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AST 248, Lecture 24
James Lattimer
Department of Physics & Astronomy449 ESS Bldg.
Stony Brook University
May 4, 2020
The Search for Life in the [email protected]
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
Advantages of Communication by Radio
I Speed: velocity of light exceeds physical transportation speedsI Cost is small compared to space voyages or probes
Commonly used bands in the radio spectrum.
What determines the choice of communication frequency?1. Economy: cost per photon proportional to energy and frequency2. Freedom from interference: sum of galactic background, cosmic
background quantum limit; atmospheric absorption eliminated fromspace-based radios
3. Cosmic guideposts: e.g., “cosmic waterhole” between H spin-flip(1420 MHz) and OH lines (1600–1700 Mhz)
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
U.S.
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERC
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VIGA
TION
RADI
O-NA
VIGA
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SATE
LLIT
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EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
NSA
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SATELLITE(E-S)
MOB
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FIXE
DFI
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SATE
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AMAT
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SATE
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AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
SATE
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Amat
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Sate
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Amat
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RA
DIO
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CAT
ION
MOB
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FIXE
DM
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(S-E
)
FIXE
DSA
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(S-E
)
MOB
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FIXE
DBR
OAD
-CA
STIN
GSA
TELL
ITE
BRO
AD-
CAST
ING
SPACERESEARCH
(Passive)
RADIOASTRONOMY
EARTHEXPLORATION
SATELLITE(Passive)
MOBILE
FIX
ED
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DRA
DIO
-LO
CATI
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XED
SATE
LLIT
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-S)
MOBILESATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
Radio-location
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H E
XPL.
SATE
LLIT
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assiv
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ACE
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ARCH
(Pas
sive)
FIX
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FIX
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SA
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(S-E
)
SPACERESEARCH
(Passive)
RADIOASTRONOMY
EARTHEXPLORATION
SATELLITE(Passive)
FIXED
MOBILE
MO
BIL
EIN
TER-
SATE
LLIT
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RADIO-LOCATION
INTER-SATELLITE
Radio-location
MOBILE
MOBILESATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
SATE
LLIT
E
Amat
eur
Amat
eur S
atel
liteRA
DIO
-LO
CATI
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MOB
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FIXE
DFI
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SATE
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-E)
MOB
ILE
FIXE
DFI
XED
SATE
LLIT
E(S
-E)
EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
NSA
TELL
ITE
(Pas
sive)
SPAC
E RE
S.(P
assiv
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SPAC
E RE
S.(P
assiv
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RADI
OAS
TRO
NOM
Y
FIXEDSATELLITE
(S-E)
FIXED
MOB
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D
MOB
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FIXE
D
MOB
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FIXE
D
MOB
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FIXE
D
MOB
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D
SPAC
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assiv
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DIO
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(Pas
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EART
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NSA
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assiv
e)
SPAC
ERE
SEAR
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assiv
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R-SA
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R-SA
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R-SA
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ITE
MOBILE
MOBILE
MOB
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SATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
FIXEDSATELLITE
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RTH
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ORAT
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SPAC
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SPACERESEARCH
(Passive)
RADIOASTRONOMY
EARTHEXPLORATION
SATELLITE(Passive)
MOB
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D
MOB
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FIXE
D
MOB
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D
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DSA
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FIXE
DSA
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XED
SATE
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EART
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PL.
SAT.
(Pas
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SPAC
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Radi
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Radi
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RADI
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TION
AMAT
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AMAT
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SATE
LLIT
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Amat
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Amat
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atel
lite
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H EX
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SATE
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(Pas
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MOBILE
MOBILESATELLITE
RADIO-NAVIGATION
RADIO-NAVIGATIONSATELLITE
MOBILE
MOBILE
FIXED
RADIO-ASTRONOMY
FIXEDSATELLITE
(E-S)
FIXED
3.0
3.02
5
3.15
5
3.23
0
3.4
3.5
4.0
4.06
3
4.43
8
4.65
4.7
4.75
4.85
4.99
55.
003
5.00
55.
060
5.45
MARITIMEMOBILE
AMAT
EUR
AMAT
EUR
SATE
LLIT
EFI
XED
Mob
ileM
ARIT
IME
MOB
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STAN
DARD
FRE
QUEN
CY &
TIM
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GNAL
(20,
000
KHZ)
Spac
e Re
sear
ch
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MO
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(OR)
AMAT
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SATE
LLIT
EAM
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R
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(S-E
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AT. (S
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SPAC
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t. (S-
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SPAC
E OP
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MOBILE
FIXED
FIXE
DLa
nd M
obile
FIXE
DM
OBIL
E
LAN
D M
OBIL
E
LAN
D MO
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MAR
ITIM
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MAR
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E MO
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MAR
ITIM
E M
OBIL
E
MAR
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LAN
D M
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E
FIXE
DM
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LEMO
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SATE
LLITE
(E-S
)
Radi
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atio
n
Radio
locat
ionLA
ND M
OBIL
EAM
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R
MOB
ILE S
ATEL
LITE
(E-S
) R
ADIO
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ATEL
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MET
. AID
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adios
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MET
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(RAD
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SPAC
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(S-S
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MO
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LAND
MO
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FIXE
DLA
ND M
OBI
LE
FIXE
DFI
XED
RADI
O A
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RADI
O A
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ADIO
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(Rad
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MET
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SATE
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Fixed
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MET. SAT.(s-E)
FIX
ED
FIXE
D
AERO
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MOB
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ATEL
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(R) (
spac
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)
AERO
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RAD
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ION
RADI
ONAV
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MOB
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ATEL
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(spac
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arth)
Mobile
Sate
llite (
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)
RADI
O DE
T. SA
T. (E
-S)
MO
BILE
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. RAD
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ION
AERO
. RAD
IONA
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RADI
O DE
T. SA
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RADI
O DE
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T. (E
-S)
MOBIL
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T. (E
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MOBIL
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. (E-S
)Mo
bile S
at. (S
-E)
RADI
O AS
TRON
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RADI
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Y M
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FIXE
DM
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D
FIXE
D(L
OS)
MOBI
LE(LO
S)SP
ACE
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ARCH
(s-E)
(s-s)
SPAC
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ERAT
ION
(s-E)
(s-s)
EART
HEX
PLOR
ATIO
NSA
T. (s-
E)(s-
s)
Amat
eur
MO
BILE
Fixe
dRA
DIOL
OCAT
ION
AMAT
EUR
RADI
O A
STRO
N.SP
ACE
RES
EAR
CH
EART
H E
XPL
SAT
FIXE
D SA
T. (S
-E)
FIXED
MOBILE
FIXEDSATELLITE (S-E)
FIXE
DM
OBIL
EFI
XED
SATE
LLIT
E (E
-S)
FIXE
DSA
TELL
ITE
(E-S
)M
OBIL
EFI
XED
SPAC
ERE
SEAR
CH (S
-E)
(Dee
p Sp
ace) AE
RONA
UTIC
AL R
ADIO
NAVI
GATI
ON
EART
HEX
PL. S
AT.
(Pas
sive)
300
325
335
405
415
435
495
505
510
525
535
1605
1615
1705
1800
1900
2000
2065
2107
2170
2173
.521
90.5
2194
2495
2501
2502
2505
2850
3000
RADIO-LOCATION
BRO
ADCA
STIN
G
FIXED
MOBILE
AMAT
EUR
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
N
MO
BILE
FIXE
DM
ARIT
IME
MO
BILE
MAR
ITIM
E M
OBI
LE (T
ELEP
HONY
)
MAR
ITIM
EM
OBIL
ELA
NDM
OBIL
EM
OBIL
EFI
XED
30.0
30.5
6
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
37.5
38.0
38.2
5
39.0
40.0
42.0
43.6
9
46.6
47.0
49.6
50.0
54.0
72.0
73.0
74.6
74.8
75.2
75.4
76.0
88.0
108.
0
117.
975
121.
9375
123.
0875
123.
5875
128.
8125
132.
0125
136.
0
137.
013
7.02
513
7.17
513
7.82
513
8.0
144.
014
6.0
148.
014
9.9
150.
05
150.
815
2.85
5
154.
0
156.
2475
157.
0375
157.
1875
157.
4516
1.57
516
1.62
516
1.77
516
2.01
25
173.
217
3.4
174.
0
216.
0
220.
022
2.0
225.
0
235.
0
300
ISM – 6.78 ± .015 MHz ISM – 13.560 ± .007 MHz ISM – 27.12 ± .163 MHz
ISM – 40.68 ± .02 MHz
ISM – 24.125 ± 0.125 GHz 30 GHz
ISM – 245.0 ± 1GHzISM – 122.5 ± .500 GHzISM – 61.25 ± .250 GHz
300.
0
322.
0
328.
6
335.
4
399.
9
400.
0540
0.15
401.
0
402.
0
403.
040
6.0
406.
1
410.
0
420.
0
450.
045
4.0
455.
045
6.0
460.
046
2.53
7546
2.73
7546
7.53
7546
7.73
7547
0.0
512.
0
608.
061
4.0
698
746
764
776
794
806
821
824
849
851
866
869
894
896
9019
01
902
928
929
930
931
932
935
940
941
944
960
1215
1240
1300
1350
1390
1392
1395
2000
2020
2025
2110
2155
2160
2180
2200
2290
2300
2305
2310
2320
2345
2360
2385
2390
2400
2417
2450
2483
.525
0026
5526
9027
00
2900
3000
1400
1427
1429
.5
1430
1432
1435
1525
1530
1535
1544
1545
1549
.5
1558
.515
5916
1016
10.6
1613
.816
26.5
1660
1660
.516
68.4
1670
1675
1700
1710
1755
1850
MARI
TIME
MOBIL
E SA
TELL
ITE(sp
ace t
o Eart
h)MO
BILE
SATE
LLITE
(S-E
)
RADI
OLO
CATI
ON
RADI
ONA
VIG
ATIO
NSA
TELL
ITE
(S-E
)
RADI
OLO
CATI
ON
Amat
eur
Radi
oloc
atio
nAE
RONA
UTIC
ALRA
DIO
NAVI
GAT
ION
SPA
CE
RESE
ARCH
( P
assiv
e)EA
RTH
EXP
L SA
T (Pa
ssive
)RA
DIO
A
STRO
NOMY
MO
BILE
MOB
ILE
**FI
XED-
SAT
(E
-S)
FIXE
D
FIXE
D FIXE
D**
LAND
MOB
ILE (T
LM)
MOBI
LE SA
T.(S
pace
to E
arth)
MARI
TIME
MOBI
LE S
AT.
(Spa
ce to
Eart
h)Mo
bile
(Aero
. TLM
)
MO
BILE
SAT
ELLI
TE (S
-E)
MOBIL
E SA
TELL
ITE(S
pace
to E
arth)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
MOB
ILE S
ATEL
LITE
(R)
(spac
e to E
arth)
3.0
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.65
3.7
4.2
4.4
4.5
4.8
4.94
4.99
5.0
5.15
5.25
5.35
5.46
5.47
5.6
5.65
5.83
5.85
5.92
5
6.42
5
6.52
5
6.70
6.87
5
7.02
57.
075
7.12
5
7.19
7.23
57.
25
7.30
7.45
7.55
7.75
7.90
8.02
5
8.17
5
8.21
5
8.4
8.45
8.5
9.0
9.2
9.3
9.5
10.0
10.4
5
10.5
10.5
510
.6
10.6
8
10.7
11.7
12.2
12.7
12.7
5
13.2
513
.4
13.7
514
.0
14.2
14.4
14.4
714
.514
.714
5
15.1
365
15.3
5
15.4
15.4
3
15.6
315
.716
.6
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.7
17.8
18.3
18.6
18.8
19.3
19.7
20.1
20.2
21.2
21.4
22.0
22.2
122
.5
22.5
5
23.5
5
23.6
24.0
24.0
5
24.2
524
.45
24.6
5
24.7
5
25.0
5
25.2
525
.527
.0
27.5
29.5
29.9
30.0
ISM – 2450.0 ± 50 MHz
30.0
31.0
31.3
31.8
32.0
32.3
33.0
33.4
36.0
37.0
37.6
38.0
38.6
39.5
40.0
40.5
41.0
42.5
43.5
45.5
46.9
47.0
47.2
48.2
50.2
50.4
51.4
52.6
54.2
555
.78
56.9
57.0
58.2
59.0
59.3
64.0
65.0
66.0
71.0
74.0
75.5
76.0
77.0
77.5
78.0
81.0
84.0
86.0
92.0
95.0
100.
0
102.
0
105.
0
116.
0
119.
98
120.
02
126.
0
134.
0
142.
014
4.0
149.
0
150.
0
151.
0
164.
0
168.
0
170.
0
174.
5
176.
5
182.
0
185.
0
190.
0
200.
0
202.
0
217.
0
231.
0
235.
0
238.
0
241.
0
248.
0
250.
0
252.
0
265.
0
275.
0
300.
0
ISM – 5.8 ± .075 GHz
ISM – 915.0 ± 13 MHz
INTE
R-SA
TELL
ITE
RADI
OLOC
ATIO
NSA
TELL
ITE (E
-S)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADI
ONAV
.
PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPEC-TRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNTOF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.
AERONAUTICALMOBILE
AERONAUTICALMOBILE SATELLITE
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION
AMATEUR
AMATEUR SATELLITE
BROADCASTING
BROADCASTINGSATELLITE
EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE
FIXED
FIXED SATELLITE
INTER-SATELLITE
LAND MOBILE
LAND MOBILESATELLITE
MARITIME MOBILE
MARITIME MOBILESATELLITE
MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION
METEOROLOGICALAIDS
METEOROLOGICALSATELLITE
MOBILE
MOBILE SATELLITE
RADIO ASTRONOMY
RADIODETERMINATIONSATELLITE
RADIOLOCATION
RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE
RADIONAVIGATION
RADIONAVIGATIONSATELLITE
SPACE OPERATION
SPACE RESEARCH
STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL
STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL SATELLITE
RADI
O A
STRO
NOM
Y
FIXED
MARITIME MOBILE
FIXED
MARITIMEMOBILE Aeronautical
Mobile
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q. A
ND T
IME
SIG
NAL
(60
kHz)
FIXE
DM
obile
*
STAN
D. F
REQ.
& T
IME
SIG.
MET.
AIDS
(Rad
ioson
de)
Spac
e Op
n. (S
-E)
MOBIL
E.SA
T. (S
-E)
Fixe
d
Stan
dard
Freq
. and
Time S
ignal
Satel
lite (E
-S)
FIXE
D
STAN
DARD
FRE
Q. A
ND T
IME
SIG
NAL
(20
kHz)
Amate
ur
MO
BIL
E
FIXE
D S
AT. (
E-S)
Spac
eRe
sear
ch
ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATION
SERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Primary FIXED Capital Letters
Secondary Mobi le 1st Capital with lower case letters
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management
October 2003
MO
BILE
BRO
ADCA
STIN
G
TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 kHz
59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FORUNLICENSED DEVICES
Fixed
AE
RO
NA
UTI
CA
LR
AD
ION
AV
IGA
TIO
N
SPAC
E RE
SEAR
CH (P
assiv
e)
* EXCEPT AERO MOBILE (R)
** EXCEPT AERO MOBILE WAVELENGTH
BANDDESIGNATIONS
ACTIVITIES
FREQUENCY
3 x 107m 3 x 106m 3 x 105m 30,000 m 3,000 m 300 m 30 m 3 m 30 cm 3 cm 0.3 cm 0.03 cm 3 x 105Å 3 x 104Å 3 x 103Å 3 x 102Å 3 x 10Å 3Å 3 x 10-1Å 3 x 10-2Å 3 x 10-3Å 3 x 10-4Å 3 x 10-5Å 3 x 10-6Å 3 x 10-7Å
0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 1013Hz 1014Hz 1015Hz 1016Hz 1017Hz 1018Hz 1019Hz 1020Hz 1021Hz 1022Hz 1023Hz 1024Hz 1025Hz
THE RADIO SPECTRUMMAGNIFIED ABOVE3 kHz 300 GHz
VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast Radar Sub-Millimeter Visible Ultraviolet Gamma-ray Cosmic-ray
Infra-sonics Sonics Ultra-sonics Microwaves Infrared
P L S XC RadarBands
LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY
X-ray
ALLOCATIONSFREQUENCY
BR
OA
DC
AS
TIN
GFI
XE
DM
OB
ILE
*
BR
OA
DC
AS
TIN
GF
IXE
DB
RO
AD
CA
ST
ING
F
IXE
D
M
obile
FIX
ED
BR
OA
DC
AS
TIN
G
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXE
D
FIXE
D
BRO
ADC
ASTI
NG
FIXE
DBR
OADC
ASTIN
GFI
XED
BROA
DCAS
TING
FIXE
D
BROA
DCAS
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This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by theFCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changesmade to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult theTable to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
Radio TelescopesGrote Reber, first parabolic dishWheaton, IL 1937
Green Bank TelescopeLargest fully steerable dish
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
Radio Telescopes
Arecibo Radio TelescopeLargest single-aperture telescope
VLA - Very Large ArraySocorro, New Mexico
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
Communication by Radio
Sources of interference. “Total” is the sum.
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
Signal and Noise and Bandpass
Need to select particular frequency (channel center) and bandpass(channel width).
I An optimum receiver hasbandpass equal tosignal’s. Too largebandpass admitsextraneous noise. Toosmall bandpass excludessome signal.
I Narrower signal of given power has higher signal-to-noise.Number of channels = Frequency−range
Bandpass .
The cosmic waterhole alone has frequency range 1721 MHz - 1420MHz = 301 MHz. With 1 MHz bandpass, number of channels =301. With 1 Hz bandpass, number of channels = 301 million.
I Minimum bandpass width of about 0.1 Hz set by electron density ininterstellar medium. In window from 1000 MHz to 100,000 MHz,there are 1 million million channels of .1 Hz width. Also mustconsider frequency drift caused by Doppler shifts due to relativevelocities of home and alien planets.
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
History of SETI
I Early pioneers were Guglielmo Marconi (1874 - 1937) and NikolaTesla (1856 - 1943), Marconi made radio practical and sent firsttransatlantic radio communications. Tesla invented fluorescent lightsand developed AC as an energy delivery system. Both felt they werereceiving radio signals from Martians.
I Giuseppe Cocconi and Philip Morrison began modern SETI around1959, and developed the idea of the cosmic waterhole hypothesis,that civilizations would use the hydrgen spin-flip frequency of 1420MHz as a guidepost for their own signals.
I Separately, in 1960 Frank Drake began using Green Bank RadioObservatory to search for radio signals from τ Ceti and ε Eridanii,two solar-like stars about 12 light-years away (Project Ozma).
I In 1963, NASA funded a SETI program at Ohio State Univeristy,later taken over by the University itself.
I NASA developed a small SETI program in 1971, and developedsophisticated radio technologies to search for it. In 1974 a symbolicattempt was made to send a message to other stars from Arecibo.
I In 1979, Berkeley launched SETI project SERENDIP, replaced 1986by SERENDIP II. These were followed by SERENDIP III, IV and V.
I In 1980, US Planetary Society founded which supports SETI.I Project Sentinal was started at Harvard and MIT in early 1980’s
using the first multi-channel analyzers. This was followed by projectMETA, META II and BETA.
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
History of SETI
I Congress cancelled the NASA program, called Microwave ObservingProgram, in 1992. Since then work has continued with privatefunding as Project Phoenix at the SETI Institute.
I The SETI League was formed in 1994 and converted backyardsatellite TV dishes into radio telescopes to run an all-sky survey forsignals. This is being continued under Project Argus as acomplement to Project Phoenix.
I SETI@HOME began at Berkeley in 1999.
I The first part of the Allen Telescope Array started in 2007 byBerkeley and the SETI Institute. It supports a large number ofsimultaneous observations using multibeaming and DSP technologyto sort out individual signals from multiple directions and dishes.Full array planned to consist of 350 or more Gregorian radio dishes,each 6.1 m diameter, equivalnt to a single dish 114 m diameter.
Signal CategoriesI Broadcast of local communications on world where aliens live.I Signals used for communication between alien’s home world and
another site.I Intentional signals or beacons
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
EavesdroppingEavesdropping: Detection of “stray” radio signals fromextraterrestrials.
Left: “Leakage” of radio waves from the surface of the Earth.
Right: Simulated pattern of radiation that repeats on a dailybasis.
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
Decoding a Signal
I Assuming we figure where in the sky to look, atwhich frequency, and what bandpass, we still needto decode the signal.
I Large number of ways to encode a signal:amplitude and frequency modulation, for example.Simplest choice is to use a pulsed beam containingbits of information which is repeated at intervals.
I There is an advantage in conveying informationusing pictures, i.e., 2-dimensional patterns ofblack/white bits. “A picture is worth a thousandwords”, and we don’t know what the words meananyway. Two prime numbers for the dimensions isan obvious way to show that a data streamcontaining that number of bits was a picture.
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
Decoding the M13 MessageI The radio message beamed to globular cluster in Hercules was
composed of 1679 bits arranged into 23 columns of 73 bits each. Ifit is decoded as 73 columns of 23 bits each it appears jumbled. Thisindicates that the decoding is unambiguous.
I The top rows are binary counting with an error bit at the ends.I Next is a single block containing the sequence of numbers: 1, 6, 7, 8
and 15, representing the elements of life: H, C, N, O and P.I The next 12 groups of 5 numbers indicate the numbers of these 5
atoms in the DNA monomers deoxyribose, phosphate and bases.I The next central vertical clump is a long number (about 4 billion)
representing the number of nucleotides in DNA. It is surrounded bya graphical representation of the double helix structure which pointsto a pictograph of a human.
I His/her height is given as 14 units, indicated by the architecturalarrows and the number 14 on the human’s right-hand side. Thelength unit is 12.6 cm, the wavelength of the radio message.
I The total population of humans is indicated by the number 4 billionto the left of the human.
I A pictograph of the Solar System shows the relative sizes of planets.The Earth is displaced toward the human, showing their origin.
I Below this is a pictograph of the radio telescope.I The center of the lowest row contains the number 2430, the
telescope’s diameter (2430 × 12.6 cm=306 m). “Architectural”arrows to show this is a diameter measurement.
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
Non-Radio SETI StrategiesI Optical SETI
I Proposed using lasers as long ago as 1961.I Although lasers are monochromatic, making it difficult to decide on
frequency, pulsing them spreads the signal out in wavelength.I A disadvantage is that lasers are highly directional; Earth would have
to be in the direct line of site to see the signal.I Initially thought to be too energy expensive and limited by dust
absorption, studies show that an infrared laser pulse coupled with alarge focus mirror would appear tens of thousands as times as brightas the Sun and could penetrate for thousands of light years.
I Pulses could carry information as bits.I A system automatically targets a list and corrects for proper motions.I Soviets have done short optical SETI searches.I Harvard-Smithsonian has operated a piggyback optical SETI search
on a conventional all-sky survey, and is building a dedicated system.I Berkeley is also conducting optical SETI searches.
I Probe SETII Interstellar message probes could be cheaper and more efficient,
suggesting that a Search for Extraterrestrial Artifacts (SETA) isfavored over SETI.
I Lagrangian points are favored sites as opposed to random orbits.I Dyson spheres would be infrared luminous and unambiguous.I SETA projects were undertaken as early as 1979 and continue.
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
Neutrino SETI?
Rochester and NC Statescientists sent a messageusing neutrinos at Fermilab.
Sent at a rate of 0.1 bit/secover a distance of 1kmthrough 210 meters of stone.Only 1 out of every 10 billionneutrinos was detected.
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
Signal Sensitivity and Range
http://history.nasa.gov/CP-2156/ch5.5.htm
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
Final Thoughts on SETI
I SERENDIP (Search for Extraterrestrial Radio Emissions from NearbyDeveloped Intelligent Populations) was started at Arecibo in 1979and is still continuing with a 128 million simultaneous channelreceiver.
I Breakthrough Listen is a ten-year initiative funded with $100 millionby a Russian oligarch in 2015; it uses thousands of hours on theGreen Bank and Parkes Observatories. Also the Automated PlanetFinder of Lick Observatory will search for optical transmissions fromlasers, using SETI@HOME.
I Gamma-ray bursts have been speculated to be used by aliencivilizations at a technological singularity to transmit up to 1018 bitsof information, equivalent to the information content of Earth’sbiosystems (genes, memes, libraries and computer media)
I Searches for other tecnosignatures: Dyson spheres, space mirrors,space shaders, or other astroengineering projects. Also magnetic sailinterstellar spacecraft should emit synchotron radiation, and highlyenergetic neutrinos from large accelerators.
I Concern about aggressive aliens (the Columbus effect).I Communication protocols.
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
Classification Schem of UFO’s (Hynek)
I Nocturnal lights
I Daylight disks
I Radar-visual sightings
I Close Encounters of the First Kind—detailed visualsightings of an unidentified object
I Close Encounters of the Second Kind—visual sightingsplus physical effects on living or inanimate objects.
I Close Encounters of the Third Kind—these also includevisual sightings of “occupants” in or around a UFO.
I Close Encounters of the Fourth Kind—where there isphysical contact with occupants
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
Evidence
What evidence would be sufficient from scientific viewpoint?I Occupants visible to crowds of people.I Examination of a device, such as an antigravity machine, an
interstellar spacecraft, a positronic robot, or a phaserI Indisputable photographic or spectroscopic evidence of a spacecraft
Related Issues:I Enormous distances to other civilizations, both in space and in time.I Lack of numerous UFO reports in China and IndiaI Lack of UFO reports by professional and amateur astronomers, who
probably spend more time examining the sky than any other groupsI Government coverup?I The fact that 90% of well-documented UFO cases are explainable as
earthly phenomena does not signify that the remaining 10% are dueto alien visitations.
I Previous visits by extraterrestrials?I Difficulty in interpreting writings and pictures of ancient civilizations
underscores difficulty in deciphering any extraterrestrialcommunications
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
Some Case StudiesI 1947 - Washington State Kenneth Arnold, from a
private plane near Mt. Ranier, spots 9 shiny objectshaving wings but no tails streaking across the sky. AUP reporter described these as “flying saucers” andit became headline news. Ironic, since Arnold didn’tdescribe them as discs at all. Now thought to havebeen due to a meteor swarm penetrating atmosphere.
I 1947 - Roswell, New Mexico Just a few weeks later, arancher found debris in a pasture near Roswell ArmyAir Field. Military personnel recovered debris, firstreported as being due to a flying disc, but quicklyretracted and replaced by a crashed weather balloon.Nothing came of this for 31 years until StantonFriedman (ufologist) claimed alien occupants wererecovered, from eyewitness testimonies, not hardevidence. Declassified government records say thecrash was a secret military balloon experiment fromProject Mogul, designed to detect distant nuclearexplosions. This is verified by the scientist in chargeat the time. There is no evidence for alien recovery.How could a cover-up conspiracy have remainedsecret for 60 years in spite of the hundreds of peoplewho would have had to take part in it?
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
More Case Studies
I Crop Circles: Geometric patterns usually made in wheat fields, mostoften in England. Despite the speed with which they appear and thecondition of the matted-down wheat, said to be inconsistent withtrampling, nearly all circles can be shown to be easily made usingboards, ropes and other simple tools; indeed, many have been shownto be deliberate hoaxes. It is suspicious that the designs are gettingmore complicated each year, hardly the pattern of aliens bringingsophisticated to technology from light-years away, and that thecircles are made only at night.
I Cattle mutilation: Despite a long history of attacks on farm animalsby humans and predators, aliens have often been implicated. But noreal evidence for this exists.
I Abductions: Americans lead in this phenomenon, despite a smallpercentage of the world’s population. Nearly all abuctees are takenwhile sleeping, and returned in the same state. Actually, suchphenomena have often been reported dating back to ancientcultures, but the culprits then were witches, ghost babies andgoblins rather than aliens. Many psychologists attribute the storiesto sleep paralysis. No artifacts or sophisticated surgeries have everaccompanied the abuctees.
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
More Case Studies
I Ancient Visitations: Evidence offered consists of ancient drawingsthat supposedly show alien visitors or spacecraft, or ancient wondersapparently beyond the means of ancient cultures. Examples are thegiant drawings on the Nazca plains of Peru, which were certainly notbeyond the means of the Nazca Indians, and the patterns couldeasily be costumes. Another often-cited example are the Egyptianpyramids. which is insulting to the ancient Egyptian culture. It hasbeen well-documented that such structures were well within theircapabilities, especially considering the vast supplies of slaves in thesociety. Similar arguments pertain to the Mayan pyramids,Stonehenge and the stone heads of Easter Island.
James Lattimer AST 248, Lecture 24
