Designation: D 4157 92

Standard Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory CylinderMethod)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abra-

sion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatorycylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for somefabric constructions.

NOTE 1Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance oftextile fabrics are given in: Test Methods D 3884, D 3885, D 3886,D 4158, and AATCC 93.

1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard; the values in English units are provided as informa-tion only and are not exact equivalents.

1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles2D 1682 Test Methods for Breaking Load and Elongation of

Textile Fabrics2D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing2D 3597 Specification for Woven Upholstery Fabrics

Plain, Tufted, or Flocked3D 3884 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile

Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double Head Method)3D 3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile

Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)3D 3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile

Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Method)3D 4158 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile

Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion Method)32.2 Other Document:AATCC 93, Impeller Tumble Method4

3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 abrasion, nthe wearing away of any part of a

material by rubbing against another surface.3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test

method, refer to Terminology D 123.

4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Abrasion resistance is measured by subjecting the speci-

men to unidirectional rubbing action under known conditionsof pressure, tension, and abrasive action.5 Resistance to abra-sion is evaluated by various means which are described inSection 12.

5. Significance and Use5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile

and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasionis affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanicalproperties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; thestructure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and thetype, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers,yarns, or fabric.

5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by theconditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variableaction of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, thetension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimenand abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.

5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changesin the abradant during specific tests. The abradant mustaccordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checkedperiodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, theabradant is used only once or changed after limited use. Withpermanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalentsurfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not changeappreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similarabradants used in different laboratories will not likely change atthe same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradantsmay also change due to pick up of finishing or other materialfrom test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent

1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Textilesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,Specific.

Current edition approved June 15, 1992. Published August 1992. Originallypublished as D 4157 82. Last previous edition D 4157 82.

2 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.4 Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.

Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.

5 A machine similar to that described may be obtained from Polyspec, Inc., 2301South Tyron St., Charlotte, NC 28203. An evaluation was made of this apparatus inthe Report of the ASTM Task Group Studying the Wyzenbeck Precision Wear TestMeter, by Scaman J. Tanenhaus and Gerald Winston in the ASTM Bulletin, October1948.

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Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasionmay also be affected by the method of evaluation and may beinfluenced by the judgment of the operator.

5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-sured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally onlyone of several factors contributing to wear performance ordurability as experienced in the actual use of the material.While abrasion resistance (often stated in terms of thenumber of cycles on a specified machine, using a specifiedtechnique to produce a specified degree or amount of abrasion)and durability (defined as the ability to withstand deteriora-tion or wearing out in use, including the effects of abrasion) arefrequently related, the relationship varies with different enduses, and different factors may be necessary in any calculationof predicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laboratorytests may be reliable as an indication of relative end-useperformance in cases where the difference in abrasion resis-tance of various materials is large, but they should not be reliedupon where differences in laboratory test findings are small. Ingeneral, they should not be relied upon for prediction of actualwear-life in specific end uses unless there are data showing thespecific relationship between laboratory abrasion tests andactual wear in the intended end-use.

5.5 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics,including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel fabrics, house-hold fabrics, industrial fabrics, and floor coverings. It is notsurprising, therefore, to find that there are many different typesof abrasion testing machines, abradants, testing conditions,testing procedures, methods of evaluation of abrasion resis-tance, and interpretation of results.

5.6 All the test methods and instruments so far developedfor abrasion resistance may show a high degree of variability inresults obtained by different operators and in different labora-tories; however, they represent the methods now most widelyin use.

5.7 Since there is a definite need for measuring the relativeresistance to abrasion, standardized test methods are desirableand useful and may clarify the problem and lessen theconfusion.

5.8 Because of the conditions mentioned previously, tech-nicians frequently fail to get good agreement between resultsobtained on the same type of testing instrument both within andbetween laboratories, and the precision of this test method isuncertain. This test method is accordingly not recommendedfor acceptance testing in contractual agreements betweenpurchaser and seller because of the poor between-laboratoryprecision of the test method. In such a case, if there is adisagreement arising from differences in values reported by thepurchaser and the seller when using this test method foracceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between thelaboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the sellershould be determined with each comparison being based ontesting specimens randomly drawn from one sample of mate-rial of the type being evaluated.

6. Apparatus6.1 The apparatus, shown in Figs. 1 and 2, should consist of

an oscillating cylinder section furnished with edge clamps topermit mounting of a sheet of abrasive material over its curved

surface. The section should oscillate through an arc 76 mm (3in.) long at the rate of 90 cycles (double rubs) per min. Threeor four specimen-holding arms should be provided to permittesting of several specimens simultaneously. Each arm shouldconsist of a set of controlled tension clamps and a controlledpressure pad. Tension on the specimen should be adjusted byuse of a calibrated sliding weight on a bar attached to theforward specimen clamp. The rear clamp should butt against athumb screw to provide for taking up the slack of the specimen.The pressure pad, made of sponge rubber, should be fitted to apressure bar at the top of the specimen-holding arm. A secondcalibrated sliding weight should furnish the required pressurebetween the pad and the cylinder section. The rubber pad, 50by 50 mm (2 by 2 in.) in dimension, should be shaped to thecurve of the cylinder surface. Suspended over the drum shouldbe two slotted vacuum pipes to remove lint and dust particles.An automatic counter should be provided to record the numberof oscillations.

6.2 Maintenance and CalibrationThe rubber pads on thetester may not be in proper alignment when installed or maybecome misaligned or worn through use. In order to achieveuniform wear the following procedure should be followed:Remove the screen wire and clean the drum. Insert 36-gritsandpaper, firmly seat the pads in holders, lower the pads ontosandpaper, engage, and remove all pressure. Run tester for 400cycles or until pads are evenly worn to the shape of the drum.After each test, brush the rubber pads to remove loose fiber,

FIG. 1 Oscillatory Cylinder Abrasive Machine

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etc., using a nylon brush of medium stiffness. Clean the drumwith the brush and then with a cloth using stoddard solvent.Weekly maintenance should be done as follows: Take off thescreens and clean in a detergent solution. Clean out the vacuumsystem by removing the attachment and blowing out with an airhose and vacuuming. Inspect the pads for wear and reverse orreplace, as needed.

7. Sampling7.1 Take a lot sample as directed in the applicable material

specification, or as agreed upon between the purchaser andseller. In the absence of such a specification or other agree-ment, take a laboratory sample as directed in 7.2.

7.2 Take a laboratory sample from each roll or piece offabric in the lot sample. The laboratory sample should be fullwidth and at least 50 cm (approximately 20 in.) long andshould not be taken any closer to the end of the roll or piece offabric than 1 m (1 yd).

7.3 Sample shipments of garments as agreed upon betweenpurchaser and seller.

8. Number and Preparation of Test Specimens8.1 In the absence of any applicable material specifications,

take 16 specimens, 8 warp and 8 filling, from each sample tobe tested.

9. Conditioning9.1 For the tests made as described, precondition the speci-

mens by bringing them to approximate moisture equilibrium in

the standard atmosphere for preconditioning, then bring thespecimens to moisture equilibrium for testing in the standardatmosphere for testing. Equilibrium is considered to have beenreached when the increase in weight of the specimen insuccessive weighings made at intervals of not less than 2 hdoes not exceed 0.1 % of the weight of the specimen.

10. Preparation of Specimens10.1 Cut the test specimen 45 mm (178 in.) by 230 mm (9

in.). The long dimensions are cut parallel to the warp yarns forwarpwise abrasion and parallel to the filling yarns for filling-wise abrasion. Do not cut two warp specimens from the samewarp yarns or two filling specimens from the same fillingyarns. Abrade the specimens on the face of the material unlessotherwise specified. Specimen preparation need not be carriedout in the standard atmosphere for testing.

11. Procedure11.1 Test the conditioned specimens in the standard atmo-

sphere for testing textiles, which is 70 6 2F (21 6 1C) and65 6 2 % relative humidity.

11.2 Place the specimen in the clamps with the longdimension parallel to the direction of abrasion. Draw thespecimen tight enough to bring the weighted tension scale barinto a horizontal position. If the specimen stretches during thetest, bring the scale bar back into a horizontal position byadjusting the screw behind the rear clamp. Set the weight onthe pressure bar at the specified load. Depending on thethickness of the specimen, adjust the knurled screw on the top

FIG. 2 Schematic Diagram of Oscillatory Cylinder Machine

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of the overarm to allow the pressure bar to rest in a horizontalposition. Unless otherwise specified, abrade the specimenusing a 908-g (2-lb) dead weight load tension and a 908-g deadweight load for 250 continuous cycles with No. 0 emery paperused as the abradant. Change the abradant for each set ofspecimens.

11.3 Abrade the specimen, by agreement, to rupture andrecord the number of cycles; or to a specified number of cycles.

NOTE 2Other abradant materials may also be used.

12. Interpretation of Results12.1 Abrasion to RuptureAverage the number of cycles to

rupture for each sample using the following table:Total Number

of CyclesAverage to the

Nearest

Under 200 10 cycles200 to 1000 excl 25 cycles1000 to 5000 excl 50 cycles5000 and over 100 cycles

12.2 Percentage Loss in Breaking LoadDetermine thebreaking load of specimens abraded for a specified number ofcycles, using Test Methods D 1682 raveled-strip procedure.The abraded area of the specimens should be in the centralportion of the raveled strip and be placed midway between theclamps of the tensile tester.

12.2.1 Determine the breaking load of an unabraded portionof the same sample, or control fabric, under the same condi-tions.

12.2.2 Compare the breaking load of the abraded specimensto that of the control specimens by calculating the loss inbreaking load and report to the nearest 1.0 % using Eq 1:

Loss in breaking load, % 5 100~A 2 B!/A (1)

where:A 5 breaking load before abrasion, and

B 5 breaking load after abrasion.12.3 Evaluation for Visual ChangesAbrade the specimen

a specified number of cycles and then evaluate visually for theeffect of the abrasion on luster, color, napping, pilling, etc.

13. Report13.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in

ASTM Test Method D 4157. Describe the material or productsampled and the method of sampling used.

13.2 Depending on the test option used, report the followinginformation:

13.2.1 Type of abradant used, tension, and load adjustment.13.2.2 Average number of cycles required to rupture the

specimen, if determined.13.2.3 Average percentage loss (reported to the nearest

percent) of breaking load obtained after abrasion for one ormore specified number of cycles, if determined.

13.2.4 Effect of abrasion on luster, color, napping, pilling,thickness, etc., at a given number of cycles, recorded byqualitative or comparative ranking, if determined.

13.2.5 If any other means of evaluating the effect ofabrasion is used, describe the particular method employed.

14. Precision and Bias14.1 PrecisionThe precision of Test Method D 4157,

oscillatory cylinder procedure, for measuring abrasion resis-tance of textile fabrics, is being established.

14.2 BiasNo justifiable statement can be made on the biasof Test Method D 4157, oscillatory cylinder procedure formeasuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics, since thetrue value of the property cannot be established by an acceptedreferee test method.

15. Keywords15.1 abrasion; woven fabric

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