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SYRIA IT PRIMERJ. Dyneley Prince 1
<S
ASSYRIAN PRIMER
AN
INDUCTIVE METHOD
LEARNING THE CUNEIFORM CHARACTERS
BY
J.DYNELEY PRINCE, PaD.
PBOFKSSOE OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
1909
All rights reserved
w.
ASSYRIAN PRIME
AN
INDUCTIVE METHOD
OF LEARNING THE CUNEIFORM CHARACTERS
BY
J.DYNELEY PRINCE, PaD.
PROFESSOR OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS
1909
All rights reserved
PRINTED BY G. KREYSING, LEIPZIG, GERMANY
Foreword
The need of a series of progressive lessons for beginners in Cuneiform
has long been felt in the Columbia University Semitic Department. The
object of the present work is to lighten the labours of the English
speaking Assyrian student, who has hitherto been compelled to learn, bysheer force of memory, the ninety-eight simple signs before he could
proceed to read the most ordinary text. In the following lessons an
attempt has been made to grade the acquisition of the signs and the
learning of the main features of the grammar, so that the student mayproceed, inductively and with comparative facility, to master simultaneously
both the intricacies of the characters and the most salient facts of Assyrian
grammatical structure.
My especial thanks are due to my friend Dr. Robert J. Lau of
Columbia University for the great care and skill with which he has
autographed the sign-lists and exercises.
J. Dyneley Prince.
Columbia University, New York.
2047305
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Assyrian-English Glossary.
Note that in the following word-list, Arabic numerals standing alone refer
to the pages of the preceding lessons and that small Roman numerals followed
by Arabic numerals refer to the text of the last three lessons, the Arabic
numerals indicating the numbered lines. Thus, 48 would mean page 48, but
XV, 10 indicates the tenth line of the fifteenth lesson.
Note also that verbs final N2 are indicated throughout by final !"l.
u 'one', 11; edis 'alone', 39, 41.
bx2N dlu 'city', pi. aldni, 15.
2N abu 'father', pi. aMti, 8; abisif, 'his father', (gen.), XIIT, 14.
23N abdbu 'shine, be pure', 35; prec. libbib 'mny he shine'; adj.
ebbu 'shining, pure'.
*p abiktu 'defeat'; ideogr. SI 1, 41.
ras abkallum 'leader, governor', 33.
pis abnu 'stone', 43.
i2N4 eberu 'cross over', 49; pret. %bir, XV, 6.
33N agdgu 'be angry'; pret. egugma, XIV, 6. Noun: uggatu'
'anger', 23.
D5N agammu 'marsh', 49; pi. agamme, XV, 6.
1N4 adi prep, 'unto, as far as, together with', 38.
"TIN addru 'fear', 39; pret. adur, XII, 11.
nN3 essu 'new', 23.
aTN^ ezebu 'leave, abandon', 39, 41.
TTN4 ezzu 'strong, powerful', 22.
"1TN4 ezeru 'curse'; prec. pret. 1 p. luzzurma, XV, 10; ezru 'a curse',
XV, 10.
nN ahu 'brother', 15; ahatu 'sister', 15.
TON ahdzn 'seize, grasp', 47; III, 1 \(&dhhaz, XIII, 16.
i2t<4 eferu 'spare, save', 41.
pN4 nu 'eye', 11.
-PN dru 'reach, attain', 23, 39.
riDN aku 'cripple, feeble', 37.
bDN akdlu 'eat'; pret. ekulma, XV, 11.
sN* ekallu 'temple, palace', 42. Not a Semitic word, but from
Sumerian e-gal 'big house'.
b ilu 'god', pi. ildni, 11, 37.
b ul 'not'; jisual negative = Heb. xb.
bN* ultu prep? 'from', 11.
nb4 elu 'go up, ascend', 48; pret. eli, XIV, 5. Adj. elinu, fern.
elinitu 'upper', 38. Prep, eli 'against, over', 11.
^b 2 aldku 'go', 37, 48; pret. 1 p. allik, XIV, 13; 3 p. fflik, 19.
bbN aldlu 'shine, be bright', 35; adj. ellu, fern, ellitii 'bright, pure',
23, 34.
bb aldlu 'hang' (trans.); pret. 1 p. alul, XIII, 15.
28 ummu 'mother', 15.
BN3 emu 'father-in-law'; emetu 'mother-in-law', 15.
bttN am&lu 'man'; pi. ameluti, 11.
J7DN ummandti 'troops', 41; XIII, 16.
p72N emuqu 'power', 44.
T73N amdru 'see*; pret. 1 p. amur, XII, 9.
"TON tamirtu 'circumference'; ina tamirti 'around', 41.
~i70N3 imeru 'ass', 15.
]N ana prep, 'unto': ina 'in, by', 11.
n: annu 'this'; fern, annitu, 19; pi. annutu (ti), anndti, 20.
13N unutu 'furniture, implements', 43; XII, 10.
*]3Nandku pron. 1 p. T, 8.
^:N an^M 'lead' (metal), 34.
J3K aninu 'we'; also: anini, n&nu, nmi, 8.
ON ensu 'weak', 22.
nON usdti 'help, assistance', 37.
jDN isinnu 'feast', 50; isinnt, XV, 11.
bcN aplu 'son', 23.
DEN apsu 'abyss, ocean', 33.
epdsu 'do, make', 37; adj. itpisu 'active, capable'.
apdru: appardti pi. of apparu 'marsh', 45; XV, 6.
epru 'dust', 46.
irtu 'breast, front', 34.
Urbi; name of a tribe, 23.
y-M'irba 'four', 37.
n4 eri 'like an eagle', XII, 3 from eru 'eagle', 34.
n^N urfa 'road', 19; XII, 11; XV, 2.
D"iN aramme, pi. 'siege instuments', 48; XIV, 12.
ynN ir$itu 'earth', 11.
TIN ardru 'curse'; arratu 'a curse', 23.
ttiN* istu prep, 'from', 11.
izio< i$atu 'fire', 34.
ittJN aSdru 'care for, pay attention to'; pret. a$ur, XII, 10.
ittjwx afru 'place', 23, 39.
aSdridu 'leader', 38.
ussu 'foundation', 1 1; XV, 8.
aSSatu 'wife, woman', 11, 23.
iSten 'one', XII, 8.
nN itti 'with', 11.
nN atta 'thou', fern, atti, 8;attunu 'ye', 8.
nN itlum 'hero'; sometimes written idlum, 37.
53
3N3 bdbu 'gate', 23, 49; XV, 4.
b 43 Ulum 'lord', 23,44; XII, 12; bffit, constr. of MUu 'lady',
50; XV, 7.
113 urfo 'well', 49; XV, 6.
ma bitu 'house', 11, 34, 43. Bitdurani 'fortifications', 44.
rTO3 bamdte(ti) 'high-places, heights', 15.
HD3 banu 'build, beget'; noun: nabnitu 'offspring', XIV, 3.
p13 bardqu 'lighten', 38.
ttlba ba$u 'be, exist', 11; bu$u 'property', 43.
gabbu 'all', XTV, 7.
gitmalum 'perfect', 38.
gimru 'entirety', constr. gimir, 19; XII, 5.
gardru 'run'; girru 'campaign', 40.
gaSru 'mighty', 22.
'look'; pret. adgul, XII, 8; %M/, 19.
m~ dadmu 'dwelling'; pi. dadme, 23.
^in <^aA;M 'slay, kill'; pret. aduk, XIII, 16; maddktu 'fortification'.
4"m dimdti 'posts, stakes', XII, 15; pi. of^Ww.pTDI damdqu 'be favourable to', 34
; adj. damqu 'favourable,
gracious', 37.
pn dandnu 'be powerful'; adj. dannu 'powerful', 15, 37; fern.
dannatu, 15. Noun: dunnu 'power, strength', XV, 8.
r]sn duppu 'clay tablet', XIV, 11.
i M 'and', 11.
b3T abdlu 'carry, bring'; nouns: muttabilutu I, 2 partc. 'portable
things' ;biltu 'tribute', 49
; XV, 5.
NXi asu 'go out'; noun: situ 'rising of the sun', 39.
nn aru 'bring' ;uraSsu. XIV, 4 = urd + 5w.
^n arfcw 'after', XII, 8.
3n cwa^w 'dwell' 38; noun: Subtu 'dwelling', XIV, 2; with suffix
Subatsun, XIII, 14.
T
IDT zikaru 'hero, male', 11.
^731 zam^Tm 'enemy', 38.
qp; zaqdpu 'set up'; azqup, XIV, 13.
npr zaqdtu 'be sharp'; zaqtu, pi. zaqtuti 'sharp', XIV, 7. Noun:
zuqtu 'sharp peak', XIV, 5.
N41T zru: constr. ^r 'seed', XIII, 14.
54
n
mn kadis 'joyfully', 43.
Tin tohazu 'battle', 39, 42; XII, 10. Mahazu 'city', XII, 2.
aan AaftM 'sceptre', XV, 1.
btt hullanu 'garment', XV, 9.
ynn hurdsu 'gold', 34, 43.
nnn tahtu 'defeat'; tahtdSunu, XIV, 8.
temu 'counsel, wisdom, taste', XV, 1.
mra tabu, fern, fczfow 'good', 15.
TIB fudu 'road', 19.
rro ##u 'clay, mud', 23.
bata fcW/w 'torch'; #to//#, 'like a torch', XIV, 3.
idti 'me', 13.
idu 'hand', 23; zW-za 'my hends', (dual), XII, 13.
aqartu, fern, 'precious', 43.
misaru 'righteousness', 37.
^ A;oa 'thee'; kd$i, 13; kdSunu 'you', 13.
03D kabdsu 'tread', III, 1, partc. constr.; sukbus 'hostile advance'
XIV, 12.
-\tt.kibrdti 'regions', 37.
P3D kabtttu 'heart, liver, XIV, 6.
-ns A;orfre 'gifts, tribute', 47; XIII, 16.
bis kdlu 'all', 38; kdtisunu 'all of them', XIV, 4.
j-0 kdnu 'establish', 49; prei ukin, XV, 5. Noun : kittu
'righteousness', 37.
13 Tdma 'like, like to', 11.
~D kakku 'weapon', 38.
13DD kalbanndti 'axes', 48; XIV, 12.
IDDD kand$u 'bow down', 39.
^03 kaspu 'silver', 43.
nss 7m^t2 'cold', XII, 11.
DID /carww 'ploughed field', XV, 3.
^"O kurunnu 'wine', XV, 11.
^"^D kirdSu 'camp'; with suffix kirassu, 41.
-IIUD kaSddu 'conquer'; pret. 1 p. aksud, 19, XIV, 9, 12, 44;
tkSudd, 3 pi. fern., 42.
'hosts', 37.
55
Nb Id 'not', 11.
E2N 4 b partc. M, it 'swallow up, devour', 38.
ab libbu 'heart'; libbi, XIV, 6.
-tab labiru 'old, ancient1
,23.
sab Zafo&M 'be clothed ; II, 1 ulablis, XV, 9.
ib ZM 'verily', 11. Strengthening and precative particle.
ffiib liSdnu 'tongue, language', 15.
-ibb lattamm 'honey', XV, 11.
Mtob Zaww 'surround'; pret. 1 p. aZrae, XVI, 12. Noun: limdiu
'boundary, border', 44.
fob ftmnt* 'evil', 34; XV, 10.
Nspb %< 'take'; pret. alqd, XII, 3.
marw 'son', 33.
ONTO mi'mma 'whatever, something', 34, 43.
nNto maftt 'land', 15. Probably not a Semitic word, but fromSumerian mada.
1313 magdru 'favour', 38; migru, constr. migir 'favourite', 37.
nifc mdtu 'die'; I, 2. gmltfc, XV, 2.
ynw mahdsu 'smash, smite'; pret. with suffix: amhassu 'I smote
him'. Noun: mundahsu 'warrior', for vmimtahisu.
inft mahru 'first', 40;tamhdru 'battle', 41.
"OW namkuru 'property', 43.
Nbw maZw 'be full'; ma/a 'as many as', 11.
"pW maldku 'rule, counsel'; mdtifcu, pi. malke, malkdni 'prince' ;
malkatu, pi. malkdti 'princess', 15; milku 'counsel, advice'
XV, 1.
I'D mannu 'who?'; mzw 'what?', 20.
nrra maww 'count, reckon'; pret. amrm, 43.
npw maqdtu 'fall'; pret. amqut, 49.
yjW WMSM 'night', 34.
masdru 'leave, abandon; II, 1, umassir 'he left', XIV, 2.
me&riti 'limbs', 34(?).
Nn: nabu 'speak, utter', 34; nibu 'number', 45.
baD nabdlu 'destroy' ; pret. abul, XII, 4.
y5D nigissu 'gorge', 39.
mD nadu 'set, place, lay' ; pret. addi, XV, 8.
p: naddnu 'give'; pret. iddin, 15; pres. 3 pi mamdmu-ma, XIV, 2.
Noun: mandatu 'tribute, gift', XV, 5.
-n: nuru 'light', 34.
HD nazdzu 'stand'; pret. 3 p. fern, tazziz-ma, XII, 13
;1 p. ctzzaz, 19.
nto: niati 'us', 13.
V3 niru 'yoke', XII, 9.
-113 n8ru 'a ner' = 600.
56
D=>: mksu 'breach in a wall', XIV, 12.
-o: nakdru 'change, hostile'; II, 1, unakkir, XIII, 16; XV, 12.
Noun: ndkiru 'enemy, XIV, 7; XV, 10.
-,7o: namdru 'shine', 35.
no; nasdhu 'tear away' ; pret. assuh, XIV, 3.
e: napistu 'life', 41.
-i}D nasdru 'keep', 37. Noun: nisirtu 'treasure', 43.
-ipa naqdru 'tear down, destroy'; pret. 1 p. a^itr, XII, 4.
Stt.3 na&2 'lift up'; pret. 1 p. assi, XV, 7; III, 1, u3a$$i with fern.
suffix, XIV, 5; partc. nds, XV, 1.
piB3 naSdqu 'kiss'; II, 1. unaS&q, XIV, 10.
po sudinnu 'a sort of bird', 39.
qno sahdpu 'overthrow'; pret. ishup, XIV, 9.
*ino sahdru 'surround', 37; ina sihirti-. prep, 'around', XIII, 5.
0^0 *WM 'horse, 42; XII, 9.
rpo sakdpu 'overthrow'; pret. askup, 19; iskap, XII, 12.
T^O samnu. ordinal: 'eighth', 11.
jEO sapdnu 'sweep away, overthrow'; aspun, XII, 5.
k]EO sippu 'threshold', 49; XV, 4.
*ICD supuru 'enclosure', 22.
no sittu, pi. sittuti 'rest, remainder', 23.
pagru 'corpse'; pagris 'like a corpse', XIII, 15.
pu, gen. joe 'mouth', 22.
J9^ 'limit', XII, 5 : pat gimri 'entirety'.
patdru 'split'; Noun: patru 'dagger', 23.
paldhu 'fear'; ^M%, XIV, 9; puluhtu 'fear', XII, 12.
jozZJw, v\.pil$i(e) 'hole, mine', 48; XIV, 12.
piqittu 'order, muster', XII, 9.
paru 'mule', 42.
parakku 'royal chamber, shrine', 38.
pardsu 'flee', 39; IV, 1, pret. ipparis XIV, 2.
parMdu 'flee', 41. Quadriliteral from cnc.
N3nc ^zVw 'open'; pret. apte-ma, 43.
Nnx sdbu 'warrior', 41.
313S sumbu 'cart'; pi. sumbe, 42.
nn* sabdtu 'seize'; pret. 1 p. cqbaf, XIII, 11.
ins sihru 'little, small', 22, 44.
1"S iru< constr. sir 'against', XV, 5.
Dbs: salmu 'image'; constr. salam, 19; XIV, 12; XV, 9.
57
salmu 'black'; fern. pi. constr. salmdt: salmdt qaqqadi 'the
black headed ones', i. e., the Babylonians, 39.
simittu 'span, team', XII, 9.
susu 'marsh', 19.
ms 'sdrdhu 'cry out'; I, 2. issarih, XII, 6
; XIV, 6.
rpSZ sarpu 'refined silver', 34.
ntp qdtu 'hand', 19; dual qatd, 42.
bap qablu 'midst; combat', 41.
ttrp qistu 'gift',23.
"liSp ^zsrtt 'strength, power'; constr. qisir, XV, 8.
~PP qaqqadu 'head', 39.
-ipp qaqqdru 'territory, ground', XV, 8.
3"ip qirbu midst', 35 ; constr. qirib, 42; qitrubu 'battle, attack', 42.
"np qarradu 'warrior', 33; qurddu 'warrior', 15.
nip qa$tu 'bow'; qasdtsunu 'their bows', XII, 13. PI. is qasdti.
rtN4 "i rum 'shepherd', 37.
ON3 ~i rdmu 'love', 37.
wen rdsu 'head', 15, 23.
na") rdbu 'be big, large'; III, 1. usarbd, 38. Adj. rabti, fern.
rabitu, pi. rabuti, rabdti 'big, large', 22, 37.
3D"i rakdbu 'ride, mount'; noun: narkabtu, constr. narkabat-,
pi. narkabdti, XIV, 5.
nstl rflww 'help, aid'; pi. partc. rw^ 'allies', 41.
Htzn raSu 'possess'; used particularly of mental qualities; partc.seen in rd3 t&mi 'possessor of counsel, understanding', XV, 1.
115 Sa: rel. pron. 'who'; prep, 'of, 11, 19.
bj Sa'dlu 'ask'; pret. 1 p. aSdl, XV, 7.
1N3 1C 5^rw 'morning', 15.
law sabdru 'break'; pret. 3 p. fern, ta&zr, XII, 13.
rmz: M^t2 'mountain', 23.
in, &2 'he; that one', 8. tii 'she', 8. tiunu, sina 'they' (masc.and fern.). Sdsu, fern. ^*, 8, 13; suatu, fern. Jzcrfz, pi.
$uatunu, fern. Siatina, 19;
also Satunu, masc. pi. demon-strative pronoun = 'that one, those ones'.
-it3 foAzrw 'write'; III, 1. usa3tir-ma, XIV, 11.
'set, fix, establish';Simtu 'fate, destiny', 34
; XV, 2.
'foot', 48; s&pi-ia 'my feet', XIV, 5.
pw *a^nu 'set, establish', 34; pret. o^fcun, XIV, 8; I, 1.
aSlakan, 41.
'snow', XII, 11.
58
bb' saldlu 'take as booty' ; pret. aglula, 44. Noun : Sallatu 'booty' ;
allati 'as booty', 43; satlasunu = Sallat-sunu 'their
booty', 44.
obc saldmu 'set' (of the sun), 38. Noun : sulmu 'peace, greeting'.
19, 50; XV, 7.
DIE sumu 'name', 34, 43; pi. sume. XIV, 11;
constr. sing. Sum,XIII, 16.
rTOC samu 'heaven'; pi. samt, 35.
ri2tt sind 'two', XII, 8.
"ffi Sandnu 'rival, vie with', 38.
bsc saplu, fern, saptitu 'low', 39.
yc^: *^)95M 'might, power', 39.
ncffi M/?rM 'message'; constr. sipir, 19.
*lttj Sarru, pi. sarrdni 'king', 15; sarrutu 'kingdom, royalty', 38.
CJTC: sarapu 'burn'; pret. 1 p. asrup, XII, 4.
p-id sardqu 'give'; pret. 1 p. a$ruq, XIII, 16.
rtpiZJ 6-o^M 'high', 23.
nw sa^ftt 'year', 49;satttiam 'annually', XV, 5.
DN2n tdmtu(m) 'sea', 38, 39; gen. tdmtim, XIV, 2.
inn fc2rw 'turn, return', 34; III, 1. utir, XV, 3.
*pn ^Ma^' 'ropes', XIV, 5.
bDn tukuitu, constr. <uA;^ 'trust, confidence', XIV, 9.
bn ft7tt 'hill, mound', XV, 3.
abn taldmu 'give, present', 38.
qn tappu 'companion', 34; tapputu 'companionship', 37. This
is probably from Sumerian tab 'two' and is consequentlynon- Semitic.
CORRIGENDA TO THE LESSONS
Page 33. In Lesson X, line 2, the RA-sign should have an extra
perpendicular wedge.
Page 35. Vocabulary, line 10, for "good," read god."
P,age 45. In Lesson XIII, line 13, the sign BIR should be num-
bered 100 and not 102.
Page 48. Vocabulary, line 13, read IDT for ^DO.
Page 49. Vocabulary, line 3, read tin for rnx.
CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDA TO THE GLOSSARY, pp. 51-58
In the Glossary, all roots referred from the Vocabulary of Lesson
XIII, lines 2-13, incl., should have the reference XIII, instead of XII.
nix Add arhu <
month,' XIII, 11jurruhis <
quickly/ XV, 2.
SaKg Add eklttu '
darkness,' X, 4.
mK2 Add erti bronze,' X, 6.
Ssp Add bmtu <
dominion,' XV, 7.
^Sa Add participle mubcdiil '
fusing,' X, 6.
nan Read XIII, 6; XIV, 6.
IBO Read 19, 44; XIV, 9, 12.
to1
? Add Idbbis ' like a lion,' XIII, 6.
DoS "For XVI, 12, read XIV, 12.
D^o Add melammu '
splendor,' XIV, 9.
Sobo Add mulmullu <
javelin,' XIV, 7.
npn Add imqut, XV, 4.
113 Add annadinna ' I raged,' IV, 1; XIII, 6.
-ino For XIII, 5, read XIII, 15.
U3 Omit pagris' like a corpse,' XIII, 15.
rax For XIII, 11, read XIII, 14.
DSx For XIV, 12, read XIV, 13.
pw Add pret. askun, XIV, 1, 8;Ifteal astakan, 41.
\Q\ff Add Ifteal istapparflnimma'
they sent me,' XIII, 7.
S:m Add takiltu '
oracle,' XIII, 7.
w. IRVIX; c rowi i
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