Astronomy Preview and Ch 1 b

7/31/2019 Astronomy Preview and Ch 1 b

1/123

ASTRONOMY PRE ASSESSMENT

3/20/2012 5th


2/123

ASTRONOMY

Star Naming


3/123

Modern Astronomy

Study of the knownUniverse beyond ourAtmosphere

UNIVERSEUNIVERSE

One RotatedOne Rotated

The totality of everything


4/123

Good VirtualGood Virtual

Planetarium ProgramsPlanetarium ProgramsStellarium

Cartes Du Ciel


5/123

s u y n

PERSPECTIVE We are living things on the planetEARTH Which Rotates about its axis every

Which Revolves around our star every

Our star, Is an average sized / powered star.

With Many satellites revolving around it.

Revolves around the every 240

million years

Milky Way Galaxy

Member of a local cluster of galaxies

SOL

24 hours365 days

Milky Way Core


6/123

Difficulties of Teaching/LearningDifficulties of Teaching/Learning

AstronomyAstronomy

Incorrect Prior KnowledgeTopics are of magnitudesthat most students have

difficulty graspingcognitivelyTopics are sometimes VERY


7/123

Video Notes

Narrated By:Narrated By:

TimothyTimothy

FerrisFerris

TOPICS TO WATCH FOR:TOPICS TO WATCH FOR:

WHAT ARE THE BIG IDEAS?WHAT ARE THE BIG IDEAS?


8/123

COSMOLOGY

Order Study

ofStudy of the nature ofthe Universe

Including history


9/123

COSMOLOGYCOSMOLOGY

Difficult, due tolimitations ofevidence.

Borders onreligious study

Myths/ Legends /


10/123

HOMEWORK

WRITE A

SUMMARY OFYOUR CREATIONMYTH


11/123

IN THE BEGINNING...IN THE BEGINNING...

Humankind tried to explain the world ina manner that they could understand.

They made up explanations based ontheir experiences

The stories for the explanations oftenused stars in the sky

COSMOS: 7 9:00 15:00


12/123

COMPARING MYTHS

MAKE A VENN DIAGRAM

2 or 3 myths

Show SHARED TRAITS of the Myths

& Unique aspects of the Myth


13/123

AstrologyAstrology

Study of the starsBelief that the astronomical

occurrences have a directimpact on Human events.

ZodiacCircle of Animals

CONSTELLATIONS:


14/123

Studied the Heavens for a PURPOSE.Telling stories

Telling Time

Main objects of Study:

Sun

Moon Stars

?Earth?


15/123

Ancient Astronomy Ancient Greece

500 BC Height of Classical GreekScience.

Pythagoras Deduced Earth was a SPHEREEarth is a Perfect place, requiring a Perfect Shape.

Aristotle Interpreted Earth was a SPHEREShadow of a eclipse is always a spherical ArcTravelers south saw new constellations


16/123

Ancient Astronomy

Alexandria Greek-founded city in

Egypt Great Library Center of Learning for

the ancient world.

Eratosthenes Found an account of a well to the souththat had NO shadow on the summersolstice.

He knew that on the same day, there WASa shadow in elexandria.

COSMOS 1 30:30


17/123


18/123


19/123


20/123

360CircumferenceAngular Distance Between

Distance Between

=

= tan-1(A/O)

(experimental

value) (true value)% error = 100

true value


21/123

Angle of Sun at Kalamazoo () =

Angular Distance between Overhead & Kalamazoo = 42.32 -

Circumference of the Earth

% ERROR (find true value from Mr. K)


22/123

ACTUAL

Circumference

TRUE VALUE = 24,901miles

40,074,274 m COMPUTE % ERROR

On the Back, Write an explanationof what you believe your sources

of Error might be


23/123

Eratosthenes .4% Error Due to construction of wall or well

Sun was not DIRECTLY overhead at the

well. A few degrees off Distance walked ???

His number was lost when Library was

burned.

Arabs saved text, rediscovered in 1500s


24/123

Astronomy

ANGULAR MEASUREObjects at great distances, wecannot measure directly

INDIRECT EVIDENCEALGEBRA

Ratios and comparisons betweenknowns and unknowns

GEOMETRYThe universe has som regularity ofform

Triangulation

Spheres, Circles, Ellipses


25/123


26/123

Eratosthenes pt. 2Compute the Circumference

of an Unknown circlegivenDistance between 2 points

and a sun angle

After each group hascomputed for Circumference,we will CONSTRUCT the circleand measure TRUE


27/123

Eratosthenes

Reasoned that 2 differentangles of shadow MUST meanthat there was a curve to the

EarthReasoned that the curve couldbe that of a SPHERE.

Mathematically KNEW that theRATIO of the arc distance tothe whole sphere MUST be the

same as the RATIO of the


28/123


29/123

THE PLANFINISH MEASURES &COMPUTATION

CUT OUT ARCBring to front to tape togetherCompute Error

Answer Error AnalysisQuestion

Hand into basket. k


30/123

knownto determine the

Unknown He knew the arc. Dist & Angle He assumed this ratio would be the same

for the full sphere. Could mathematically infer the

Circumference.

OUR EXAMPLE I will Measure DIAMETER, & use C=dALSO will attempt to use string to

measure TRUE Circumference


31/123

Using ANGULAR SIZE todetermine true size

The closer to an object,the ______ it appears.

We can measure the ANGLE

We MAY be able to find Distance

THEN we can find the WIDTH

or DIAMETER of the object

Larger


32/123

The Moon Illusion Effect: the moon APPEARS larger when near

the Horizon


33/123

Effect: the moon APPEARS larger when near the Horizon

Cause: Object appear larger in seen inconjunction with a VANISHING POINT

The Moon Illusion


34/123


35/123


36/123


37/123

Construction of a ClinometerConstruction of a Clinometer

Purpose: To measure angles above thePurpose: To measure angles above the

Horizon.Horizon. Construction:Construction:

Specialized ProtractorSpecialized Protractor Cut outCut out

Sight tube.Sight tube. StrawStraw

Gravity Indicator.Gravity Indicator.


38/123

Clinometer Lab

Follow Lab procedures 2-6 For Object 1Do analysis & Conclusionfor Object 1(Average & %Error)

Get Work CheckedFollow Lab procedures 2-6 For Object 2


39/123

BEFORE SCIENCE:

MYSTICISM / GODS:Phenomena wereexplained through gods

and hocus-pocus


40/123


41/123

God,God,thethe

GeometeGeomete

rr


42/123

CosmologyCosmology

pt 2pt 2

Backbone of Night


43/123

Backbone of Night-Cosmos VII:

What explained the worldbefore science?

COSMOS:CHAOS:IONIA:SCIENTISTS: Who & What


44/123

2 Competing Ideas

CHAOS: Idea that the World was totally

unknowable and unpredictable.RANDOM - Religion

COSMOS:

Idea that the World was Orderedand predictableORDER ScienceTO KNOW

IONIA


45/123

IONIA: loose collection of city-statesscattered around the Aegean Sea,

Birthplace of SCIENCE!Chased there, NOT an easy place tolive.To stay alive, people had toexperiment & invent

Merchants and Tradesmen experimented


46/123

THALES of Miletus: FIRST true scientist


47/123

Thales

-Well traveled Greek-

-Explained the world WITHOUT gods

-Earth Made from Piled Mud by water

Anaxamander

ANAXAMANDER: First recorded

ever to DO an

experiment

measured time

Conceived of

EVOLUTION

THEODORUS:

Architect, artist, Inventorore smelting & casting.

water level,

a carpenter's square,

lock and key

turning lathe.


48/123

Democritus

DEMOCRITUS: First to

Describe the indivisible ATOM

Conceived of planets like ours in

the skyFigured galaxies & Milky Way

as many small stars

EMPEDOCLES: Conceived the idea of invisible

matter, air, water pressure


49/123

SILENT QUESTIONCOMPARE & CONTRAST:ROTATION to REVOLUTION

ROTATIO-Rolling

VOLVERE-To Turn

Around(somethingelse)

Rotate: to spin on ones ownAxis

Revolve: turn in orbit around SCIENTIFIC METHOD:


50/123

SCIENTIFIC METHOD: Used in ALL Sciences Used to Solve Problems

&Answer Questions Hypotheses are QUESTIONED!!!!!

AGAINST the scientificmethod: Philosophers, who would THINKabout a problem until they decidedwhat the most Logical explanation

for something was, and assumedthey were right-

still, it WAS an attempt at Cosmos

Cosmology pt 2


51/123

Cosmology pt 2

How is the UniverseHow is the Universeset up?set up?2 competing ideas:2 competing ideas:

GEOCENTRICGEOCENTRICEarth is the center of the

UniverseReasoning:Everything in the sky

Appears to be revolving Geocentric Reasoning cont...


52/123

Geocentric

Universe

Reasoning cont...The Fasteran object

moved, thecloser toearth it

must be.Planetiahave theirown

spheres ofmovement.Stars are in

fixed Geocentric Reasoning cont...


53/123

Geocentric

Universe

Reasoning cont...

Question?

Do all the objects /spheres revolvearound Earth?

Or

Geocentric Universe Reasoning cont...


54/123

g

Aristotle liked thistheory.

Problem:Unexplained forces?Why are some starsbrighter / bigger?

Why all planets/Sun/Moon on the same plane?ECLIPTIC Line showng

the path of the sun in the

e ocen r c


55/123

e ocen r c

UniverseUniverse Aristarchus of Samos-Aristarchus of Samos-

Used Eratosthenes Earth Circumference andthe Shadow during Lunar eclipses todetermine Moons Diameter.

Suggested that the SUN is the center of

revolutionary motion. Used Moon and Earth sizes to Estimate SunDistance and Size of the Sun.

Was WAY OFF.


56/123

L ti St t1


57/123

Locating Stars pt1 Celestial Sphere An imaginary globe around the

Earth.

Used to determine star locations First Model used to

understand the universe

We NOW understand thatthey are different distancesfrom us, but still works for

our reference.


58/123

e A tool for showingwhat stars will be inthe sky on any

particular day &time.

U i th Pl i h


59/123

Using the Planisphere

Assumes a viewing location of 40 North

We are close enough (42)

Must be held above the head and looked at

from below.

(Notice East and west)


60/123

MEASURESALTITUDEAngularinclination

above theHorizonHORIZON = 0

ZENITH = 90

AZIMUTH Angular distance

from North

Measuredclockwise

N=0

E=90S=180W=270


61/123

PLANETSPLANETSCOMPARED TO THECELESTIAL SPHERE

We must be

able to imagine

bothGEOCENTRICALLY


62/123

S

DRAW UNIVERSEHELIOCENTRICALLY

e es a


63/123

e es a

CoordinatesDECLINATIONAngularDifference from

CelestialEquatorEquator = 0 North Star =90

Like CelestialLATITUDE

RIGHTASCENSION Measured in

HOURS andminutes

Celestial

Meridian=0hrLike Celestial

Longitude


64/123


65/123

HOMEWORK:

DRAW heliocentric andGeocentric Universe According tothis night sky


66/123

RIGHT ASCENSIONRIGHT ASCENSION //DECLINATION PRACTICEDECLINATION PRACTICE

PolarPolar


67/123

torialtorialR.A. calcalPolarPolar

DecNa

me

R.A. DecNa

me

R.A. DecNa

me


68/123

Pick one of Each.CIRCUMPOL

AR Draco

Ursa

Major

UrsaMinor

Perseus

Cassiopeia

ZODIACAL

Virgo Leo Cancer Gemini

Taurus Aries Pisces Aquarius

Capricornus Sagitarius Scorpius Libra

Equatorial

Orion Cetus Canis

Major

Hydra Aquila Cygnus

Pegasus Andromeda Lepus Hercules

G


69/123

Greek

Alphabet

OR

use

assignedname

HOMEWORK


70/123

HOMEWORK

Reading CH 1 SectionReading CH 1 Section11

Grab Review SheetGrab Review Sheet

CoordinateCoordinateAssignment: 10-15Assignment: 10-15

minutes Frida tominutes Frida to HIPPARCHUSHIPPARCHUS


71/123

HIPPARCHUSHIPPARCHUS

FIRST STAR CATALOGUEFIRST STAR CATALOGUE

1025 STARS1025 STARS

Retrograde Motion


72/123

Retrograde Motion

BackwardWalkEach planet

movescompared tothe CelestialSphere.From East toWest

Occasionally,

the planet will


73/123

FIRST 15 - 25 Min.

Discuss Material Coverage

Preview, 2-1, 1-1, 2-2, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4

FINISH CONSTELLATION

COORDINATES

ANSWER RETROGRADE LAB

QUESTIONS

Ptolemys Universe


74/123

Alexandrian GreekTo explainretrograde motion,suggestedEPICYCLESEach planet orbitsaround an empty

point on its sphere.EARTH is just OFFcenter

Better atredictin lanet

Ptolemys Universe

ro em w


75/123

ro em w

Ptolemaic UniverseIt violates a keyscientific principle:

Occam's razor: aka lexparsimoniaeOther things being equal, a

simpler explanation is betterthan a more complex one.Ptolemy made SO many

modifications to

l ti fl ti f


76/123

explanation ofexplanation of

RetrogradeRetrogradeEarth Revolves aroundSun FAST

Mars Revolves aroundSun SLOWWhen on planet LAPS

another,our perspective shifts.

Heliocentrice ocentr c explanationexplanation


77/123

Heliocentrice ocentr c ppof nightlyof nightly Star ShiftStar Shift

The LOCAL starslocations change at a

different rate that theLOCAL sun location.The SUN returns to a

spot in the skyEvery 24 hoursA STAR returns to a spot in

the sky

Ret rn to Geo HelioReturn to Geo v Helio


78/123

Return to Geo v HelioReturn to Geo v Helio

l i


79/123

..RevolutionRevolutionThink BIG

?How long for Earth to REVOLVEonce? 365.25 DAYS

?How Many Degrees along the

orbit does Earth shift each Day? 360 365 days 1/ Day?How long for Earth to ROTATE

once? NOT 24 HOURS 24 hr = NOON to NOON. BUT, we have shifted 1 on the

orbit. 24 hours 361

1440 minutes 361 4 minutes /

vsvs


80/123

vsvsDAYDAY

SIDERIAL DAY=Amount of time it takesfor a star to return to alocal point.

23 Hr, 56min, 4secSYNODIC DAY=

Amount of time it takesfor the sun to return to alocal point.

Another thing RotationAnother thing Rotation


81/123

ggExplains...Explains...

All rotating objects wobblePRECESSIONAs it precesses, the point on the

celestial sphere the pole pointsto changes.

North Star changes very slowly21,000 yrs for full

wobble

Earths TILT doesnt

HeliocentrismHeliocentrism


82/123

HeliocentrismHeliocentrismWHY It NEVER TOOK OFF:Went against THEOLOGY

Most scientists agreed that

stars would be at differentdistances from Earth.If the Earth changed Position

in relation to those stars,they SHOULD appear tochange location relative to

each other


83/123

PARALLAXPARALLAX


84/123

PARALLAXPARALLAXWhen observed from 2different locations, a near

object shifts greater angularlythan a distant one.

Using trigonometry, we canfind the distance to thatobject.

U i P ll t fi d di t


85/123

Using Parallax to find distance

BASELINE (b): Distance between 2 observation points

: Change in angle to apparent location of Star in Question

: Other angle

d: Distance to the Star in Question

Di t U i


86/123

Distance UsingParallax

d= .5b

tan

NEED


87/123

NEED:

NOTEBOOKS

+

1 lined paper to hand in

Misperception and Misconceptions


88/123

Misperception and Misconceptions

People have told you wrong informationabout the universe.

You have made stuff up to understand the

universe.

UNLEARNING is the hardest type of

learning.

3 QUESTIONS?


89/123

3 QUESTIONS?

WHAT CAUSES THE SEASONS?

WHAT CAUSES THE PHASES OF THE

MOON?

WHY IS THE SKY BLUE?

THE SEASONS:THE SEASONS:


90/123

THE SEASONS:THE SEASONS:

Result from aconfluence of events/ Factors

Earths Rotation is Tilted 23.5to the plane of the ecliptic (Earths OrbitalPlane)

SO WHATSO WHAT

??!!??!!??!!??!!??!!??


91/123

EARTH ROTATES COUNTERCLOCKWISEEARTH ROTATES COUNTERCLOCKWISE

EARTH REVOLVESEARTH REVOLVES

COUNTERCLOCKWISECOUNTERCLOCKWISE

WHEN LOOKED AT FROM ABOVE ( NORTHPOLE)

SeasonsSeasons


92/123

SeasonsSeasons

SUMMER= Period of the year where the sun is most directlyoverhead

WINTER= Period of the year where sun is least overhead.

Technically starts on the day where sun isto its TROPIC LINE

Heating up or cooling down happens slowly, soTemperature extreme days = 2 months later

SPRING & FALL= Period of time where the sun is Overhead at the

SUN ANGLESUN ANGLE


93/123

SUN ANGLESUN ANGLE The more directly overhead theThe more directly overhead the

sun is, the Greater the intensitysun is, the Greater the intensity

energy is transferred to theenergy is transferred to the

Earth.Earth.

LOW SUN ANGLE= WEAK HEATING

HIGH SUN ANGLE= STRONGHEATING

SUN OVERHEAD?SUN OVERHEAD?


94/123

SUN OVERHEAD?SUN OVERHEAD? DEC 21 -

TROPIC OFCAPRICORN 23.5 S MAR 21 -

EQUATORJUN 21 -TROPIC OF CANCER 23.5 N

SEPT 21 -EQUATOR

KALAMAZOO:

HOMEWORK


95/123

HOMEWORK

1-18

SKIP 7&11

DAY LENGTH


96/123

DAY LENGTH

DAY LENGTH


97/123

DAY LENGTH

The Hemisphere inclinedTOWARD the sun

receives more hours ofDAYLIGHT.Greater Time lit=Moretime to convert sunlightto heat.

DAY LENGTH


98/123

DAY LENGTH

SOLSTICES:Greatest / Least

amount of Solar TimeSun rises the

Farthest North /South

E IN XE :


99/123


100/123


101/123


102/123

Where is the sun overhead?

Where is observer?

Find the difference.

90-difference= noon sun angle


103/123

Video Seasons / Sun Angle

FINISH SEASONS LAB PACK

(GRAPH)

PHASES OF THE MOONPHASES OF THE MOON


104/123

PHASES OF THE MOONPHASES OF THE MOON

The Cause:


105/123

Earth Rotates 361/ 24 hours

(Counterclockwise)

Moon Revolves around Earth / 29.5 days

(Counterclockwise)

NOTICE:

Moon Rotation

360 Rotation / 1 Revolution

Moon ALWAYS has the same side facing Earth.

VISIBLE MOON


106/123

ONLY of the moon

will be lit at any 1 time. Depending on WHERE

the moon is in relation

to the sun, we seedifferent Parts.

WHERE ARE THE PHASES?


107/123


NEW MOON:

WHAT DO WE SEE?

Dark side of the moon

WHERE IS THE MOON COMPARED TO

SUN?

+5 to -5 Declination from the ecliptic

If it was ON the ecliptic=

eCLIPSE



108/123


WAXING CRESCENT:

WHAT DO WE SEE?

RIGHT edge of the moon lit


SUN?

45 to the LEFT of the moon



109/123


FIRST QUARTER:

WHAT DO WE SEE?

Right HALF of the moon lit

quarter??? Because we see of the moon


SUN?




110/123


WAXING GIBBOUS:

WHAT DO WE SEE?

All but the left edge of the moon lit


SUN?




111/123


FULL MOON:

WHAT DO WE SEE?

A full side of the moon, all that is lit

As much of the moon we can see:


SUN?

180 , in opposition with the sun



112/123


WANING GIBBOUS:

WHAT DO WE SEE?

All but the RIGHT edge of the moon lit


SUN?

135 to the RIGHT of the moon



113/123


THIRD QUARTER:

WHAT DO WE SEE?

Left HALF of the moon lit

quarter??? Because we see of the moon


SUN?




114/123


WANING CRESCENT:

WHAT DO WE SEE?

LEFT edge of the moon lit


SUN?


ECLIPSES


115/123

ECLIPSES

Solar Moon Blocks Suns visible disk

Can only happen during NEW MOON

Still Visible: Suns CORONA

Solar ATMOSPHERE

Very Brief

Moons shadow is small Earth Rotates Quickly

Partial Some sun is still visible


116/123

(in the Penumbra)

Totality No part of Solar Disk is visible

(in the Umbra)

Annular Only the outer Ring of Sun is visible.

eclipses


117/123

eclipses

Lunar Earth Blocks Sunlight from reaching the Moon

Can only happen during a FULL MOON

Still Visible Blood Moon Sunlight passes through our atmosphere

Blue light is scattered

Reddish light passes through to Moon

Lasts several Minutes

Earths shadow is BIG compared to moon

Why Eclipses dont happen all the time


118/123

Moons Orbit is tilted 5 degrees to the Ecliptic

The NODE need to be hitting a FULL or

NEW to have a chance to Eclipse

2x / year


119/123

LAST 30 min


120/123

LAST 30 min

FINISH LAB PACK(s)

PHASES

SEASONS

PARALLAX

RETROGRADE

RA / DEC

PLAN FOR THE DAYPLAN FOR THE DAY


121/123

PLAN FOR THE DAYPLAN FOR THE DAY

CHECK / DISCUSS PRACTICECOMPUTATION

- READING ASSIGNMENTCORRECTIVES

Grade Your Homework for

CORRECTNESS(Every wrong answer =-1 toscore.)

Universe


122/123

Universe Made of MATTER & ENERGY

MATTER:Atoms of Elements made of

Protons, Neutrons and Electrons.

ENERGY: 4 known forces Electromagnetism Gravity Weak Nuclear Force Strong Nuclear Force

Unknown Universe


123/123

Unknown Universe

Dark Matter Invisible Sources of gravity

Possible Neutrino source

Big Bang Concept that the Universe started as one

small point of reality, and is expanding.

Expansion is speeding up

Dark Energy Antigravity pushing galaxies apart

Documents

Astronomy Preview and Ch 1 b