - gk;gha; tpy;ypak;
ntl;lh;gh;d;
-
6. 1890 - fy;fj;jh ngNuh\h Nkj;jh -
7. 1891 - ehf;g+h; P. Mde;j rhh;Y -
8. 1892 -
myfhghj;
W.C. ghdh;[p -
9. 1893 - yh$h; jhjhgh; nesNuh[p -
10. 1894 - kjuh]; My;‡gpul; ntg; -
11. 1895 - g+dh RNue;jpu ehj;
ghdh;[p
-
12. 1896 - fy;fj;jh u`Pk;Jy;yh rahdp -
12
13. 1897 - mkuhtjp C. rq;fud; ehah; -
14. 1989 - kjuh]; A.M. Ngh]; -
15. 1899 - yf;Ndh NuhNk\; re;jpu jj;
(R.C. Dutt)
epytUthia epue;jukhf
epiyepWj;j Ntz;Lk;
16. 1900 - yh$h; N.G. re;jhth;f;fh; -
17. 1901 - fy;fj;jh D.E. thr;rh -
18. 1902 -
mfkjhghj;
RNue;jpuehj;
ghdh;[p
-
19. 1903 - kjuh]; yhy; Nkhfd; Nfh]; -
20. 1904 - gk;gha; n`d;wp fhl;ld; -
21. 1905 - ngdhu]; Nfhghy fpU\;z
NfhfNy
tq;fg;gphptpidf;F fz;ldk;
njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
22. 1906 - fy;fj;jh jhjhgha;
nesnuh[p
Rauh[;ak; vd;w thh;j;ij Kjd;
Kjyhf Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJ.
23. 1907 - #uj; uh];gpfhhp Nfh\; fhq;fpu]pd; kpjthjpfs;
jPtputhjpfs; gphpe;j #uj; gpsT
24. 1908 - kjuh]; uh]; gpfhhp Nfh\; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd;
murpayikg;G rl;lk;
cUthf;fk;
25. 1909 - yh$h; kjd; Nkhfd;
khstpah
K];yPk;fSf;F toq;fpa jdpj;
njhFjpf;F vjph;g;G
njhptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
26. 1910 -
myfhghj;
tpy;ypak;
ntl;lh;gh;d;
-
27. 1911 - fy;fj;jh B.N jhh; -
28. 1912 - gq;fpG+h; R.N. KNjhy;fh; -
29. 1913 - fuhr;rp iraJ KfkJ -
30. 1914 - kjuh]; GNge;jpu ehj; ghR -
31. 1915 - gk;gha; S.P. rpd;`h -
32. 1916 - yf;Ndh A.C. k[Pk;jhh fhq;fpu]; kpjthjpfs;>
13
jPtputhjpfs; xd;wpizT
yf;Ndh cld;gbf;if.
33. 1917 - fy;fj;jh md;dpngrz;l; -
34. 1918 - nly;yp kjd;Nkhfd;
khstpah
-
35. 1919 -
mkph;jru];
Nkhjpyhy; NeU [hypad; thyhghf;
gLnfhiyf;F fz;ldk;
fpyhgj; ,af;fk; njhlf;fk;
36. 1920 - ehf;g+h; C.
tp[auhfthr;rhhpah;
fhq;fpu]; fl;rpapd; Gjpa
murpayikg;G rl;lk;
cUthf;fk;.
37. 1921 -
mfkjhghj;
C.R. jh]; (rpiw)
`f;fpk; m[;ky;
fhd; (nghWg;G)
-
38. 1922 - fah C.R. jh]; Rauh[;a fl;rp cUthf;fk;.
39. 1923 -
fhf;fpehlh
nksyhdh
Kfk;kJ myp
-
40. 1924 - ngy;fhk; M.K. fhe;jp -
41. 1925 - fhd;g+h; rNuh[pdp ehAL -
42. 1926 -
nfsfhj;jp
S. =epthrIaq;fhh; -
43. 1927 - kjuh]; M.A md;rhhp irkd; FOit Gwf;fzpg;gjw;F
jPh;khdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.
44. 1928 - fy;fj;jh Nkhjpyhy; NeU mfpy ,e;jpa ,isQh;
fhq;fpu]; cUthf;fk;
45. 1929 - yh$h; [t`h;yhy; NeU g+uz tpLjiy jPh;khdk;
rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij njhlq;f
jPh;khdk;
46. 1931 - fuhr;rp ty;ygha; gNly; fhe;jp - ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jj;jpw;F
xg;Gjy;
14
mbg;gil chpikfs; kw;Wk;
Njrpa nghUshjhu jpl;lk;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
47. 1932 - nly;yp A.R. nrj; -
48. 1933 - fy;fj;jh nes;sp nrq;Fg;jh -
49. 1934 - gk;gha; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; -
50. 1936 - yf;Ndh
(Vg;uy; 12-14)
[t`h;yhy; NeU fhq;fpu]; nfhs;if Nrh\yprk;
Mf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W
jPh;khdk;.
51. 1936 - nga;[; G+h;
(brk;gh; 27 - 28)
[t`h;yhy; NeU Kjy; Kiwahf fpuhkj;jpy;
khehL eilngw;wJ.
53. 1938 - `hpGuh Rgh]; re;jpu Ngh]; [t`h;yhy; NeU jiyikapy;
Njrpa jpl;lf;fkpl;b
Vw;gLj;jg;gLjy;.
54. 1940 - uhk;fhh; nksyhdh
mGy;fyhk; Mrhj;
-
55. 1946 - kPul; Mr;rhh;ah J.B.
fphpghydp
-
56. 1948 - n[a;g;g+h; gl;lhgp
rPj;jhuhika;ah
-
1930> 1935 kw;Wk; 1941-45 Mz;Lfspy; fhq;fpu]; khehLfs; eilngwtpy;iy
njhopyhsh; kw;Wk; thzpg A+dpad; mikg;Gfs;
(Labour and Trade Union Organisations)
t.vz; Mz;L/
,lk;
Muk;gpj;jth; fl;rp
1. 1920 /
jh\;fz;l;
M.N. uha; ,e;jpa fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp (Communist
Party of India)
2. 1923 / rpq;fhu NtY njhopyhsh; fprhd; fl;rp (Labour Kisan
15
kjuh]; Party)
3. - `h[p e[;Uy;
kw;Wk; K[hgh;
mfkJ
njhopyhsh; Rauh[;a fl;rp (Labour
Swaraj Party) gpwF tptrhapfs; kw;Wk;
njhopyhsh;fs; fl;rp (Peasants and
Worker’s Party) vd ngah; khw;wg;gl;lJ.
4. - Nrhfd; rpq;
N[h];
fph;j;jp fprhd; fl;rp (Kirti Kisan Party)
5. 1927 /
gk;gha;
S.S.
kpuh[;fh;>K.N.
N[hf;nyfhh;
kw;Wk; S.V. Nfl;
njhopyhsh;fs; kw;Wk; tptrhapfs; fl;rp
(Workers and Peasants Party)
6. 1931 J.P. ehuhazd;>
th;kh kw;Wk;
Gyd; gpurhj;
gPfhh; Nrh\payp];l; fl;rp (Bihar Socialist
Party)
7. 1934 eNue;jpu
Njt;>J.P
ehuhazd;
kw;Wk; kpD}
khrhdp
fhq;fpu]; Nrh\payp];l; fl;rp (Congress
Socialist Party)
8. 1939 Rgh]; re;jpu
Ngh];
ghh;th;L gpshf; (Forward Bloc)
9. 1926 /
gk;gha;
- fhq;fpu]; njhopyhsh; fl;rp (Congress
Labour Party)
10. 1939 N.D. k[Pk;jhh; ,e;jpa Nghy;]; tpf; fl;rp (The Bolshevik
Party of India)
11. 1930 M.N uha; gFj;jwpT [dehaf fl;rp (Radical
Democratic Party)
