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Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

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Page 1: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Asthma in childhood

E. Picard M.D.Pediatric Pulmonary Unit

Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Page 2: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

ASTHMA: DEFINITION

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the

airways characterized by reversible obstruction of

airflow

Page 3: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Asthma: Asthma: inflammationinflammation

Normal Asthma

Page 4: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Epithelial damage in AsthmaEpithelial damage in Asthma

AsthmaticNormal

CILIA

Epithelium

Page 5: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Bronchus- סמפון

• אצל חולה אסטמה • מצב תקין

Page 6: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Asthma: Pathophysiology

• Allergens inhaled presented to T and B cells

• Interaction among these cells and by influence of IL4 and IL13, switch of B cells to synthesize IGE

• Then IGE bind to IGE receptor of mast cells and the early and late response occur.

Page 7: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Asthma: Pathophysiology

Late-response: (4-6 hours later):

mediators (IL5) activate

eosinophils and other inflammatory cells which migrate to the airways.

Release of inflammatory mediators (major basic protein, eosinophilic cationic protein, leukotrienes, …) which cause epithelial cell damage, airway edema, mucus hypersecretion etc...

The Result: Airway inflammation

Page 8: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

שכיחות מחלת האסטמה בילדים

מחלה הכרונית הכי שכיחה בילדיםסיבה הכי שכיחה של ביקורים בחדר מיון ילדים שכיחות האסטמה גבוהה יותר בילדים מאשר

במבוגרים אצל ילדים יותר בנים מאשר בנות ולהפך אצל

מבוגרים בנות 8.6%)בנים 8%כבארץ שכיחות במתבגרים

6.9% ) [CHEST 2007]

ניו שכיחות המחלה גבוהה יותר במדינות מתועשות(

מאשר במדינות המתפתחות(0.8%, טיבט 30%זילנד

Page 9: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

שכיחות האסתמה והתמותה

Source 1: GINA– Global strategy for asthma management and prevention 2006 – chapter 1

Page 10: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Epidemiology

עישון בזמן הריון ואחרי הלידה הם גורמי סיכון להתפתחות

של אסטמה אצל ילדים

Slide 1

Page 11: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

אסטמה: קליניקה

שיעול: אינטרמיטנתי, יבש, לילי(אחרי חצות), לאחר מאמץ או

היפרוונטילציה (צחוק)דיספנאה וטכיפנאהלחץ בחזה

Page 12: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

? ?אנמנזה: אלרגיותאנמנזה: אלרגיות

מעל שני שליש של חולים אסטמטים יש סיפור של אלרגיות

)האם יש ריניטיס אלרגית ? )נזלת שקופה עונתית

Page 13: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Allergic rhinitisalone

Asthmaalone

Allergic

rhinitis + asthma

SGA 2001-W-6472-SSLeynaert B et al Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:1391-1396

Asthma-Diagnosis: HistoryAsthma-Diagnosis: History

• Most Asthmatic Patients have Allergic Rhinitis (children 80-90%, adults 50%)

Page 14: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

? ?אנמנזה: אלרגיותאנמנזה: אלרגיות

Atopic dermatitis (cheeks and extensor surfaces )

Page 15: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

בדיקה פיזיקאלית: האזנהבדיקה פיזיקאלית: האזנה

צפצופים אקספירטורים בעיקר )אקספריום מאורך )יותר מאינספריום

Page 16: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

בדיקה פיזיקאליתבדיקה פיזיקאלית

• clubbing very rare !!!!!.

Page 17: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

אסטמה בדיקות מעבדהאסטמה בדיקות מעבדה

Eosinophilia, High level of IgESkin tests (weal-flare reaction, diameter of the weal !!)

Page 18: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

אסטמה: צילום חזהאסטמה: צילום חזהכדאי לבצע צילום חזה, יותר כדי לשלול פתולוגיה אחרת•צילום חזה באסטמה: תקין / היפראינפלציה / עיבוי •

פריברונכיאלי / תמטים

Page 19: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

צילום חזהצילום חזה

Page 20: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Asthma-Diagnosis:Asthma-Diagnosis: Lung-TestsLung-Tests

Lung function tests: PEF, FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC,

FEF 50%.

Page 21: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Asthma: Diagnosis Asthma: Diagnosis Obstructive pattern

Page 22: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Asthma-Diagnosis:Asthma-Diagnosis: Lung-TestsLung-TestsImprovement of more than 12% of FEV1

to beta 2 agonists

Page 23: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Asthma: DiagnosisAsthma: Diagnosis• Bronchial Challenge Test: Methacholine,

Adenosine, Exercise (worsening of FEV1 >10-15%)

Page 24: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

אסטמה ילדים: אבחנה מבדלת זיהום בסמפונות הראה הגורם להיצרות שלהם

“Acute bronchitis/ bronchiolitis”

Page 25: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Bronchiolitis• Etiology: RSV (respiratory

syncytial virus) • Invasion of bronchioles by

virus: edema and accumulation of mucus, obstruction of airways.

• Common disease of infancy (<6 months) Leading cause of hospitalization for infants

• Adult infected are also symptomatic: (simple cold)

Page 26: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Acute Bronchiolitis

• High incidence in winter (January / February) around 13 weeks..

• More severe disease: Male, age < 6 months, no breast feeding, tobacco exposure

• High risk population: →Age (1-3 months), C.H.D., Premature

babies, C.L.D., Trisomy-21…

Page 27: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Bronchiolitis clinical signs

• First 1-2 days symptoms of viral disease (slight fever, rhinorrhea…)

• Gradual development of respiratory distress

• Apneic spells in infants (hypoxia?, CNS toxins?, U.A.O.?)

• Rhonchi, crackles or wheezes in auscultation

Page 28: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Bronchiolitis clinical signs• Critical phase 48-72 hours• RSV shed from respiratory tract until 9

days, survive on hands (Isolation, hand washing!!!)

Page 29: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Bronchiolitis laboratory

• WBC within normal limits• X-ray: Diffuse hyperinflation with

flattening of diaphragms, atelectasis.• Diagnostic: Ag detection by

immunofluorescent on nasal secretions.

Page 30: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Bronchiolitis

Page 31: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Bronchiolitis Treatment (1)

Humidified oxygen, (Helium)

Bronchodilators: Salbutamol small improvement in clinical score but do not reduce hospital admission

(Cochrane 2010)

Page 32: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Bronchiolitis Treatment (2)Adrenaline:

Adrenaline by inhalations seems better than Salbutamol (Menon J of Ped 1995, Bertrand Ped pulm 2001)

Adrenaline vs placebo no difference between 2 groups (Wainwright NEJM 2003)

Cochrane 2011: Nebulised epinephrine short-term improvement in outpatients . No evidence of effectiveness for repeated dose or prolonged use of epinephrine among inpatients.

Corticosteroids inhaled or systemic:Cochrane 2013: Current evidence does not support a

clinically relevant effect of systemic or inhaled glucocorticoids on admissions or length of hospitalisation.

Page 33: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Bronchiolitis treatment: Hypertonic saline

• Inhaled 3–9% HS has proved a useful tool in several respiratory diseases (mainly CF) Pezzulo BMJ 2012.

סליין היפרטוני:

airways(מגדיל את גובה הנוזל המצפה את דפנות דרכי האוויר )1surface liquid=ASLמוריד צמיגות )

(מקטין את הבצקת בשכבה התת-רירית2

( מאיץ את קצב פנוי הליחה3

Page 34: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Bronchiolitis Treatment (3)

Hypertonic saline 3% and terbutaline > N.S and terbutaline in bronchiolitis and HS 3% > NS (Sarrell chest 2002) and (Kuzik J Pediatr 2007)

Nebulization with 5% hypertonic saline is safe and efficient in bronchioilitis (Al Ansari J Pediatr 2010)

Cochrane 2013: Current evidence suggests that in bronchiolitis nebulised 3% saline may significantly reduce the length of hospital stay bronchiolitis and improve the clinical severity score.

Page 35: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Bronchiolitis preventive treatment

Standard IGIV no effectiveRSV vaccine not successful PALIVIZUMAB (synagis) Monoclonal

Antibody:IM once a month in the winter (11 to 03)

reduces hospitalizations and decreases severity

Page 36: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Bronchiolitis preventive treatment (indication according to ministry of

health)1) BPD: BPD with oxygen until age of 2,

BPD until age of 1 even without oxygen 2) Premature baby: < 31 (+6d) weeks and

younger than 1 year 3) Birth weight < 1 kg: younger than 1 year 4) Chronic pulmonary disease: younger than 1

year (on O2, on steroids PO, active CF, Down with rec pneumonia, s/p TE fist repair, BO ..)

5) CHD with CHF on treatment until age of 1 y6) Cyanotic heart disease until age of 1

7) PHT moderate to severe until age of 1.

Page 37: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Never Wheezed (51%) by age of 6 y Transient (20%) Wheeze <3 y No wheeze by 6 year Persistent (14%): Wheeze <3y Wheeze at 6 year Late (15%): no wheeze <3y Wheeze at 6 y

Never Wheezed

51%

Transient 20%

Persistent 14%

Late 15%

Martinez et al. NEJM 1995;332: 133-8

Asthma in infancy: prognostic factors

Page 38: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Asthma in infancy: prognostic factors

Up to 50% of all infants below age of 6 will have at least one episode of wheezing

60% of early wheezers (<3y) do not wheeze at 6

10-70% (the truth around 50-60%) of asthmatic children have resolution of the condition by adulthood

Page 39: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Asthma in infancy: prognostic factors

Severe diseaseAge > 3 years Allergic / atopic children (no viral

induced)Tobacco smoke exposure Familial history (25% to 50% if one or

two parents asthmatics

Page 40: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Asthma Treatment

Acute asthmaChronic asthma

Page 41: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

Acute asthma treatment

Oxygen as neededagonists: each 20 minutes Corticosteroids: I.V. (1-4mg/kg/d)Consider Aerovent, Aminophylline

I.V., Mg SO4.Helium (low density, ↓ Reynolds

number more laminar flow(

Page 42: Asthma in childhood E. Picard M.D. Pediatric Pulmonary Unit Shaare Zedek Medical Center Jerusalem

The end