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2 nd Conference “Advance in Radioactive Isotope Science. At the End of the Nuclear Map. Yuri Oganessian Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna , Moscow region, Russia. ARIS 2014 June 1-6, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan. Chart of nuclides. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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At the End of the Nuclear MapYuri Oganessian
Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions,Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,
141980 Dubna, Moscow region, Russia
2nd Conference “Advance in Radioactive Isotope Science
ARIS 2014 June 1-6, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan
110
120
100
90
80
70170
neutron number
pro
ton
nu
mb
er
180 190110 120 130 140 150 160
92U / Tα = 4.5·109 y
Chart of nuclidesChart of nuclides
82Pb / stable
Bi
Th
102No / Tα ≈ 2 s
about 50 years ago…
Macroscopic theory (Liquid Drop Model)
Nuclear instability against spontaneous
fission
TSF = 2·10-7 y
TSF = 1016 y
Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan
Island of Stability
shoal
peninsula
continent
New landsNew lands
Neutron number
Pro
ton
nu
mb
er
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
120
110
100
90
80
70
Island of Stability
Shoal
New landsNew lands Macro-microscopic theory
Peninsula
Continent
Sea of Instability
about 40 years ago…
-5 0 5 10 15 LogT1/2 s
1µs 1s 1h 1y 1My
A. Sobiczewski et al (2003)
-2-2
-3
-3
-6
-6
-5
-5
-7
-4
-4
-4
-14
120 130 160140 170150 180
80
90
100
110
120
190
SHE
Pb
neutrons →
prot
ons
→
Reactions of SynthesisReactions of Synthesis
LDM + Shell Corrections
Cold fusionCold fusion1974 - 2012(38y) 6 elem.
U
P b B i
T h
Neutron captureNeutron capture
HotfusionHot
fusion
1940 - 1955
1955 - 1975
(15y) 8 elem.
(20y) 6 elem.
Act. + 48CaAct. + 48Ca
1989 - 2010(10y) 6 elem.
Historical background:
After discovery of nuclear fission 75 - years ago - 26 new chemical elements heavier than uranium was synthesized
Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan
A. Sobiczewski, K. Pomorski, PPNP 58, 292, 2007
100
110
120
160 170 180Neutron num ber N
Pro
ton
num
ber
Z
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Bf (MeV)
Rf
160155 165 170 175 180 185 190CN neutron number
Sg
Hs
Ds
Cn
10-32
10-34
10-36
10-38
Tota
l EVR
s c
ross
sec
tions
(cm
2 )
P. Moller et al., PR., C79, 064304 (2009)
cold fusion
208Pb, 209Bi + 50Ti,……70Zn
Ex = 12 - 15 MeV
х = 1
112110
106104
113
113
108 Fission barrier heights in MeV
SHE
116118
112113 114
115117
CnFl Lv
Fl
Hs
48Ca
hot fusion
48Ca-induced reactions
Ex = 35 - 45 MeV
х = 3 – 4
Island
106
104
102
100
10-2
100 105 110 115 120Atomic number
150
200
250
300
Tota
l EVR
’s cr
oss
secti
ons
(pb)
Z 1·Z2/(
A 11/3 +A
21/3 )Cold fusionEx=12-15 MeV
SHE
Limitation of fusion
106
104
102
100
10-2
100 105 110 115 120Atomic number
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
0.5
B n – B
f (M
eV)
Tota
l EVR
’s c
ross
sec
tions
(pb
)
Hot fusionEx≈ 40 MeV
SHE
CN survival ~ exp(Bn-Bf)
K. Siwek-Wilczy´nska et al., PR C86, 014611 (2012)
Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan
48C a-ions
ro ta ting entrancew indow
gas-filledcham ber
detec to rs ta tion
reco ils
pos ition sensitives trip de tecto rs
TO F -de tecto rs
“veto ” de tecto rs
22.50
S H reco il
s ide detec to rs
Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil SeparatorDubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator
Transmission for: EVR 35-40%
target-like 10-4-10-7
projectile-like 10-15-10-17
Registration efficiency:
for α-particles 87%
for SF single fragment 100% two fragments ≈ 40%
beam48Ca
Experimental technique
target
1998 - 2007
117293
a110.7–11.4 MeV
Δy=y1-y0 ≤ 2.2 mm≤ 132 ms
ER=7–15 MeVy=y0
48Ca
249Bktarget
the beam was switched off
SF
a2
a3
low-background detection scheme
focal planedetector array
separator
Yu. O
gane
ssia
n 20
10
9.79 MeV
22.09 mm0.24 s
189.4 MeV
22.01 mm31.66 s
10.25 MeV
22.20 mm0.51s
10.91 MeV
22.16 mm53.01 ms
9.96 MeV22.04 mm
115289
113285
111281
1680 h
80 h
10-3/s
2·10-6/sper strip / position
beam-on
beam-off
213Po 212Po(α+e-) (α+e-)
Spectra of the α-like signals
211Po214Po
beam-off
beam-on
252,254Cf80 h
1680 h
7·10-5/s
Spectra of fission-like signals
1.5·10-7/s
111SF
113
115
117α1
α2α3212Po
Yu. O
gane
ssia
n 20
10
Yuri Oganessian / Seminar at Tokyo Institute of Technology, June 04, 2014 , Tokyo, Japan
Expected numbers of random sequences ≤ 5·10-10
10.85(7) MeV8.3 ms
10.19(6) MeV012 s
0.82 ms
10.74(7) MeV18 ms
10.02(6) MeV0.48 s
9.54(6) MeV
9.70(6) MeV0.20 s
9.30(6) MeV0.19 s
+3.5-1.9
+0.04-0.02
+0.33-0.18
+22-6
+0.16-0.9
3.8 s+1.2-0.7
+0.05-0.04
+0.22-0.07
118
Lv
Fl
Cn
Ds
294
293
289
285
281
10.54(6) MeV
9.82(5) MeV
9.15(5) MeV29 s
11 s
10.66(7) MeV+57-20
2.6 s+1.2-0.7
+13-7
+5-3
+16-6
9.94(7) MeV0.80 s+0.27
-0.16
97 ms+31-19
Lv
Fl
Cn
292
288
284
Lv
Fl
Cn
Ds
291
287
283
279
Hs275
Rf267
8.54(8) MeV1.9 min
1.3 h
+2.4-0.6
+2.3-0.5
Sg271
Lv
Cn
290
282
11.65(6) MeV0.69 ms+0.64
-0.22
286Fl
9.33(6) MeV
9.48(8) MeV
244Pu + 48Ca4n 3n5n
244Pu + 48Ca3n4n
238U + 48Ca3n4n
242Pu + 48Ca3n 2n4n
249Cf + 48Ca
245Cm + 48Ca 2n3n
3n
Decay chains
N=26 2619
10
3
Even-Z Nuclei
Z=118
116
114
112
110
108
106
104
283Cn
279Ds
275Hs
271Sg
9.5 10.5Energy (MeV)
1 .1 5
0
2
0
Cou
nts
/ 20
keV
290Lv
286Fl
0
294118
9.5 10.58 5.Energy (MeV)
2
2
1 .1 5
1
0
1
0
3287Fl
0
291Lv
0
0
1
1
3
8 5.
0
1
0
2288Fl
292Lv
9.5 10.58 5.Energy (MeV)
1 .1 5
0
1
0
3289Fl
285Cn
0
2
293Lv
9 0. 9.5 10 0. 10.5 1 .1 08 5.Energy (MeV)
1 .1 5
249Cf + 48Ca
242Pu+ 48Ca 244Pu+ 48Ca
Energy spectra of alpha particles
Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan
1999 - 2005Even Z Nuclei
12.0
11 .0
10 .0
110
112
Z -even
T heory :
114
116
118
108
106
9.0
8.0
7.0260 270 280 2 09 300
A tom ic m ass num ber
Alp
ha d
eca
y en
erg
y (M
eV)
Alpha - decay
Theory I. Muntian, Z. Patyk, and A. Sobiczewski Phys. At. Nucl. 66, (2003)Z-even
Z -even
E xp:Exp.Z-even
-6
-8
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Z=112
104
106
108
112
114
114
Z=98
100
102
N =152
N 6=1 2
Th. N 84=1Lo
g T
(s)
SF
HsCnFl
SgRfCf-No
155 160 165 170 175 180 185155 160 165 170 175 180 185N eutron num ber
145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185
Spontaneous fission
SHN
even-even isotopes
Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan
SF critical zone
R. Smolańczuk, PR. C 56 (1997) 812
Fl
200 210
130
SHE
β-stability line
a
Lv
Congress of IUPAC-2011
Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan
10.63(8) MeV
10.69(8) MeV
10.0(1.1) MeV
8.93(8) MeV
73 ms
4.2 ms
0.44 s
61 s22 min
115
113
Rg
Mt
Bh
Db
288
284
280
276
272
268
115
113
Rg
Mt
Bh
Db
287
283
279
275
271
267
113
Rg
Mt
Bh
Db
282
278
274
270
266
10.61(5) MeV37 ms
10.12-10.23 MeV75 ms
10.38(16) MeV0.09 s
10.33(1) MeV20 ms
9.28(7) MeV1.5 s
1.3 h
10.29-10.58 MeV164 ms
9.10-10.11 MeV0.91 s
9.09-9.92 MeV4.6 s
9.17-10.01 MeV0.45 s / 6 s
8.55-9.15 MeV10.9 s
26 h
9.76(10) MeV
+134-29
+7.5-1.7
+0.81-0.17
+292-28
+105-10
+44-13
+136-30
+0.17-0.04
-7
+2.8-0.6
+1.6-0.5
+30-21
+0.17-0.13
+0.8-0.7
+0.12-0.09
+5-3
+2.0-1.5
+4-3
10.60-11.20 MeV 10.81-10.97 MeV22 ms 50 ms
117
115
113
Rg
Mt
Bh
Db
294
290
286
282
278
274
270
117
115
113
293
289
285
281
9.78-10.28 MeV
9.61-9.75 MeV13 s
9.01(5) MeV59 s
9.38-9.55 MeV5.2 s
8.76(5) MeV54 s
17 h
10.15-10.54 MeV
+60-18
+280-90
+12-4
+55-19
+6.2-1.8
-19+15-6
+8-4
+60-18
+120-80
9.47-10.18 MeV4.2 s+1.4
-0.8
5 ms+9-2
Rg
277Mt
9.28(5) MeV17 s+6
-3
249 48Bk + Ca243 48Am + Ca
237 48Np + Ca
11.52-11.82 MeV
10.65-11.31 MeV
10.03-10.26 MeV
9.08-9.77 MeV
1.4 ms
12 ms
0.48 s
2.1 s
113
Rg
Mt
Bh
Db
278
274
270
266
262
+1.6-0.5
+15-4
+0.57-0.17
+2.5-0.7
209 70Bi + Zn
39 s+46-14
[2] [1] [31][2]
2n[4]4n[10]
[3]
February, 2012
GARIS DGFRS
Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan
Odd-Z Nuclei
10.63(8) MeV
10.69(8) MeV
10.0(1.1) MeV
8.93(8) MeV
73 ms
4.2 ms
0.44 s
61 s22 min
115
113
Rg
Mt
Bh
Db
288
284
280
276
272
268
115
113
Rg
Mt
Bh
Db
287
283
279
275
271
267
113
Rg
Mt
Bh
Db
282
278
274
270
266
10.61(5) MeV37 ms
10.12-10.23 MeV75 ms
10.38(16) MeV0.09 s
10.33(1) MeV20 ms
9.28(7) MeV1.5 s
1.3 h
10.29-10.58 MeV164 ms
9.10-10.11 MeV0.91 s
9.09-9.92 MeV4.6 s
9.17-10.01 MeV0.45 s / 6 s
8.55-9.15 MeV10.9 s
26 h
9.76(10) MeV
+134-29
+7.5-1.7
+0.81-0.17
+292-28
+105-10
+44-13
+136-30
+0.17-0.04
-7
+2.8-0.6
+1.6-0.5
+30-21
+0.17-0.13
+0.8-0.7
+0.12-0.09
+5-3
+2.0-1.5
+4-3
10.60-11.20 MeV 10.81-10.97 MeV22 ms 50 ms
117
115
113
Rg
Mt
Bh
Db
294
290
286
282
278
274
270
117
115
113
293
289
285
281
9.78-10.28 MeV
9.61-9.75 MeV13 s
9.01(5) MeV59 s
9.38-9.55 MeV5.2 s
8.76(5) MeV54 s
17 h
10.15-10.54 MeV
+60-18
+280-90
+12-4
+55-19
+6.2-1.8
-19+15-6
+8-4
+60-18
+120-80
9.47-10.18 MeV4.2 s+1.4
-0.8
5 ms+9-2
Rg
277Mt
9.28(5) MeV17 s+6
-3
249 48Bk + Ca243 48Am + Ca
237 48Np + Ca
11.52-11.82 MeV
10.65-11.31 MeV
10.03-10.26 MeV
9.08-9.77 MeV
1.4 ms
12 ms
0.48 s
2.1 s
113
Rg
Mt
Bh
Db
278
274
270
266
262
+1.6-0.5
+15-4
+0.57-0.17
+2.5-0.7
209 70Bi + Zn
39 s+46-14
[3] [3] [73][2]
2n[4]4n[16]
[6]
June, 2013
GARIS DGFRS + TASCA
K. Morita this session
Odd Z Nuclei
An excellent case for spectroscopic studies of the SHN in <α-γ> coincidence experiments
D. Rudolf at this session
Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan
2003 - 2012
A/Z Setup Laboratory Publications
283112 SHIP GSI Darmstadt Eur. Phys. J. A32, 251 (2007)
283112 COLD PSI-FLNR (JINR) NATURE 447, 72 (2007)
286, 287114 BGS LBNL (Berkeley) P.R. Lett. 103, 132502 (2009)
288, 289114
292, 293116
TASCA
SHIP
GSI – Mainz
GSI Darmstadt
P.R. Lett. 104, 252701 (2010)
Eur. Phys. J. A48, 62 (2012)
287, 288115
293, 294117
TASCA
TASCA
GSI – Mainz
GSI – Mainz
P.R. Lett. 111, 112502 (2013)
P.R. Lett. 112, 172501 (2014)
292, 293116 GARIS RIKEN Tokyo Accelerator Progress Rep. (2013)
Confirmations of DGFRS data 2007 - 2014
1.1h
Island of over 50 nuclei produced in Act.+48Careactions
Nuclear Mainland
Fission is terminatingthe decay chains at the Island
29 s
266Lr11 h
1.1h
271Hs4 s
277Hs3 ms
267Sg2min
2 s
~1 h
~ 0.02 pb
~1 pb
~10 pb
How to build a bridge between heavy and super-heavy nuclei
Island
112
114
116
118
110108
Z=106
112
Mainland
117
115
113
Island
118
115
114
113
111
110
109
108
107
106
105
104
116
neutrons
pro
ton
s
244Pu+48Ca
tSF > 5 s
σ ≈ 6-7 pb
4n
How to build a bridge between heavy and super-heavy nuclei
278
112
233U(48Ca,3n)
One decay was detected only tSF = 0.5 ms σ ≈ 0.25 pb
Mainland
284
114
239Pu(48Ca,3n)K. Rykaczewski tomorrow
No decays was observed
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
120100 1 04
neutron drip line
proton drip line
1 06
neutron num ber
pro
ton
nu
mb
er
1 08 200
126
A =195
105
82
50
Pb β-
waitingpoint
Uranium
HN
184
A =278
waitingpoint
β-β-
Are SHN producedin stellar explosions?
SHNAre SH atoms and nuclei different from lighter species?
Where is the end of the nuclear landscape?
…and what are the shapes and density of nuclei
at the mass limit?
Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan
neutron number160
162
164 166 168 170
Fusion of Pb and Bi-target nuclei 208 209
with projectiles A>50
Fusion reactions of Actinide-target nuclei with 48Ca projectiles
172 174 176 178 180 182
1841 68
152
158156154
106
104
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
122
124
7.4
pro
ton
n
um
be
r
150
5.0 MtHs
RgCn
Fl
Lv
Z=118
Ds
Bh
s
ms
Act + 48Ca
Expanded studies
Search for new elements
STRATEGY
Neutron number
prot
on n
umbe
r
Fusion of 208Pb and 209Bi with projectiles A > 50
Fusion reaction of Actinide-target
nuclei with 48Ca projectiles
σ≈10 pb
low intensity of RIB
σ≤0.07pb
50Ti,54Cr,58Fe
0.3 pb
σ≤0.12pb
Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan
Everything we know about SH-nuclei produced in 48Ca-induced reactions:
- Reaction of synthesis (CN and neutron evaporation) - Production cross sections (excitation functions)- Competing channels (background)- Decay chains (principal decay modes)- Half-lives of the SHN (and its α-decay products)
All achievements obtained in last decade:
- in experimental technique, - in accelerator and plasma physics, - in detectors, - in target technologies, etc.
and
…allow us to think about a SHE-Factory with production rate about 100 times higher
than what we currently have
SHE-Factory
Isotope production:Cm-248Bk-249Cf-251 New accelerator
High beam dose of : Ca-48
Ti-50 Ni-64
SC- separator & sophisticated
detectors
To be increased10 times
Factor 10-20
Depend oftarget durability
Factor 3-5is closely linkedto the intellect
Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan
Yu. O
gane
ssia
n 20
10
High Flux Isotope Reactor at Oak- Ridge
Cm248
α, SF
Bk250
β-
Cm248
Cf252α, SF
α, (n,f)
Cf250
α
Cf249
α, (n,f)
94Pu244
α
Pu243
β-
Pu242
α
Pu241
β-, (n,f)
Pu240
αPu
Am246
β-
Cm247
α, (n,f)
150148N
95
96
Pu246
β-
Pu245
β-
Am245
β-
Am244
β-
Am243
α
Am242
β-,EC,(n,f)
Am241
αAm
Cm246
α
Cm245
α, (n,f)
Cm244
α
Cm243
α, (n,f)
Cm242
αCm
Bk97
Cf98
start
152146
Z Bk249
Cf251
Cf251
start
new mode gaveby now factor: 6.5
Cf251
Isolation from the “Old 252Cf sources” & mass separation
118 118 118 118294293 295 296
Lv Lv Lv Lv290289 291 292
Fl Fl Fl285 287 288
Cn Cn Cn Cn282281 284
Ds277 279 281
Hs Hs273 275
Lv293
Fl289
Cn285
269
Rf Rf265 267
Fl286
271
Hs277
Ds Ds
283
Sg Sg
,
+Ca48 249 250 251
Cf Cf Cf
3n and 4n evaporation
channels
Cf - mixed targetmade in ORNL
Search for new isotopes of Lv and element 118
0.42/0.22/0.36
HEAVIEST NUCLEI
Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan
α α α
α
αnew:
Increase a beam dose Beam intensity & Beam time
New accelerator Factory
10-20 pµA ~ 7000 h/year
ProductionProduction today: ~ 5·1019/y with Factory: 1.0·1021/y factor: 20
From
ECR
New cyclotron
10-20 pµA
New accelerator and new Lab. at Dubna
Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan
factor: 5-10
targetstation
beam
EVR’s transport interface analyzer
Detectors
acceleration
Z, A48Ca
Scheme of the production and delivery SH-atoms to the detectors
Large acceptance SC-gas filled recoil separator
Gas catcher
Mass analyzer
Actinides
if necessary
SHE
Focal planedetector array
Present
Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan
FLNR, JINR (Dubna)
ORNL (Oak-Ridge, USA)
LLNL (Livermore, USA)
ANL (Argonne, USA)
GSI (Darmstadt, Germany)
TAMU Cyclotron Institute (Texas, USA)
GANIL (Caen, France)
RIAR (Dimitrovgrad, Russia)
Vanderbilt University (Nashville, USA)
Collaboration Thank you
Yuri Oganessian. ARIS 2014, June 5, 2014 in Tokyo, Japan