English Language Atestat

NEW YORK CITYA HISTORY

Candidate’s name:Claudia Doboș-GaneaProfile: Natural Sciences Intensive EnglishClass: 12 D

Coordinator: Desdemona Nagy-Vizitiu

2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SYNOPSIS …………………………………………………..….…… 3

I. THE STORY OF THE FAMOUS SKYLINE ….…………..…..… 4

II. A NEW YORK STATE OF MIND ……………………………….. 7

1. CULTURAL OBJECTIVES …………………………………………………………..… 7

2. CITY SIGHTS ………………………………………………………….………… 9

CONCLUSION ……………………………………….…………..… 15

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES ………………………..…. 16

SYNOPSIS

Nowadays, you are not able to find a single person who hasn’t heard about New York City. The supreme metropolis, the city that never sleeps, the Big Apple, ‘if you make it here you make it anywhere’, New York City. Illustrious in almost every single aspect - from media to fashion to publishing. A trendsetter in the most complete sense of the word. A vibrant city, full of contrasts that capture you and manage to keep you there forever. You would be a fool not to want to live in New York. This, among many other reasons, is why I decided to choose this extraordinary city as the topic for my presentation. It is extravagant without trying too hard. It encompasses culture and nightlife in a way you would never get to experience anywhere else. It is the epitome of the American dream. It is luxurious, but permissive; it is classic, but rebellious; it is colorful, vivid, but it holds so much history. It is a complete new world, concentrated in a city and its inhabitants. Although I have never been to New York before, I believe it possible to be completely in love with a city you never visited, and this is why I am talking about it today.

The first part of my paper, ‘The Story of the Famous Skyline’, will encompass New York City’s detailed history, starting with its beginnings all the way to 9/11 and our day. The second part, ‘A New York State of Mind’, will focus on our era. It will feature New York’s most important cultural landmarks, as well as its many entertainment opportunities, and it will truly show New York’s essence.

New York City. One of the most amazing cities in the United States, and one of the cities with a special place in my heart.

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I. THE STORY OF THE FAMOUS SKYLINE

The Lenape and New Netherland: Prehistory – 1663

Prehistory in the area began with the geological formation of the peculiar territory of what is today New York City. Manhattan Island may have been inhabited by the Wappinger band of Lenape, the primarily sedentary indigenous Native American people of the area; they ranged the surrounding river valley and assembled seasonal settlements on Manhattan, where they grew maize on communal land and fished the abundant waters. They also maintained their ancestral burial grounds there. They developed sophisticated techniques of hunting and managing their resources. By the time of the arrival of Europeans, the Lenape were cultivating fields of vegetation through the slash and burn technique, which extended the productive life of planted fields. They also harvested vast quantities of fish and shellfish from the bay. It has been estimated that at the time of European settlement there were approximately 15,000 Lenape total in approximately 80 settlement sites around the region. European settlement began with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement in Lower Manhattan in 1613 later called New Amsterdam (Nieuw Amsterdam) in the southern tip of Manhattan in 1625. Soon thereafter, most likely in 1626, construction of Fort Amsterdam began. Willem Kieft became director general in 1638, but five years later was embroiled in Kieft's War against the Native Americans, which culminated with a peace treaty on August 29, 1645. On May 27, 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was inaugurated as director general upon his arrival, and ruled as a member of the Dutch Reformed Church. New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city February 2, 1653.

The british and the revolution: 1664–1783

In 1664, the English conquered the area and renamed it "New York" after the Duke of York and Albany. The Dutch briefly regained it in 1673, renaming the city "New Orange" before permanently ceding the colony of New Netherland to the British, and some area names are still reminiscent of the Dutch period, most notably Flushing (Dutch town of Vlissingen), Harlem (Dutch town of Haarlem) and Brooklyn (Dutch town of Breukelen). By 1700, the new English rulers of the formerly Dutch New Amsterdam and New Netherland had renamed the settlement New York. As the colony grew and prospered, sentiment also grew for greater autonomy. In the context of the Glorious Revolution in England, Jacob Leisler led Leisler's Rebellion and effectively controlled the city and surrounding areas from 1689-1691, before being arrested and executed. The rebellion laid bare class differences and some see it as a sort of precursor of the American Revolution. The Stamp Act Congress met in New York City in 1765 in the first organized resistance to British authority across the colonies. After the major defeat of the Continental Army in the Battle of Long Island, General George Washington withdrew to Manhattan Island, but with the subsequent defeat at the Battle of Fort Washington the

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island was effectively left to the British. The city became the political and military center of operations in North America for the remainder of the war, and a haven for Loyalist refugees. British occupation lasted until November 25, 1783, when George Washington triumphantly returned to the city, as the last British forces left the city.

Federal and early America: 1784–1854

In 1785 the Congress met in New York City under the Articles of Confederation, making it the first national capital of the United States, and the United States Constitution created the current Congress of the United States, first sitting at Federal Hall on Wall Street. The first United States Supreme Court sat, the United States Bill of Rights was drafted and ratified, and with the Northwest Ordinance the first steps to expanding the United States took place there. New York City became the first capital of the newly formed United States on September 13, 1788, under the United States Constitutional Convention. On April 30, 1789, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated at Federal Hall on Wall Street. New York City remained the capital of the United States until 1790. New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of Alexander Hamilton's policies and practices as the first Secretary of the Treasury and, later, with the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, which connected the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the North American interior. Immigration resumed after being slowed by wars in Europe, and a new street grid system expanded to encompass all of Manhattan. The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, and by 1850, the Irish comprised one quarter of the city's population. Government institutions, including the New York City Police Department and the public schools, were established in the 1840s and 1850s to respond to growing demands of residents.

Early 20th century: 1898–1945

A series of new transportation links, most notably the New York City Subway, first opened in 1904, contributing in binding the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. Interborough Rapid Transit (the first New York subway company) began operating in 1904, and the railroads operating out of Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station thrived. New York City's rapid changes and rising crime and poverty rates ended when World War I disrupted trade routes, the Immigration Restriction Acts limited additional immigration after the war, and the Great Depression ended the need for new labor. As the city's demographics stabilized, labor unionization brought new protections and affluence to the working class. In the 1920s, New York City was a major destination for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South. The Harlem Renaissance flourished, coincident with a larger economic boom that saw the skyline develop with the constructions of skyscrapers. For a while, New York City became the most populous city in the world, starting in 1925 and overtaking London, which had reigned for a century.

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Despite the effects of the Great Depression, the 1930s saw the building of some of the world's tallest skyscrapers, including numerous Art-Deco masterpieces that are still part of the city's skyline today. Both before and after World War II, vast areas of the city were also reshaped by the rise of the bridges, parks and parkways coordinated by Moses, the greatest proponent of automobile-centered modernist urbanism in America. In 1938 the political designation "ward" was abolished.

Post-World War II: 1946–1977

New York emerged from the war as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's ascendancy. During the 1960s, the views of real estate developer and city leader Robert Moses began to fall out of favor as citizen rebellion killed a plan to construct an expressway through lower Manhattan. Like many major American cities, New York suffered race riots, gang wars and population and industrial decline in the 1960s. Street activists and minority groups like the Black Panthers and Young Lords took matters into their own hands and organized rent strikes and garbage offensives, demanding city services for poor areas. They also set up free health clinics and other programs, as a guide for organizing and gaining "Power to the People." By the 1970s the city had also gained a reputation as a crime-ridden relic of history. In 1975, the city government avoided bankruptcy only through a federal loan and debt restructuring by the Municipal Assistance Corporation and was also forced to accept increased financial scrutiny by an agency of New York State. In 1977, the city was struck by the twin catastrophes of the New York City blackout of 1977 and the Son of Sam serial murderer's continued slayings.

Modern period: 1978–present

The 1980s saw a rebirth of Wall Street, and the city reclaimed its role at the center of the worldwide financial industry. Unemployment and crime remained high, the latter reaching peak levels in some categories around the close of the decade and the beginning of the 1990s. The city later resumed its social and economic recovery, bolstered by the influx of Asians, Latin Americans, and American citizens, and by new crimefighting techniques on the part of the NYPD. In the late 1990s, the city benefited from the success of the financial sectors, such as Silicon Alley, during the dot com boom, one of the factors in a decade of booming real estate values. New York's population reached an all-time high in the 2000 census; according to census estimates since 2000, the city has continued to grow, including rapid growth in the most urbanized borough, Manhattan. During this period, New York City was also a site of the September 11, 2001, attacks; over 2,000 people were killed by a terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, an event considered highly traumatic for the city but which did not stop the city's rapid regrowth.

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II. A NEW YORK STATE OF MIND

1. CULTURAL OBJECTIVES

"Culture just seems to be in the air, like part of the weather," the writer Tom Wolfe has said of New York City. Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as the Harlem Renaissance, which established the African-American literary canon in the United States. The city was a center of jazz in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s. The city's punk and hardcore scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s, and it has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature. New York City is also widely celebrated in popular lore, featured frequently as the setting for books, movies, and television programs.

Entertainment and performing arts

Today, New York City is the second largest center for the film industry in the United States. The city has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes. Wealthy industrialists in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed Carnegie Hall and Metropolitan Museum of Art that would become internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those of Harrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition. Today these productions are a staple of the New York theater scene. The city's 39 largest theaters (with more than 500 seats) are collectively known as ‘Broadway,’ after the major thoroughfare that crosses the Times Square theater district. This area is sometimes referred to as The Main Stem or The Great White Way. Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts is home to 12 influential arts organizations, making it the largest performing arts complex in the United States. New York is the first American city to fill a central gap in music history, having a very important and diverse musical background. It has been a thriving home for jazz, rock and blues for a very long time. Moreover, it represents the place where hip hop and crunk were born. People from all over the world come to experience jazz in New York at any of the city’s many celebrated clubs. From garage bands at holes-in-the-wall with no cover charge to the world’s greatest musicians in the glitzy stage of Jazz at Lincoln Center, you can find something for every taste every night of the week in New York. In the early days of American film industry, The Big Apple was the epicentre of filmmaking. Nowadays, even though it is not as well-developed as Hollywood from this point of view, its billions of dollars in revenue make filming an important part of the

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city’s economy, placing New York the second largest center of film industry in the United States. A series of blockbusters were filmed here, such as ‘The Godfather’ 1 & 2, ‘Scarface,' ‘When Harry Met Sally,' ‘Breakfast At Tiffany’s’ and ‘Home Alone 2: Lost in New York’. New York also prides with its famous New York Film Academy (NYFA), which is honored to have prepared and guided the steps of celebrities such as Steven Spielberg, Al Pacino, Jodie Foster, Pierce Brosnan, Robert Downey, Jr., and Jamie Foxx. It is considered the most interactive film school in the world by many of today’s top filmmakers. As the song says, New York is the ‘city that never sleeps’. Even though it mainly has expensive bars and clubs, it still remains the ‘dream of an insomniac’. No other city rivals The Big Apple in terms of performing arts. From the incredible range of theaters, operas, dance and symphony, to live rock and jazz music, the biggest problem will be choosing among the many temptations. Whether it’s live jazz, rock, comedy or cabaret, sweating on a dance floor or sipping a martini while lounging on a plush couch, New York has a multitude of choices to make your stay worthwhile. Looking for a place to sit and have a cocktail should never be a problem, since there are 3 or 4 bars on every block. There is also a variety of bars, ranging from elegant and formal to jazz, junkie and rock and roll.

Tourism

Tourism is vital to New York City, with about 47 million foreign and American tourists visiting each year. Major destinations include the Empire State Building, Ellis Island, Broadway theater productions, museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, green spaces such as Central Park and Washington Square Park, Rockefeller Center, Times Square, the Bronx Zoo, the New York Botanical Garden, luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues, and events such as the Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village, the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, the St. Patrick's Day parade, the Tribeca Film Festival, and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage. Additionally, the Statue of Liberty is a leading tourist attraction and one of the most recognizable icons of the United States.

Media New York is a center for the television, advertising, music, newspaper and book publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America (followed by Los Angeles, Chicago, and Toronto). Some of the city's media conglomerates include Time Warner, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the News Corporation, the Hearst Corporation, and Viacom. Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York. The New York Times has won more Pulitzer Prizes for journalism than any other news publication. More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city and the book-publishing industry employs about 25,000 people.

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New York's food culture, influenced by the city's immigrants and large number of dining patrons, is diverse. Eastern European and Italian immigrants have made the city famous for bagels, cheesecake, and New York-style pizza. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafels and kebabs standbys of modern New York street food, although hot dogs and pretzels are still the main street fare. The city is also home to many of the finest haute cuisine restaurants in the United States. New York City's variety of world cuisines is also varied.

2. CITY SIGHTS

Times Square

Times Square has undoubtedly evolved into something much different from what it used to be years ago. It stretches from the 42nd to 47th Street and it represents the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue. This amazing neon spectacle is not only the major area of business and commerce, but also an overcrowded place, making up the western part of the commercial site of Midtown Manhattan. It is often called ‘The Crossroads of the World’ or “The Great White Way” and due to its spectacular and animated digital advertisements it has become a major symbol of the city. Formerly named Longacre Square, Times Square was renamed in April 1904 after the New York Times moved its headquarters to the newly built Times Building, which is now called One Times Square and is the site of the annual ball drop on New Years Eve. One of the most important attractions is the ‘Madame Tussaud’ Wax Museum of Times Square, which features some surprisingly realistic wax figures, from Shakira and Kate Winslet to Marilyn Monroe and Benjamin.

The Statue of Liberty

The Statue of Liberty, officially titled Liberty Enlightening the World, is a monument commemorating the centennial of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence, given to the United States by the people of France to represent the friendship between the two countries established during the American Revolution. It represents a woman wearing a stola, a radiant crown and sandals, trampling a broken chain, carrying a torch in her raised right hand and a tabula ansata, where the date of the Declaration of Independence JULY IV MDCCLXXVI is inscribed in her left arm.

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Standing on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, it welcomes visitors, immigrants, and returning Americans traveling by ship. The statue is made of a sheathing of pure copper, hung on a framework of steel (originally puddled iron) with the exception of the flame of the torch, which is coated in gold leaf (originally made of copper and later altered to hold glass panes). The statue is 151 feet (46 m) tall, but with the pedestal upon which is stands and the foundation, it is 305 feet (93 m) tall. The statue is the central part of Statue of Liberty National Monument, administered by the National Park Service. The National Monument also includes Ellis Island.

The Empire State Building

The Empire State Building is a 102-story landmark Art Deco skyscraper in New York City, located at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street. Its name is derived from the nickname for the state of New York, The Empire State. It stood as the world's tallest building for more than forty years, from its completion in 1931 until construction of the World Trade Center's North Tower was completed in 1972. The Empire State Building has been named by the American Society of Civil Engineers as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. The building and its street floor interior are designated landmarks of the New Yo rk C i t y Landmarks P rese rva t i on Commission, and confirmed by the New York City Board of Estimate. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986. In 2007, it was ranked number one on the List of America's Favorite Architecture according to the AIA. The Empire State Building is the third tallest skyscraper in the Americas and the 15th tallest in the world. It is also the fourth tallest freestanding structure in the Americas. The building is currently undergoing a $120 million renovation in an effort to transform the building into a more energy efficient and eco-friendly structure.

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Brooklyn Bridge

The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed suspension bridge in New York City and is one of the oldest bridges of either type in the United States. Completed in 1883, it connects the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River. It has a main span of 1,595.5 feet (486.3 m), and was the first steel-wire suspension bridge constructed. It was originally referred to as the New York and Brooklyn Bridge and as the East River Bridge, but it was later dubbed the Brooklyn Bridge, a name coming from an earlier January 25, 1867, letter to the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, and formally so named by the city government in 1915. Since its opening, it has become an icon of New York City, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 and a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1972.

Central Park

Central Park is an urban park in the central New York City borough of Manhattan. It was initially opened in 1857, on 778 acres (315 ha) of city-owned land (it is 843 acres (341 ha) today). In 1858, soon-to-be famed national landscapers and architects, Frederick Law Olmsted (1822–1903) and Calvert Vaux (1824–1895), won a design competition to improve and expand the park with a plan they titled the "Greensward Plan". Construction began the same year, continued during the American Civil War further south, and was completed in 1873. Central Park is the most visited urban park in the United States. Designated a National Historic Landmark (listed by the U.S. Department of the Interior and administered by the National Park Service) in 1962, the Park was managed for decades by the New York City Department of Recreation and Parks and is currently managed by the Central Park Conservancy under contract with the municipal government in a public-private partnership. The Conservancy is a non-profit organization that contributes 83.5% of Central Park's $37.5 million annual budget and employs 80.7% of the Park's maintenance staff.

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Grand Central Terminal

Grand Central Terminal (GCT) is a commuter (and former intercity) railroad terminal at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, United States. Built by and named for the New York Central Railroad in the heyday of American long-distance passenger rail travel, it is the largest such facility in the world by number of platforms with 44 serving 67 tracks along them. They are on two levels, both below ground. The terminal covers an area of 48 acres (19 ha). Although the terminal has been properly called “Grand Central Terminal” since 1913, it has "always been more colloquially and affectionately known as Grand Central Station", the name of the previous rail station on the same site, and of the U.S. Post Office station next door. It is also sometimes used to refer to the Grand Central – 42nd Street subway station, which serves the terminal. Featuring monumental spaces and meticulously crafted detail, Grand Central Terminal has been described as "the world's loveliest station". In 2011, travel magazine Travel + Leisure rated it the sixth-most-visited tourist attraction for its roughly 21.6 million annual visitors.

The Chrysler Building

The Chrysler Building is an Art Deco style skyscraper in New York City, located on the East side of Manhattan in the Turtle Bay area at the intersection of 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue. At 1,046 feet (319 m), the structure was the world's tallest building for 11 months before it was surpassed by the Empire State Building in 1931. It is still the tallest brick building in the world. After the destruction of the World Trade Center, it was again the second-tallest building in New York City until December 2007. In addition, The New York Times Building, which opened in 2007, is exactly level with the Chrysler Building in height. Both buildings were then pushed into 4th position, when the under construction One World Trade Center surpassed their height. The Chrysler Building is a classic example of Art Deco architecture and considered by many

contemporary architects to be one of the finest buildings in New York City.

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The Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Metropolitan Museum of Art (colloquially The Met), located in New York City, is the largest art museum in the United States and one of the ten largest in the world. Its permanent collection contains more than two million works, divided among seventeen curatorial departments. The main building, located on the eastern edge of Central Park along Manhattan's Museum Mile, is by area one of the world's largest art galleries. There is also a much smaller second location at "The Cloisters" in Upper Manhattan that features medieval art. Represented in the permanent collection are works of art from classical antiquity and Ancient Egypt, paintings and sculptures from nearly all the European masters, and an extensive collection of American and modern art. The Met also maintains extensive holdings of African, Asian, Oceanic, Byzantine, and Islamic art. The museum is also home to encyclopedic collections of musical instruments, costumes and accessories, and antique weapons and armor from around the world. Several notable interiors, ranging from 1st-century Rome through modern American design, are permanently installed in the Met's galleries. The Metropolitan Museum of Art was founded in 1870 by a group of American citizens. The founders included businessmen and financiers, as well as leading artists and thinkers of the day, who wanted to open a museum to bring art and art education to the American people. It opened on February 20, 1872, and was originally located at 681 Fifth Avenue. As of 2012, the Met occupies about 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2).

The Museum of Modern Art

The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City (on 53rd Street) between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. It has been important in developing and collecting modernist art, and is often identified as the most influential museum of modern art in the world. The museum's collection offers an overview of modern and contemporary art, including works of architecture and design, drawing, painting, sculpture, photography, prints, illustrated books and artist's books, film and electronic media. MoMA's library and archives hold over 300,000 books, artist books and periodicals, as well as individual files on more than 70,000 artists.

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The Broadway Theatre

Broadway theatre, commonly known as Broadway, is a term used to describe theatrical performances presented in one of the 40 professional theatres with 500 or more seats located in the Theater District and Lincoln Center along Broadway, in the New York City borough of Manhattan. Along with London's West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Broadway Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City. According to The Broadway League, Broadway shows sold approximately US $1.27 billion worth of tickets in the 2013-14 season, an increase of 11.4% from US $1.139 billion in the 2012-13 season. Attendance in 2013-14 stood at 12.21 million, a 5.5% increase from the 2012-13 season's 11.57 million.

The Madison Square Garden

Madison Square Garden (sometimes called MSG or simply The Garden) is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It is the fourth venue to bear the "MSG" name. The Garden is used for professional basketball and ice hockey, as well as boxing, concerts, ice shows, circuses, and other forms of sports and entertainment. It is home to the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League, the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association, and residency to singer-songwriter, Billy Joel. Opening on February 11, 1968, Madison Square Garden is the third-busiest music arena in the world in terms of ticket sales, behind the Manchester Arena and The O2 Arena, both in England At a total construction cost of approximately $1.1 billion, Madison Square Garden has been ranked as one of the ten most expensive stadium venues ever built.

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CONCLUSION

To sum up, apart from being one of the most visited and populous cities in the United States, New York City has exponentially grown both economically and socially in the past years. Moreover, it is a vital place in the history of music and film industry, having a strong influence over the European culture. In my opinion, New York seems to pull in the best and the brightest from the American culture. The diversity, resilience, depth and spirit that characterize the city have been intensely chronicled in the news, movies and books that it is almost a cliché. Even though constant changes may be an obvious feature of the ‘Big Apple’ because of the numerous trends that come and go, the city respects the old-fashioned standards; there are places and things that have remained the same, and those are the essential ‘ingredients’ that give New York its consistency. Even though it is permanently changing, busy to set new rules in all aspects of everyday life, its core remains the same. The city of New York has become a real symbol, almost a trademark of the United States, being very popular among people from all over the world.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City - Jan. 22nd, 13:00 • ‘New York City Guide’ by Brian Silverman - Jan. 23rd • http://www.joke-archives.com/youmaybe/youlifeinnycif.html - Jan. 22nd, 15:00 • ‘New York City Travel Guide’ by Content Writer Services - Jan. 24th • http://www.southwestblend.com/New_York/New-York-famous-people.htm - Jan. 22nd,

16:00 • ‘The Best Things to Do in New York City: 1001 Ideas’ by Caitlin Leffel and Jacob

Lehman - Jan. 24th

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