Astronomical Institute University of Bern AIUBlfvn.astronomer.ru/report/0000064/IAC_10_A6_1_7_show.pdf · Astronomical Institute University of Bern AIUB ... Try fainter debris. 61st

61st International Astronautical Congress, 27 September - 1 October, 2010, Prague, Czech Republic

Astronomical Institute University of Bern AIUBAIUBAIUBAIUB

Physical Characterization of High AMR Debris by Physical Characterization of High AMR Debris by Physical Characterization of High AMR Debris by Physical Characterization of High AMR Debris by Optical Reflectance SpectrometryOptical Reflectance SpectrometryOptical Reflectance SpectrometryOptical Reflectance Spectrometry

T. Schildknecht, A. T. Schildknecht, A. T. Schildknecht, A. T. Schildknecht, A. VanantiVanantiVanantiVanantiAstronomical Institute, University of Bern, Switzerland

H. H. H. H. KragKragKragKragESA / ESOC, Darmstadt, Germany

Ch. Ch. Ch. Ch. ErdErdErdErdESA / ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands

61st International AstronauticalCongress, 27 Sep -1 Oct, 2010, Prague, Czech Republic

AIUBAIUBAIUBAIUB

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Astronomical Institute University of Bern

OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline

1.1.1.1. IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

2.2.2.2. Observation SetupObservation SetupObservation SetupObservation Setup

3.3.3.3. Extinction CorrectionExtinction CorrectionExtinction CorrectionExtinction Correction

4.4.4.4. Observed Reflection SpectraObserved Reflection SpectraObserved Reflection SpectraObserved Reflection Spectra

� GEO GEO GEO GEO s/cs/cs/cs/c

� bright GEO/GTO debrisbright GEO/GTO debrisbright GEO/GTO debrisbright GEO/GTO debris

� faint HAMR GEO debrisfaint HAMR GEO debrisfaint HAMR GEO debrisfaint HAMR GEO debris

5.5.5.5. Comparison with Lab SpectraComparison with Lab SpectraComparison with Lab SpectraComparison with Lab Spectra

6.6.6.6. SummarySummarySummarySummary


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ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives

� Acquire First Experience with Reflection Spectroscopy at the Acquire First Experience with Reflection Spectroscopy at the Acquire First Experience with Reflection Spectroscopy at the Acquire First Experience with Reflection Spectroscopy at the OGSOGSOGSOGS

� Spectrograph at OGS never used for Spectrograph at OGS never used for Spectrograph at OGS never used for Spectrograph at OGS never used for ““““fast movingfast movingfast movingfast moving”””” targetstargetstargetstargets

� faint debris faint debris faint debris faint debris �� very low signalvery low signalvery low signalvery low signal----totototo----noisenoisenoisenoise

� observations have observations have observations have observations have experimental characterexperimental characterexperimental characterexperimental character and are very and are very and are very and are very time time time time consumingconsumingconsumingconsuming

� Get First Spectra of Space Debris at High AltitudesGet First Spectra of Space Debris at High AltitudesGet First Spectra of Space Debris at High AltitudesGet First Spectra of Space Debris at High Altitudes

� Ultimate goal are spectra of high areaUltimate goal are spectra of high areaUltimate goal are spectra of high areaUltimate goal are spectra of high area----totototo----mass ratio GEOmass ratio GEOmass ratio GEOmass ratio GEO----like objectslike objectslike objectslike objects

��materialmaterialmaterialmaterial

� Start with bright, known objectsStart with bright, known objectsStart with bright, known objectsStart with bright, known objects

��Use known surface material for calibrationUse known surface material for calibrationUse known surface material for calibrationUse known surface material for calibration

� Try fainter debrisTry fainter debrisTry fainter debrisTry fainter debris


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ESA 1ESA 1ESA 1ESA 1----m Telescope (OGS), Tenerifem Telescope (OGS), Tenerifem Telescope (OGS), Tenerifem Telescope (OGS), Tenerife


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Mounting the ESA OGS SpectrographMounting the ESA OGS SpectrographMounting the ESA OGS SpectrographMounting the ESA OGS Spectrograph

rotation device incl. rotation device incl. rotation device incl. rotation device incl. offoffoffoff----axis guideraxis guideraxis guideraxis guider

rotation device incl. rotation device incl. rotation device incl. rotation device incl. offoffoffoff----axis guideraxis guideraxis guideraxis guider

filter wheel incl. filter wheel incl. filter wheel incl. filter wheel incl. grismsgrismsgrismsgrisms

filter wheel incl. filter wheel incl. filter wheel incl. filter wheel incl. grismsgrismsgrismsgrisms

position of the position of the position of the position of the guider cameraguider cameraguider cameraguider camera

position of the position of the position of the position of the guider cameraguider cameraguider cameraguider camera


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SpectrographSpectrographSpectrographSpectrograph

� Low resolution spectrographLow resolution spectrographLow resolution spectrographLow resolution spectrograph

� The OGS ESA spectrograph uses The OGS ESA spectrograph uses The OGS ESA spectrograph uses The OGS ESA spectrograph uses ““““grismsgrismsgrismsgrisms”””” as as as as dispersive elementsdispersive elementsdispersive elementsdispersive elements

� wavelength: wavelength: wavelength: wavelength: 450 450 450 450 ----950 nm950 nm950 nm950 nm

� dispersion: dispersion: dispersion: dispersion: 0.4 nm/pixels0.4 nm/pixels0.4 nm/pixels0.4 nm/pixels


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Major Observational ChallengesMajor Observational ChallengesMajor Observational ChallengesMajor Observational Challenges

� Reflection spectroscopyReflection spectroscopyReflection spectroscopyReflection spectroscopy

� quantitative quantitative quantitative quantitative comparisoncomparisoncomparisoncomparison of the measured spectrum of the measured spectrum of the measured spectrum of the measured spectrum with with with with the spectrum of the illuminating sourcethe spectrum of the illuminating sourcethe spectrum of the illuminating sourcethe spectrum of the illuminating source

� careful careful careful careful calibration of extinctioncalibration of extinctioncalibration of extinctioncalibration of extinction

� TrackingTrackingTrackingTracking

� first acquisition of satellites/debrisfirst acquisition of satellites/debrisfirst acquisition of satellites/debrisfirst acquisition of satellites/debris�� often outside field of viewoften outside field of viewoften outside field of viewoften outside field of view of 13 of 13 of 13 of 13 arcmarcmarcmarcm(combination of mount model and ephemeris errors) (combination of mount model and ephemeris errors) (combination of mount model and ephemeris errors) (combination of mount model and ephemeris errors)

� autoguidingautoguidingautoguidingautoguiding not possible for satellites/debris objectsnot possible for satellites/debris objectsnot possible for satellites/debris objectsnot possible for satellites/debris objects�� most objects remain most objects remain most objects remain most objects remain in 6in 6in 6in 6””””----slit for slit for slit for slit for < 4 minutes< 4 minutes< 4 minutes< 4 minutes

� Faint ObjectsFaint ObjectsFaint ObjectsFaint Objects

� Very low signalVery low signalVery low signalVery low signal----totototo----noisenoisenoisenoise

� observations have observations have observations have observations have experimental characterexperimental characterexperimental characterexperimental character and are very and are very and are very and are very time time time time consumingconsumingconsumingconsuming


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Selection of ObjectsSelection of ObjectsSelection of ObjectsSelection of Objects

� Four typesFour typesFour typesFour types

� minor planetsminor planetsminor planetsminor planets (results to be compared with published data)(results to be compared with published data)(results to be compared with published data)(results to be compared with published data)

� large intact GEOlarge intact GEOlarge intact GEOlarge intact GEO objects (catalogue objects)objects (catalogue objects)objects (catalogue objects)objects (catalogue objects)

� bright GEO and GTO debrisbright GEO and GTO debrisbright GEO and GTO debrisbright GEO and GTO debris objectsobjectsobjectsobjects

� bright high AMR GEObright high AMR GEObright high AMR GEObright high AMR GEO objectsobjectsobjectsobjects

� Selection criteriaSelection criteriaSelection criteriaSelection criteria

� orbit qualityorbit qualityorbit qualityorbit quality

� availability of manufacturer data on surface materialsavailability of manufacturer data on surface materialsavailability of manufacturer data on surface materialsavailability of manufacturer data on surface materials

� brightnessbrightnessbrightnessbrightness

� visibility constraints (phase angle, Earth shadow, Milky Way, visibility constraints (phase angle, Earth shadow, Milky Way, visibility constraints (phase angle, Earth shadow, Milky Way, visibility constraints (phase angle, Earth shadow, Milky Way, etc.)etc.)etc.)etc.)

� …………


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Atmospheric ExtinctionAtmospheric ExtinctionAtmospheric ExtinctionAtmospheric Extinction

� ExtinctionExtinctionExtinctionExtinction

� wavelengthwavelengthwavelengthwavelength----dependent absorptiondependent absorptiondependent absorptiondependent absorption

� proportional to proportional to proportional to proportional to airmassairmassairmassairmass (1/cos(z))(1/cos(z))(1/cos(z))(1/cos(z))

Extinction (raw)

y = 0.2487x - 0.7916

y = 0.3262x - 0.4193

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

airmass

m1-

M

v1-Vb1-B

Extinction (raw)

y = 0.2487x - 0.7916

y = 0.3262x - 0.4193

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

airmass

m1-

M

v1-Vb1-B

Example from Example from Example from Example from ZimmerwaldZimmerwaldZimmerwaldZimmerwald(Johnson(Johnson(Johnson(Johnson----Cousins B, V)Cousins B, V)Cousins B, V)Cousins B, V)

m1m1m1m1----M: observedM: observedM: observedM: observed----cataloguecataloguecataloguecatalogue

Example from Example from Example from Example from ZimmerwaldZimmerwaldZimmerwaldZimmerwald(Johnson(Johnson(Johnson(Johnson----Cousins B, V)Cousins B, V)Cousins B, V)Cousins B, V)

m1m1m1m1----M: observedM: observedM: observedM: observed----cataloguecataloguecataloguecatalogue


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ExtinctionExtinctionExtinctionExtinction

Air massAir massAir massAir mass

1.941.941.941.941.41.41.41.41.131.131.131.131.021.021.021.02

Solar analogue stars Solar analogue stars Solar analogue stars Solar analogue stars at different air massat different air massat different air massat different air mass

Solar analogue stars Solar analogue stars Solar analogue stars Solar analogue stars at different air massat different air massat different air massat different air mass


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ExtinctionExtinctionExtinctionExtinction

� Two approaches for extinction correction:Two approaches for extinction correction:Two approaches for extinction correction:Two approaches for extinction correction:

1.1.1.1. extinction curves for eachextinction curves for eachextinction curves for eachextinction curves for each night derived from the night derived from the night derived from the night derived from the observations of solar analogue starsobservations of solar analogue starsobservations of solar analogue starsobservations of solar analogue stars

2.2.2.2. standard extinction curvestandard extinction curvestandard extinction curvestandard extinction curve


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Spectra of GEO SpacecraftSpectra of GEO SpacecraftSpectra of GEO SpacecraftSpectra of GEO Spacecraft

MSG 1


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Phase Angle Dependence?Phase Angle Dependence?Phase Angle Dependence?Phase Angle Dependence?

MeteosatMeteosatMeteosatMeteosat MSG 1 atMSG 1 atMSG 1 atMSG 1 atdifferent phase angles:different phase angles:different phase angles:different phase angles:

- 53535353°°°°- 27272727°°°°- 60606060°°°°

�� NOT significantNOT significantNOT significantNOT significant

---- very red!very red!very red!very red!

MeteosatMeteosatMeteosatMeteosat MSG 1 atMSG 1 atMSG 1 atMSG 1 atdifferent phase angles:different phase angles:different phase angles:different phase angles:

- 53535353°°°°- 27272727°°°°- 60606060°°°°



MSG 1


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Phase Angle Dependence?Phase Angle Dependence?Phase Angle Dependence?Phase Angle Dependence?

Artemis atArtemis atArtemis atArtemis atdifferent phase angles:different phase angles:different phase angles:different phase angles:

- 17171717°°°°- 52525252°°°°



Artemis atArtemis atArtemis atArtemis atdifferent phase angles:different phase angles:different phase angles:different phase angles:

- 17171717°°°°- 52525252°°°°



Artemis


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Bright GTO Debris ObjectsBright GTO Debris ObjectsBright GTO Debris ObjectsBright GTO Debris Objects

S92008

GTO debrisGTO debrisGTO debrisGTO debris- Magnitude 13.4Magnitude 13.4Magnitude 13.4Magnitude 13.4±±±±1.21.21.21.2- AMR = 0.02 mAMR = 0.02 mAMR = 0.02 mAMR = 0.02 m2222/kg/kg/kg/kg- several nightsseveral nightsseveral nightsseveral nights

- very red (very red (very red (very red („„„„reddeningreddeningreddeningreddening““““?)?)?)?)- ““““Type 1Type 1Type 1Type 1””””

GTO debrisGTO debrisGTO debrisGTO debris- Magnitude 13.4Magnitude 13.4Magnitude 13.4Magnitude 13.4±±±±1.21.21.21.2- AMR = 0.02 mAMR = 0.02 mAMR = 0.02 mAMR = 0.02 m2222/kg/kg/kg/kg- several nightsseveral nightsseveral nightsseveral nights

- very red (very red (very red (very red („„„„reddeningreddeningreddeningreddening““““?)?)?)?)- ““““Type 1Type 1Type 1Type 1””””


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Bright GEO Debris ObjectsBright GEO Debris ObjectsBright GEO Debris ObjectsBright GEO Debris Objects

E08211A

GEO debrisGEO debrisGEO debrisGEO debris- Magnitude 12.8Magnitude 12.8Magnitude 12.8Magnitude 12.8±±±±1.31.31.31.3- AMR = 0.04 mAMR = 0.04 mAMR = 0.04 mAMR = 0.04 m2222/kg/kg/kg/kg- several nightsseveral nightsseveral nightsseveral nights

- red (red (red (red („„„„reddeningreddeningreddeningreddening““““?)?)?)?)- two faces?two faces?two faces?two faces?


- red (red (red (red („„„„reddeningreddeningreddeningreddening““““?)?)?)?)- two faces?two faces?two faces?two faces?


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Bright GEO Debris ObjectsBright GEO Debris ObjectsBright GEO Debris ObjectsBright GEO Debris Objects

E08152A


- blue/whiteblue/whiteblue/whiteblue/white- ““““Type 2Type 2Type 2Type 2””””




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Faint HAMR GEO DebrisFaint HAMR GEO DebrisFaint HAMR GEO DebrisFaint HAMR GEO Debris

E07046Bn

HAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debris- Magnitude ~16Magnitude ~16Magnitude ~16Magnitude ~16- AMR = 0.5 mAMR = 0.5 mAMR = 0.5 mAMR = 0.5 m2222/kg/kg/kg/kg- several nightsseveral nightsseveral nightsseveral nights

- redredredred- two faces?two faces?two faces?two faces?- ““““Type 1Type 1Type 1Type 1””””

HAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debris- Magnitude ~16Magnitude ~16Magnitude ~16Magnitude ~16- AMR = 0.5 mAMR = 0.5 mAMR = 0.5 mAMR = 0.5 m2222/kg/kg/kg/kg- several nightsseveral nightsseveral nightsseveral nights

- redredredred- two faces?two faces?two faces?two faces?- ““““Type 1Type 1Type 1Type 1””””


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N2010067

HAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debris- Magnitude ~16Magnitude ~16Magnitude ~16Magnitude ~16- AMR = 3 mAMR = 3 mAMR = 3 mAMR = 3 m2222/kg/kg/kg/kg- several nightsseveral nightsseveral nightsseveral nights

- redredredred- ““““kneekneekneeknee”””” at 500nmat 500nmat 500nmat 500nm- ““““Type 3Type 3Type 3Type 3””””

HAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debris- Magnitude ~16Magnitude ~16Magnitude ~16Magnitude ~16- AMR = 3 mAMR = 3 mAMR = 3 mAMR = 3 m2222/kg/kg/kg/kg- several nightsseveral nightsseveral nightsseveral nights

- redredredred- ““““kneekneekneeknee”””” at 500nmat 500nmat 500nmat 500nm- ““““Type 3Type 3Type 3Type 3””””


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S95300

HAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debris- Magnitude 16.3Magnitude 16.3Magnitude 16.3Magnitude 16.3±±±±0.80.80.80.8- AMR = 29.3 mAMR = 29.3 mAMR = 29.3 mAMR = 29.3 m2222/kg/kg/kg/kg- several nightsseveral nightsseveral nightsseveral nights


HAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debrisHAMR GEO debris- Magnitude 16.3Magnitude 16.3Magnitude 16.3Magnitude 16.3±±±±0.80.80.80.8- AMR = 29.3 mAMR = 29.3 mAMR = 29.3 mAMR = 29.3 m2222/kg/kg/kg/kg- several nightsseveral nightsseveral nightsseveral nights



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Comparison with Lab SpectraComparison with Lab SpectraComparison with Lab SpectraComparison with Lab Spectra

N2010067N2010067N2010067N2010067, ~ 16 mag , ~ 16 mag , ~ 16 mag , ~ 16 mag AMR = 2.9 mAMR = 2.9 mAMR = 2.9 mAMR = 2.9 m2222/kg/kg/kg/kg

S95300S95300S95300S95300, ~ 16 , ~ 16 , ~ 16 , ~ 16 magmagmagmagAMR = 29.3 mAMR = 29.3 mAMR = 29.3 mAMR = 29.3 m2222/kg/kg/kg/kg

0.0

0.5

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2.5

400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Wavelength [nm]

Sca

led

Ref

lect

ance

Spacefacing Side

Spacecraftfacing Side

'gold' 'gold' 'gold' 'gold' KaptonKaptonKaptonKapton MLIMLIMLIMLI

0.0

0.2

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400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Wavelength [nm]

Sca

led

Ref

lect

ance

Outside LayerInside Mesh Layers

'silver' MLI'silver' MLI'silver' MLI'silver' MLI


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SummarySummarySummarySummary

� Reflection SpectraReflection SpectraReflection SpectraReflection Spectra of 34 objectsof 34 objectsof 34 objectsof 34 objects in GEO, in GEO, in GEO, in GEO, ‘‘‘‘eccentric GEOeccentric GEOeccentric GEOeccentric GEO’’’’ and and and and GTO orbitsGTO orbitsGTO orbitsGTO orbits

� 4 4 4 4 s/cs/cs/cs/c, 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 r/br/br/br/b, , , , 16 HAMR GEO16 HAMR GEO16 HAMR GEO16 HAMR GEO

� 3 categories of spectra 3 categories of spectra 3 categories of spectra 3 categories of spectra identifiedidentifiedidentifiedidentified

� Subset of objects with 2 different facesSubset of objects with 2 different facesSubset of objects with 2 different facesSubset of objects with 2 different faces

� ““““reddening effectreddening effectreddening effectreddening effect”””” significant (e.g. MSG 1)significant (e.g. MSG 1)significant (e.g. MSG 1)significant (e.g. MSG 1)

� for 2 HAMR objectsfor 2 HAMR objectsfor 2 HAMR objectsfor 2 HAMR objects

� indication for indication for indication for indication for ““““silversilversilversilver”””” MLIMLIMLIMLI

� indication for indication for indication for indication for KaptonKaptonKaptonKapton ““““goldgoldgoldgold”””” MLIMLIMLIMLI

� Additional step on a long way to Additional step on a long way to Additional step on a long way to Additional step on a long way to identify the materials (and identify the materials (and identify the materials (and identify the materials (and nature) of the HAMR objectsnature) of the HAMR objectsnature) of the HAMR objectsnature) of the HAMR objects


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AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

� The observations in Tenerife have been performed under ESA The observations in Tenerife have been performed under ESA The observations in Tenerife have been performed under ESA The observations in Tenerife have been performed under ESA study contracts.study contracts.study contracts.study contracts.

� Collaboration with the Collaboration with the Collaboration with the Collaboration with the KeldyshKeldyshKeldyshKeldysh Institute of Applied Institute of Applied Institute of Applied Institute of Applied Mathematics (KIAM) and ISON Mathematics (KIAM) and ISON Mathematics (KIAM) and ISON Mathematics (KIAM) and ISON is instrumental in maintaining is instrumental in maintaining is instrumental in maintaining is instrumental in maintaining the orbits of the targeted debris objects the orbits of the targeted debris objects the orbits of the targeted debris objects the orbits of the targeted debris objects ....

� G. G. G. G. DrolshagenDrolshagenDrolshagenDrolshagen (ESTEC), and F. (ESTEC), and F. (ESTEC), and F. (ESTEC), and F. PiergentiliPiergentiliPiergentiliPiergentili (La (La (La (La SapienzaSapienzaSapienzaSapienza) ) ) ) provided solar cell and MLI samples.provided solar cell and MLI samples.provided solar cell and MLI samples.provided solar cell and MLI samples.

� K. K. K. K. AbercrombyAbercrombyAbercrombyAbercromby provided data on MLI.provided data on MLI.provided data on MLI.provided data on MLI.

� J. J. J. J. KuuselaKuuselaKuuselaKuusela and D. and D. and D. and D. AbreuAbreuAbreuAbreu were mounting the spectrograph and were mounting the spectrograph and were mounting the spectrograph and were mounting the spectrograph and taking the observations .taking the observations .taking the observations .taking the observations .

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Astronomical Institute University of Bern AIUBlfvn.astronomer.ru/report/0000064/IAC_10_A6_1_7_show.pdf · Astronomical Institute University of Bern AIUB ... Try fainter debris. 61st