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Current Civil RPAS Operations – Where are we going?
On recommendation of ICAO, and in compliance with the terminology of the European RPAS Roadmap, the terms Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) & Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) are used in this presentation [instead of Unmanned Aircraft (UA) & Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) & Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) & drone].
RPA & RPAS are invariant – Singular = Plural.
© Blyenburgh Page: 1/32
Peter van Blyenburgh
President - UVS International, The Netherlands Member - ICAO RPAS Panel
Member – European Commission’s European RPAS Steering Group
19 Sept. 2014
ATC GLOBAL 2014 Beijing, China – 15 Sept. 2014
UVS INTERNATIONAL
A non-profit association registered in The Netherlands & operating out of offices in Paris, France. Federates 12 national RPAS associations and individual RPAS manufacturers & operators from 42 countries representing over 1000 companies & organisations. Is strongly involved with the creation of RPAS-related rules & regulations at national, European (European RPAS Roadmap) & international (ICAO RPAS Panel) level. Has been infacing with the RPAS community in China since 2008.
© Blyenburgh Page: 2/32 19 Sept. 2014
What we ARE talking about
What we are NOT talking about?
Aerial Operations
Regulatory Responsibility
RPAS Regulations
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
European RPAS Roadmap 8
RPAS Certification
Terms & Information Sources
RPAS – All Sizes & Shapes
Page: 3/32
0
19Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
Where is the EU Going 9
Explanation of Terms
Certification Any form of recognition that a product, part or appliance, organisation or person complies with the applicable requirements, including the provisions of this regulation and its implementing rules, as well as the issuance of the relevant certificate attesting such compliance (EASA Basic Reg. Art. 3).
(The term “Certification” is used because there is no internationally agreed understanding of the meaning of the terms “Authorized” & “Approved”)
Civil RPAS Applications Commercial & non-commercial aerial work (Specialised Operations).
National Aviation Authority NAA of each of the 28 European Union (EU) Member States is responsible in its country for rulemaking, certification & operational approval of:
- Civil RPAS with a MTOM <150 kg - Civil RPAS flight crews (pilots) - Civil RPAS operators employing the flight crews
Operations Facilitated Permits to Fly are granted by NAA, based on specific national rules, and possibly on a case-to-case exemption basis (also in countries where no national regulation exists).
Qualified Entity (QE) Entity to which a specific certification task has been allocated by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) or a NAA (and is then not necessarily compliant with EC Regulation No 216/2008).
RPAS A set of configurable elements consisting of a remotely piloted aircraft, its associated remote pilot station(s), the required command and control links and any other system elements as may be required, at any point during flight operation (ICAO Circular 328).
RPAS Operator Person, organization or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an RPAS operation (ICAO Circular 328).
Industry Enterprise with > 250 employees & annual turnover of > Euro 50 million
Small & Medium Enterprise (SME) Enterprise with < 250 employees & annual turnover of < Euro 50 million
Used in this presentation
Page: 4/32 19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
Information Sources
Used to prepare this presentation
The information & data contained in this document have been obtained from:
European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) EUROCONTROL
Joint Authorities for Rulemaking on Unmanned Systems (JARUS) Ministries of Transport
Various National Aviation Authorities (NAA) NAA web sites Qualified Entities
National Associations – International RPAS Coordination Council (Australia, Austria, Belgium, Botswana, France, Germany, Italy, Namibia, The Netherlands,
Norway, Romania, South Africa, Spain, UK) National Working Groups
(Denmark, Russian Fed.)
UVS International thanks the contributors for their cooperation.
This document does not imply that the views expressed in it represent the views of the aforementioned organisations.
Page: 5/32 19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
We are NOT Talking About
Flying objects used for RECREATIONAL purposes in conformity with the applicable national regulations
Parrot, France - AR Drone 2
ProxFlyer Norway
Bladerunner
Model Aircraft (<20-25 kg & >20/25 & <150kg)
Very Large Model Aircraft (> 150 kg)
Toys
Interactive Toy Concepts, China
Vamp – Flying
Bat
Page: 6/32 19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
Air
craf
t
Lighter than
Air (LtA)
Non power driven
Free balloon Captive balloon
Power-driven Airships
Heavier than
Air (HtA)
Non power driven
Glider Kite
Power-driven
Aeroplane Landplane Seaplane Amphibian
Rotorcraft Gyroplane Helicopter
Ornithopter
NOTE: Toy aircraft & model aircraft are indeed …. Aircraft !!!
What we ARE talking about - 1
Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS)
The key word: Aircraft
Page: 7/32 19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
RPAS RPA Payload Pilot Station Data Link (Launcher)
Airframe Types LtA Power Driven Airships
HtA Power Driven Aeroplane Rotorcraft Ornithopter
Aircraft Types RPA OPA (Optionally Piloted A/C) CPA (Converted Piloted A/C
Take-off Mass 17 gr - 14.630 kg (incl. fuel) (currently operational RPA)
Flight Control Manual Automatic Manual & Automatic VFR IFR
Command & VLOS E-VLOS VLL BVLOS (alt. <500 ft) RLOS BRLOS Control alt. <500 ft alt. <500 ft BVLOS (alt. >500 ft) (Relay & Satellite)
What we ARE talking about - 2
Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS)
The key word: Aircraft
3 Key Principles: Viable Business Case = Affordable Flight Hour Cost
Societal Benefits Job Creation
Page: 8/32 19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
Aircraft MTOM < 150 kg > 150 kg
Initial Law National rules EASA (Policy 2009 – Part 21)
RPAS National rules EASA (not yet available )
Operator Certificate National rules EASA (not yet available)
Remote Pilot Certificate National rules EASA (not yet available)
Nat. Flight Authorisation National rules National rules
Internat. Flight Author. Amendment 43 Amendment 43
State Missions National rules National rules
Public EC Missions National rules ? EASA ?
Not Harmonised = To Chicago Convention Annex 2 Applicable since 12 Nov 2012 Basis for EASA’s NPA 2013-10
= Transporting an RPAS in a car from one country to another to operate it there, is an international flight
EU Regulatory Responsibility
Page: 9/32 19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
Selex ES, Italy - Sky X & Sky Y
Neuron Consortium, Europe – nEUROn RUAG, Switzerland & IAI-Malat, Israel ADS-Ranger
Thales, UK (U-TACS) – Watchkeeper EADS DS, France & IAI-Malat, Israel – Harfung
EuroHawk, Germany – EuroHawk (Northrop Grumman & Airbus D&S/EADS
Deutschland)
Fixed Wing RPA
MTOM
> 150 kg
Airbus D&S (EADS Cassidian), Germany – Talarion Sagem, France - Patroller
CPA
© SIRPA
Page: 10/32 19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
Aurora Flight Sciences, USA – Centaur Boeing, USA – Phantom Eye
Boeing, USA – Phantom Ray
Israel Aerospace Industries, Israel – Heron TP
Northrop Grumman, USA – Global Hawk Northrop Grumman, USA – FireBird
Fixed Wing
RPA
MTOM
> 150 kg
General Atomics ASI, USA – Predator General Atomics ASI, USA – Reaper
OPA
OPA
Page: 11/32 19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
Northrop Grumman, USA – Fire X Boeing, USA – A160 Hummingbird
KARI, South Korea – SmartUAV
Saab, Sweden – Skeldar
Indra Sistemas, Spain – Pelicano
LuxCopter, Luxembourg – LuxCopter
Airbus D&S (EADS Cassidian(, France – Tanan
Schiebel, Austria – Camcopter S-100
Rotary Wing
RPA
MTOM > 150 kg
Page: 12/32 19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
Swiss UAV, Switzerland - Koax X240
Rotary Wing
RPA
MTOM
< 150 kg
Yamaha Motor, Japan – R-Max
Delft Dynamics, Netherlands – RH2 Stern
HighEye, Netherlands – Chanachopper
Flying-Cam, Belgium – Sarah
ECA - Infotron, France - IT 180
CybAero, Sweden - APID
SurveyCopter, France – Copter 4
Page: 13/32 19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
Flying Robots, Switzerland – Swan
Gatewing, Belgium – X100
AeroVironment, USA – Raven
Novadem (for COFICE), France - Helicofice
Skive Aviation, Switzerland – ADS-12 Insitu, Inc, USA – ScanEagle
(Boeing, USA) SmartPlanes, Sweden – SmartPlane
Various
Airframe Types
All but one < 25 kg
Page: 14/32 19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
Aermatica, Italy – Anteos 1st Permit-to-Fly in Italy
Mikrokopter, Germany - Oktocopter
Draganfly, Canada – Draganflyer X6 Microdrones, Germany – MD4-200
Aeryon, Canada - Scout
AirRobot, Germany – AR120
IAI-Malat, Israel - Ghost AeroVironment, USA – Qube
Multi-Rotor
RPA
MTOM
< 5 kg
Page: 15/32 19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
Clear Flight Solutions, Netherlands – Robird (developed for scaring birds away from airports)
ProxDynamics, Norway – Black Hornet (17 gr. - In service with UK forces in Afghanistan)
AeroVironment, USA – Hummingbird (proof-of-concept demonstrator)
AAI Corp., USA – Aerosonde (crossed the Atlantic on 5 kg of fuel)
TU Delft, Netherlands – Delfly (proof-of-concept demonstrator)
UAVFactory, Latvia – Penguin B (54 hours flight endurance)
Astounding Technological Achievements
Small
IS
Beautiful
Page: 16/32 19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
Commercial RPAS Industrial Community
Systems Design, Manufacturing, Integration
Manufacturer/Operator
Operator
Research & Testing
Qualified Entity
Education/Training
Other Services
Sub-Systems
Components
Pilot Training
Maintenance Training
Payload Usage Training
Operator Training
Aerial Work
Aerial Work
Assessment
Remote Pilot Training
Maintenance Training
Payload Usage Training
Other
Ind. SME
M A N U F A C U R I N G
S E R V I C E S
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Services supplied by producers to
buyers of their own products
19 Sept. 2014
Major
Growth
Is
Here
Yes
© Blyenburgh Page: 17/32
M U T U A L I Z A T I O N
Not State Flights Civil Protection Incl. Safety related Fire Fighters National Mapping Agencies
State Flights Police Security related Customs Border Guards Coast Guard
Military Governmental
Non-Governmental
Non-Military
General Aviation Corporate Operations Flight Training / Instruction Pleasure
Commercial Air Transport Scheduled Air Service (Transport of Persons & Freight) Non-scheduled Revenue Operations Non-revue Operations
RPAS Ops
Public European Union Flights on behalf of a public EU agency (without national oversight)
Aerial Operations
Commercial Non-Commercial (incl. Corporate Operations)
Training / Instruction
Other Miscellaneous
Aerial Work / Specialized Operations
Object
of this
presentation
N O N
M I L I T A R Y
R P A S
O P S
RPAS - Current & Potential Usage
Page: 18/32 19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
Civil RPAS Aerial Operations
- Duo (student instruction by licensed pilot) - Solo (unaided student flight) - Check (qualification verification of pilot license holder)
Flight Training / Instruction (Private & Commercial)
Other Miscellaneous (Private & Commercial)
- Aerial Advertising - Aerial Inspection - Aerial Monitoring - Aerial Observation & Surveillance - Aerial Patrol & Spotting - Aerial Photography, Video, Cinema - Aerial Survey & Mapping (Photogrammetry) - Aerial Spraying & Dispensing - Research & Scientific - Aerial Search & Rescue Assistance
- Test / Experimental - Demonstration - Ferry / Positioning - Air Show / Race
Aerial Work - Commercial & Non-Commercial (Including Corporate Operations)
Inspection: Examination with the intent to find faults, errors, problems, malfunctions or specific phenomena. Monitoring: Observation on a regular basis over a period of time. Observation: Examination of an activity, person, group, area or phenomena. Patrol: Searching for a specific activity, person, group or phenomena. Spotting: Looking for & noting geographical coordinates of an object or activity or phenomena. Surveillance: Close observation of an activity, person, group, area or phenomena. Survey: Detailed inspection of a geo-referenced section of the earth’s surface (incl. structures) with the purpose
to study or measure altitudes, angles, distances, phenomena on the land & the structures flown over.
© Blyenburgh Page: 19/32 19 Sept. 2014
LEGAL Civil RPAS Aerial Operations
1) The RPAS (RPA & Remote Pilot Station) are to be certificated or approved by the NAA (National Aviation Authority) of the country where the operation takes place [or certificated or approved by a RA (Regional Authority) to which this responsibility has been delegated by the NAA (e.g. German Länder)];
2) The RPAS certification or approval is to cover all system constituents necessary for command & control (e.g. transceivers) installed on board the RPA or on the ground, and under direct management of the Operator;
3) The Command & Control link to be provided by a Communications Service Provider (COM SP) is to be certificated or approved by the NAA or a RA of the country where the operation takes place;
4) The Remote Pilot (RP) is to be licensed by the NAA of the country where the operation takes place;
5) The Operator is to be certificated by the NAA of the country where the operation takes place.
6) The Operator is to possess the obligatory third party liability insurance (which may vary in function of the type of operation) – Minimum liability in EU: € 860 000.
19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh Page: 20/32
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Rep.
Estonia
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
RPAS REGULATION IN EU - I
In Place
VLOS
BLOS
VLOS
VLOS
VLOS
VLOS
VLOS
VLOS & BLOS
VLOS
< 150 kg
< 150 kg
< 150 kg
< 25 kg
< 25 kg
< 150 kg
< 20 kg
VLOS < 150 kg
Update reg. expected in 2014
VLOS < 150 kg
Finalised , but not in force
Reg. expected mid 2014
In Preparation
BLOS
Ops Facil.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Page: 21/32
UK QE Recognized
19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Portugal
Poland
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
UK
RPAS REGULATION IN EU - II
In Place
VLOS
VLOS
VLOS
VLOS
< 25 kg
< 25 kg
< 20 kg
< 25 kg
< 150 kg
<150 kg
< 150 kg
VLOS 20 kg =
Without fuel, but with battery
VLOS
VLOS
In Preparation
< 150 kg VLOS BLOS
< 150 kg Expected May 2014
VLOS < 25 kg
VLOS
Ops Facil.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes Page: 22/32
QE Appointed
QE Appointed
UK QE Recognized
QE Being Considered
Exemption based
19 Sept. 2014
Yes
QE Appointed
© Blyenburgh
Iceland
Norway
Switzerland
RPAS REGULATION – III (Non-EU)
In Place In Preparation
< 150 kg Expected in 2014
Directive on VLOS operations over people
Expected in 2014
BLOS VLOS BLOS VLOS Rating Rating
BLOS VLOS Yes
Yes
Model aircraft rules apply
Ops Facil.
Page: 23/32 19 Sept. 2014
Yes
© Blyenburgh
RPAS (< 150 kg) REGULATION
In Place In Preparation
EU
Non-EU
12 8
Total Europe 12 3 9
BLOS VLOS
3
1
QUANTITY COUNTRIES
Anticipated 2014
BLOS VLOS
17
18
1
3
BLOS VLOS
Rest of the world 7 3 7 3
Australia Brazil
Canada Colombia
Israel Japan
New Zealand South Africa South Korea
Russian Fed. Turkey
Ukraine USA
Yes -
Yes Yes Yes Yes
- -
Yes - -
Yes -
Yes - -
Yes Yes
- - - - - - - -
NA Yes NA NA NA NA Yes Yes
? Yes Yes Yes Yes
NA - -
NA NA Yes
? - ? -
Yes -
Yes
NA = Not applicable
CASR Part 1 (2002) Being Amended Recent NPRM proposed de-regulation of RPAS with MTOM < 2 kg
Page: 24/32 19 Sept. 2014
COAs – No commercial ops
7 3
© Blyenburgh
Current Situation
19 Sept. 2014
Status on 140915
Qnty
Countries & overseas territories referenced (grouped in geographical reference areas) 265 Countries referenced 228 Overseas territories referenced 37 National Civil Aviation Administration (NCAA) web sites referenced (+ CAAs in 16 DE Länder) 212
ICAO Member States 191
JARUS Members (quantity of NCAAs) 23
Civil RPAS Operations have taken place in (quantity of countries) 133
Humanitarian RPAS operations have taken place (quantity of countries) 9
NCAA facilitates Civil RPAS operations (quantity of countries) 29
RPAS Provision in Air Navigation Act (quantity of countries) 14
RPAS-related Rules, Information Bulletin, Advisory Circular (quantity of countries) 21
RPAS Regulation in place (quantity of countries) 18
RPAS Regulation in preparation (quantity of countries) 40
RPAS Regulation update in preparation (quantity of countries) 9 Geographical reference areas used: Africa, Asia, Australasia, Caribbean, Central America, Europe, Europe (EU-affiliated), European Union (EU), Middle East, North America, South America 11
© Blyenburgh Page: 25/32
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Rep.
Estonia
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
CERTIFICATION IN EU - I
Operator
10
Pilot Producer RPAS
300
24 29 31
13
33
750
12
45
QUANTITY
103
Regulation in place
Regulation in preparation
Certification: as per definition on
slide 2
Est
Ass. Mbrs
30
150
40
255
68
Page: 26/32
1
19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
CERTIFICATION IN EU - II
Operator
1
Pilot Producer RPAS
13 30
212
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Portugal
Poland
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
UK
216
QUANTITY
Regulation in place
Regulation in preparation
Certification: as per definition on
slide 2
1
1
1
Ass. Mbrs
70
70
28
60
80
Page: 27/32 19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
CERTIFICATION – III (Non-EU)
Operator Pilot Producer RPAS
Iceland
Norway
Switzerland
76
QUANTITY
Regulation in place
Regulation in preparation
Certification: as per definition on
slide 2
220
Page: 28/32 19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
CERTIFICATION
Operator Pilot Producer RPAS
EU
Non-EU
1522 59 73 103
76
Total Europe 1810 59 73 103
QUANTITY COUNTRIES
If the estimated quantity of operators in Germany is included
Rest of the world 2262 14000 30 31
Australia Canada
Israel Japan
South Korea
100 60 2
2000 130
? ? ?
14 000 130
Certification: as per definition
on slide 2
27 Approved Pilot Training Schools in Japan
Estimate
19 Sept. 2014
Ass. Mbrs
1071
© Blyenburgh Page: 29/32
EC UAS Panel
Euro RPAS Steering Group Co-chaired by DG ENTR & DG MOVE
DG Connect, DG Research, EASA, ECAC, EUROCONTROL, EDA, SESAR JU, JARUS, EUROCAE, ASD, ECA, EREA, UVS International
Foster the development of civil RPAS operations by planning & coordinating all activities necessary to achieve the safe & incremental integration of non-military RPAS into the European air traffic system, aiming at initial RPAS integration by 2016.
European RPAS Roadmap
Regulatory Approach
Strategic Research Plan
Societal Impact
1
2
3
EC Hearing on L-RPAS Oct ‘09
Survey on L-RPAS Oct ‘09
EC High Level Conference Jul ‘10
Jun ‘11 – Feb ‘12 4 Workshops
Jul ‘12 – Jun ‘13
Jun ‘13
Final Report
2016
Initial Incremental
RPAS Integration
All related documents, presentations, reports &
European RPAS Roadmap are available on
www.uvs-info.com See « European Matters » tab
European RPAS
Roadmap
Final Report
Presentations
Implementation Defintion
Phase Dec. 2014
Final Report
Page: 30/32
See: www.jarus-rpas.org
19 Sept. 2014 © Blyenburgh
JARUS (CS-LURS, 1309, ORG, etc.)
Density Population
Unpopulated (remonte
agricultural, over sea, or fenced off)
Lightly Populated
Highly Populated
COMMERCIAL & NON-COMMERCIAL OPERATIONS
Above > 500 ft AGL
Teth Teth VFR
BVLOS BRLOS RLOS
IFR
ICAO scope
Type Certificate Issued by
EASA
> 150 kg RPA MTOM
Flight Altitude
Flight
Declaration signed by RPAS Operator,
RPAS Safety Assessment,
Pilot Approval by accredited
Qualified Entity (contracted by the
Operator)
VLOS E VLOS
VLL BVLOS
Very Low Level < 500 ft
< 150 kg
Where the EU is Going
RPAS Operator Certificate Obligatory
Page: 31/32
International Flights
19 Sept. 2014
Type Certicate based on
« Common Rules » but issued by NAAs:
• Language • Proximity
• Fees
Proportionate Rules
© Blyenburgh
UVS INTERNATIONAL
86 rue Michel Ange - 2nd Building - 2nd Floor FR-75016 Paris
France
Tel.: 33-1-46.51.88.65 - Fax: 33-1-46.51.05.22
[email protected] - [email protected]
www.uvs-international.org - www.uvs-info.com - www.testranges.org www.uas-patents.org – www.rpas-regulations.com
Page: 32/32 15 Sept. 2014