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A R C H A I C C L A S S I C S .
A S S Y R I A N G R A M M A R ,
AND
R E A D I N G B O O K .
A R C H A I C C L A S S I C S .
ELEMENTARY GRAM MAR; WITH
FULL SYLLABARY
AND PROGRESSIVE READIKG BOOK,
OF
T H E ASSYRIAN L A N G U A G E , IN THE
C U N E I F O R M TYPE.
THE REV. A. H. ~ A Y C E , M.A. FELLOW AND TUTOR OF QUEEN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD.
Azrthuv of "A19 Assyrian Gramwtar;" n?zd '' The JJriflcz$Ze.s of Cum$a.rutivc PhiZulogy.
hlulta: terricolis lingua, ccclestibus una.
S A M U E L B A G S T E R A N D S O N S , 15, PATERNOSTER ROW.
T H I S V O L U M E
T H E P R E S I D E N T AND MEMEERS
OF THE
S O C I E T Y O F B I B L I C A L A R C H a O L O G Y
-* D E D I C A T E D BY THE A U T H O R .
I I
I
! I I
I I 1
I --
C O N T E N T S .
PREFACE ... ...
Syllabary . . ...
The Nouns ... ...
The Numerals ...
The Pronouns ...
The Verb ... ...
... List of Prepositions
Cornpound Prepositions
The Conjunctions ...
The Adverbs ... ...
... Derivation of Nouns
Phonology ... ...
... Reading Lessons
PAGE
1
P R E F A C E .
T I ~ following pages have been written in connection with my lectures
upon Assyrian philology, which were commenced in the early part of 1875 under
the auspices of the Society of Biblical Archzology, and through the exertions of
Mr. W. R. Cooper, the Secretary of'the Society. An endeavour has been made
for the first time to smooth over the difficulties which beset the entrance to the
study of the Assyrian inscriptions, and so attract students to this new and
important branch of research. When my " Assyrian Grammar " was published,
three years ago, a knowledge of the language was still confined to the few, and
there seemed little prospect that the small band of Assyriologues would be
much increased for a long while to come. My work was therefore addressed to
two classes of readers ; to those who were already able to read the inscriptions,
and could appreciate a grammar which entered into details and points of
scholarship, and to those who were acquainted with the better-known Semitic
languages, but wished to learn something of the new dialect which had been so
unexpectedly revealed, and promised to throw such a flood of light on Semitic
philology in general. The prospect, however, that three years ago seemed so
distant has been more than realised. Assyrian has become a "popular" subject;
and the world of scholars which once Iooked with distrust upon the labours of
. . 11 Preface.
the decipherers, has at last awakened to their interest and importance. Students
are flocking in from all sides, and elementary grammars and progressive reading-
books, like those which initiate the pupil into Hebrew or Greek, are needed and
called for.
The present voIume is intended to meet this demand. The cuneiform type
which has been freely used throughout will accustom the eye of the reader to the
forms of the characters, and as all transliterated words are divided into syllables,
even where the Assyrian text is not added, he will be able to reduce them into
their original forms. Care has been taken not to burden the memory with
unnecessary matter; and practical experience has proved that tabular lists of
nouns, verbs, and particles, such as are given in the second part of the book, are
the best means for impressing the rudiments of a new language upon the mind.
A separate chapter on the syntax has been omitted, since any attempt to enter
into details would be inconsistent with the plan of the Grammar, while it has
been found more convenient to state those few cases of importance in which
Assyrian differs from the syntactical usage of other languages in those places of the accidence to which they naturally belong. The notes appended'to
each of the reading-lessons are designed to lead the student on to a more
advanced and independent acquaintance with the language, and so complete the
work of a practical and elementary grammar.
The main difficuIty is the Syllabary, the larger part of which will sooner or
later have to be learnt by heart. The beginner is advised first to commit to
memory the characters which express open syllables, given in pp. 46 and 47, as
well as the Determinative Prefixes and Affixes given in p. 48, and then to work
at the monosyZZabic closed syllables. Experience alone can show him what are
the commoner and more favourite values with which a character is used ; and he
must be content to be continually a learner, keeping the Syllabary constantIy at
his side for purposes of reference, and remembering that any endeavour to learn
the whole Syllabary is a needless and useless task. H e will soon come to know
what characters and what values are most frequently employed, and what
ideographs are most likely to occur in the inscriptions.
The hieroglyphic origin of the Syllabary, and its adaptation to the wants of
a foreign language, will give the key to many of the difficulties he will meet
with. Its Accadian inventors spoke an agglutinative dialect; and each
hieroglyphic, which in course of time came to be corrupted into a cuneiform
character (like the modern Chinese), originally expressed the sound of the word
denoting the object or idea for which it stood. The same picture could stand
for more ideas than one, and might therefore be pronounced in more than one
way, so that when the Semitic Assyrians (or rather Babylonians) borrowed the cuneiform system of writing, using what were words in Accadian as mere
phonetic values, polyphony became inevitable, and the same character repre-
sented several phonetic powers. Even in Accadian the characters could be
employed phonetically as well as ideographically ; and the Assyrians, while
turning the dictionary of the Accadians into a huge syllabary, did not forget the
hieroglyphic origin of the writing, but reserved to themselves the power of using
a character not only as the representative of a syllabic sound, but also as an
ideograph to which of course a Semitic pronunciation was attached.
Many of the characters exhibit their primitive form at the first glance;
1- for instance, clearly standing for " the tongue of a balance." In other cases the resemblance to the objects originally signified is not very visible in the
simplified forms of the characters as used in Assyria, and we have to go back to
the archaic Babylonian type to detect the likeness. Thus by has lost all
resemblance to "the sun ;" and it is not until we remember the archaic K) that we discover the circle which stood for the great luminary of day. A large
number of characters are compound, and when they are used ideographically
their meaning can often be determined by considering what is the meaning of the
separate characters of which they are made up. Thus t ~ 7 3 is " a mouth,"
and 7: " a drop of water ;" the compound + ~ m therefore naturally denotes the
act of " drinking." So, again, the Assyrian +=! '( a month " is the simplified
fornn of the archaic s), where ((( the numeral 30 (expressing the 30 days of
the month), is placed within the circle of the sun.
The use of polypl~ones no doubt increases the difficulty of decipherment,
but the student will find that practically it is not so embarrassing as it would
seem a t first sight to be. T h e Assyrians intended their inscriptions to be read
(at all events except in the case of texts like those of the astrological tablets,
which were addressed to the initiate6 only), and accordingly adopted all possible
means of obviating the disadvantages of a polyphonic system of writing. The
following rules should be observed by the student in selecting one of the many
values a given character may bear :-
( I ) The existence of an ideograph should never be assumed, unless it is
indicated by a phonetic complement, or unless the inscription (like the
astrological ones generally) is written throughout ideographically rather
than phonetically.
(2) Where two characters come together (such as ca and ac), the first of which
ends with the same vowel as that with ~vhich the second begins, we
may infer that they form one closed syllable (as cac).
(3) Pf a character expresses an open syllable (as ~ i ) as well as a closed
one (as tad), the open is to be preferred to the closed (unless contra-
indicated).
(4) Those values are to be selected which offer a triliteral (or biliteral) root,
and not a pluriliteral one.
(5) Notice must be taken of the final or initial consonant of the character
which precedes or follows the one we are considering, as the Assyrians
frequently doubled a consonant to show what value is to be chosen in
a doubtful case. Thus cyyf t+! must be read dan-nin, as d m alone
out of the many possible values of the first character ends with n. 1 i I
(6) A character which denotes a syllable begiilning with a vowel is very rarely
used after one which ends with a consonant,
(7) Words and lines end together, and proper names, &c., are pointed out by
Determinative Prefixes ancl Affixes.
(8) Variant readings and variant forms of the same root must be carefully
observed, as they often decide the pronunciation of a \word where all
other means fail,
(9) Experience will show that common use had set apart one or two values of
a given character which were preferably employed to all others.
(10) Those values must be adopted which bring out a correct grammatical
form, or enable us to compare the Assyrian word (should the context
determine its meaning) with a similar root in the cognate languages.
I t is not so much the existence of polyphones, however, that forms the chief
defect in the Assyrian mode of writing. The phonology of the inventors of the
writing was not the same as the phonology of the Assyrians, and sounds which
were distinct in Assyrian had to be represented by one and the same sign.
~ 7 7 7 ~ is both ha or u (73 and 7M and 1) and yu (V), jf zu and kn, pyy da and
dha, (YET di and dhi, ~ y f e (y) and a modified 9, y+ bz. and pg. Similarly the
same characters denoted both nz and v, and no distinction was made between
final 4 dh, and t; b and p ; g, c, and k; and z, i, k, and even s; while cIosed
vi Preface.
syllables might begin as well as end with any of these doubtful letters. The
uncertainty which results from this as to the initial or final letter of a syllable
would naturally not press upon the Assyrian ; but it is the main difficulty against
which the modern decipherer has to contend, and can only be overcome by the
examination of new texts and the comparison of numerous passages.
A. H. SAUCE.
Qum's CoZZtge, Oxford, April, I 8 7 5.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.
S Y L L A B A R Y .
The characters of the Assyrian Syllabary were originally hieroglyphics, representing objects and ideas. The ~vorcls by which these were denoted in the Turanian language of the Accadian inventors of the cuneiform system of writing became phonetic sounds when it was borrowed by the Semitic Assyrians, though the characters could still be used ideographically as well as phonetically. ?Vhen used ideographically the pronunciation was, of course, that of the Assyrians.
In the follonring table only the forms of the characters found on the majority of the Assyrian monuments are given. Sometimes the so-called IHieratic characters were employed (e.g-., in the Cyprian Stele of Sargon) which differ but slightly from the Babylonian. 14ncient Babylonian varied again in the forms of several characters. The Elamite or Susianian characters have the same form as the ancient Babylonian, while the Protonledic are modified from the Assyrian.
The Assyrian word i n the right-hand column is a translation of the Accadian word (used in Assyrian as a phonetic value) in the left-hand column, and was the sound given to the character in the Assyrian inscriptions whenever it was read as an ideograph.
Phonetic Value (Acca- cuneiform ,-lIaracter, I Assyrian rendering. dian nord). I Meaning.
I. as ... ... ruv (rum, ru) dil ... ...
kharra ,,,
magaru, dilu ... zicaru, dilu ... ... nabu, dilu .... *. . cstin, khidu, edisu ... namkullfi ... ... ina ... ... ... Assur (a92 nbJua~iat/iin) sainu, tuhamtu ...
oJedie7it (ha$&), ? n male, ? to $roclnim, ? one ? il2
Assyria htave7z, the 12eq
2 ASSYRIAN GRAi\!MAI<, -- SYLLAHARI',
P1l~netic (Acca- Culleiforlll Character. d i m ~vord). Assyrian rendering.
2. khal ... ... khas ... ... khal ... ..,
... 4. an, ana anna, aimab ... dimir, dingir.. .
essa ... ... an ... ...
4n. nab (see 168)
4b. simidan ...
... qc. alat, alap
... 4od. lrtinina alap (Ass. ztnl.)
5. khaz (khas, 1;hats)
kut (kucl) .., tar ... ... sil (iil, &la) ... gug, citainina
G. pal ...
tal ... pal ...
nuk (?) ... zabbur.. . ...
... nacadu, buligu lrhasu . . . ...
sakii, sailiii, ilu, Ann, sakfi, samfi, ilu, Anu, ilu ... ... ... cacabu ... ... ilutu sa sibri ... supultu .. , ...
nadu, nacadu ...
... nacaiu, gazaru nacaSu, danu, s%mu siiku, panu ... . ~.
sallatu, halacu, eribn
ubiru, etiku, palu, nspalcutu, nucuru, palu
ebiru, etiliu ... . , . supilu sa sinnis,
pukhkhu sa sinnis, supiltu
naliii ... ... ... admu, akhri, khiru ...
to czrt, diva'sian ?
fi, r-dl sfo?*rni& ?-e71cr-c~ice a fixf7lre
A&+, sky, god, the god Airu h&h, sky: go4 the good A ~ L god sfar divi~ii2y of cur71 depth
to cnt, to cut to czd, tojudge, to set cnr~al, before
@oil, to go, to drscend (flozcj)
to c?,oss, to pass throz~gh, tivie or year, to rez~olt, enemy, szoord
to ci,oss, to pass f/lmz!gh sexztal pa r t of n z~onzan,
sexz~d $art of n zuontil?l, the Zozwerjrrrt
to san-$ce mnrz, behind, Zo~d
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-SYLLABARY,
- phonetic Value (hcca-
dian worci).
7 . bat, be ...
til, badhdhu ... US ... ... kllar ... ... ziz (?), mit, idim
g. adama I 10. susru ...
11. gir ... ... rum ... ... gir ... ,..
12. pur, pul ... du, girn ... inucmuc-nabi usu ... ...
13. kur .. ... pal' ... , . .
132. "khal, dili-dili- ... nabi
gisi-u-khallacu
14. utuci ... ...
Cuneifornl Character.
pagru, pitu, mutu, labiru, uduntu
gamaru, p a p , katu d%mu ... ...
-
nakbu, sainu, captu, belu, enuva, tseru
Assyrian rendering. I hieaning. - -
sarsu . . . ...
USSUSU .., ...
sumuk-same, padhru littu, padhru ... giru, zultabulbu, pad-
anu, birku
... passaru . , , edissu, sulllnu ...
edisu ... ... basmu, butu, macarw,
garru
naciru, sailnu, pappu pappu, zicaru, tarbu,
natsaru, akllu
corpse, Lo open, to die? oh', ?
co/?zjltLe, corpse, htrnri' blood (ofip,,g)
channel, heavo/, henzy, lo^,,$,
7&he?2, (Jest?$
o~rzerz of evil
vault o j Aenz~e~z, to stri4e szr~ord, joint poilzt, ?, jlnif~, Z&Af>zi?zg
solitary sweet on'aw, rIcsert (?), to sell
or exchn~zge, exjedilzbn (?)
to chnr~ge, eaeny, athe?, (?) other (?), male, you?zg ~ i / i n ~ / , fo
defe?zd, brothe~,
pusku ... ...
sarnsu ... ...
(1zfic~Zt road (?)
;tlZc s z l f z
... ... ... Ea I 1 the god He0
gamlu ... ... ... sicru ... ...
bent$f Kikdzess
Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word).
I 7. zicura . . .
18. cit, cuda, sc ..
Sabura ... gudibir ... tak ... ...
... 19. seslam
20. ka, gita ... ... 2 I. cit (kit, cat)
u, ub, bu ... 23. mu ... ...
25. kul (Assyrian z~nke zir)
Cunciforln Character. Asiyrinn rendering.
epilihu, carasu ...
... cal3, ezibu, pat2 cupkhu ... ... Maruducu ... . . .
cipratu ... ...
idu, nadanu, takku, racldu, cabadu, pakadu
itsbu ... ...
sulnu, santu, zicaru, nadanu, ya, samu
masaddu, cu7aSu, kha- lacu, cuSiu, v2cu
... la, (ul), tsalainu zicaru ... ...
ziru ... . . , ...
zicaru, annu, samu, makhirtu
baladhu, napistu, nadu laka, tsabatu, dakhu usibu, dapann- sa -ru-
cubi, anbu, tsilu
Meaning.
to How, pl-opedy (stanTn?,nr, camp) / z,hoZe, to leave, to @en
determinative of measure
to nccofilplisfi
to know, to give, ?, to add, to ojjms.~ or Be m~rZtitz~dirzoz~s, to oversee
?
my, sky ?, ?, ?, throne, ?
light (meteor)
memorinZ, this, sky, front
fami&, Zzye, to raise to take, to seize, to be near dze,clZ, side (or whed) of n
chariot, ?, side
6 ASSYRIAN GRA~~~~AR.-SYLLABARY.
Phonetic Value (Acca- dial1 wold).
... 39d cimmu
40. me ... ...
41. impar ...
42. cii~i ... ...
4 3 . ? ... ...
4 4 . 1 ... ...
4 5 . ? ... ...
Cullciforln Chatadera
4 rm ** <Y
to eat, food (~"3n)
Assyliail ~ e n d e ~ i n g .
sipsu, dhernu ...
takha tsu ... ...
... ... ...
...
46. cu ... ...
fiIeaning.
-
ex$Za~~ccZioz, Zaw
battle
glool'y ( ~ ~ a m e )
acalu, khadhdhu ... I
tongue ( Z a ~ ~ g ~ ~ u g e )
Z . (se?zte/~ce)
Zz$, t h i ~ s t
t h i ~ s t @st)
+ , l i s ~ n u ...
... ...
+:a 47. nil ...
I ...
...
... ... tsul-~lu
... i 4 8 . ? ... ...
49. ? ... ...
50. ibira ... ...
51. ? ... ...
51n. ? ... ...
52 ? ... ...
camu ...
pukhkhu ... ...
tsalalntu ... ...
dainkaru (of ,dcc. 0?,&i?l)
ikllimu ... ...
? ... .,. ...
... ? ... ...
*:!=
- ~ ~ ~ - ~ *-:!!J%J
T=- + E ~ ~ I ( I - -=V,Wy
5 3 ? ... ...
to bu?% (?)
the b~ea th
dar211ess
?
he bul-irt (ri~motrren')
?
? I - *:y ;s 1 I ? ... ... ? ... -
54. bat ... ... imtu . . . . . . . , .
5 5 . ? ... .., ... ... ... 56. ? ... ... ... ...
poison (fhilit-c)
ferror
?
I 57. nalc .., . . . . . satil . . I fo rli-l~ik
g S . ? ... . . . , . ... city
jg. la ... ,.. 1 ?, ?
ASSYRIAN GRAIIRL AR.-SYLLABARY. 7
cribu, Suillinatu . . .
eribu, rrlurtsu . . .
61. li ... I -~a, {$cY$] r ~ r u , iiliiu . . . ...
(pzote fhese mzrM?ztfo?'nrs) illu . . . ... . . .
gub, gu . .. 1 ?,
ni ... 1 , ...
64. bar, mas . . .
6 2 . apin, pin, uru ellgar . . .
to n'esce~~d or azlw or set (of the Sun), season (?)
to descerzd, &c., sickness
+Ly * 3 )
epinu, ussu . . . . . . iccaru
paratsu, burru, biiru, usuru, tsindu, akh- ratu, akhkhuru, tsiitu, rikgtu, akhatu, akhu, akhitu, arcu, tsabiu
camiitu, galhi, tinii, enitu, pisaktu, cabi- tu, maln, paladu, tuhan~u, zibtu, dallu, cidittu, nib, ruzzu, elitu, banku, makh- am, bidhru, asaridu, pulu, maru, bidh- rainu, ibbu, libutu, ainaru, niasa, vas- saru, zui11ruj cabadt~
foundatio?~ (ci&) groz~lzd (d&giug)
tsiru, makhkhu (from Acc.), rubii, mahdu
b'halu, tublu, tizkaru
inHsu, ddaru, asibu, eliu, tsabilu, i113zu- sa-ecili
su$?~e~?ze, su$re?#e, great, 11zuh
pri?zce (?), so~~ere&iz (?), ?
to dklidc, ha& h a z bourn< to bind, an not he^, a f w , fz~fzi~e, fz~ture, a second, drother, other, offer, gazelle
he* (?), all, ?, ?, ol3a~.Ze, nzuch, as ?lzary as, to me&h, ?, ?, the T&ns, ?, ?, ?, z@pa; chain, battle, J~*sfbon~ (?), eldest, cattlil,so~t,J~~stbo~~z (?), zuIzite, ?, to see, ?, to nbail- d0/Z, b 0 4 , the I!;ZI~Y
?, the god Arl'nr, to (held, (precioi~s), to fake, bzw71-
, iug (? f of a JeId
8 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-SYLLABARY.
Pllonetic Value (Acca- dian I Cuneiform Character. Assylian rcndeling. BIeaning.
66. nun ... ...
zil, sil, humis, khan (?)
... 66a. asagara
rubii, rabu, nunu, (fr. Acc. )
p~i?zce, great, priace
6 . u , s i n ( ? , - a s u ... ... 1 y t ~ t or ec~$$e
69. biru (perhaps suttu, uritsu, tsiptu, dream, ofJsprirzfi pt-odz~ct, ASS.) nipikhu rez~enlcr
... ... 70. cun ... 1 +la+rlll 1 zibbatu, zuinbu 1 tail, ta i l I
73. khu,pak ... khu, pak, musen
74. pacac ...
itstsuru, s'asu ... muscnnu . . . . ...
ciribu, su~nelu ... midiid, Zcft hand
gal ... ...
gal ... ...
7 7. tsim, zim, nanl (Acc.$rejfx of alistracfnoum)
nam ... ...
iku (or iliku), daltu, khamdhu, patu, nukhsu
basii, sacunu, nasu, labinu
ikku, rutstsunu, nialii, asabu, pitii, ciinu, natsaru
nabu, S~~IIIIIU ... nammu, pikhatu, in%
?, cL'aol; puickjournc~~, to open, pro.Osperi@
lo be, pZaceiz7, to raise, brick
?, ?, to JZZ, to d~ucll, to @L-I.I,
to establish, to d&zd
to jrocZai/!z, des t i~y ?, a poz~e~?zor, this
78. pak (9 ... 1 I itstsuru .. ... n b i d
ASSYRIAN CRAMlIAR.-SVLL.4I3ARY. 9
81. gi, Sa ...
p!~o:letic value (Acca- d ~ a n wold).
79. mut ... ...
84. gub ... lrat ... ...
Cmleifolm Character. - - - -- - - --
. . . . 8 j. tun, kllub L ~ I z ~ I , +iI&v I
86. pulug 1 ..- I +RT-b
Assyrian rendering. hleauing. - - -- - -
barradu
banii, damu, uppu, aladu, icl~u, bis'ru,
aa~is tu , nisu, pilii, naSakhu, dikii, boa, saparu
to mate, blood, ?, to beav child~etz, ?, flesh, seed
lcanii, duppu-sadhru, siintu, zicaru, matu, eSiri, tiiru, gimiru, pudak, cunu
cissu ... ...
? ... .,. ...
tallu, ra1118, lilu, tsaklru, parah-sa- rikhuti, parsidu
nabadhu ... ... nada ... ... sa1xm ... ...
sumelu ... ... gubbu (of Accadian
orkiilz)
khasu ...
carnsu sa etsi ...
Z$e (soul), man (spirit), zciork, to take away, snzitte?~, to cottze, to se~zd
reed, ztf~ittefz t(z(TbZet, foz~zdn- tioll, ??ze;I~~ovilz!, ~ o o z L ~ z ~ ? ~ ~ ;
bands) to f~store, all, ?, establ'isheil
briZZParr~-e brtkht;~zcss (of a star) thr.jf,?na?nmf
episu, Lana, makharu, I to alaKe, lo bbz~ild, to be j ~ c -
89. sus I ... ... ... 1 -$Yf , ? F.. ,.. 1 ? 1
nabu, Kabii, khs- jiiu, pit-uzni, rap- sa-uzni, khubbu-sa- kani
... takhatsu ...
seflt, to $?-ocZai;~x, AGbo, tke irztclltse~tt, the ~ j t ~ f z r ~ r
of the e n ; ~ ~ , the enlarger of the cnrs, hoZZow o/- a 7fectE
battle
... belu ... ... / Zoyd
I 0 ASSYRIAN GRARIk1AR.-STLL-IBARY.
Phonctic Valne (Acca- dial1 word).
g o . ? ... ...
... 91. cani, kunl
g2a. ? ... ...
gzb. sacil ...
gzc. tabin [or ebin], gadstaccuru
93. dim, tim, tiv, ti
enu ... ...
97. darn ... ...
99. sur (zur) ...
103. subh (Sukh)
tiskhu ...
Cun eifornl Character. Assyrian rcaderiiig.
? ... ... ...
citu ... ... ...
gallabu
... binu.. . ...
tsupuru ... ... ... siinnlu ...
tsu1?ru, masaru, tsum- bu, ubanu, iiiidhu
ricdu, rici8-kai1e, mar- cadu, tiininu
dhabtu ... ...
belu, enu ... ... ... adi ... ... ... sainu ...
turakhu ... ... ... E a ... ...
... sumu ... 1 I
zamaru, zai-nlrhu, tsar- uru, naSal<hu - sa - ainati, ridu, Irhabsu, capalu, zuimu, sum- ma, basu
pultu, mHtu, naparcu, zimu, pallu, liasaku, tihanltu
ramcuti . . , ... I
aaiZ (naiZ--mar4z) destruction
?
aniiZo$e the god Ea
to 7jznki ga fo~til , to ?pis?, body (or risi?rg), re??zovaZ of a7v- thing) seroant, t?,od(I'c/z dozela (?), ?, ~*ain, thzts, to exist
?, courztty, to fiit,enk, glory, ?, to climb, the sen
herd [or stay ?]
ASSYRIAN GRA1IBIAR.-SYLtLhBARY. I I
phonetic Valne (Acts- I Cuneifo:in Character. 1 Arryian rendeli11.q. Meaning. dial1 \irorcl). -
101. Sucus ... tile godiless Istar
102 , se,sakh(Sakh), nakh, ilikh
to make, to 'owate, to j x , a sz~goril; ?, a sh~ine, he, to ojefz
to leartz, to arid, to k?zrz, wise, thy, a ggt
e ~ i s u , bane, zuzu, ciSu, i~asam, csiru, su, pitu
lainadu, raddu, idii, mudu, ca, nindauu
104n. abzu ...
105. SLI, sir ...
the abj,~'ss abzii . . , ..,
a bod!, ?, ski~z, to i7zcrcase
fvant (n~ififiZe, battle)
ZU~I IU~U, tsum, ma- sacu, raba
106. sun (Bun) ...
107. lnuk ...
I o7n. mukinuk-nabi altar of i ~ ~ c c ~ ~ s e
Pzalzt (?) 108. zadiin ...
109. nit (nitakh, nita), eri
zicaru, ardu ... ...
... r 10. idu, itu arkhu . . . ...
I I I, sakh, sukll ... dam,zku, dabu, sakhu
sibru, kharpu ...
fo rest~~i"~, ?, to be ((beco?~~~), 61'cake?, of faith
?, vnr.iqyzten' cloths, grosoth ef~r i~zg, zuilite, white
114. dar ... ... dnr, Si-gunii
tnrru, biril~i, ntsu ... litu, sutruru, pitsu ...
I 2 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-SYLLABARY.
Phonetic Value (Acca- if^^^^ chaacter. Assyrian renderins. I\leaaiag. dial1 word).
116. &,pa ...
[Sa-gitu] ...
I 17. gis (?) ...
... 118. Si ...
Sig ... ...
I 19. Sa'ib -.. I
120. Si, (Be) (some- til/res L0;rZ-
fused with dar)
... 123. o a ur
I 24. ticul, dellu ... dimgun
125. surru ... I 126 . guana ... / 123. dir ... ... I
Sa ... ... pir ... ... dak ...
I 2 9 . maS, (dat) /
latnu, masadu, mar. kaSu, bu'anu
karnu, malu, giru, enisu, Samu, issaccu, dussu, itanu, pitu, cunnu, samu
malii.. . ... ...
atudu ... ...
gunnu, calu, pilii, pilutu, bitru, atsu- sa-etsi-u-kani
elippu ... ...
enzu... ... ...
cala iiaccalu ...
suklrullu, acii ...
adru, khalabu, sutruru, khibu, mikid-isati
s'amu ... ... saku a-nisi ... ... nikhabbu, inalu,
ikubbu
tsabu, allapu ...
tha sky
horn, to $l4 etze~mzy (or cam- paz&z), ?~za?z, blue, prfizce, ?, ?, to opez, establishen; sky
to $2 (give)
hepat
road
garr2Te/z, t?it~niZs ( k id~~qs ) , choice, choice, ?, growth of trees and gzlss
begi7z;rzl~ing (?), uessel
middle
dark, white, coilered, mn~lting, bz(rniizg of $re
blue heurz' of a mntz
cozvring, ta$ll, vault
soZ~I'ie?~, zc~arrior @irit (bull)
ASSYRIAN GRAh1MBR.-SYLLABARY. I 3
Pilonetic Value (Acca- Cuneiform din11 word). 1
130 sak (ris i 7 ~
Ass.)
130" sakus ...
13ob. eggat ...
133. uru ... ... 'FTTgD + 134. aru ...
135. g ~ d h u ...
136. can ... ...
137. tnb (tap) ...
... 138. r ~ ( r a ) kak ... ...
dii, gag (some- tillzes i~z Ass. cal)
139. ni, ne ... zal (znlli), ili
140. ili ... ... +* '++w 141. ir ... ...
sucal ...
Assyrian rendering. Meaning.
risu, lrarnu, Sangu, panu, rabu; avilu, pukhu
saku-sn-risi, asaridu.. .
? ... ... ...
mukhkhu ... ...
... karradu ...
head, Izorfz, chasiz, face, great, 11la7Z, ?
to$ of fhe hcn4 eldest
?
male
adaru, adirtu ... 1 darl, ecZ@s~
tsabatu, tamakl~u, ezibu, siteau, urad- du, tabbu
... surru, napkllnru
banu ... ... ... episu, cala ...
... siccatu, rapdu banu, danu ...
yahu [or i] ... ... yallu. .. . a . ... akhkhuru, namaru,
masu, zicaru, azalu, narabu, nfikhu, sunkn-sa-niz. ciiallu
imin nabi ... ...
to seize, to hold, to leave, double (0, to add (give back), double
btgi~zni?zg totali@
to make to ~rzoke, all doof- (?), ? to create, to judge
to be (?) to be (?) preseace, to see, week (?), nznm,
to d@art, ?, to t-est (?); wagzt of ", altor
I 4 ASSTRIAlT GRAMMAR. -SYLLrl"URV.
house, to establish
to giw, jlouug, to rcst/-n:il
142. mal ,ma,e ... gal, g&, pi-
Sannu ilba ...
hleaning. Pholletic Value (iicca- dian word).
bitu, sacanu ...
1 saracu, m r ~ ~ , callu ...
Culleiform chaacter. Assyrian rendering.
... . 143. gusur . . . I gusuru, idiu.. Beant, Ae?*o
144. cisal ...
... I 4 5 ? ...
ummu rapsu
ummu
146. nen,lucu, ekhi I
..- 1
... 147. ? ...
... 145. gapi. .. ?
alittu
agu ... 150. ega ... . ' . 1
I 153. gan kana)
gzgunii ' giigunU. ... car ... ... aganateti ... ,
iclu, padanu, ginu, iiabadhu
... khas'aiu ... sapalu, caru.. . ...
... nas ii... ...
/teZd,$laifz, enclosz~re karden), Izght
intelZ&ezt (to deter~fliue) lowe?,, forfress to raise
154. dak ... I ' - . / ... bars (par) 7
... napaldhu, rapadu ... sutruru, adannu
to surm'z!e, ? cove&, a season
cibiminu, nabbillu, tsatsiru, sikhu
... kharubu, zirbabu
155. ciSim, zibin, ' (WAX dzferent kinds of locusts
surin, sarin kharub (front
Ass.)
a locust, do. 77
... tulu, tsirtu ... ... 156. agan, ubir I B--Y m t r ( t 7 7 3 a ?)202~?2d, tent (I)
ASSYRIAN GRA~~MAR.-SYLLABARY. I 5
Pholletic Value (Acca- dial1 word). I Cuileiform Character.
emidu, zicaru, ridu, mutstsu, nitalihu, isam, rikh .I, nbaclu
158. us, nita, ni- takh, dhii- CUS ...
to stand, f~zayc, st~oant, of- @ril7,g 71miz,phnI'Zz~s, snzeZZ(?), ?
. . . . . . 159. kas
abnu, saku-sa-icli ...
I G I . tik, gti ... makhru, mekhitstu, cisadu, matu, napkh- aru
(bank), rol~7zt~y, totczlio
etsen-tsiru ... ...
. . . biltu. . . . . . . .
t$ of the tail
nasu-sa-resi, saku-sa- resi
tribute (a tnZm')
lyting of the head, t@ of the head
IG?. gun ... ... ... I 63. dliur (dur)
eru ... ...
16 j. hubisega ... Bilu ... ... ... - I
I G6. sans (sa) (read irba i ~ z Ass.)
1 irbu ... ... ... / four
abtu, esu, ta~ntu ... bitu, k a h . . . ...
?, ?, the sen house, hoZlo7c/ (?)
I 6 7 ab (ap, abba) es ... ...
168. nab (nap) (see
4 4
... caccabu, nabadllu star, b~z@~t7zess 169. mul, ana-esse- cu
Iaba~lu, libitu, lapatu, biiru, naclu
... dabakhu ... zuhunu, labatsu,
makhatsu - sa - ali, ialatsu, baru, sdu, nabatsu, nadu
61,ich, omen, hinge (?), lake (?), contplete
to cut the fhl-oat (sacf,z$ce) $Zenty (?), ?, stronghold of n
ci&, ?, lake (?), ?, ?, situated
I 70. tak (tag), sum, nas
SLIM. .. ... ... tak, suridu
P h o n e t i c Value (Acca- 1 dian word). 1 Cutleiform Charsctcr.
... 171. cii ...
r 74. um, mus ... dikh ... dub, dib
(duppa)
177. urud (urudu)
khi ...
180, gan, wn (km) 1 kain ... 1
182. tsi ... ...
183. ya ... ... 184. tur ... ...
dii ... ...
185. ginna, khibiz
r 86. ibila (bor~oze~ed f.077~ Ass.)
/ Assyrian rendering. 1 Meaning. i -
-1 I
... j biil~u ... gate
immu [or tammu], n'ay [or jar go?^], great (?)
inutstsatu ...
UCU
uinnlu, hbu, dabacu abnu, canacu-sa-abni IZ~VU, dippu, tsabatu,
lavii, sapacu, taba- cu, sardu, tuppu, tsipu
... siitu ... ... 1 . . library I
?, ?, to cleave to stme: szi~zet tahlct, nTacz~nzn~t, to seiw, fo
nzjl-anch, to he@ 19, to he@ z@, to be ~ e d (?), ?, pro &it (?)
zibmry (?)
Ninua ... I
nahidu, naku, atsu- sa-samsi
lihu ... ... ...
abu ... ... ... father
cZeal- (gl~ict?cs), jz~rr:? S I / ? I Y ~ S ~
glorioz~s (?) I
ailnu, nagabu, basu, su, khagalu
... . S o ...
cloud (?), cnl~nl, to bt, he (ihfs), to i~rzk~zte
forms ordinal nuinbers
... nlartu ...
naku ... ...
wesf (?)
pure
zakhru, maru, karradu ablu, maru ... ...
muniru ... ...
small, young, j'ou~zg 7t nl rios son, son
ovene~heZ~zzer
ablu ... ,.. ... so%
Phonetic Value (Acca- / Caneiforln Character. I Assyrian rendering 1 1 Meaning. dial1 ~wwd). 1 1
I 187. turrak ... 1 , 1 bintu, martu . . . I iiaug/iicr, n/oinoa
188. turrak ... aaught',?*
the sun-god
EET
192. in ... ... I Z2zB'tw. innu, biltu, Silu, pillu ' lord (?), ;1/2nste,y, I V L ~ (?), ? E-
bintu . . .
I 93. ~n-gal, lu-gal sar (bourozc~ed
f ~ o m Ass.)
i=%f
I 94. rab, raba (rap) diin ...
195. dim ... ...
196. cib (cip, kip)
I 97. bi, cas (lras), u11
cas . . . . . .
inacutu, labartu . . .
?
sane, sannu, su, suZtu, nakbu
c2su (borro7t1ed fio~?z Ace.)
a path (?), a $ia?ztotjz
?
r g7n. kharran . . .
two, se~oitzd, hf , this, channel
khamnlu . . a guarler of the sky (porirt of the compass)
199. cas (kas), ras
197b. sucit (?) . . .
kharran ... cas-cal .. .
passuru . .. . . . 1 ;.oyaipamsoi (?)
kharatsu . .. ...
kharranu (durgu), sane, rabadllu
kharranu (from 14cc.)
to ?~iake
;.on4 two, ?
road
201. rutu . . . . . . 1 trooys
ASSYRIAN C;RAlfbIAR.-SYLLAEAKY,
Cu~lciform Character. 1 hr ip ian rendering. / Bleaning. l'honctic Value (A ccn- dial1 \vord). - -
202. gur ... ... ninda ...
nanlandu ... ... ... itta ... ...
-
" nbundu~zce, gtua-osiQ " (Le- normalt)
204. is (iii), mil, mis
... Sakhar
205. ? (See 190) I
... sadu, urru ...
206. rim, cabar, im
?zozl7ztai~z (heup), l kh t
sulii, sanu(tu) - . . . mom?zd) seconde(?)
207. sim, rik, Siriz sammu ... ... I
... 209. ku, kum, ri
isittu, cipSu-sa-nisi, 1 fou?zn'atian (the nan'ir), tes- uzunu, udlu / ticle, e p a ~ zvkht, l e w ~
saku, khasalu ...
... 2 I I. il, cacaiign
tap, to destay
212 . dil (dun) ... alacu, alacu-khamdhu, tabalu - khaindhu, licu - khamdhu, alacu-maru
nazazu ... . . . nazuzu, basu, alacu,
c h u , saparu, ma- garu, anacu
... aradubii ... tsabatu, srtpiru, calu,
~lllij
to go, a swift jou;.?zey, n s~fltjrt * o?zset, a szt.rlz;ft march, a little
jozlflzey
gub ... ... gin, a;adup%
t o j x (to wax of the moon) to be -fixed, to rxis;, to go, fg
establish, to sr;lzn: to lozq I
sa, ra, ir, g~ibba pu?,szLe (?) to seize, messenp-, all, uzor~nd
ASSYRIAN GRAMhlAR.-SYLLABARY, 19
- l'honelic Value (Acca- Culleiforill Character. Assyrian rendering. hfeaning.
dial1 wold). -
2 I 2a. araduclu-nabi cznu, uzuzu, ceSu-sa- elappi, alacu-sa- cissati
213 . gum, nitakh rabu, nisu ... ...
I '' to adhere" (Lenormaat)
iidu, sulu ... ... 1 foundation, he@ 215 . rim ... ...
?
goat [or zrifze]
2 16. rik, khil ...
caranu ... ...
I , i ( I ) ... tun1 (tuv, tu) urugal, aralli
gablu, su, agagu ... khardatu ... ...
??~ififi'Zf, he, ? fear rk th (Hades) mitu ... ... ...
219 . egir ... ... aba ... ...
arcu (arcatu) ...
'iiniru ... ... beast (ass), Aonze~, (n measure)
etsu, zicam, rabu, esiru
iz (itz, iS) (Ass. zlnlue)
gis ... ...
caccu, tugultu, bilu, gudhu
zzra. gudhu ...
alallu, mis'u, Inetsu ... / pa$jl~us, ?, shoot (?)
222 . pa,du(?) ... khut, khat,
Cull
aru, gappu, gisdaru.. . nahru-sa-yumi ...
... surupu ...
2221. gistar, tirtar tirtu, SuSaccu , . .
2 0 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR,-SYLLABARY.
Cuneifurrr, Character. Phonetic Value (Acca- / dian word).
- - - - -
marru, sacanu, migga- nu, pada, radu, basu
path, to establish, enclos?~re, ?, desceizt, to exist
Assyrian rencleiing. - - --
224. -inar, nikh ...
Xcaning. -
225. gc, cit ... lil ... ...
... citu. zacicd ... citu ... ... ...
below, nZyss Belozu
226. hu (u), smi unlu, aii11i1ntu ... akhu, acalu ... ...
the same, a cubit brother (?), to eat CUS ... ... )
... 227. g2,gur (forozs ad-
jectires i i z Accan'inn)
227n. ili ... ...
g11, tsarapu, tsamadu- sa-nnrcabti, ma- caru - sa - macuri, sizbu
?,~U?'L$EI*, ~h&"iot~~kt ' , cord for wares, ?
nas3, saku, niakhru, guru
to mi% top, fi ant, ?
a 2 8. lakh (lakhkha) lakh, lukl~,
Bun succal, lukh nakh (7.72 SLY-
sian)
miBu ... ... 1 ? pasisu, ardu.. . ...
allu ... ... ...
... succallu ...
230. mis (miz), rid, lak
cisip ... sit (siti) ...
i?zte/iz$zce (nzess~nzger)
idlu, karB, Sangu, cirbannu
rittu ... ... ... alittu, madadu, min
7 geizetnk, to mensurd, T Z Z ~ ~ ~ E ? ~ ,
lo zorite .i?g (?) papyrzls, shaft of a tree
utu, sadhru idku ... ... ak ... ...
alal, pis'an ... pis'annu, natsabu-sa- etsi
natsabu-sa-kani, dup- pu-sadhru
Naba ... ...
23 1 . alal, dibbi-sak shaft of a ree4 zalrithw tablet
the ,rod AGJo sak ... ...
23 2. gut (gud), khar, dapara, le
telal eciminu ... ... bull-like de?izon
ASSYRIAN GRAMB1AR.-SYLLa4BARY. 2 1
23 j. cus, billudu gaza ...
235. sabra I 1 sabsu ... ...
237. sib (Siba) ...
238. sltb (sap), gis- tar - urassa-
240. duk ... lllt ... ...
cu
239. e ...
... 241. un ... UCU ... ...
... calaina
241. clan ... cal, gurus ...
... kabu, bitu, kabu
lab, lib, rib ... gurus ... a , i ...
IzoZZow, hoase, to QP&.
243. UZU ... ...
2 $4. ne, iz ... bi, Lil pil,
gibil dhc ... cuilz (uf Ass.
0.igizz)
sacunu ... ... 1 buihfi~r,y pulgu, carpatu ... / choice, ?
nisu . , . ... ... 1 mafz ... uku ( f i v f ~ ~ Acc.)
matu ...
I dannu ... ... asdhu, akru, dannu,
egiru, asaridu idlu ... ... ... gurusu, idlu .., rniitu ... ..,
siru ... ... ...
isatu, napzkkhu ... kala ... ... ...
st?*o?rg ?, costZj; mighty, to &kg; ct(f~s&
i
1 wild bull
Phonetic Value (Acca- 1 cuneiform character, Assyria~~ rendering. dian word). 1
248. nir ... ...
2 50. ub (up), Br (ara)
2 5 I. i~iebulug (of Ass. or*&-i~r)
2 52. gab, dii, takh
253. zin ... ... zer (oJ Ass.
or~,bir~) ... rabita
254. takh ...
255. sam ...
2 jG. zik (zig), kllas
2 5 7 . uru ... .. , ugudili ...
kalii, bu'idu.. . ...
?, idguru ... ...
I
cibubu, garru, man- i dinu
cipru, tupku, garmu, enakhu
makharu, irtu, daku, padharu, padi, isi, dakhaclu, nadhalu, nadilrhu, etsibu, saninu, nadhalu
labanu-libanu ... radu ... ...
tseru ... ...
etsibu, uraddu ...
... zikliu, sabru, garru
... XU, ClJUrU ... esgurru ... ...
7 ... ... . a .
'( co~zstrz~ction~ wall, to gliilt'" (Lenori~~ant)
king prilzce
1'&ve!'enCe
rezion, zo~ze, pztarter, to decay
choice, ?
frant, breast, to strib&, to &- liver, ?, Ire has, to rejuice, to ?raise, a rento7ler7 to establkh, a 7~?7lnl, to t r a n ~ e r
brickwo?*k n'esce~zt (or thztndc16olt)
?
to establish, to dispose
price
?, to br,enX., exjeditiorz (?)
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.--SY LLABART". 2 ;
I'ilonetic Value ( A c c ~ - 1 if^^^^^ Character. Assyrian reildesiag. dian ~vorrl). 1- ---
i
2.~9. usbar ... UZU ... ...
... ... 263. ? ... ... partsu I divider (?)
262. aca ... ... T riiinu, nasu, n~adadu, high, to mist, to nlfflsu~.!~ fo
- ~ 6 4 . lab, rul~d ... 1 / al" ... ... ,.. j
-$ * * - 9 )
rain (Ass. ~aZz~e)
260. urugal z < z y I
... ... usp2-rabu
... . ... baiii..
...
23
... ... 265. agarill ... I
great qz~izfer
?
gabru .
mother (?)
... ... 267. ubigi . AT*^ 1 ? --. -
270. lil, ubi ... galam, gal~ulill
ojjoser (het,o)
maharu
shrine (?)
269. gaz (gaza), bi
urgc on
... *YY ... ~ 7 ~ . z i c u r s . . . I 1 irtsitu the earth
:<& - I d ~ k u , niku, puhuz, khibu
abutu, Saru, iiaclu ...
... ... ... 2 73. taltal . . . I 4 ' ; ~ Ea 1 the god .So
to ssnzite, zzlctitjz, ?, w~anti~zg ( 2 )
chnmz, king, cot~tplete
to g&e, to g k e tojlaie, to szcleep awajr, to IOJ,
to set, to ale&h (be fazlour- able)
?, tnblrt if"
274. Si, re, sell1 ... '-I <<<Y 1 b r y << r 19
nsdanu, sacaru ... nadu, Sapanu, idu,
sainu, palaiu
Si, Sunnu ,.. 92 ananu-sa-ir; law-sa-*
24 ASSYRIAN GRL4MMAR.-SYLLABARY,
Phn:~e:ic Valuc (Acca- cuneiform cllaracter, dim word).
275. ral;h, ukhula
276. Sar ... ... ... khir, khur
khir.. . ...
cismakh, *. gii
217. ubara ...
... 278. asilal
279. bat ... ...
280. dadhru ...
282. 1fi ... ... guk ... .,.
284. cus ... s'ur, sur ...
E=Tr*I bTX* ,7 ...
sadhru, mus'aru, suillu zarakhu, zamaru, da-
rudu, atsu-sa-etsi- u-kani
arku, racis'u, rucus'u, ciru, calii, nabu, cas'u
salnu ... ...
-
to ?i~~ite, an z?zsci,$tiorz, nal:le to ?,ise, to rz'n.icln, ?, growth of
trees arzd ,rr,ass
Assyrian rendering. ! Ileaning.
I--
shy
/ cididu ... ... / @w (@ark)
/ cidinu, rimutu, aira- 1 /~otectiorz (law), gI,ncc, At&
dam, initutu ...
1 dabibu ... ...
foi*t~*ess, death
dmiser
dalakhu ... ... to t?-oz~bZe CllCCLI ... ...
Raminanu ... ...
taru, nacaru, passakhu, napalu, aakamu, ecimu, cipupi, pala- khu, calalu, saba- dhu, nacm-sa-amati
the aiygod (Xitf~ntor~)
aHkhu, nikhu, tsalamu iibu, saccagui~a ... iuis, uzzis ... ...
rrilihatsu, akl~azil, ana, rapasu
lii, lii) . a , ...
to ~'etl~?'ii, to cjlaffge, to pass OZW, to t j l t , ~ ~ ~ ~OTLVZ, 2'0
pl~nish, to st;-$7, ?, to m y -
sh$, 2'0 co~@Lc~t~, st@ (?), brealei-, of faith
to rest, ?pest, sAarZoa1 (~cZ$si~) ?il@ty, ? stro.g& (?)
to irzz~~zn'nte: to take, to (for), to e:iza~nl;e
not, ?
28 j , sa, g t~l l , cB, inulu, lu- gur, nita
2 8 7 ~ . azalak ...
288. sis ... ... ur (uru) ...
290. zak (dak), zili
tami . . zikkad ...
... 2 9 I. ma, inamfi
dessu ...
293. gal, [tak i~z Sz~sian.]
zg3a. utaccal ...
2936. ulad ,.,
cipru ... rgion (mce)
I I I nisu, avilu ... ...
akhu, uri~mu ... brothu; peacock ... aatsaru, nuru I to he@, fight
zaggu, ainutu, ebiltu, adi, isaru, idu, itatu, pfilii, bircu, atsidu, isdu, ba~natu, tseru, e~nuku, asaridu, sumelu, riciu, padu
?, true (?), ZoudshiP, u j to, jzut (strclzkkt), house, wnZZ, cattk, knee, ?, heap, hI;r/I place, sujre~~ze, deep, eldest, Zq5i /'land, bond (bztildi~g), fi'ontiet-
sacanu, padinnu, 111atu to dze~eh', ,pZaifz, country ... zacaru ... , to cof~z??ief~~or~~te
utnccilu ... i ?
arratu,ciccillu, tsibutu, khasakhu, inadaclu
curse (ei.zchn;lzt~~ze~~i), ?, zelish, want, Ira nrenslwe
S~IIIU ... . , dca'~~c?t
2 6 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAIL-SYLLABARY.
I Phonetic (Acca- Cul~eifor~n Character. Assyrian rendering. 1
dial1 word). 1
zg3c. kigal ...
... 296. bar (bara)
297. bur, gul (?), ninda-gunti
298. bis (pis),cu'a- guna
kir (cir), gar
299. gar, kar ...
300. pir ... ... 301. id ... ...
Si, idgal ... umun ... ubil ...
... agu, banu, uzzu Sibbu, Sibkha, iltanu
paraccu, basatnu, udu, risku
... siiru, paraccu
cmun (halo), tl'n~n, col-07zct g i ~ d l ~ ' , tui-bn)~ (Heb. nn~~n),
?zorih (?)
altar (sacr$ctt), baisaii~, aloe, natd
izcefzse (?), a l t a ~
cu'a-gun8, palakhu, rapaclu, n~an~luv, khuzabu, salalti, napasu
cabattu ... ...
isdu, biiru, ialatu-sa-;., abnu
abbuttu, karru ...
he@, ?, ?, stone
idu, ikhitu, cuSSu ...
karnu ... . . .
paratsu ... . . .
... gablu ... nasacu, niku, subtu,
bisu
[email protected] of tile gar'rci~ (?), to 7<'0l-silz), ?, rain, clay (?), .@oilii?g, to st?-efcA
hn?fd (power), one (fern.), th~oi.olzc [the character seems originally to have denoted a cortz b]
h07'11
tile uiiddle ((battle) to )our out, libntiu~, seat, 2
saku - sa - ikli, sicitu, tupuku, nas'u
nappakhu ... ... mummu ... ...
... saguinu ...
top oj a fitlfil: su?&a (?), n'is- trict, to tear 1(13 (rep~zo'i~e)
to daw7z ? ?
ASSYRIAN GRAhIbI,i!i.-STiLLAB*%RY. 27
Assyrian renderiilg.
" hamnjh~orfitt " (Oppert)
sorcefy (?)
to seiz~, sh@herd, a mat*ch
catile
pilonetic Value (Acca- dian nrord).
--
305. ? . a . ... ?
lillu ... ... ...
if^^^ character.
l-- ids{
the SU?J
god
lady
3 0 9 alam,alala, bi- seba
... samsu .'.
... ilu ... ...
&l&(za
/ belatu ... ...
arku, urcitu ... ... ... banu ...
laili, snbaru , 3 )
I
3 13. dik, iizi, ara.. . gfrce??, s~tT(L'zWe old gaacZZe
nnpatsu, cgu s..
... balangu ...
WzkhZa?zrZ (Accadj, the sr~uz- ??zits
316. accada, bur- bur
1 tilla, saki ... ...
katu, idu, giinillu, c i~~uku, ubanu
/ halz4 hand (jozier), h&~/&t,
holklzu, peak
... 317". khul(2)
3171.. tucundi ...
318. curu ...
g! v ~~~~~~*
E=Y-YYYY ,zzY*TY V T
(See No. I I I .ji
ASSYRIAN GRAMhfAR.--SYLLABARY.
Phonetic (bcca- / Cn,~,iifo~m Cha~acior, !~rrylian rendeling. 1 Mea~iing. dian word).
1- I I I I
niga ... sana, sanana-
bacu
... 319. SZ ... ... igi\ zfiii, z!gf d~ll1&1<~ ...
32 1. bu (p), Sir, / v+, $<* gid 1
sepui ... 1 71
...
seu111, ziru, ittu, amaru, lnagaru
mai-ii ... ... irbittu ... ... ?
... ...
Seru, sadadu, ericu, n8ru
maru, nas'al~hu, ra- badu, ebiru
~ ~ q a k l l u , Davci~la ...
LOYE (g~,aiz), sccz', zuhc~zf, wheat, happy
yoi4?zg four bin ( a nzeasz~~t)
gisillllnar ) 3 gisinlmaru
yo~~i;g, to renzoz'e, lo adora (?), to CTOSS
to da70/z, the goddcss DazikC
320. . lab, lul, ruk, : &YE= nar, rar, 1
pakh, lib 1
... ... Sarru
323. sud ... ...
... 324. tsir air) . 1 +yr)'<, $ $ - ~ ~ ~ < :sir.. .. ... I sqbczt mus... I lnusu ... ... J ~ t ~ p e ~ z t (i)
I I
s'u ... ... ezu ... ...
cricu, rukutu ... to eztt~zd, distant
I 326. tir i--TYY'F < T Y Y Y
. / , I cisaatu (kist"), d a y z " ~ , I jiiifgic, j~dgt ...
1
>, Bir-gunu ... ... ar8, zaraku, s'ulukhu,
irisu, sakhalu
3 2 7 . tc, dimlnelms / YT
? ?, bzr8et (?), pnrdotz (?),
reguest (?), plague (?)
tc, dikh (of 9 1
ASS. o~%i~ij /
I
temeinzu, tsnbatu, JZbov ~'0i~:zr&ttio/2-~i0~~~), t~ cuSSu 1 seize, tLro;ze
I dakliu ...
I 3276, una, ternen- 1 , maca x . . ... I * cs-gu11ii I I 1
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-SYLLABARY, 29
Pionetic Value (Acca- ' culleifdrrn character. I I Assyrian rendering. 1 I
Rfeaning. dk11 ru-ord).
I-- I -- 1-
328. car ... ... !
329. u ... ... pur, bur ... ge . . . . . . UlllUll ...
330. bnbar ...
331. si, 1i1n (liv, li)
ir (?), ti111 (2 )
caru, ediru, ecimu, fortr-ess, to nrraqy, to sty$, ddihu ! fo face
putstsii-sa-kan-dubbn white szt~face to ~eceice an insc~-$lion
belu, Saru, ubanu, Silu esritu, suplu ... inilrE,iltu ... ... dainu ... ...
lorn', kit%, peak, ~oc& tez, below battle blood (of~jrillg)
~ I I U , amaru, makharu ... panu, igu ...
mZtu, ecitsu ...
334. seba, izcu (?) I ( y + ~ ~ ~ ~ l I tupultu, ardutu, libittu 1 ~eiilice, se~aitude, o ~ i m
ye, to see, before (-aitness) pfPese?zce (face), ? C O M I Z ~ Y ~ , ?
332. khul ...
333. cusuv ...
336. pa111 (pav, p&) 1 ('(r b m I zacaril, nabo, tamatn, to re~izmibe~, to pioclaini, ?, namru, utu ?
337. ar ... ...
<!*Dd
(Pr'
341. pikh /
339. 'a ... .s.
tsi ... ...
340. timkhir ...
kullulu, limuttu, khumn- khum
... pakndu, damku
ncczlrsed (ezd), Bnnpfzcl, sultry
oversee?-, $ml/,itlbr~s (of good onze/z)
<WE!! 3
(y*c+<y (T*<+<Y
... u, naku, darru
. ... Nabiuv ...
atzr6 to sac$ce, hkilzg
the god Nebo
Phonetic Value (ACCZL- culleiform (-lIamcter. Assyriall rendering. 1 hIe3:li:lg. d i m word). 1
to jz~dge, to ezd, red, to ask, to I-iva4 to ??~nke @en& ?, to
ro?zpz/e;P
342. di, dim ... denu (dinuj, salamu, Sulmu, erisu, sma- nu, sakabu, Sararu, cassdu
milcn, Sarar-Sirri ... Sulmu, sulummu ...
k k g (judge), ? I-est (con@Zetio?r, I-eco;r?@ense),
i $&ace (crllinnce)
Sa ... ... dilim, sallii~l
( Ass. or&~iz)
343. ci (cinaj, cicii I GJ itti (ittu), asru, kak-
karu, inatu, irtsitu, saplu, asiibu, aima, em5
masca~lu ... ...
7~1it/l, place, g/,ounil: country, earth, lost~e7; n dmelling, oan, about
h;ShpZace
1 below it (its b7merpa~f)
h&h, high $lace, extexsio7~, place, s e y
snluv, nidutu, terictu, asm, ranlanu
343c. siten ...
344. durud ...
345. va (?), cicas (?)
... 336. cusi ...
fo~t,.esx
like (the same, d;fto, rpP~fitio?z)
cnrru ... ...
sii ... ... ... ? ... ... ...
CUIISLI, Nabiuv ... c~oztv~, the god Neb0 347 sakkad ...
.. 343. lit, 1st (lad). ab ... ... u ... ...
? ... ... nrkhu ... I . . . ... ...
ciru, tsurru ... ubbu ... lsbbu ... 1;hallrhallatu
manzu ...
jlantatioian (?), bowels ? heart (i?zfe~ior) desire (?)
ASSYRIAN GRrlhZhfAR.-SYLLABARY. 3 I
Phonetic Value (Acca- ca,&fonn c ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , 1 Assyrizi~ reildering. Mesnii~g. dial1 wol.d). ,
chamois (?)
Rilu, darru, Beltu, mi- I tanu, cuSariccu
cissatu
I ... ...
35 In. alim, sagira- cda-igidu
the god BeZ, ki?zg, gonil'ess Belts, plague, ?
*- (&* 7; Y-
3 j 2 . cis (kis) ...
353. ner ... ... nc, pisim , .. aric ... ...
foot (basis) de@ yoke, ? by@ t
sepu ... ... ... i
emuku ... . . . . 1 nfru, pisiminu ... nanlru ... ...
354 ticlnu ...
355. lilid ... . , .
... akharru ... 1 behiad (the wat)
liliiu. .. ...
... I barrier (?)
... sacanu ...
na'idu,'ublu, nakhagun- ~ a t u , parsu'hu, ias'u, nlunu, selibbti
... bircu, diibu, rikhu Knee, good on'oz~r (or breath)
the goddess Istor
buru, gannu.. . ... Zi$ t (?), enclosure ... ... a , .
359. amar ... zur (of Ass.
ol.i,in)
niku, taslu, ciribu ...
3 6 I. niin, num, nii cnunl (enuv)
saku, elarnu, zibu ... samu ... ... nalraru - sa - semiri,
garru, zuinbu
napalu ... ...
tap, h&hZa?zd (Elam), zcloJf /Zenz~e;tz cutting by 7mmns of the A-
n1o;tril; ?, a /y '
Phonetic Vaiue (Acca- dian word).
363. turn.. . ...
364. lam (lav) ...
365. nii ... ...
366. 112 ... ... gucl ...
367. ul, dii, udbu- guddhu
m ... ...
368. cir(kir) ...
369. barn, ban, bav
370. dim, sitimrnu
turn (tuv)
ciin, gim (o j
Ass. orz&'?r)
374. mi, vi, gig, cu ge ... ... cuga ...
373'. Sun ... ... ... gul (kul)
ASSYRIAN GRAbIM,4R.-SYLLABARY.
Cuneiform Character.
(331 - ($77 (EE
~~~ ( ~ k
2,
CmFY (ZY
, (
9)
22
9 ,
(zy'Iv (ZET
Assyiian rendering.
... ... babalu
... ... lammu
... rabatsu . .
...
( * I ? P
... <E= I tsalrnu, crib11
... ... 1 9
musu
,, ... {eel nardapu ...
... 9 , abatu , . . ... 9 , s ~ ~ b t u , calu-sa-avili
to brilzg cloze~fz (prodz~ce)
a s a t (?)
to rest
?
shade (black), szdnset ~ziglzt
pu?*suit (?) to a'est~oy seat, whole of a nzn~z
lidhalu (utalu) I ei-l@se (setti~zg) r'lbatsu, nadu, lnayalu /
. . . cacabu . .
elipu - sa - etsi, Su~nu, surru, cal~~lu, tac- cabu, inuttacbu
... ... s'alkliu (?) I
... ~nitpai~u, kastu
cima, surnms, banu, episu, basii, saina- dhu, matsa
banu, kharatsu, khar- tsu
... ... ...
... ... idiiinu
rich, pat1 ulu . .
... ... 1 cira . , .
to lie doarn, to scttle, bed
star
sh$ of wood, ?, ?, ?, poi?zt9 (?), pointer (?)
citadel
bo7i1, bow
like, f iz ls, hfi~wz, t4 ??Lake, t~ be, ?, tojnn'
to prodz~cc, to c;l-[ate, ob- scllrity
... ... ...
?
bond, ~~zixed (?)
?
ASSYRIAN GKAMbfA.R.-SYLLABARY.
phonetic Value (Acca- dian word).
-
376. dugud ... cab (Ass. v a l 4
378. din (tin) ... gal ... ...
380. inukh ... I ... 381. caccul
382. mail, in, nis buSur ... Bar (Ass.
value)
383. cus (cusu) ...
384. es ... ... esseb ... Sin (Ass. value)
386. usu ... ... ( 387. nigin ... 388. lagar ... 389. cizlukh (?) ...
... 390. tul (dhul)
dul ... ... mu1 ... ... durud ...
Cuneiform Character.
cabdu, iniktu ... / ~eauy (jf~uch, holiu13, ?
I martsu, Simmu, cibtu sick, plague, gflictioiz i
Assyrian rendering. -
I Meaning.
akhzetu, Nani ... 1 ?, the goddess li,ksa
I
... baladhu ... ... bitu ... ...
1 kakkullu, namzitu ... / ?, ?
Z$2 (fanzily) house
mukhkhu, eli, banu, alidu
over, ovejy, to create> to dtgef
... pulu.. . .*. 1 cattzt
s'aru ... ... ... samsu, esrH ... ...
hilzg the sun, tzuetzty
... bitu ... ... salasz, ~ i n u ...
... I mascanu I
I ... i "'g7'
house thi~ty, the Moo?z
I
... irbahH ...
... ... erib-samsi
... cumrnu ...
t for&
sunset
the ilzteriar of the earth
bakhilqridu-sa-riduti, sadu
... ... catainu mulu ... . .
... carru ...
lagaru ...
?, Anref?r, hill
to conceal ? fortress
3 4 ASSYRIAN GRXNJIAR, -SITLLAB.4RI',
(Aceam CuniiColrn Character, q 1 Asi j~ ian rendering. Mcaniny. dian word).
--
i I I
... 3g1n. babbar ... , caipu I
3g1b. guski ...
392. rnun ...
393. dun ... ... sul ... ...
3 9 5 Pad (pat), kur (?) ...
suk ... ...
lus, gur ...
khuratsu ... ...
... idla ... ...
... idlu, dannu ... Buluill ... ...
khamcsserit, Istar, iinnu
... Bimtu, sipartu
idacu, lanu, kan- duppi, musacnis, cubuSu, kabu
gold
a k e ~ u
hero, strorrg ?
jfftce~r, the goddess Istar; ~($2 h ~ l l d
plague, bill (accazint)
... 398. * i ((O. ; also a co~ztrarted fomz of the nr~nzbtr g
399. cur (kur) ...
mat (mad) ... lat (lad), nat
(nad), sat
(sad) ra'er ...
400. ana ... ...
curu, sadu, elu, garu, nacaru, napakhu
... mgtu, casadu ... mgtu, sadu ...
fo root- z/p
1 401. lis, dil (dul) i d d u + + ... ... ?
I
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-SYLLABARY. 3 3
402. ud (utu, ut),
par
1'11onet.i~ Value (-lcca- dim word.)
a h ... zal (Sal), tam
... sain (,u) zab, eriin ... babar ...
salnsu, yu1nu,canlaru, enu, nahru-sa-yumi, urru, pitsu, atsu
... samsu, Sarru, ellu samsu ... ... yumu, iinmu, samsu
... tsabu, bibu ... ... tsit-sainsi, namaru
Cunciforn~ Character.
sun, day, to see, eye, dzwni?zg of day, l?kht, zclhitc, to rixe
Assylian rcnclering. Mealling.
sun, ki~lg, ilk4 the sutz
th &y, the day, tile sztn soldier (host> su~zrise, to see
atsu, makhkhu, padu to ?*ise (issue), mzgh31, sceptre
cusu, ruhtu.. . ...
... 4026. zaj~ar ... I *EM + 1 ~ iparru ... i copper (bro~~ze)
403. bir ... ... erim, lakh ... za11, Sab (Ass.
z~nlaes)
... 403n. o % nus ... I '74 1 pila *.. ... / choict I I
nuru, iiczmaru ... ... tsabbu ...
404. ? ... ... I 1 nii-aru - . . /ze tper I
Zzght, to see soldier (host)
406.pi ... ... 3, tal, pi, me
407. 'a, 8h ...
... 408. sa, lib, Bini
409. pis ... ... 410. bir ... ...
411. nanam ...
ruhtu ... . poison (philtre) I
uznu ... ... ear ... me, giltanu
giltanu ...
labbu ... ... heart (middle, witilh) I
... kunkut [or kuntar] ? I
eru, aladu ... ... 1 pf~gnant, begettiig I I
saradhu ... , . . 1 paf?zt (?)
... cinu ... , . . 1 est~zblisked ( jmz)
... 412. g ~ d u .., i to set (nztl)
... 413. zib (Sib, tsib) & zibbu
I I
hIeaning. ,---- --
... 414. khi, khig
Asylian i d e r i n g . Phonetic Value (Acca- dian word).
... dhi, kh5. id, sar (8ar-
rab), iib (zib), dhum
dar, dhar ... sar, dagu
(See f i e 3 5 7)
I
C u n e i f o l ~ ~ ~ Character.
sar ... ... mir, inuru ...
imi ... . B .
qrG. kaim (cam), / khain
I
6 . S S S . 43 ((( 41 7. ah (h, hi) ... 1 A**y, 4**
' (irz Persitnl i71scriptions) I
dhZhu, cissatu, esiru 1 good, miiititude, jrofitioiil (hob)
uduntu-sa-rukhi ... / giiantity 6 711ind
cissatu-sa-same, bircu ... ... ...
... pallilu, Assuru to ~rzi~~gZc, the god Assw eissatu, mjdu, rabu, f~zz~Nit~dt, 97zz~ch, pi, geini,
.... 1 ... . . denotes ordinal numbers
Z~gior~s of Aeazfe?r, a kizee n 7;lensz/re
mukhudu, sutabii, dussu, nukhsu, pu- malu, nakhasu-sa- nukhsi
rukhu, rikllu, ralnanu, palakhu, rarubatu
... siiru, sainu ...
?, ?, $~,o@c~iO, Powe;lfz~Z, fro@a,e;* of proqerity
'i:'if/d (air, t&??lp!~f, cardinal point), hrmfh, self, fa
zuorsh$, fenr bri~hhzess (sky), heazve~z
? ... ... . .
... 'umunu ...
nahdu, irbu, Kam- br(y?if, rain? thc Air-god manu
pulukhtu, en~uku, fenr, derp, boiJy (person)
?
smaM ?a,ornt
zuinru samu, irtsitu, akhu,
didu, sgru, zunnu,
duppu
shy, earth, brol'lze~ (?), ?, br&Irt?zess, rniu, tablet (?)
ASSI'RIAX' GRAhIhlAI1.-SYL,LABAIRY. 3 7
Phonetic Value (Acca- / ~~~~i~~~~ chrncter. I i e e i I X'leaaing. d ian word).
418. akh, ikh, ulrh, (ukhu)
419. bir ... ...
420. khar ... inur, ur, cin,
lihain
4 2 on. urus (= thegod Belif? Cassite)
421. khus (khu8) rus ... ...
422. Sukh, Sulrhar
423. ~ ~ 1 1 ... . a ,
424 . ? ... ... 425. ? ... ... 426. zicara ...
... 42 7. dis (tis), gi aria (Ass.
slalue)
428. la1 ... ...
nas, lii ...
429. lal, a ...
4Yf B -
Art- ***
a9d; V 1 ,
!*
uplu, kalniatu, pursu'u, uinunu
rukhuku ... ... nHpu ... ...
seiniru, e s i r ~ ~ ... cirbu, khasu, zulilru
tirtu, tirtu-sa-khasC ...
khussu ... russu ... cinlniatu ...
inahdutu ...
belatu ...
ral~u, dannu
sainu ...
aim, Barru, esti~iu
inalu, madliu, sapacu, sakalu, ubburu-sa- amati, lrhizu, sapalu, etsilu, Saradu - sa - cipratu, Sanaku, cima, tartsu, callu, ensu
sakalu, tsabatu, tsim- du, niru, aniru
sukalulu ... ... *
Z10?'??L
distant
a destroyer
body (j%?wz), ?
benfuz out (s~~znZlgazelZe) yozt/lg gazelle, blue cloth
J;tmiZy (household)
lad'
grent, stro1/g
the shy
lo, ki~ig, olie
lof;ZZ, to fill2 (?), io $OIL/' ouf, fo sue&$ (pug!), ctvssi?/g of the sen, ?, z~mie~ (btl0711). idle (?) , ?, chai?~, li/l.e,sfaci//Ar (ill the time of), to r e s f i ~ ~ i ~ / , sick
to ~uei,h, to seize, j*oAe, yofie, j~ohc
Phonefjc Value (Acca- cuneiform chancte,., Assyrian sendeling. ~l lan n ordi.
Meaning. --
I I I
432. nanga . . ! yF a 1 - g u (gi Rci. o~igiu) 1 a district
... 433. lalu ... libhatu ... hrick7ilo~h I
isip, sib (sip) 1
kulu, kiilu, tamtsu, zicaru, talihatsu, diitu, meh, samu
raincu ... ...
asse~?zb~~$, to asse~~zbZe, ?piass, mnfz, batl'e, 7, I oo, s i y , sign of the plural
herif
435. i~ics (tnis) ... 1 i***, " 1 mahdutu, libbu ... ~ILUIJJ, head, sign of the plural
43 7. 'a ( ~OYI'IS pa/,- tic$Zcs in Arc.)
pur . . . . . . dur ... ... it ... ...
... ga, e
437n eba ...
437k am... . ~ .
... $7 siilu, sallu . . . '7
Tf (also ~ t i t f ~ ? ~ 7 ~ ~ 7 ) me, abu, 'ablu ...
nahru nz. ... labacu .. , ... naku ... ... rakipu ... . . .
Vf (7- dimtu, tala naccalu, un~liilnu
two, ~*@etiti0li (ditto)
Z~UZ~CI', fathey, son
kizg (or cracodio'e)
438. ai ... abu ... ... ... father ...
... 440. kurnun 7%
... 441. za (tsa) I 7 S
*
Tasmitu ... . , . 1 i t pidesi 2 i - r~ - (vfe i f Neboj
arbu? ci, atta ... fozw, likt; thou
ASSYRIAN GKA1LbIAK.-SYLLABARY. 39
442. kha ... ...
'a, ua ...
'''onetic dial1 mold).
441n. ulrilu ...
... 445. dar, ara
~uneifoim Character.
V Y 44 IY 4
446. essa ... . j ... 446a. gar or s2.
446J. gi (?) ... 447. s a ~ ~ n , sa ...
irba (Ass. vnlzlt.)
Ball' ... . a .
448, s'a, para ... ya, i ...
ibbu ... ... ...
Assyrian renderiilg.
nunu, ranu, simru, nnbu, khnlnku
Cii'a. .. ... ...
b f e a i ~ i i ~ ~ .
salsatu ... ...
... ribu ... ...
kanu.. . ... ...
... irbu, ribu, nitu
episu, sacanu, saracu, girii, nadakhu-sa- tirti, rlihntsu, zaltu, niiru, khamdhu, gannlu, maSakhu, garru, sEn~u, nitu, acalu, cumuru, su- cunnu, eristu
? mala, nasu ,..
khan~sa ... . ,. nahdu ... ...
sissu ... ...
to tmzRe (do), fo dznell, to fz~?,nish, hostil~, ?,emoz~aZ of body, to iirzz~fzilnte, BntP, Zi,yht, s j ~ e g : fo Ben@t, ve?~zovaZ, food, obedi'iclzl, ?, fo04 ?, fortress, b~ih (?)
n measwe (a quart), as Printly
as, to Iff r*p
$z~e
gZol-iozrs
six
... ... ... 451. ? ... '.' j tisu
4O ASSYRIAN GRAhlEV1AR.-SYLLABARk'. 4
Phonetic VaIue (rlcca-
- dim word). 1 I
454. esseb ... / 4 55. duk, ~ U C (tug)
dii
456. ur ... ". .
457. sussana I ... 457a. gigiin
458, sai~ilibi ... 453. utuk ... 460. kiguiili, parap
461. mascim ... 462, cu ... ...
iputugulacu dur, pi, tul ... US ... ... zi ... ... tii ... ... SC ... ... tus (dus),
khun, seba, n~ugu, ipu- tugulacu
allatu ... ...
sumelu ... ...
sarru ... ...
tucu, isu, akhazu, si- mii, zarakhu, tsa-
maru
khamamu, etsidu, na- raru, aruru, khazu
sussanu ... ...
... ecimmu ...
... sinibu ...
... uduccu ...
... parapu ...
... nlasci~nmu ...
usibu, subtu, marca$u, ina, anal rubii, akru, tucultu
tucultu, nukhu, zacaru dhelnu ... ... ceinu ... ... nadu, tsubatu ... tucullu ... ...
nasu-sa-eni, muiaru, dii, tsillu, mulii, succu, sa-subat-apzi
the Zt$t ,%arm'
kifz~
to have, to hnz-re, to possess, to place, to rise, to ~ i s e (of stars)
heat (celestial re), to h m (?), to b~t- r~ , bbzrrnt, ?
one-third
demon
two-thirds (iorty)
sp i~ i t
$ve-sixths
to sit dome, seat, 6onrZu,e, ib, to, prince, pfwious, semire
S~TD~CP, rest, to recoriz law clothes to place, clothes t ~ z ~ s t (serz~ice)
rnisi~zg of the yes, i?zsc~I;"tion, ?, side, ascetzt (?), booth, seat of lhe zrnder~c~orld
Phonetic Value (Acca- din11 word).
4G3 gil, khap (khab), gur
(s'u), cir, (kir, gir), rim, girim, gar, zam, mik, lagab
463a. puda (gidda)
464. zar (tsar, gar)
... 466. zarip
467. uh, ua ...
Assyrian rendering. Ileaaing. -
I
469. suk ... ... ulllun ...
racdu, pukhkhuru, gararu-sa-nisi, s'e- CUSU, dubutu, ba- halu, bihisu
@ ,,
aricu, ruku ... ...
I rubtsu, cabasu, pi- 1 flock,
alapu ... ...
kannu
taccabu ... . . .
a thuzlsa/zd "festz?jal" (Lenonllant)
tsutsu ... ... ( aquatic plant (plant, nza~sh) kha~nmu ... ... heat (zone)
tsutsu ... . a .
pfiru, ll~uspalu ... pool (?/2arfh) pool (?), low pound
42 ASSYRIAN C&I&fbIAR.-SYLLA0-4RY.
4ssylian rendeling.
i -- - >leaning.
475. sii ... . , . a ... ... zirku , n b~~N)et
EY ... 476. guy zicuv ... ... I ))
. . . . . . . a .
... sa~llii ... I
477. ? ... ...
478. ? ... ...
479. ? .,. ...
480. ? ... . . .
481. n igh ...
ilaillmi ...
8 l i g a l .
482. ? .., ...
483, ip (ib, ibbi). .. dar ... ... daruv ... uras... ...
484 lu ... ... ... dib (dip)
1-1uziti11g z ~ v z t e ~
IF! - 7 s I
!EJ
YE' in
(Set NU. 463)
,
ca c~~~~ .
E@ HI
) >
) y
1 )
H, @J I
udu, dii ... u, sib (sip) ... guccal ,. .
I
I ) I immiru, dacsu 1 i n d , gazelle
... ... ? .,.
... iddu (set Nu. 43 9)
... narcabtu ...
... ... p ~ g r u
ilal~kharu, pakharu, iakhnru, nagarruru, tsai'idu, tsadu-sa- Iavq pn\aru, epusu, racaBu
... ? ... ...
... ... * ,..
bailu, ligittu, tupulrtu ... nibittu, g i ~ r u ... izkhu . . .
sa-issik-icribi, baru, raincu, urasu, acmu, ligittu, nibittu
... ... tiini, cirru dibbu, lavu, etiku,
tsabatu, titsbatu, tamkl~u
I hcaz't.;l
I ?
bit~~uzc.'~
chariot
corpse
cu~I'ectiu?z, to cu/lect, to szdlF- ruztnii, tumz~lt/~ous as-
sembb, hwzter, h ~ ~ r ~ t t ? ~ cf the nei,hbu~~~huuil: to ex- plai~t, to make, to bind
1 lz'hr-nry
sz~ch criz u;re (so aizd so)
to c;*ente, lug (measure), race name, S ~ I , U I Z ~
? ' zlho hmrs $rtl;l.trs, ?, a bed, ?, lug, ~?tanie
ju&s, tablet, tabltt, to cross, to seiw, , sebz~re, hold
1
? to b u ~ a (?), chnos, fiud
,) 9 7
3 ,
...
I
... ... guccallu
... caw, bahu, garru
ASSYRIAN GKA1ibIAR.-SYLLABARr. 4 3
I'Iionetic Tral~~e (Acca- ~,,,;f~,, chnracler. dial1 word).
486, szk: sik ... Sik, ukh ... lllUt (?) ...
488. sis . . . . . . busus (Ass.
z1rrLe)
... 490. dar (dara)
492. gur ... ...
493. erin ... ...
494. lig (lik) ... tas (das)
w ... I ,
lis ... ... , ur (Ass. flalu~) 1 7 I
496. gal, rak ... kal (gal), mu-
rub mak, inuk ...
Assyrifin rendering.
turtu, sipru, piiru, sitehu, senikhu, ainaru
saradu . . . , . supBtu, sipatu ...
tur-sipri ... ...
dahmu ... ...
khir-tii ... ...
carii ... ... ...
calbu, pultu, baltu, uru ilisu (?), ilacaru ...
cibu, alncu . . . . . . 1liiSI1, ,211abL1, S U ~ I ~ U ,
ructlu
nestu, uru ... ... uru ... ... ...
uru ... ... ...
plank
~ ~ ~ n s s (body, roe$ht), to go ?, ?, ?, ?
n ufotf~izn, a ti0 a city
n city
ASSYRIAN GRAhlbfAR.-SYLLABARY,
Phonetic Tralne (Acca- dial1 u,o?d).
Cuneiform Character. Assyrian rendering.
497. gar ... ... I 498. nin, ni, i~lak. .
I .
I assatu, allatu, [mutu]
1 ?, godn 4 the zilu/,ld, !nt1d, fare
502. tsu, tsum, rak, ri, khal (khil)
505. el (il) ( S t Nu. 2 ~i i 1 Sikhal~cu, ellu, bibu
teliltu ... ...
unnubu ... ... 506. lum, khum ... ?
brick, brickwork, brick, the month Siz'atz
labinu, libittu, inalgu, Sivannu
507. mun, mur, UCU
508. ? ... ...
509. su, inastenu baru, cribu, nikhappu, !emu, Sakhpu, asaru, Sikhu, carainu, adaru, khisu, cissatu
scpu ... ... , . . nlasteizu ... ...
?, to set, ?, ?, ozcrt/%uozcl, n
place (?), jlagzde, a z~ine-
y n?d (?) , dn?*k?~ess (?) , ?, rfzultitzt(Je
n foot ntisrhilf SU ... ...
dhiv, s u ~ ~ ~ a s d i n
510. Sik (sik, sig)
essutu ... ... I
silctu, inatsu, iniitu, ensu, nadkhu, s'a8hpu
... ... 510a. ? ... ... I T ? ... I " n sixtieth " (Oppert)
Plloi~etic Value (Acca- if,,^^ character, dia11 ~r~ord) .
Assyiian ~cildering. Meaning.
511. pis .,. ... cis ... ... a mis ...
_______- ---- !-- , 7
$ 7
khumtsiru ... ... ... pebu ... ... ... citstu ...
?
? jz~7zgZe
512. ? ... . . ,
513. gibil ... cibir ...
51;. isi, ~ u l s ; ~ , SU-
khul sukhub ...
j I 8. khul ... I ucus ... 1 bibra ...
519. dhul . 1
... ... I=:! pulukl~tu
... ... 1% kilutu
I 7 1 sarapu, nlakiddu ... i
516. sutul, sudun
5 2 0 . Sik ... ...
fear (warsht;n)
a bzd~rzi77g' to durrz, e bniq
IE=c~-*T 57
... ... niru .
... ... .
N.B.-A Stw (*) signifies that one or inore characters have been lost by a fracture of the tablet.
a value of No. 180, has been accidentally olnitted.
- ... Siippatu , . .
517. ? .., IF& ... I
yoke
1ZII 7)
,,
?7
isatu..
... ... khidutu
... ... cissu, padu
... ... bibru, nigu
~ f r r
sin
??~12itZtitztn'e, ? joy (?), nafhority
T h e following is a list of the characters which express the open or simple syllables of the Assyrian alphabet. Tlle beginner is advised to commit it to memory before advancing further in the study of the Iznguagc, T h e letters of the Hebrew alphabet are added in order to explain the transliteration adopted for Assyrian sounds.
1 eel ai- ib, ;fz ui-. { hi, v* hu, w be.
37 P- E T i y- or $J pu.
2 ) & I -7774 ga, *YT$ si? 1-4 gT17 ~ 7 7 7 ge.
7) c. +-$ ag, -T<yb ig, ES us. -rH a, <a ci, CU.
p7 k a - I l a , ki, cz ku,
- -- --
" ". I f f 78, +rT?$ zi, ~ ~ 7 7 ZU.
$i, i. g- B=---- ax? ~7 iz) %*!<)I UZ. Sa, 'ZIT bi, +g$r iu.
, ts. J I if tsa, ~ ~ y y tsi, f*g tsu. - -
" 1 - , h , ~ E Y ad, a$ id, L?r ~:d.
n, kh. + a , &&+--jTr ikh niid ukh, + l t ~ l ukh ; !;( kha, 4 khi, +!I khu.
' da, (TL~ di, 3 r du, de. i i
Efl Cna, 4 0,- (ye clhi, Er dhu,
J -=! dhe.
R, t. \ 7 a , < t i tu, v7 te. I
ASSYRIAN GRAhIhIAR .--SYLLABARY, 47
* 1, 7 . -+ an, wsG 07 t$$& in, 1 J T na, ni, + nu, ne.
z ~ T ! un, -11 en.
7, 1; (T--YY<y ar, % il: zcTy UT
ur.
Diphthongs :--yf y f ai (nyn), ~ ~ y f y.2 [ia).
ra, *yr{y ri, 2.m 0. h {TY ru.
, s. * OY & as, 577 is, TP 115,
(<< CS.
An ideograph is often indicated by a phon~tic coiz;t~Z~mmt which gives the first or last syllable of the Assyrian word ~vhich is to be read. Thus \' 47 is to be rendered by sollle part (according to the context) of the aorist acsz~d " I acquired. "
Three mai11 rules to be observed in selecting the value of a character are ( I )
that that power is to be chosen, the first or last consonant of which is the same as the consonant which ends the preceding syllable or begins the next; ( 2 ) that no Assyrian word, as a general rule, ought to contain more than three radical letters ; and (3) that values consisting only of a consonant and a vowel are to be preferred to those in which the vowel is enclosed between two consonants.
An open syllable (that is, one which begins with a vowel) only exceptionally follows a character which terminates in a consonant; and all words end with the line. Determinative Prefixes (D.P.) arc a great assistance to the reader. These are unpronounced ideographs which are always set before certain classes of persons and objects ; so that their presence enables us to tell with certainty the nature of the following word. There are also Deterininative Affixes (D.A.) which serve the same purpose.
M
01, ~ 7 7 sa, (7 - si, or 1 su,
%+ OY &{ se.
The determinative prefixes and affixes are as fol l~ws :
PREFIXES :-
*+y fill~) denotes a god or goddess.
,, a man.
P- ,, a woinan.
t ~ y 7 or Z-F~ (dl?,) ,, a city or town.
(mn f i~ ) ,, a country.
PREFIXES :-
+]yd ( ~ N U ) denotes grass, reeds, kc.
3 E (jimim) ,, aniinal.
9 (itst~u1.11) ,, 11ii-d.
.$-*'I!! ,, an insect, H --Y ,, an official or class
a river. .-XI (&iZz,) > ?
a house. ae (s~Tz*) wind, or point of
1 ,
the compass. +++y or -Y (au4Ztz~) ,, <Ey ( t t ~ l t ~ ) ,, a HIOUII~ .
%<{ ( a h ? / ) ,, a stone.
(31 ( J ~ I I ) ,, ametal.
of persons.
a ruler,
a limb or body.
a month.
pJ' (Z~~dwtlc) , clothing.
q (?ti%) ,, tree or wood, I
AFFIX'S :- AFFIXES :-
denotes the plural. (B (irf:iiu) denotes a place.
77 ,, the dual. I ,, n bird.
4- ,, an ordinal number. 1
ASSYRIAN GRAhfMAR.-NOUN$ 49
T H E N O U K S .
Nouns substantive and adjective do not differ in form in Assyrian. Tile adjective always follows its substantive, and has neither comparative nor
superlative. Nouns are of two genders, masculine and feminine, and abstract nouns take
the feminine form. Many words are both masculine and feminine, and may take the terminations of both genders.
There are two numbers, singular and plural ; and a dual is found in the case of those nouns which denote doubles, like " the eyes." Adjectives as well as substantives admit the dual form,
There are three cases, the nominative, ending in -u; the genitive, ending in -i; and the accusative, ending in -a; but great laxity prevails in the use of these forms.
T h e case-terminations have a final m (or u), termed the nzi~~~~~zzatio~c. This was usually dropped in the later Assyrian inscripticns, though the Babylonian dialect preserved it to the last.
When one substantive governs another, the governing noun loses the case- endings (and mimmation), and the governed noun which immediately follows commonly assumes the termination of the genitive. Thus biz is " lord," but biz fzuvi, "lord of light."
T h e feminine singular changes the zt of the nominative nlasculine into -zztu, -a"hd, and -;hi (or Ztz~). T h e last two forms (&tu and itztzk) might elide the vowel, unless the root is a " surd" one, like Say) when the final letter is doubled, producing iavv&tzc, " queen," In the plural the feminine ending became -atzt and -5tztzk or -au.
T h e oldest form of the plural masculine was in -anzt, which was originally used for both genders, W e also find traces of a reduplicated plural, like .m~f~z i ,
waters," and of a plural in -~szu, like diZz~nzt, " buckets." Another form of the plural masculine was in -z~tzc (carefully to be distinguished from the feminine singular in -&tz~). This is the form of the masculine plural adopted by all adjectives. T h e most common termination of the masculine plural was in -e or -i. These plurals are in many cases indistinguishable from the genitive case of the singular. T h e ending of the dual was a.
There is a curious plural in -ta~z, which combines the feminine and masculine terminations. I t expresses a collection of anything, e.g., e-biv-ta-afz, " a ford."
50 ASSYRIAN GRrlbIh1AR.-XOUKS
PXKADIGAXS OF NOUNS.
The Chaj,acters lo be franslitevated by the Stmde?zf.
Masculines :- Sing: Norn. ...
,, Gen. ...
Sing. Constr?/ct. sfnte
- Z T <a g'ly (aa - ci - ru)
$3 +YkY .'I ~ ~ 7 7
, Gen. ...
,, Acc. ...
Plural Nom. ...
,, Gen. ... n ""
-'-T B+TY H (na - akh - lu)
2 y +TYI *EQ dl' 4**YYT -ET
-+ +=a 27 >-
n brook
...
...
... I ...
I The Clia?*acfers to be ndded 1 Stf~denf.
, a - a . . . . . . /
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-NOUNS. 5 '
The Chn7,acfers to be tratzsZite~~afed by thc Siudent.
Fe~xi~iints :-
... Sifzg. NO~.
, Gt.12. ...
,, Ace. ...
Plural Nm. ...
khar-si . . . . . . . . .
kbar-sa . . . . . . . . .
khar-s2t-au [or khai-- sa-a-nu]
khar-s%-ni . . . . . .
khar-s%-na . . . . . .
kha-ra-as . . . . . . . . .
khar-5%-an . . . . . .
1: - " I-la-tu . . . . . . . . .
i - t i . . . . . . . . .
- 1 - a . . . . . . . . .
'i-la-a tu [or 'i-IBtu]
'i-la-a- ta . . . . . . . . .
5"
'il-tu . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 'il-ti 1
'il-ta . . . . . . . . .
ns I,gore
1 . . . . . . . . .
-1-t i . . , . . . . . .
'i-li-ta. . . . . . . . . .
'i-li-c-tu f ilau] ...
'i-li-e-ti [or 'i-1;-e-te]
I
'i-li-e-ts . . . . . . . .
'i-lit
I . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 'i-li-i-tu 1 . . . . . . . .
. a . ij . . . . . . or 'i-Ii-tu ,.. f
P &c., &c. B ir 8
t
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-NOUNS. 5 3
/ The Chnrncters to be trnnsZiteynted by the Stzrde7zt.
-- I I
Cht-aitei~. to l a nddcd hy i/ie Studcat.
i I
1 E2?tzinines :- Sing. Nonz. ... ,
I
Dllal:- . . . . . . (A%-.) Gm., Air) 1 A! T I 1 f 1 - a ) I the huo cars
hnlzds
z N O . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ... ,) Gez. ... 8 I -EQ v GF urn-mi I
I I I
tongz~e
I I
. . . . . . . . . - m u , . 1 mother i I
Y-+7 fl rEj
< Gm. I ...
... 1 I
... ' U I R ~ C C ~ U [1urnmittuJ 1
i ... ... 1 'urn-ma-a-ti . . . . . . . . . j
1
ASSYRTAN GRASIMAR.-NOUNS.
1 Nouns to be written in Assyrian characters, and declined :-
PZ2~7~0Z.
... cu-du-du (Nos. 462, 2 I 2, 2 I 2) ; carfiztacle ... (cu-du-de) (A'os. 462, 212, 342)
~ I da-~UTI-IIIU (289, r I, 23) ... 1 a dzuebli~fg ... ... (da-rum-mi mid da-rum-me) (289, I I,
I I 374 07 434)
ga-ru(zz7,22) ... ...
di-ku (342, 209) ... ...
ci-su-du (343, 3 I 7, 2 I 2) ...
dan-1:u (241, 24) ... . . ~
dup-pu (174, 321) ... ...
... e-mu-ku(23g,23,zog)
ri-su ... . , . . . m . . .
ci-sid-tu ... ... ...
i-sg-tu ... ... . , .
~ul-lrhs-tu or pu-lukh-tu ...
cimm%tu or cim-tu ... ...
... e-li-ni-tu ... . . .
makh-ri-tu or ma-khir-tu ...
... gar-ru ... ... ...
... ag-gul-lu ... ~. h
ap-pa-ru ... . . ~ ~. e
ba-bu ... . . ~ ...
e?zetfzy ... . .
sol~iz'e~ ... ...
capti~e ... . . -
slrozg . . ...
... tablet ...
de$ pozuer ... '..
head . . v ...
spoils ... ...
$re ... .., ...
far.. . ... ...
fnnzi[v ... ...
h&h ... . , .
foj'iizer ... ...
cxpeditioi? . . . . ...
zun,.o,'z ... ...
n nzn~sh ... ...
agate .. ...
(gsri mzri ga-ri-e) (22 7, 83)
(di-ku-tu) (342, 209, Go)
(ci-su-du-tu) (343, 317, 212, 60)
(clan-nu-tu) (241, 24, 60)
(dw-pa-a-114 (1 74, 2 2 2, 43 7, 24)
(c-mu-ka-a-nu) (239, 23, 20, 437, 24)
(ri-sa-a-nu)
(ci-si-da-a-tu)
('i-sa-a-tu)
(pul-klla-a-tu)
(cim-maa-tu)
(e-li-nc-tu)
(makh-ra-a-tu)
(gar-ri-tu OY gar-ri-i-tu)
(ag-gul-la-a-tu)
(ap -pa-ra-a-te)
(ba-ba-a-tu)
ASSYRIAN GRAI.Ih2AR.-NUMERALS. 5 5
THE NUMERALS.
T h e cardinals have two forms, masculine 2nd feminine; but from 3 to 10
the feminine form is used for the masculine, and the masculine form for the feminine.
When the numerals are expressed in symbols signifies " one," 77 "two,"
and so on. ( stands for 10, (y for I I , (( for 20, &c. is 100, and (7- (= 10 x xoo) is 1000.
T h e cardinals are denoted by adding 44 to the ordinal; thus 7 4- is first."
Six@ was the mathematical unit: the single wedge (I) accordingly stands for the soss, or six&, as well as for one. In fractions it is the understood denominator ; thus, ({( (3.30) is 3 $8, i.e. 33.
TABLE OF CARDIN"& AND ORDPKAL NUMBERS.
Masculine. Fe~enzi7zifzzc.
a-kha-du, e-du . . . es-tin, cs-ta-a-nu . . .
sa-ni-e, sa-nu'u, si- nu-'u
sal-sa-tu . . . . . .
ir-bit-tu, ri-ba-a-tu . . .
kha-mis-tu, kha-mil-tu
si-sa-tu . . . ...
si-bit-tu, Bi-bi-tu . . .
[sam-na-tu] ...
[ti-sit-tu] . . . . . .
'e-sir-tu,'es-e-rit,'es-rit
[estinesru ?] . . .
i-klli-it . , , ... ikh-tu
sa-ne-tu ... ...
sal-su . . ~ ...
Sccorrd = san-au (fcwz. sa-nu-
tu)
T/lifad = sal-sa-ai ( f i?~~. sa-li.
is-tu)
Pou~th = ri-bu
kham-sa, kha-an-si . . . 1 Ftytlz = kha-an-su
sis-sa, sis-si . , .
8i-ba . , . . . .
sun-~ia . . . . . .
[ti-is-'a] . . . . . .
'es-ru . . . . . .
Sixth = [? sis-su]
Sevejzt/l= Bi-bu-'u, Sa-bi-tu
E&hth = [? Bu-ma-nu]
Niizth = [ti-su-'u]
Teizth = ['es-ru]
95 ASSYRIAN GRAh1MAR.-TU'UBIERALS.
2 0 = {( . . . ,.. ... es-ra-'a
30 = {{( . . . . . . . si-la-sa-'a
40 = 2<< . . ... ... ir-ba-'a, ir-ba-ya
50 = ... ... . . kha-an-sa-'a
60 = 7 ... ... ... SUS-SU
go = r< ... ... ... [Si-bu-'a ?]
80 = T<< ... ... . , . ?
go = y<<< ... . . ~ ... ?
100 = 7- . . . . . . . me'
... ... 1000 = (7%- ,. . a-la-pu
EX~MPLE' : YT (T* 7- $$<y EY* = (6 2,45 7 oxen."
In writing " one" we sometimes find the phonetic complement added to the cipher to denote 1~11ether it has the masculine or the feminine form. Thus, .
7 -11 (EST-02) = cstilz, (IRH-it) = ikhit. Fractional numbers arc as follows :- g'f ~ 7 ; ; $L SU-UZ-YZZL (ideogl-apllically
written +> = " one-half," 1 If % s~~-z~s-sn-a-n~4 = " one-third,'
(7- v+ si-tzi-62~ = (' two-thirds," E~yy v-- ja-m$zc = (' five-sixths,'' v* m-Il = " onefourth," -ETy 5 7 &L-RjiC = ( ( one-sixth," Ey $-
Sti-~a-i.zu = l1 one-eighth," and 1 gy 1 szc-zs-SZL = ( ( a sixtieth." T h e adverbial numerals were formed by the terminatioii yGtzt~, as
:yf If .;f sa-fzi-e-'2-~tu, or 'Ld$ EE~; 7; $- sa-zi-ya-a-nzt (' a second time " (" twice "), sal-si-'a-nzc or saLsl;l'a-a-zu " a third time." sa-xi-tu (" repetition ") was used for "once," and in the later inscriptions it took the place of the adverbial i~un~erals, e.g., sa-ni-ti saksa " the third time." Sad-sa is expressed in the Behistun inscription by the compound ideograph *b.
Among the indefinite numerals may be recltoned *=H cn-ZZL, *EH *ET ca-la, E ~ T $ cad, *(& \4 czcd-Zat ( ( all," z",& v* p6-6% " all," <syy $-rn gim-l-'t~ " the wl- ole," ~ l f 57 ?~za'-d5~-trr '( much," and K T ~ ~ T *Ey ca-bit-tu " much."
YY YYY
Y Y YYY 4
Y Y YP' Y Y 2- Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y YYY YYY ,,,,,, YYY -- - - .->; -4 4 4
1 Tiy :;I 4
I, T f v - 4 ? l ' / > - 44
4 7 4 4 yn
YYY -m&4 7 4
$3 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-PRONOUNS.
Ya-ti (ya-fi-ma) and catz~ (68-La) are more substantival in their use than the other forms of the first two personal pronouns, and are generally met with as the first words of a sentence. Besides ya-ti we also find EzT~ (7- ya-si and yf 7f (7- ai-si.
T h e Possessive Pronouns are suffixed to the Nouns and Verbs. T h e following is a list of them :-
POSSESSIVE PRONOUN AFFIXES O F THE NOUN.
- ya, ii . . . . . . - ny ; nlsoi, as yf to be ~ e a d 'Bb-i, father
ca, also -C ... = thy
ci . . . . . . . . . = thy
cunu, nlsocun =.youv
- [cina] . . . . . . - youv
SU, aZso -s ... = his, its
PZumZ, M a x ... f S U ~ U , also sun = thzr
I% and E were used as the pronoun suffix of the first person if the tloun terminated in a vowel, z" if it terminated in a consonant.
When the noun ends in d, dh, t, s, S, .z, or Ls, the third person suffix becomes Su, ia, &c., as khi-i~i-it-izt '( its ditch," bit-iu " his house." T h e last letter of the noun is very frequently assimilated to the s' of the suffix, as khi-?l.i-z'i-Szt, 6iS-szt; and then the reduplication may be dropped, so that we get Lhi-i~i-izt, bi- iz~.
ASSYRIAN GRABIMAR.-PRONOUNS. 5 9
In the later period of the language, the possessive pronouns are attached to the substantive at-tz~ " being " or ( ( essence," and the compound is then used as an empl~atic repetition of the pronoun ; thus *(A? EE!~ E E ~ *Ey Tv ziv-ya at-LZZ-n = " niy own race " (literally ( ( my race (which is) mine "), -gy yf If 2$- C V ~ yf at-tzl-zc-d. a-btc-z~-n ( ( to me (was) my father."
When the accent fell on the last vowel of the noun to ~vhich the possessive pronoun was suffixed, the initial consonant of the secoild and third pronoun suffixes were often doubled, as ~fl{ 2$+ @T 1 ciy-B-as-sze " its interior," for cirbd-su.
POSSESSIVE PR,ONOUN SUFFIXES OF THE VERB.
I. Silz,. -anni, -inni, -mi, -ni . . . . . . PZztunk -a~mini, -annu, -nini, -nu 2. ,, Mnsc. -acca, -icca, -cca, -ca, -c . . . ,, -accunu, -accun, -cunu, -cun 2 . ,, Pbz. -acci, -icci, -cci, -ci . . . . . . . -accina, -accin, -ciaa, -tin 3. ,, IIInsc. -assu, -issu, -su, -s ... . . . ,, -assuiiuti, -assunu, -assun, -sunutu (v),
-sunuti (v), -sunuta (v), -sum, -sun
3. ,) P~IIJ. -assi, -assa, -ssa, -ssi, -sa, -si ... ,, -assinati, -assina, -assin, -sinatu (v), sinati (v), .sinata (v), -sins, -sin
A final n might be assimilated to the i~zzitind s of the 3rd person suffix ; thus
gG 4 1 & zy + e'f( iz-&-"a-as-s~-nze-ti " he gave them," for bn'n-
nna-sunuf i.
Besides - C Z ~ ~ Z ~ L , we also find Jj?j % HY< cu-nzf-ti, and besides J y $- ey< szntcii and (y+ +-?I sinnti, we find sze-nzb-siv or su-~zu-si and si-an-si-iu, just
as pzsi appears by the side of ynti.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-PRONOUNS.
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
Sing. Plural.
r EL M i . . . f 7 su'atu, su'ati, su'ata =this, that ... I lr sdatunu, su'atun, satunu
~ 1 1 1 . ... (p yf *El si'atu, ... ... ..I if Hy< +++I su'atina, satina,
... . . . . . f sa'atu (or siitu), sinatina sa'ati, sa'ata ... ...
Mnsc. ... sa'asu, or sxsu = this, that.. . '81 Yf I '811% sBsunii, sZsun
... I;em . . f sn'asa or sass, sa'asi ... l+Y Tf (T* . - tT sa'asina or sasina or siisi
Three deinonstratives are used to deternlinate distamce, a* amnzu
or El ma (" hic ") " this by me ; " --! + a f t m (" iste ") " that by you ; " and (ETc. ')uZZZ ((( ille ") " that by him." Of alfzmu we find only the sing.
fem. ET rf ?$r nwz?kXZfe, and # ~ a ($7 TT) or ma the "contracted form of the sing. masc. amza, and the pl. rnasc. nmmzzta, which is used as a suffix. Thus we have Sar Assuv-ma, "king of this same Assyria;" amzi -nza or a n - m a ,
" myselfn (literally, " this person here ") ; * *% Ey (T* 7f ey< inn sa~zafi-?+<a
si'ati " in this very year." This suffix is especially common at the end of the astrological tablets.
Siq. Masc .... an-nu ... ... . , * ... IJZural, ilfasc.. .. an-nu-tu, an-nu-tav, an-ni-e ... ,, ,, ... an-ni-i, an-ni, a-an-ni ... , 9 ,, ... an-nu-ti
. . . . . . ,, ,, ... an-na-a, an-na . , . ', FETIZ. ... an-nz-t~l, a-a-na-ti ... ... ,, Ee7z. ... an-na-a-ti, an-11%-tav, an-ni-ti
... ... ... ... ... i ) [an-ni-tu] ,) ,, an-ne-tav, an-ni-tav, an-ni-ti ... ,, Misc. ... ul-lu ... ... ... . , Masc.. .. ul-lu-tu
,, :, ... ul-li, 111-li-e ... ... ... ... ... ,, ,, ul-la ... ... ...
:, Fern. ... ul-~S-~LI ... ... ... ... ,, Pe71z. ... [ul-la-a-tu]
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.--PRONOUNS. 6 I
From uZZz6 was formed in later times the adj. (=r& 7; 7; ziZZzeai "on the further side."
In the Persian period we find a new demonstrative 'aga; or haga, or kngat:
This pronoun was further compounded with agznzL and thc personal pronouns, so as to strengthen the determinative idea ; thus :
Si~guZnr, Masc. . . . 77 E ~ T ~ C **l $- 'agannu, 'agai~na
? ) , . . . 7; ETT~s. 1 E T T ~ 'aga-su'u, he aame@
Pl,irai Masz. . . . yf ~ 7 7 7 ~ **y $ *gy 'agannutu, aganutu
,, Pe~n. . . . I$ E;~~P(C. **I 'agannitu, 'aganct
> > , . . . Yf ~ZTTYS. 1 bqL lagz-sum, thy narze4
Instead of 'aga-sz~, sa-nga also occurs, and ag-a is frequently used like a mere article;
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
T h e Relative Pronoun is sn, of all nunlbers and genders, which was originally a demonstrative. I t may be understood, as in English, " the man I saw" fol- 'l the man whonz I saw." I t is often used to express the periphrastic genitive, when instead of the construct state, the full form of the first noun with the case-ending is given follo~vcd by sn, which then means exactly our " of." 'I'hus (( -$m 'i4 S a ~ m sa mahiti " king of the world." Some- times the first noun was omitted, as ifza sn Gargnnis "according to (the maneh) of Carchemish."
T h e Interrogative Pronoun is (( $ masz-?zu, Ey $ ~ ? Z ~ - Z Z L , or (( ?fu?z ,
who ? " ' L what," ( ( which." Sometimes it is contracted into nzn-a. Mi-e or nzi zlso signified '(who," and may be suffixed to magznu, forming (( $ y* ~ ~ U J Z P Z M - ~ C , " who."
T h e Indefinite Pronouns are the indeclinable ~7 .-TI?& nza-?za~z-?%a, 97za na-ma, wan-nza, nza-nnz-f?znn, nzn-nwz-;za, or nzn- ~zztm-nzn, " anybody ," and (EE &q Ey mi-im-ma, " anything." T h e negative "7 Za or (tyb ZLZ, joined in the same sentence with these pronouns, gave them a negative meaning, " nobody," '( nothing." This negative meaning niight be retained even when the
accompanying negative was dropped, likepevsonrre, &c., in French. E Z Y ~ ~ El a;-urn-ma or ya-zmt-ma, with the negative understood, and f*Er nhz also, signified "nobody." Ey rir< Ey ~~zatilzn uras "a t any time," or "in any place." T h e indeclinable Ey *Ey maZn -- " as many as." " Some, others," was expressed
by yf l $ T ~-fzu-tc-?i-?ai.z-te, and yf I!( (YET a-hha-di-a-hh-. A-kha-r i - tz~x other," S ~ - ~ Z L P ? Z - P ? Z ~ ='I another," csti~z a m csltifz = " one to another."
T h e Reflexive Pronoun is ~ ~ 7 7 ~7 $- m-nza-nz~, pya-ma-ni, sya-ma-nn "self," to which the possessive pronouns were suffixed, a s ya-~gzjlza-niyn "n~yself," ya-~a-xz~-ca or m-nzn-nz~-uc-cn " thyself," ?pa-ma-ni-su-ufz " themselves."
sy p d z also was used for " individual," and " myself" might be -2- expressed by w-7 q-p g l an-ni-mn or **T Ey an-nin (literally " this (man) here "1.
6 '4 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-VEIIBS.
*4
(zn) Ittaphal from Niphal, as ST :& (&iy\ it-fa-ctuin (for ifz-fa-ciarr~). - *4
(26) Ittanaphal from Niphal, as gyy7 4 1 <H ( ~ 7 1 id-daft- - -accnf ~ P P Z ((for in-tnaz-accatum) . - ---
(3a) Iphtaal from Pael, as E_22Y !~~~~ ::I (.FH~I yw-in-thnz. - (36 ) Iphtanzal fsom Pael, as Em%&-Y gyyy 4 7 t ~ y (**TI y~c-biz-attiinz. - (4") Istaphal from Shaphel, as E& ( yz~s-ta-ctu~z or yud-fa-c funz.
( 4 ) lstanaphal from Shaphel, as wy STT‘f +++T *@ ( y us-tan-actu~lz or yuGLnn-actztm.
From the Aphel of concave verbs is formed an Itaphal, as E=TT~E gy'fy FT=7!7 ~ZL-fa-dhid.
These secondary conjugations have a reflexive force. Niphal and Shaphel (and also probably Rphel) admit also of Paelism!
conjugations, ( 2 ~ ) Niphael, as +l<y& &I - iccaaz~m, and (4c) Shaphael, as H E +T ,+I <=I - ycscattz~nz. 2
From Niphal, Pael, and ghaphel, other intensive conjugations could be formed
by repeating the last radical : thus (2nd) Niphalel, as -.y<y* - E Y - (Er &+J& 1 iccatzu~zz"nz ; ( 3 ~ 4 Palel, as yucafz~??tz"m ; and (4th) Shaphalel, as yusactz~%z?m.
I Except Kal and Niphal, which stood in the reIation of active and passive to one another, the other conjugations had passives formed by changing the vowels of the root into 26, thus :
*--4
(3) Pael makes tyllt Y (&!I I=----- yucuttum (permansive, c~LLunt)). *<
(4) Shaphel nlakes ( ~ ' l ~ , j u s - c ~ - t z m z - (pernlansive, swntun~ o~ 1
sucaf zim) . Aphel makes E~YP m y yz~dhub. )
I (4") Istaphal makes (pern~ansive) lT E& HT( 4# sa tacf i~~. I 1
8
ASSYRIAN GUMhlAR.--VERBS. c5 5
T h e MOODS are five in number-(I) the indicative, ( 2 ) the subjunctive, (3) the imperative, (4) the precative, and (5) the infinitive.
T h e indicative possesses two primary and thl-ee secondary TENSES-(I) the pcrmansive or perfect; (2) the aorist or imperfect; (3) the present, a modified form of the aorist ; (4) the pzrfect or pluperfect, the older form of the aorist ; and (5) the future, the older form of the present.
T h e original tenses of the verb were ( I ) the perfect (permansive) and ( 2 )
tlic imperfect (aorist) ; but under the influence of Accadian, the imperfect split
itself into two forms, one shorter (as *!44**77T iscun ' I he made ") and one
longer (as EE Cyr# && i ~ a c ~ i ~ z "he inakes "), which came to be used with a real tense-distinction of meaning (as in Ethiopic). T h e longer and more primitive form of the present (isacci?zu) came f ~ ~ r t h e r to be used with a future force ; and the longer and more primitive for111 of the aorist (iscmzu), from its being adopted after words like "when" or "who," came to have generally a perfect or pluperfect sense.
T h e permansivc (perfect) has g r o w out of the close attachment of abbre- viated forms of the personal pronouns to nouns and participles into a true tense.
Besides the apacopated or ordinary aorist (iscan) and the pluperfect aorist (iscuntx), there exists ( I ) a conditional or motive aorist (iscunn) formed by the attachment of a, " the augment of motion," to the apocopated aorist, and ( 2 ) the energic aorist formed by tlle retention of the original mimmation, isca?zu~n(nza), iscanivz(?m), iscanam(mn). There was also another form of the aorist which ended in -i (as isczcni).
These terminations of the aorist in -%, -i, -a, answer to the three case-endings of the noun, the apocopated aorist corresponding with the con~truct~state , and go back to a time when but littlk distinction was made between the noun and the verb. T h e subjunctive mood is used in relative and conditional clauses, and is denoted by the addition of the particle 126 which inay be placed after the
possessive pronoun suffix, as <H ZE A! ?$* &Y ci ikabg-sa-r2i " when he had called it."
6 6 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-VERBS.
T h e imperative is confined to the 2nd person, the 2nd pers. sing. masc. giving the simplest form of the verb (as szlczln, yihhits, f.~n(lat), the voivels always being the same in both syllables, the 2nd pers. fem. ending in i (as sztci~zi or szlcni), the 2nd pers. pl. masc. in -2.1 (as sz~ci~zzzzt or sztcnz~) and the 2nd pers. pl. fern. in n (as sztci~za or SUC~ZZ). The 2nd pers. sing. masc. may take the augment of motion -G (as SZCCZL~ZI Or s ~ L c ~ I ~ ) . T h e precative is formed by prefixing l z j or li (the vowel of which coalesces with the vowel of the person-prefix in the 1st and 3rd persons) to any one of the forms of the aorist. I t is generally used in the 3rd person, as liscufz " maj7 he place." T h e infinitive is r ~ a l l y a verbal substan- tive and declined accordingly.
Besides the moods, every conjugation possesses a participle, which, except in Kal and the Pael of concave verbs, prefixes mz4-.
There are three fzz~?7zbevs, singular, plural, and dual, but tllc dual which ends in -2 is only found in the 3rd persor,.
There are three Persons in the singular and plural, the and and 3rd having different forms for masculine and feminine.
A feminine nominative, however, is often used improperly with a masculine verb (as --r (v ~ 7 7 7 ~ *u *yy<T I s ta r jiltsajvi the goddess Istar disclosed ") and on the other hand, in the and pers. plural (especially in the imperative) we frequently find the feminine instead of the masculine form.
There are many contracted forms in the Assyrian verb, firoduced chiefly by
dropping a short -Y or - I ; thus CY* ( t ~ tastal~~zi for tastalanri, a (I* fajtikdi for ta.fikidi, ittalcu for ittallicu, tasal7?zz~ for tasallimu, zcsziz or' adziz for usaziz. D, ts, z, or s assirnilate the inserted t of the secondary conjugations, as
E)' 11 its-tsa-bnt for tl r( 2s-fa-bat, EY f f vllf iz-zu-car for 6-ta-car.
S may change the t into S becoming S itself, as E)' & ZE i . - c a z and *** is-tu-CU?~. i-Sa-ca. ior 577 s7ll *:
T h e enclitic conjunction va" (Ib and) " is attached very closely to the termination of the verb.
ASSYRIAN GKAMhIAR.-VERBS.
PARADIGMS.
The second vowel of the aorist may be either a, i, or z ~ , as iscun " he placed," #dhi~ " he freed," itsbat " he took," but zi is most common.
The third vowel of the present may similarly be either a, i, or u, as i~zaccar " he estranges," isaccirz ( 'he places," idamf~zum " it gasses away," but i is, by far, the most common vowel.
The first person singular of the aorist sometimes has e in Babylonian instead of a, as (({ f.-w eifzi/lz for aSz.zid, and verbs ~ ' ' 9 (see igfi~a) in Assyrian might adopt the same vo~vel.
I. -719 dl GJ sac-nwu OY sac-na-ac 4% a-sac-cin u ~ ~ Z a c e "
2. iWnsc. $ 3 3 9 sac-na at , , ta-sac-sin
P E R ~ ~ A N S ~ V E [or Perfect].-Si/zgit~Zn~..
2. FC??~. i , [? sac-na-ti] 3. J F a x ). ,> sa-cin (v 4%) 3. Fmz. 9 1 $ 7 sac-nat
PRESENT.-S~~~UZUY.
PZr .~nl
I. , t , 9 ?
2. AFusr. i 7 I Y ?
2. Pent. ,) 1 ) ? 3. Masc. ,> ) > sac-nu 3. FF?H. 9 : 9 9 sac-na
j , ,, ta-sac-ci-ni j 5 ) i-sac-cin ), , , ta-sac-cin
PZwaZ.
-7Ie $& ni-sac-cin ) f J ; ta-sac-ci-nu , 9 1 ) ta-sac-ci-na , 7 > i-sac-ci-nu
f ) i i-sac-ci-na
Ilz~nZ. Dual'.
3. "7 lf sac-na-a [sacng] ". . ,, [i-sac-ci-na-a]
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-VERBS.
AORIST.
Si?Zgula,: - I. & +)'d+# as-cull < ar-khi-its g s e ats-bat
( " IpZaced ") ; ('$ I i1~~~7zdated") ; ((' 1 too, "> 2. Jfis;. 7 , >. tas-cun ; > 2 ,- tar -khi-its ; ,, ,, ta-ats-bat
2. Pe~n. i l , , tas-CU-ili ; i ) tar-khi-tsi ; ,, , ta-ats ba-ti
3. Masc. , , is-cull ; , 9 ) ir-khi-its ; ,, .. its-bat
3. Pem. 1) , , tas-cun ; ) : I , tar-khi-it5 ; ,, +, la-ats-bat
I. ST! *74*-nT 11i-is-cun ; 4 ~7 ni-ir-klli-its ; M ni-its-bat
2. Masc. ,f ,, tas-cu-nu ; )I , tar-lihi-tsu ; ,, , ta-ats-ba-tu 2. lip~z. 3, . . tas-cu-na ; i 5 , tar-khi-tsa ; ,, , ta-ats-ba-ta 3. Masc. 9 j ,, is-CII-nu ; ,, . ir-khi-tiu ; ,, ,, its-ha-tu 3. Fkz. f l ,, is-cu-an ; 3 ,, ir-khi-tsa ; ,, ,, its-ba-ta
Dual.
is-cu-na-a 3. 5 ! y d l 71 {,iscun3j, } % 4 rf yf ir-khi-tsa-a; gy *z! Eyyly: its-ba-ta-a
The student will form the future and pluperfect by attaching the vowel -u to those singular forms of the present and aorist which end in a consonant, and -uni (also -%%a, -u#ztv, and -ztfziv) to those plural forms of the same tenses which end in a consonant.
IMPERATIVE.
Shg. 2. Mnsc. &y fl&*yr S U - C U ~ ; *yy<T. 4 g7 ri-khi-its ; 1: e tsa-bat
,, 2. &z. 3 , , f su-ci-ni or ,> ,, ri-khi-tsi or ,, tsa-ba-ti or su-uc-ni ; ri-ikh-tsi ; ,, tsa-ab-ti
71 , su. ci-nu or i ,, ri-khi-tsu or . tsaba-tu or su-uc-nu ; ri-ikh-tsu ; tsa-ab-tu
7, 11 su-ci-ila or , j >, ri-khi-tsaor ,, tsa-ba-taor su-uc-na ; ri-ikh-tsa ; tsa-ab-ta
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-VERBS.
PRECATIVE.
Siegzda~,
1 Inks-cun; a 4 gy lu-ur-khi-its; By H 1u-uts-bat
2. Jfasc. ,> > lu-tas-cun ; 7 7 , lu-tar-khi-its ; ;, . lu-ta-ats-bat
3. .3L C- 27 ,, 1, li-is-cun ; I , li-ir-khi-its ; : , ,, li-its-bat
Plural'.
3. ~It'iasc. + 7 li-is-cu-nu ; *t&yy 6 4 f*& li-ir-khi-tsu ;
3. FCm. j j 9 7 li-is-cu-na ; ) 7 ,) li-ir-khi-tsa ;
3. Map. *gEyy ~7 ~ $ 1 *ET li-its-ba-tu
3. Pe1~2. ,, 17 li-its-ba-ta
The augment of motion and the ~nimn~ation may be attached to all the above forms. When the augment of motion is attached to the and person masc. plur. of the imperative z~+a passes through va into ii ; thus &! EB dy y j su-uc-nc~ (or &I FD sn-uc-na-a) instead of sz~-uc-m~-a.
INFINITIVC, PARTICIPLE.
+:H s%c?i-nu to dzell. 1 < s - u dwel'l'ig. I 7 { - & ra-kl~a-tsu Lo if~undrrte. I ~ ~ r y 4 4-& rakhi-tsu titz~ndatitlg.
f f *Cy tsa-ba-tu to seize. 7.7 7 - H + bE- tsj-bi-tu seizifzg.
'70 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-VERBS.
IPHTEAL.
2 . Masc. 2 . F t 7 ; ~ .
3. Masc. 3. Fti71.
I .
z. Masc. 3. PC/IZ.
3. Masc. 3. Fenz.
I.
2. Masc. 2. E~IIP . 3. Mmc. 3. ECI?L.
2 1 sit-cu-na-cu . . .
7 7
7
I >
7 7
PZZ~?,&Z.
2 7
> >
7 1
7 7
>>
Dual.
? >
[sit-cu-aa-at] . . . ? ... ... sit-cull . . . sit-cu-nat . . .
? ... . . , ? ... . . . ? ... . . ~ sit-cu-nu ' . . . sit-cu-na , . .
[sit-cu-na-a] . . .
PRESENT.
SingaZa~.
I & E* g E as-tac-can I *- & ETTr -= as-ta-can
gL<4 $Jyy + al-ta-can
) 7 tas-tac-can, &c. > > tas-tac-ca-ni > I is-tac-can > > tas-tac-can
PZuml.
nis-tac-can 7 tas-tac-ca-nu
77 tas-tac-ca-na ) 7 is-tac-ca-nu
> is-tac-ca-na
DzkaZ.
[is-tac-ca-na-a]
AORIST.
sillgz~zar. & E777 as-ta-cin, al-ta-cin ; ~7 yy ~ y y y ap-te-kid "1 oz~e1'1'0akcd"
> 7 tas-ta-cin, +L. ; I7 7 7 ta-ap-te-kid 7 7 7 7 tas-ta-ci-ni ; > > I > ta-ap-te-ki-di 7 3 7 7 is-ta-cin ; 7I > 7 ip-te-kid > ? 37 tas-ta-cin ; 7 ) ) 7 ta-ap-te-kid
<( CT'fr 4& nis-ta-cin ; vy i~i-ip.te-kid
7 7 7 7 tas-ta-ci-nu ; > 7 7 7 ta-all-te-ki-du I > tas-ta-ci-na. ; : > is-ta-ci-nu ; 7 > is-ta-ci-na ;
?) > > tap-te-ki-da > 37 ip-te-ki-du
> I 9 ) ip-te-ki-da
> 9 ,, [is-ta-ci-na-a] >> 9 9 Lip-te-ki-da-a]
ASSYRIAN GRARIh1AK.-VERBS,
PKECATIVE.
Siy~gulnr.
+- I . J!EJ $7 &=yy! ~z lu-us-ta-can 1 E ~ E ~7 ~ 7 7 7 lu-up-te-kdi
3 )) 7 ) li-is-tn-call ; 7 ) >) li-ip-te-kid
2.i7lasc. & sit-cin 2. PLVZ. - )) > > sit-ci-ni
PZural;
3. f7f. WE?^! - $77 $ li-is-t-ca-nu ; -ESY W W 1~11 1;-ip-te-ki-du - 3. 1;: >, 1 ) li-is-ta-ca-na ; )> >) li-ip-te-ki-da
<g 3 sit-ci-nu
7 > ) sit-ci-iia
INFINITIVE.
Em $ sit-cu-nu ; ~ y y y y Ez *y pit-ku-du
PARTICIPLE.
5 $ * ~ ~ ~ < E y y r $ . mus-taca-nu, mul-trica-nu
** E ~ E !i$T 1~11 57 mu-up-te-ki-du
ASSYRIAN GRAhfhlAR.-VERBS,
NIPHAL.
PERMANSIVE (Perfect).
SirzguZar. I . ... . . . . . . [na-as-cu-na-cu]
2. Masc. . . . . . . . . . [na-as-cu-na-at] 2. Fe?/iz. ?
3. Marc. & +d-m na-as-cun
3. Fer?z. ), , [na-as-cu-nat]
I. ? 1, . . . ... 1, .'. z . M a s c . ? > > I ; " ' ... . . . 2 . P~HZ. ? ,, >, " ' . . . . . . 3. Masc. 27 & )'!EJ + 11s-as-cu-nu
3. Fenz. 19 9 ) na-as-CLI-na
Dual.
3 - . . . ... . . . [na-as-cu-na-a]
IMPERATIVE.
Sifzgz~Zar.
2. Masc. dv & d& na-as-cin
2. h. > f 7 na-as-ci-ni
YZuraZ.
2. Masc. ?, 9 na-as-ci-nu
2. Pem. )> 9 1 na-as-ci-na
PRESENT.
Dual.
PRECATIVE.
Siqzdzar.
I . HgyvA& 3. > 1,
AORIST.
Sirzg ulczv.
I. & 4& as-sa-cia, as-sa-cun
2. Jfasc. ), 3 t tas-sa-cin, tas-sa-cun 2 . Fttvc. ) 3 1 1 tas-sa-ci-ni, tas-sa-cu-ni 3. Masc, ) I i is-sa-cin, is-sa-cui? 3. Fefn, 1, , tas-sa. cin, tas-sa-cun
as-sa-can
tas-sa-can tas-sa-ca-~ii is-sa-ca-an tas-sa-ca:~
ni-is-sa-can
tas-sa-ca-nu tas-sa-ca-na
is-sa-ca-nu
is-sa-ca-na
[is-sa-ca-na-a]
lu-us-sa-cin
li-is-sa-cin
lis-sa-ci-nu, lis-sac-nu
lis-sa-ci-na, lis-sac-na
I. '47 $& na-as-S.Z-cin, na-as-sa-cun 2. Masc. 9 ) > > tas-sa-ci-nu, tas-sa-cu-nu 2. Fenz. > > ) tas-sa-ci-na, tas-sa-cu-na 3. dFasc. ) a t is-sa-ci-nu, is-sa-cu-nu 3. &?I. 7, ) f is-sa-ci-na, is-sa-cu-na
Dual.
3. >) )> [is-sa-ci-na-a]
INFINITIVE,
dl & <H + na-as-ca-a-nu [nascznu]
PARTICIPLE.
&$ ((( <g + mu-se-es-sa-ci-nu [musess~cinu]
ASSYRIAN GRAIVIh1AR.-VERBS. I
ISTAPHAL. i
I I
PER~~AXSIVE (or Perfect).
Si~zguZar.
I . [na-as-tc-cu-na-cu ?I, kc. . . . ...
IbIPERATIYE.
Siizgular.
z. .Wasc, ni-ias-cin (?), kc. ... ... ...
AORIST.
Singular.
PRESENT.
Si?rguZa~*.
. = ~ y +kyyy & EE at-ta-as-can, kc.
PRECATIVE.
Szizgz~laar.
3. >t 9 , li-it-tas-cin, kc.
I. EET AJTT & 4& at-ta-as-cin at-ta-as-cun, &c.
I INFINITIVE.
na-at-sa-cX-nu FARTICIPLE.
mut-tas-ca-nu
PAEL. I
- d i
PERRIANSIVE (or Perfect). PRESENT
Si~zguZa~. Sifzgidi~rcrl: i
I. %yy# + ~ u dT sac-ca-na-cu I. *- E ~ T ~ z 'F~T* EZE u-sac-can
i 2. iWnsc. 91 91 [sac-ca-na-at] 2. IUCCSC. i i I tu-sac-can \
2. Pe~tz. ,i t ? 2. I;e?rz. 7 I i tu-sac-a-ni, tu-sac-ni
3. ~ri'nsi. P F ~ T # ZE sac-can 3. Masc. 9 9 )I yu-sac-can
3. F L ~ . 11 sac cn-nat 3. Fet~z. i > I ) tu-sac-can
PZu~al.
I . ... ? 2 . iwasc. . . . ? 2 . F e 7 ' ~ ~ . ... ? 3. ~'Masc. . . . sac-ca-nu 3. Fe~z . . . [sac-ca-na]
Dutzi.
3- . . . [sac-ca-na-a]
PZumZ. I. + qy* g E nu-sac-can 2. f&c. 77 7 tu-sac-ca-nu 2. &iz. I > I 1 tu-sac-ca-na 3. iyasc. i 1 > y u-sac-ca-nu 3. Fenz. 71 1) yu-sac-cazna
Dz:nZ.
3. )) i, [yu-sac-ca-na-a]
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-VERBS. 7 5
IhlPERATIVE. 1 PRECATIVE. Sizgular. SilzguZar.
2. Afisc. @J 4& suc-cin (su-cin) 'Fyy* g E lu-sac-can 2, Fern. )) suc-ci-ni
7 1 1 7 lu-sac-can,
PZLLY~Z. 2. ~ i s c . @ <$J J+ suc-ci-nu 2. Peuz. 71 suc-ci-na
lu-sac-cin Plural.
PLLL?,~~.
% qye A& nu-sac-cin
77 7 i tu-sac-ci-nu
7 7 I ) tu-sac-ci-na j ) 9 yu-sac-ci-nu
7 I 77 y u-sac-ci-na
AORIST.
Dual.
> 9 j [yu-sac-ci-na-a]
Sitzguli~:
I. ~ y ' f y ~ 'Fyy* de u-sac-cin
u-sac-cun u-sic-cin
2. Misc. I I 7 tu-sac-cin tu-sac-cun tu-sic-sin
2. FCYIZ. 3 ) 1 2 tu-sac-si-ni, kc. 3. ~ V i s c . 7 77 yu-sac-cin 3. f in. 7 2 tu-sac-cia
I .
2. Mnsc. 2. Hem. 3. Masc. 3. l iE i71 .
3.
N,B.-The present and aorist of Pael are distinguishcd from the present of Kal by the vowel u in the first syllable.
INFlNITIVE.
J+ sac-CZ-IIU [but "e ' " 1 5 2 . pnssiz8e is more co1?2flz07?]
fiqitz. pass. SUC-CU-11U
The reduplication is often neglected in writing. It is sometimes replacccl in the case of labials and dentals by m b ( w j ) and 7zd (~zdh, I z L ) .
PARTICIPLE.
S& %~T$Z <Q $ mu-sac-ci-nu
- - - -- ----
From its intensive signification Pae9. comes somctilnes to be used in a causative sense. TVhen Kal is intransitive, Pael is transitive.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-VERBS.
IPHTAEL.
1.
2. Mac. 2. Fi?2.
3. Masc. 3. Fern.
Dual. I ,> > f [yus-tac-ca-na-a]
PRESENT.
AORIST.
Sinbwlnr.
I. 4 4 us-tac-cin ; 2. Masc. 9) fi tu-us-tac-cin ; 2. Fern. > i ) > tu-us-tac-an ; 3. Masc. > I 3 yus-tac-cin ; 3. Fern. 1 9 ?: tu-us-tac-cin ;
Singuluv. sy :& us-tac-can
Y? > ? tu-us-tac-can f) Y > tu-us-kc-ca-ni 7 % > y yus-tac-can 3f 1) tu-us-tac-can
Plz~vaL
I. a" $$! ;& $& nu-us-tac-cin ; 2. Mac. > i) tu-us-tac-ci-nu ; 2. Flt?~. > f > ? tu-us-tac-ci-na ; 3. Masc. E* (@ % yurtac-ci-nu ; 3. .Fe?z. i ) )7 yus-tac-ci-na ;
Plural.
nu-us-tac-can
> > 77 tu-us-tac-ca-nu 31 17 tu-us-tac-ca-na
@T :& r:H B+ yus-tac-ca-nu > 1 7 yus-tac-ca-na
'$7 up-te-kid
) ) Y ) tu-up-te-kid 9 ) I tu-up-te-ki-di
9 3 3 yup-te-kid ji 7) tu-up-te-kid
E ~ C "pr C T ~ I nu-up-te-kid > 7 7 tu-up-te-ki-du 9 i i tu-up-te-ki-da
Z ~ Z vr yup-te-ki-du > 7) yup-te-ki- da
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-VERBS.
- -
IMPERATIVE. Not found.
PRECATIVE.
PlzwaL
3. g Iu-us-tac-can 1 3. Masi. sy ~4 rzH Lf Iu-us-tac-ca-nu
1 3. f iz. 3 F - j I lu-us-tac-ca-na
INFINITIVE.
[sa-tac-c%-nu]
PARTICIPLE.
I ~~~~~ :& <$ + nw-tac-ci-nu
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-VERBS, 1
SHAPHEL, I PRESEST.
Sillgztlal:
I. EYTP & ++ wz u-sa-as-can
2. ilF~sc, +Ey & gs tu-sa-as-can
2. Pem. ,, , 7 tu-sa-as-ca-ni 3. Masc. ,, ) 7 yu-sa-as-can 3.Fe1n. ,, ,, tu-sa-as-can
PZ~TUZ.
1. + ~ & c E nu-sa-as-can 2. Masc. ,, ), tu-sa-as-ca-nu 2. Pmz. ,, 12 tu-sa-as-ca-na
3. M. E'TV~ & *:H + yu-sa-as-ca-nu
3. I;em. ,, )) yu-sa-as-ca-na
Dual.
3. [yu-sa-as-ca-na-a]
IIIPERATIVE.
Silzgular.
2 , i ~ a s c . JEy $& SU-US-cin
2. FCPZ. 2 7 7 7 su-us-ci-ni
Pl?WLLZ.
2. Masc. ,, ), su-us-ci-nu
2. Pc~7z. , 7, su-us-ci-na
AORIST. a
A s i ~ ~ g u h z ~ . I I. & q@ u-sa-as-cin, u-se-es-cin
2. Masr. ,, tu-sa-as-cin, &c.
2. Pe11z. 7 1 7 tu-sa-as-ci-ni 3. Jflusc. ,, , yu-sa-as-cin 3. Pem. 3 7. tu-sa-as-cin
Pzz~l.nZ.
I. qL & 4$$ nu-sa-as-cin
2. Masc. ,. 7 ) tu-sa-as-ci-nu 2.Pe1z. 7 7 tu-sa-as-ci-na
3. Musc. ,, ,7 yu-sa-as-ci-nu
3.Fr11t. ,, J 7 yu-sa-as-ci-na
Dzial. ,
3. [yu-sa-as-ci-na-a]
PRECATIVE.
Sifig11lar.
lu-sa-as-cin lu-sa-as-can
PZz4ral.
3. ill. & <$ 3 lu-sa-as-ci-nu
3. R3712. ,) 17 lu-sa-as-ci-na
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-VERBS.
ISTAPI-IAL.
PRESENT.
Si~tgz/Zar. AORIST.
si?zguzaI~,
IMPERATIVE.
Si7~gztlar. PRECATIVE.
SinguZaar.
INFINITIVE PASSIVE.
Ey ~7 ((( + su-te-es-cu-nu. *
PARTICIPLE.
<@ .;i- -us-tas-ci-nu ; ;:+-I JJ-J <@ 7' mu'-tas-ci-nu.
80 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.--VERBS,
T H E WEAK OR D E F E C T I V E VERBS.
If one of the radicals of a verb is sz, d, h, z~ (u), i (y) or e, it differs in many particulars from the conjugation of the Strong Verb, owing to the assimilation of these letters to other vowels or consonants.
Verbs which begin with these letters are called verbs I"b, H"0, ?"%, IUD, D , and ; verbs which end with them arc called verbs j"5) ~"5, iY"' Y"', Y"', and Y"$; verbs which have one of these letters as a second radical are called verbs j"Y, N"Y, ?'Y, 1"~, 4 " ~ , and Jf"'. The last class of verbs are also called Concave Verbs.
Verbs )'/a. N is assimilated to the following letter ; though in some few instances we
find it irregularly retained. Before d, or$ it may be changed to 772.
PERMAITSIVE.
. . , *! na- mir, " he sees "
- ni-it-mur
... *TXv 4& nam-mur
... )F 3) ma-at-te-mur]
... *yIv ETY* nam-mar
... 7 ) ? ? . . .
... 7 ? 3 i [sam-mar]
. . . ? 3 7, [sat-ne-mar]
... ,? )) [sa-nam-mar]
... > > ? > ... PASSIVE.
nuin-inur
PRESENT.
i-nam-inir o r i-nam-mar
?> , ? it-ta-mar
in-na-mar
it-tam-mar
yu-nam-mar
Jf+ q(- yut-tam-mar
? ? 7 7 yu-sam-mar 7 > , , yus-tam-mar j ? ) ) yus-nam-mar 1 ) i? yus-te-nam-mar
PASSIVE.
,? 3 7 yu-num-mar
3 ) > > yut- tum-mar
> yus-num-mar
ASSYRIAX GRAMMAR.-VERBS, 8 I
--
AORIST.
li'ad . a . 447- 4@ im-mur L C he saw "
i ? ... aT$ id-din " he gave "
1 9 ... p-J ip-lxl "he t h ~ t z ~ dowll'l
39 ... qf 0 e-cil "he ate " @?;teal . . . -7 syyy E E y it-la-n~ir
N$hal . . & in-na-in;. P---
Idtaphal . . . 7 i 1 i it-tain-inir ~%d ... 7 f f i u-11am-mir /p/'tanl ... ii 3 i yut-tam-mir Shaphd ... 9. i 7 yu-sanl-inir Istajlzal . . . 7 9 3 y us-tam-mir Shaphael . . . i - ii yus-nam-mir
IstnjhaeZ . . . 3 f yus-te-nax-mir
PASSIVE.
Pad . . . gzyyygz ('J yu-nuin-inir
Iphtaal ... )) 1 yut-tuin-inur
S/laj/z$ i i .1 { pu-sa-nu-mur ... yus-nu-mur
IMPERATIVE.
{ u-lnur o~ a-mur
g: $ i-din.
9 a-pal.
9) e-cil
~ 7 ni-it-inir
i ? nam-mir
11 [ui-tam-mir] 7 5 nu-um-mir
- 9 i su-urn-inir i f su-ut-tim-mir
f su-nun-mir
PASSIVE.
-
-
PARTICIPLE.
. . . gyyy (EE .gu
. .. e E~VT: +y~v (Z k g ~
.. . -II$ EyTy EI
.. . * +yx'r? (EE *m . . . +yxa by (EE *b]UI . . . 4? .yyp {EL gJ.y . . . eyyy ~7 {EE --gy . . . .zyv q ' r t . (z:
narni-ru, nam-ru
mut-ta-mi-ru
inu-un-nam-mi-~LI, mun-nam-ru
nut-ta-ma-ru
mu-nain-mi-ru
mut-tam-mi-ru
mu-sam-mi-ru
mus-tam-mi-ru
mus-nam-mi-ru
inus-te-nam-mi-ru
ASSYRIAN GRA>fR.fAR.--VERBS.
Verbs M"D.
-- -
PERlIANSIVE. I PRESENT.
Shzg. I. [asabacu]
,, 2 . ilFasc. ... [asabat] ,, 2. FEW. . . . - ,, 3. dFasc. ... [a-sab] ,, 3. .F~??z. . . . -
PZ?/Y. . . . - ,, 2. Masc. ... - ,, 2 , Fewz. . .. - ,, 3. Masc. . . . a-sa-bu ,, 3. l;i>r?l. . . . [a-sa-ba]
Dl~nl, 3. . . . [asab~]
n-sab " 1 sit"
ta-sab ta-sa-bi
p-sab, i-sab
ta-sab
aa-sab
ta-sa-~LI ta-sa-ba ya-sa-bu, i-sa-bu ya-sa-ba, i-sa-ba [ya-sa-b%]
AORIST.
yf a-sib, ZTT y t c-sib 9 a-cul, ,, e-cul
3 f ta-sib ta-si-bi
, 7 yasib, i sib Eg 1- f ta-sib
-p y+ na-sib
,, ta-si-bu , ta-si-ba
, f ya-si-bu, i-si-bu ,, p-si-ba, i-si-ba ,, ya-si-bii]
IMPERATIVE AND PRECATIVE.
,sL-p2g. I. rbc < a E ~ E ,, 2. JFasc. . .. 9 , i ,
,, 2. P~TIZ. . . . , 9 , ,, 3. Masc. . . . 3 , , ,, 3. fen^. . . . , l
PZZ~Y. I. ... ?, , 3
,, 2 , nfiz, . . . ~ y f (7- -'+- :, 2 . Fen~. . . . ,! , ?, 3. i'Idas~-. . . . ,, , , 3 Fez. . . . ,, ,>
li-su-ub, 7- e-sib, a-cul e-si-bi, a-cu-li li-su-ub, lu-sib
e-si-bu, Tf pE.J e-si-bu, a-cu-la li-su-bu, lu-si-bu li-su-ba, lu-si-ba
lu-sib
a-cu-la
INFINITIVE. I PARTICIPLE.
. . ' . . . ... a-si-bu i
ASSYRIAN GRrlhI3fAR.-VF,RBS,
PARADIGM OF THE OTHER CONJUGATIONS.
PERhlANSIVE. I I PRESENT.
ohteal . . . a . . . Ittnphal ... Pael ... Iphtaal . . . Shajh~Z . . .
Istajhnl . . .
Itaplzal ... Pael Pass. . . . Istaplial Pass.
te-sub
[nx-sub] -
[assab] -
[sasab]
[satesab]
- us-sub su-te-sub
i-ta,-sat,
i-na-sab it-te-sab yu-as-ab, yus-sat, yu-tas-snb yu-sa-sab,
yu-se-sab yus-te-snb
yul-tc-sab yu-tc-snb yu-us-sab [yus-tu-sab]
AORIST. I IMPERIATIVF,. I PARTICIPLE.
ItnplzaZ . . . , 1 1
PadPass. ,, ,, a
Istaphal Pass. ,, >
i-ta-sib
i-ns-sib it-te-sib yu-as-sib, yus-sib yu-tns-sib yu-sa-sib,
yu-se-sib yus-te-sib,
yul-te-sib yu-te-sib yu-US-sub [yus-tu-sub]
[it-sib]
na-sib -
[us-sib] [i-ta-sab] su-sib
su-te-sib
[u-te-sib] -
), ,, mut-te-si-bu ,, , I~US-si-bu 3 , ,? mut-hs-sa-bu
9 ,I mu-se-si-bu
, 9 ,, mus-te-si-bu
, ,, mu-te-si-bu - -
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.--VERBS,
Verbs 3%
PERMANSIVC.
sif2gz4lar.
I. [ha-la-ca-cu]
2 . Masc. [ha-la--ca-at] 2. Qenz. ... ... ... ... 3. Jfirsc. y{Em ha-lac ...
3. Fern. *.. ... PZur'r"zZ.
I. ... ... ... 2. Masc. ... ... ... 2 . Fenz. ... ... ... 3. &sc. ha-la-cu 3. Petri. [ha-la-ca]
Dual.
3. ha-la-ca-a
PRESEST.
Sihg7~lat*.
al-lac ...
-TI ED a-lac " go "
Tf d+*y ~ 7 1 7 7 a-ha-bid "1 n'rsh-oy "
9 , ., tal-lac, k c . ... ,, tal-la-ci ... pirr =m il-lac ...
tal-lac
PZuraL na-al-lac tal-la-cu tal-la-ca il-la-cu il-la-ca
Dunl [illacH]
AORIST.
Sitzguln?-.
7{ a a-lic
JJ-J al-lic
>, all-bid
> ) tal-lic, kc. tal-li-ci !tfi il-lic
- tal-Iic
Plural.
9 , na-al-1i.c ) I tal-li-cu , 3 tal-li-ca 7 9 il-li-cu ,, il-li. ca
Dztal.
7) [illica]
IMPERATIVE AND PRECATIVE.
2. Max. .,. 77 ha-lic
2.fi)z. ... ,> (h)al-ci ... 3. Masc. , , lil-lic li-lic
INFINITIVE.
*ET YJEJ la-cu
... 2 . e EM (h)al-ca
3. Masc. ... ,, ,, lil-li-cu li-li-cu
3. Feu?. . . . . . ,, lil-li-cu> li-li-ca
PARTICIPLE.
PARADIGRI OF THE OTHER COWJUGIZTIONS. --
I- -----
77
h a . . . [rial-luc] Ittajhal .. . Pad . . . al-lac
1 7 ... 77
@htauZ *.. Shnphel . . . [sal-lac]
IstapheZ . . .
PRESENT.
i-tal-lac
ST STTT it-ta-lac
7 >1 i-na-al-lac
I 17 it-tal-lac
? j 5 yu-'al-lac
1' yul-lac
> > '1 yu-tal-lac
1 7 11 yu-sal-lac
)t '7 )us-tal-lac
AORIST.
cE ~ 7 - i-tal-lie
it-ta-lic
i-na-al-lie
it-tal-lie
yu -'al-lie
ypl-lie
yu-tal-lic
yu-sal-lic
yus-tal-lic
XMPERATIVE.
ohteal . .. [it-lic]
N$hal .. . na-al-lie
JttapAa Z . . . PaeZ . . . (h)ul-lic
Qhfacrt - . . . [i-tal-lie]
Shnpknb. ' ... sul-lie '
PARTICIPLE.
h4 ~ 7 t . + ~ l mu-tal-la-cu
71 1 mu-na-al-li-cu
11 j 7 mut-tal-li-cu
? I f ) I&-'al-li-cu
)> 11 mu-tal-li-cu
7 ) 7 9 mu-sal-li-cu
fita@ital . . . [su-tal-licj i 11 1 7 mus-tal-li-cu
Verbs 1"~.
K AL.
Si~zgz~lar.
I . [u-la-da-cu]
2 . idasc. . . . . . . 2. FC?TZ. . . . ... 3. Masc. [u-lid] . . . 3. $em. ... . . .
PZuYaZ. [. . . . . .. 2. JFasc. ... ... 2. lien. ... ... 3. Masc. . . . ... 3. Fern. ... ...
PRESENT.
,, ,, tu-lad ,, tu-la-di
gzfire yu-lad
, ,, tu-lad
PZu7,aL ,, ,, nu-lad ,, ,, tu-la-du ,, ,, tu-la-da ,, , yu-la-du ,, ,, yu-la-da
Dual. ,, ,, [yu-la-da-a]
INFINITIVE.
7; +Ey 37 a-la-du
1Cdu
AORIST.
1) ,, tu-lid )7 ,, tu-li-di
FZy7p (E yu-1'"
,7 ,, tu-lid
Plural.
, ,, nu-lid 7 7 ,, tu-li-du
> ,, tu-li-da ,, ,, yu-li-du 7 ) ,, yu-li-da
Dzlal.
,, ,, [yulida]
IBIPERATIVE AND
PRECATIVE.
Si~z~q-z~Za~.
lu-lid
9 , ,, lid ,, ,, li-di ,, ,, lu-lltl
,, ,, li-du ,, ,, li-da ,, ,, lu-li-du ,, ,, lu-li-da
PARTICIPLE.
7 5 u-li-du
a-li-du.
PARADIGM OF THE OTHER CONJUGA'TIONS.
PERMBNSIVE. PRESENT. AORIST.
(PhteaZ . .. [telud] N$Aal . . . [nulud] IttapAaZ . . .
P~~tad . . . [ullad]
Bjhtaal ... Shayl'zel . . . [sulad] a . . . [sutelad]
*E=- EE b - ~ ~ y 446 i-tu-lad * 7 ,, [i-ne-lad] > , i-tu-lad
yu-'ul-lad " (yul-lad }
,, ,, ju-tul-lad 7 7 , yu-se-lad 9 ) ,, yus-te-lad
PP { i-tu-lid
9 ) ,: [i-ne-lid] 7 , it-tu-lid
i ' 2
yu-'ul-lid yul-lid
7 7 J yu-tul-lid I ) , yu-se-lid : I ) 9 yus-te lid
IMPERATIVE.
N~)hab . . . nu-lid Iftaphal . . . PaeZ . . . ul-lid
Qhtaad . . . Shaphel . . . su-lid
Istaphad . . . [su-te-lid]
ASSYRIAN GRAMM-4R.-VERBS.
PARTICIPLE.
$ 7 & inu-ta-Ii-du
> > J mu-ne-li-du
1 J > 5 inut-te-li-du inul-li-du, mu-li-du qI4 p-rry LET 21 mut-ta-el-la-du
? ? ) ? inu-sa-li-du, inus-te-li-du ~z l l l yr &?J mus-te-li-du
ASSYRIAN GRAR1hItlR.-VEIIES,
Verbs '"0.
2. Masc. ... 2 . Fc?~z. . . . 3. Jfasc. ... 3. Fern. . . .
PZwaZ. I. ... ... 2 . Masc. ... 2 . F ~ z . ... 3. AFasc, [iniku] 3. Fei?z. . . .
KAL. 1 i
EE cE i-ni-ku t
-
PRESENT.
Sihgu la?,.
C: 27 *B i-na-ak
, ) ,, ti-na-ak 7, ,, ti-na-ki
) , ,, i-nak ), ,, ti-nak
PZu?*alT. 71 ,, ai-nak ,, ,, ti-na-ku , , ,, ti-na-ka I ) ,, i-na-ku
PARADIGM OF 'I'HE OTHER CONJUGATIONS. -- -- --
PERMANSIVE. PRESEKT. AORlSl.
@hteaZ . . . jtenuk] EE -I< *@ i ti-na-ak EE *!< f+w i-ti nik N$haZ ... [nenuk] , I ,, i-ni-na-ak ,) i-ni-nik IttajhaZ . . . I ) , it ti-nak , it-ti-nik
AORIST.
Si~zguZar.
f , i-en-nak ) 9 i-ea-nik P a d . . . [ciznak] ) ) I ) in-nnk 7 , in-nik
Ip/taaZ . . 3 7 , i y ut-te-en-nak j , I 9 yut-te-en-nik Shaphed . . . [senak] , f f yu se-nak , 3 yu-sc-nik Istnplzal . . [sateaak] ), I, yus-te-nak , 1 , yus-te-nik
DtatapiiaZ. . [satetinak] ST yv *:@ ) . ~ i - t ~ - t ~ - n a k , ) ), yus-te-te-nik
IhIPhRATIVE AND PRECATIVE.
SilzguZat:
I )' ,) ,, i-na-kn ,: , i-ni-ka I i 7 ,, li-ni-ka
PARTICIPLE.
5-w li-nik
,, ,, ti-ni-ik ,, ,, ti-ni-ki
9 , ,, i-nik )f ,, ti-nik
Plural. )! ,, ni-nik ,, ,, ti-ni-ku ,, . ti-ni-kn
, i-ni-ku
I , ,, nik 7 , ,, ni-ki ? ) ,, li-nik
. . . Plu~,aZ.
. . . 9 , ,, ni-ku ,, ,, ni-ka ) , ,, li-ni-ku
ASSYRIAN GR:\MhfAR.-VERBS.
IhIPERATIVE. 1 PARTICIPLE.
q h t e a l . .. [it-nik] ... I $$ -$< EE mu-ti-ni-ku
N~$hab . . . ni-nik . . . ) 9 )) mu-~li-ni-ku Ittaphad . . . [ni-ti-nik] . . . 9 > f 2 mu-te-ni-ku PaeZ . . . ua-nik . . . > > 9 mu-en-ni-ku Qhtaal . . . it-till-nik . . . > >, mut-te-en-ni-ku Shnphel . . . su-aik . . . t
1 7 9 9 i mu-se-ili-ku Ista$hnZ . . . su-te-nik . . . I 9 , 7 f inus-te-ni-ku (stataphal . . . [su-te-te-nik] 9 l 7 ) [mus-te-te-ni-ku]
I
N.B.-All these verbs are greatly confounded with one another, and had also a tendency to adopt forms borrowed from verbs Y"D, consequently the same verb (e.g. nsabz~) might have soine forms which presupposed a verb H' 9, others which plsesupposed a verb l"b (z~snbzt), others which presupposed a verb I"D (~znsnbu), &c. Thus the precative Zz~sib, lztsibzt given above comes not from nsabzt (verb ~ " b ) , but from z~snPzt (verb 7"~).
$ v g t t : 2 : 2 :' 4 AAA
L4 c - 0 ; 3 r J G oil
bP-
TE.2 3 - 0-l 0 iu AAA $
AA c q & b.P- .* - - c A A
AA $ . 5 & s-4
@ sz 2 - A 4 & % Z Si
0
J-,
0 -. a) 3 .: 6.2.4-5 a$,ELL * c c o
*- cd .s *d s-4 6 q bb 2'
-hi d "n d -z 4 .g
92 ASSYICIAN GRAM MAIL-VERBS.
CONCAVE VERBS.
KAL.
PERMANSIVE.
Si~gwlar.
I. Ey calm-cu I rise"
71 dl cal-a-na-cu, "lrsfablis/cl'
2. &sc. 9 7 1, [camat, ca'anat] 2. Pem. - - 3. ~ a s c . +EM a ca-a~n
'-B-- ,, *:H &+f ca-in 3. Pe~ji. , ,, [caniat] [ca-i-nat]
PRESENT.
Si~rgula~.
a-tar . EET w at-tar (' 1 bri11g back " ,, ,, ta-tar, Qc. ,, ,, ta-ta-ri
,, , i-tar
, I :, 9 ,
,, ,, ta-tar
PZ2drnZ.
I . - - 2 . mas^. - - 2. Pent. - - 3. iMnsi, *EM a ca-mu, ca-i-nu
3.I;etz. ., ., ca-ma, ca-i-na
PZ&rnL!
,, ,, na-tar ,, ,, ta-ta-ru ,, ,, ta-ta-ra
,, ,, i-ta-ru
,, , i-ta-ra
DuZ. Dual. %+
AORIST.
1 Dual. 3. , i-tu-ra-n i-ci-{a-a
3 *EH Ey If cam3 ,, ,, i-ta-ra-a
Si~~guLzrn. - I. yf ~5 a-tur, at-tur 77 (s a-cii "1
cut of" 2. a . ,, ta-tur, kc. ,, ta-cii 2. fin. , , ta-tu-ri ,, ta-ci-ii 3. Nasc. ,, i-tur , i-cii 3. &TZ. ,, ta-tur ,, ta-cis'
Plu~aZ. - 4 na-tur dl (s na-cii
,, ta-tu-ru ,, ta-ci-8u ,, ta-tu-ra , , ta-ci-s'a ,, i-tu-ru ?1 i-ci-s'u 1, i-ta-ra ,, i-ci-s'a
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-VERBS. 93
IMPERATIVE AND PRECATIVE.
S ~ ? Z ~ Z L Z ~ ~ * .
I . $7 E$ lu-ut-tur, lu-tur-ru
2. ~Mzsc. v~f f f f tir, tir-ra tar
4g cin duk 2. Pf~iz. J 7 ti-ri, ta-ri, ci-ni, du-ci 3. M andE ,, lit-tur, li-tur
4% du-ku " s?/zife j.p;" cinu "estac'dish ye"
,, du-c%, ci-nH ,, lit-tu-ru, li-tu-ru
Dual ,, lit-tu-ra, li-tu-ra
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE ACT.
dJ]T 7f bJJJ tnl-a-ru to turn 1 EE *u t i - i ru *EW cE rf d- i -nu
PARTICIP1.E PASS.
PARADIGM OF TIlE OTHER CONJUGATIONS.
h a l e / . . ,, 3 [na-ac-nu-un] Iff~@h~z/eZ. . . >) > 9 [nn-ac-te-nun]
P C . . . f + cu-un-nu, g r i i $1.
f e z . ,, > - Sha.+hc.l ... 7 9 [sa-ca-in] IstapAaZ . . . ,, ,, [sa-te-ca-an] A j h d . . . 7 7 ) - It'zphnl ... ,, 7 - ,Shap/ltzel . . . ,, 9 ) [snccen] Ista$/lad . . . ; 7 7 -
PRESENr.
*Ti!& Ey]7 t t . 7 ic-ta-an
a7 23 'f! - it-ba-a
2 , 1, ic-ca-na an 1 ) 1 9 it-tac-na-an
11 > 9 i yu-uc-ca-an yuc-ca-an
99 ,, yuc-la-an
,, ,> yuc-na-an
,, ,> ic-te-na-an 7 9 ), y u-sa-ca-an ,, j7 yus-ta-ca-an 9 , , > yu-c~(y)an )) 1 7 yuc-ca-an ,, , 9 yu-sac-ca-an ,. ,7 yus-tac-ca-an
~T'fyrgY *+Y yu-su-ca-an
PARADIGM OF THE OTHER CONJUGATIONS.
AORIST.
+ < & Z+ < &% ic-ti-in T T T it-bu'
7,
ic-ca-ain iKb/lnlel . . . ,, iz-za-nun Ittap/IaZcZ .... ,, 3 it-tac-nin
1 Pczzl ,, yu-uc-cin . '. ,, yuc-cin 1
y uc-ti-in yuc-ni-in ic-te-nin yu-sa-cia yus-ta-cin yu-cin yuc-cin pu-sac-cia [yus-tac-cin] yu-su-cin
IMPERATIVE
[ci-tu-un] 7 [tc-bu] J
ni-tac-nin
[uc-cin]
- uc-ni-in -
SLI-CU-L111 su-ul-cu-ur cin, cu-un -
PARTICIPLE.
a F.== Z+Y< )7L mu-uc-ti-nu
C
1. ,, inut-tac-na-nu
, , ,, mu-uc-ci-nu
,, ,, inu-tac-ci-nu 7 1 ,, mu-uc-ti-nu - 1, 7 1
1, ,, mu-sa-ci-nu ,) ,, mu-sac-ci-nu 7 1 , mu-ci-nu ,> ,, mu-uc-ci-nu
7 ,, mu-sac-ci-nu 3, ,, mus-tac-ci-nu , >> -
I t will be noticed that Palel and Iphtalcl regularly appear in these Concave Verbs, and that Niphalel and Ittaphalel take the place of Niphal and Ittaphal.
The permansive of Pael changes ayya into i, and has a passive or neuter signification.
Verbs M ~ S , >"it 7.4, 9"4, ~ " 5 , KAI,.
-- PERAIANSIVE (07 Perfect). PRESEXT. AORIST.
2. ~7fisc. dT ccy na-sn-at . . . 2. I;~TIz. - - . . . 3 . nfnsc.+J-lEY i~a-su ...
3. Fern. 4 7 :& na-sat . . .
y a-gab-bi' Trg& ++ '(,.pea, ',
,, tn-gab-l~i'. . .
,, ta-gab-bi'
,, i-gab-bi' . . .
,, ta-gab-bi'
Piz~rnz.
,, im-gab-bi' , , ta-gal>-bu ,, ta-gabbn
., i-gab-bu , . .
, ,, i-gab-ba ...
si?zgz~&l7-.
*@ ag-bi' E Z ~ f ab-nu' "2 Bt~iZt"
,, tag-bi' ,, tab-nu
,, tag-bi' ,, tab-nu
ig-bi' , ib-nu'
,, tag-bi' ,, tab-nu'
Pzz&mL
,, nag-bi' ,, nab-nu ,, tag-bu ,, tab-nu , tag-ba ,, tab-na
,, ig-bu ,, ib-nu
,, ig-ba ,, ib-na
PZumZ.
2. M~zsc. ,, ,, ba-nu-u
IRIPERATIVE ASD PRECATIVE.
Sifzgz~tcrr,.
1. ZZ lu-ng-bi' ~ f = Iu-ub-nu'
2. M~sc. ,, ,, bani, La-an ,, ,, khi-dh? z. Fenz. , , , ba-ni-i ,, ,, khi-dhi-i
2. PMZ. ,, ,, ba-na-a 3. Mnsc. ,, ,, li-ib-nu-u 3.Penz. ,, ,, lib-na-a
1NFISITI~'E.
EY + ba-nu . '( to br~iZd"
E ~ Y Y * lf %* ga-a-b~l " fo qcnk "
PARTICIPLE.
3. ~TInsc. ,,, ,, li-ig-bi' , , i 1 1 'ff I naasu h Z i f i "
I 1 ba-nu
9 (5 ASSYRIAN GRi1MRIAR.-VERBS. a
Verbs yf'i properly have e in the last syllable, as ,"IT 'fr ~ ' ( j is-me-c " h e heard," but i f r equen t ly takes its place. In the plural we may have 'f+ ( is -~e-zc as well as 3 7 1 4$ is-nzz.
PAKADIGAI: OF THE OTHER COKJUGATIONS.
PERVANSIVE. 1 PRESENT,
Iphtenl ... [kitbu'] Pad . . . ... pabba'] IpAfLIaZ . .. - ~ $ h a Z . . * nak-bd
If fajhal ... ,) ,, [nalc-te-bu'] iZli;3AaeZ . . . , , , , [nakal~bu'] ShaJhrZ . . . ,f ,, [sakba'] AE'aphot . . . ,, 1 9 [satkeba'] Shaphad . . . ,, ,, bakabba'] IstaphueZ . . . ,, ,, [satkabba']
SrSajhd Pass ... ~ r f ~ v* ku-ub-bu'
AORIST.
lj%feaZ . .. *I<'(& ~7 ik-te-bit
Pad . . . I , ,, yu-kab-bi' @At& .. . ,, ?, yuk-tab-bi' NihnZ . . . ,, ,, ik-kabi' IttnphaZ . . . 9 ,, it-tnk-bi' N$haeZ . . . ,, ,, ik-kab-hi' S/ia$hd . . . 7 9 , yu-sak-bi' Ista@aZ . . . ,? ,, yus-te-ik-hi' ,Yh~~ll/meZ . . . 1 7 ,, yus-kab-li' L I Z - . . . ,, . yus-1r:tbhi' Shajhd Ass . . . :, ,, yu-ku-ub-bl' 1
PAR'I'ICIPLE.
-y<T& $47 ZT ik-te-ba'
1 9 ,, yu-kab-ba' ,, . ,, yuk-thb-ba'
,> ,, ik-ka-ba'
9 7 ,, it-tak-ba' f ? ' , it-kab-ba' a
3 3 ,, yu-sak-ba' 1 , ,, yus-te-ik-bay ,) ,, yus-kab-ba' I, , yus-kab-bd
7 5 , , yu-ku-ub-ba'
IMPERATIVE.
q T ' ( kit-bil
9 t 9 , ku-ub-bi' 3, I ki-tib-bi' , , 1 J nak-bi' 7 J 3 ni-tak-bi' 9 7 [na-kab-bi'] , 9 ,) suk-bu' 97 )' su-te-ik-hi' , 9 [su-ku-ubbug
9 ) 7 , [su-te-ku-ub-bi'] -
Ip7lfccll. .. rF w'f y- ( muk-te-bu-u
PaeZ . . . 91 , t mu-kab-bu-u Ip/zfaaZ , 9 r , muk-tab-bu-u N$AaZ. . . 9 , 7 , muk-ka-bu-u
p$hatZ ... z-z &! Y)- { muk-ka1)-bu-u
Shap/EeZ.. . , J , mu-sak-bu-u Isto$haZ 9 9 1 ) mus-te-ik-bu-u ShapheZ ,, t mus-kabbu-u
1h"npAak f~ 1 ) mut-tak-bu-u / nnqhaez ,, , mus-te-kab-bu-u
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR, -VERBS. 97
By combining the forms given in these Paradigms the student will be able to
obtain the forms of dogb@ di$ec~&e Y e d s Iike If f*& nlsg "to go forth,"
*Ey * Lam "to cling to," zfl tic. 6av2.4 "to come."
PARADIGM OF QUADRILITERAL VERBS,
The Chamcters fo be ndded by the Student.
PERMANSIVE. 1 PRESENT.
Kid (=Palel) ... gyTy pal-cit
IjAtnZeZ ... 71 ,, [pitlucut]
SajhnZeZ ... ,, ,, [saplacat] Istnp/lnZtZ ... 1 ) ,, [saptelcat] N$haZeZ . . . 7 ,, [naplacut] IdtnjhaZtZ ... ,, ,, aptelc el cut] N$hnZ?a . . . 7 ) 7, -
i-pal-cat " he crosses " { ii-lillu-par ht overthnnt~s
zfg q k - AIXX yup-tal-cat 3
, 7 ,, yus-pal-cat f , , yus-ta-pal-cat ,7 ,, ip-pal-cat 3, ,, it-ta-pal-cat 9, ,, ip-pal-ca-ta-at
AORIST. I
ip-la-cit, iS-khu-pir yup-tal-cit yus-pal-cit yus-tapsl-cit
sztcd" it-ta-pal-cit
IMPERATIVE.
pal-cit
pi-tal-cat su-pal-cut sit-pal-cut
ni-pal-cat
[na-te-pal-cat] ... ...
PARTICIPLE.
mu-pal-ci-tu
mu-up-tal-ci-tu mu-pal-ci-tu mus-ta-pal-ci-tu
mut-ta-pal-ci-tu mu-up-pal-cit-tu
g8 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-VERBS. 1 I VERBS TO BE
ca-sa-clu
na-ba-lu
CONJUGATED BY THE STUDENT.
~ Q Z S L L Z ~ I 1 24. &-I to take
to mde
to choose
to extend
,, 2 1 ,:H &cgl/ naca-m / to beshaage
K ~ b s to be transIiii~ati.rZ and conj~gc~ten' by the Stztderr t.
to slay
yy & I1. -+! TY m 12. df*+-JH 13- +EM dl( 1 14. *;! &$
15. V 'It. T'r 16. FYI ql'k @ 17. f fc +Ey t--4- WF-4
18. ~ y f k n
19. 7f EF!! k3U 20. 'v y'r I9
to oversee
to nzakc bricks
1
f i rh to be co,y'~glzted and the Charncters aided 6~1 the Stl~dtnt.
3 0.
toprotect
to conzp~ete
to ceZZect
to jvish
to hear
to trust
to destroy
to voss over
to curse
to ask
ha-pa-cu to sfnite
ma-la-cu to rule
za-ca-ru
a-ba-lu
to remember
to Jring
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR,-VERBS, 99
VERBS to be conjllgied a d the CAaractcrs ad& by the Student.
e-ri-bu . . .
e-lu-u . . . e-ci-mu . . .
sa-la-lu . . . khar-pa-su
ca-vu-u . . . sa-tu-u . . . sa-la-pu.. .
ka-lu-u . . . na-ca-ru
ma-lu-u . . . s'a-liha-n~
e-ni-khu
pa-ra-ru
kha-ba-tu
par-sa-du
ta-ra-tsu
na-pa-ra-cu
to descend
to ascend
to str& to take
to spoil
to Be violent
to Burn
to drink
to pull out
to bwn
to d@
to $lZ
to go rozmz'
to decay
to cmsh
to $Y
to arrange
to brea4
sa-ca-ru . . . / to dukk
e-zi-bu . . . pa-ta-lihu
ga-ru-u . . .
ra-tsa-pu ( to build
to fovsake
to cut opeiz
to 7war
to build
to go
to hate
to see
to conquer
to be good
----
VX 4 --4
Y YYY YYY 4 El-
Y YYY 4 * m
YYY 4
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-PREPOSITIONS.
ASSYRIAN PREPOSITIONS-CO;~L~~?L~C"~
e-la-at . . .
e-li, el . . .
e-la-an . . .
c-ma . . .
er-ti . . .
ex(.ept
o r , ufi,)n, abore, fieside
be~'oi~d
aror~~rd
against
I pa-ni, pan /
tsir . . .
sa . . .
sap-tu . . .
tic . . . *c-pu - a l
befoye
agaimst, upon
of; i i z regard to
by tht he& of
unda,
behimi
I ASSYRIAN GRAINMAR.- PREPOSITIONS. I
I THE COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS. I
a-na it-ti
a-na la
a-ila iin
a-na e-li
a-na er-ti
ul-tu ci-rib C
ul-tu lib-bi
ul-tu pa-i~i
i-na bi-bil, i-na bi-ib-lat
i-na a-di dhe-mi
i-na ci-rib
i-na lib-bi
i-na 8u-ki
i-na ni-rib
i-aa la
i-na pan
i-na e-li
i-na er-ti
i-na tir-tsi, i-na tar-tsi
i-na an-ni
ci la kc., &c.
1 to be with
I OVPY
/ to the $~/es~zce of
f~o?n the midst of
fmtlt befoore
i f z the midst of
I in the midif
I in the midst oj
near to
for waat of
fmtn bdofoue
ndoue
afteer
i~z tht {$~y 1 I"" at this h e
withotdt
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-CONJUNCTIONS. 103
T H E CONJUNCTIONS.
u 0?'~3.
vz ...
ti ...
ai ...
ac-ca
im . . . as-su
m u . . .
ci ...
ci-ma
la ...
ul ...
la ...
clauses)
a a t e Y+Y verbs)
OY
not (with the Imperat. or Precat.)
how ?
zjc
not (with verbs) 1
' I
1
her^, thz~s, S,S,
z~hz'Ze
wherz, vzemz- whiley now
bchola', ~ O W
19. * Ey MY< q
ma-a . . .
sa ...
sum-111 a
al-la sa
a-di-sa, a-di e-11 sa
ar-ci sa
im ma- ti-ma
i-iia ma- ti-ma
ci-sa ..
lib-bu sa
sa ma-ti- ma
as, thus I
t-& (verb.' prefix of past / time) I
that, for unzma (see Ad- verbs)
wheir, btcause, ?~dzc~e, that
thus, whm
aftw that
in so jar as, zeth2e
afiey that
z;f at all
i?z any case
zthenever
]&st as
22, ~7 er< ET
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.--ADVERBS.
T H E ADVERBS.
The most common mode of forming the adverb in Assyrian was by attaching the termination -is to thc construct-state of a noun (whether sing. or pl.) ; as rub-is " greatly," el-is " above," suZZut-is [' for a spoil," caccab-is " like a star," sudu;lz-is " like mountains." T h e accusative case of the noun, with or without the mimmation, might also be used adverbially, as puZc2 " amply," ~ z b u r n '' greatly."
T h e genitive also, with or without the mimmation, is sometimes found ; as baistsi '* in ruin," Zubi~fi?~z " of old."
The most coinmon adverbs of place and time are the following :-
ai- uin - nia, a-di - I ya-urn-ma,
urn - ma . . . . la
al-lu, al-la, al-la sa
ar-ci . . .
u-di-ns . ..
ul - 1% - na, ultu ulls
zi-is . . .
ca-la-ma . . . /
here
till
?~eile?'
at the same [timr]
f ~ o m that t h e , from of old
cu of old
of all hin2s
I ci-ha-am .. . t h w
lu-nia(h)-du much
inakh-ri . . . 1 forme~Zy
ma-te-ma.. . in tit~zespast
enill-na , . . 1 again I
e-nu-va .. . whe;il, at that t h e
tsa-tis . . . 1 if^ f u t u ~ e
sa-nuin-ma, i f z n;foueig1z sa - nain- land, else- ma wha*e
ina yuini at that tiuze suina
urn-maas-su because I
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-DERIVATION O F NOUNS. 1°5
D E R I V A T I O N O F N O U N S .
A large proportion of Assyrian nouns are derived from different forms of the verb. Thus from I<al we have the infinitives ~ ~ 7 7 ff( \T 1-g ra-kka-a-tszc " to inundate," <w EE - . y y ni-ci-i-izd " to cut off," and JEy &$ t T l y r *JJ'J szc-mu-zr-r24 '" to keep ;" the participle passive &a EZE -71 h-Zi-GMzfi " troubled," and the active participle ~7 I f &a ?za-a-Zi-cu ruling " where
the long of the first syllable serves to distinguish it from nzg-Zi-czc " a king," which is derived from the Permansive.
From Pael we have nouns like a ~ ~ 7 7 5T ha~-m-dz6 (' war-like," Zil;az-vzzc-nzt " injured."
From Palel, %7;11<1 ,yy<y nam-ri-ri " bright." From Iphteal and Iphtaal, rT77 bJJ $+ cit-~zt-6% " a meeting," Zat-626-su
" clothed," git-ma-Zu " a benefactor." From Shaphel, *-J zz saj-sa-kt6 " an opening," szcnz-czs-tzt " a
slaughter." From Niphal, g ~ j j j ( *?JJJ aab-kha-ru " collected," nab-ni-tu " offspring,"
~um-hha-rz6 (' a receipt." From the weak verbs come \vords like (r; C m ~ I Z ~ - Y Z L offspring" for
~tzzn'-im, sa-j tzd " summit" from xaszb, and from verbs 1"~, Zit-tu (for Zd-tzt), Zi-du, Zi-i-tzd, Zi-da-a-tu, and Zit-tzt-tzd, all meaning " offspring." Also forms which repeat the second radical, as Zi-ZiG-cz6 " a going," did-Zi-dg " a birth," dad~nzt " man," the Heb. adam 97M.
When a inonosyllable is repeated the last coilsonant of the first syllable is generally assimilated to the first consonant of the second syllable, as J-7 57 hah-ha-du (for had-&adz) " a head," ca-ac-cn-bg (for cab-cnbzc) " a star."
T h e prefix Mdenotes the instrument, action, or place, as ({ I f ETy ma?<-za-ew a l ( bulwark."
T h e prefix T (another form of Iphteal) builds abstracts, as 7- yf +EET . - * tas-me-a-lu " a hearing," le-ni-se-tzd " mankind," lu-ku-~-na-fu or tuk-ma-tu oppo- sition." Also adjectives as Tas-nzc-tzc " she who hears " (the wife of Nebo).
Roots may be increased by prefixing a vowel, as +-J' PS-)(II ad-ca-cat
106 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-PHOHOLOGY.
or id-ca-cat " stories," e-da-khzb " warrior,'' iuz-~rzi-v~ " youngling,'' zt-ta-a-ma '' lawgiver."
A word might be lengthened by affixing &zzd (also rnz~ or imzzt and W P L ~ ) to the construct; ~ j f ( *&xy 77 + ciY-ba-a-7.8% offering," w, EZJ T i s$
sil-dhn-a-%a "a king," vy 3 r$L tc-e$p-din-fzzt " a descent," 71 Fc. )gL a-ga-zu 1 I " a crown." Words so forined were collectives. I
Gentile nouns were formed by the termination a i (fem. aiku), as a I
dZy'fr ti-(h)a?~z-fa-& " a sailor," ETG zy r ~ y Tf yf Ba-bi-ln-ai '' a
Eabylonian," Duv-Saff-ci-nn-ai-di '. she of Dur-Sargon." Quadriliterals are occasionally found, as well as quinqueliterals, as a-sa-vi-du
" first-born," khav+z-su '( vehemence," kha-?~i-lwkk-khi 'I stores," kha-ba-tsi-id-la-tzk " a lily."
Many Assyrian words are borrowed from Accadian.
PHONOLOGY.
The chief phonetic rules to be remembercd are the following :-
I , A sibilant before a dental. generally becomes Z, as &a-mid-tzt " five " for kha-mis-fa.
2. A dental followed by s is (together with the sibilant) resolved Into i 'S or i, as A'f EE ha-ai-Szc or AT +$=yT da-izb for kaf-su
his hand."
3. A dental preceded by a sibilant, is assimilated to the latter, and when the sibilant is s the last rule takes effect, as its-tsa-dnt for its-dn-bnl " he is taken," is'-ia-calz and i-.fa-ca~z for is-La-can " he dwells,''
4. After a guttural, the t of the secondary conjugations may change to d or dh, as ik-dha-rd for ik-fa-rib " he approached."
5 . K h in the other Semitic idioms, is frequently replaced in Assyrian by h, or lost altogether.
6. Instead of k the Babylonian diaIect often has 2; as ga-lczt for &-tz~ ' l hand ;" and this change of letter sometimes makes its way into the Assyrian dialect.
7. C frequently takes the place of K (especially at the beginning of a word), and also (but more rarely) of g, as (H +rrX %+ ci-yi-bzt for IEII +lYI *+ ti-ri-du '' neighbourhood," '$Z"J E ~ T ~ Y ci-bit for 1~11 ~ T y y y kC6it (' command ;" and where the other Semitic dialects prefer the softer consonants (g, z), Assyrian often combines c and ts in a root.
8. N is generally assimilated to the following consonant, as id-din for ifz-dig " he gave." Conversely, a double dental nlay be resolved into ad or nt.
g , IM may become 92 before a dental, sibilant, or guttural, as khmz-sn for &ham-sa "five," and then be assimilated to the following consonant, as ae i&hkhnv for i1~hhar "it is present." Conversely, double b or double p may be resolved into mb or 1?$, as i-nam-b~' for i-rzab-6%' " he proclaims."
10. E (Sf!) is always a vowel, and is very frequentIy used as inter- changeable with i.
N.B.-The Assyrians had considerabIe difficulty in adapting the characters of a foreign (Accadian) syllabary to express the sounds of their own language. Hence in the 3rd pers. sing. of a verb, whenever the form requires a prefixed z (in Pael, &c.), we have to supply a y; thus w y must be read yz~s, not zrs, ~ ~ T T E yzc, not a. Before 71, h has often to be understood, and sonletimes has to be supplied (though not written) after a vowel. M a n d v were interchangeable in Accadian, and possibly also in Assyrian ; at all events they are interchangeable in the writing, and Ey, e.g., must sometinles be read ma and sometimes va, a sometimes am and sometimes av. The chief dratvback occasioned by the syllabary was that a final guttural may be read g, c, or 4, a final dental d, dh, or t, a final labial b or j, a final sibilant s or S, and even z or ts. Thus may be either tzk, tic, or tik. Again, f! represented both zn and tsn, da or &a,
(YET di or dhi, and v+ bu orpu. Only a certain number of characters contained the vowel e. There was 11s sh or th.
108 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.--READING LESSONS.
R E A D I N G LESSONS.
Estract from the Annals of TIGLATEI-PILESER I (1V.A.I. XVI, col. 8, line 39) :-
(39.) -BY E ~ Y Z E ~ 97 {T* FEY; !we W E ~ (40.~ 4 I!< -ypy EE~! li - ta - at kur di - pa ir - nin - tu tam-kha- ri - pa
The ~ecords of my w ~ Y Y ~ o ? , ~ , the Jattle-shout qf v y $Ji'Ci?zg,
V % 4 b (41.1 f cYI '7 --7 Yi -V' V +'l f i .f (TW suc - nu - us naciri tsa - 2 - ru - ut D.P. A - sur sa D.P. A - nu va the szrbmission of erzenzies hostile fa Asshzrr, zohonz Anu aed
--7 447 h2.) ltf (7- p-& 577 gyyyz & D. P. Rammbi~u a - na si - tsu - ti is - ru - cu - u - ni
Rirn mart to dest~zcction have gizw~,
(43.) EE d y %if If E E Y ~ (7-H -& 7- :Ejf (44,) EKT Uj i - n a D.P. na - r a a - y a va tiin -me - tli - ya a1 - dhu - ur 072 ??zy tablet and ~rzy foz~f~datio~z-st0116 I ?elrote;
EE *T e'ITYT -*T TI (=I (T*JEiU *-7 Q.FF (45.) ~ 7 - i - 112 bit D.P. A - nuv va D.P. Ranlin%ntl ili rabi
irz the ten$le L . A~llzl nzd Ximmon, the g d s great,
+I1 b :cYf (46.) 77 J-*T f f EEY "7b & ~ y ; f (47.1 (7-H beli - ya a - s a tsa - at yumi as - cu - un va
fir fkture days 1 established; ny lo~ris, arrd
W - Y d * +ir T PF Y 'f 1- ETI 7 (I* w*! 4+7- (48.) 'If Z :ETi ySr GF b D.P. na - ra - a - T sa D.P. Sam - si D.P. Raniinhna a - b i - ya 2 - n i - m i s
the taJIets Of Sanzas-Rivzmon my father duly
E E ~ , ~ E ! ~ T (x (49.9 7y Jy & *ll<l,jEy$ : l~~~%~{ i~ f ab - su - us D.P. niki ak - ki a - 11a as - ri - su - nu u - tir I ctca~zed : vicfifrzs I sacvi$ced : to their $laces 1' ?-e,rto7+ed (them)
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR,-READING LESSOSS, 109
Y Y Y (so.) 71 &I (Y**YrQ .LUII Ylm 71 ? EZ~IT r y 'fr WT ( 5 ~ ) if &I a - na ar - cat yumi a - na YU- um tsa- a - te a - na
for futzu,e days, far n day Zo?zg heyeafter, for
Y - 4 ~1 ET -w q~-+: ~yyp ts2.) ~ 7 : +- ~y =my --7 y, (-7 <y-gg ma - te -ma suba ARC - u e - nu - ma bit D.P. A - nuv va
z 1 hatsoenrr prince heren ft~r (?-c@~rs). T.y/,en tl'rr tcf12ple of Afui nlzd
-9 4.H -I F. (53.1 EY- F. t$T FI (;i+H =I1 T(.ty E E ~ yf D.P. Rammbau ili RABU - te beli - ya va Bi-gur- r a - a - tn
Xi?nn~~?z, the gods giienf, y o r , and the tozlers
54.) Fly -.y< d! t=yll~ f- **y EY (55.) ~ y f -TI -7 -T<1 ZIT .f sa - ti - na yu - s a l - b a - r u - v a c - ns - khu an - lihu - s'u - nu
these grmu old, arzd decay, fhcir rz~ins
* Y H Y '1 (56.) ~ f l GT- yT k EE!~ (y+J -f= @ E E Y ~ (57.) p~+ lu -ud-clis I>.P, na - m - a - TI - ya va tim -me-ni - ya ni - mes
112ay he renm~), ?lzy tnb/ets and ?fly foundation-stones &I@
* P H & (58.1 7: & q y < y + li - ib - su - us D.P. niki lik - ki a - na as - ri - su - nu
?)my he cleansf, uicti?ns ntny hr slny, fo their places
B-VYYY I8.T ~'f!!. ~ W T Y T T (ss.) <y-H 4+ &Y -y< ZE~: HE{ :(y M l u - u - tir va sum - su it - ti - ya lil - dhu - ur
?nay he yestore, om' his 1znr17e with mine may he writc.
(60.) <H E7 YY< Ey **I yf (:I (y*H **! a# ( 6 1.) *+I )k E y + b ci ..ma pa - ti -ma D.P. A- nuv va D.P. Rammbnu ili rabi
.me myse7f, mny Afzn nntl Xi7?r???on, the grent gods,
EE 2 7 Ey Efz *'(!y (62.) <T*H -EW 1' % W E:K i - na dllu - ub lib - bi va ca - sad ir - nir-1 - te dha - bis
i ~ z sounthess of hen?-f atid co?~puesl irz bbnftle bauntzjrltZZy
<z -T -g.U &I (63.1 zyy =<: 4 7 % yf b :Ey: (Y-D *fz y* % EE~! lid11 -dhar- ru - su sa D.P. na - ra - a - TI - pa va tim - me - ni - ya
keg him. Ne who 71y il~srnz$tiotzs nnil MY fa~tadntion-stom
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-.READING LESSONS.
(64.1 ZE v* EVE ZE ,' * .f (65.1 77 4 7 yf y++ EE d'f q q y z i - k h a b - b u - u i - S a - p a - n u n - na ~ n e i - na - du - u
shall cuncea?, shall hi(z'e, to the zuaier shnZZ l n ~ f ,
(66.) E =;at7 EE -:'(~r ~7 ~ 7 7 7 ~ (67.) EE d'f 5fl $t. i - na isati i - knl - lu - u 1 - na epiri
7uit/z $re shizZZ btci-~?: irz ~'ZLS:
EE -~yd Eyyr EE -'I ~yyy'( (if -+ (68.) 71 &H *Ey 71 Ey *yy<! i - ca - ta - mu i - nn hit cumllli (?) a - sar la - a - ina - ri
shnZZ cozf~r, i ~ z a hoz~se rdm~Ze~~~'oz~~z~l' j?) n pZme nut sect2
E'(- (7- EE 4 1 <@ A? (69.) *%? ?$ ~:]y EE <y* Ey pi - si - ris i - nn - ci - mu suln cad11 - m i - pa - si - dhu - va
the nanze nfrir'te~z shall erase, and
(70.1 F* 1 EE '$7 277 eu (Yt-H (r: (7- EI (71.1 (y* +-'-I sum - su i - ss - dlla - ru. va 111i - lim - nla lirn - na
> c + * EE If( # E=! (72.) 2 7 *+ ~ { i r d l F b EEYT i - kl~a - Ba - Sa - va a - na ps - an D.P. na - ra - a - TI - ya
shnil ~lcuise, nnd ncp'?zst z'/le face of 891 i.zscrz;6tiu~zs
(73.) E ~ ~ ~ K + M E E ~ ~ B (74.) -1 Ti+ <I'm -7 4 --Ib E7-FU yu - sap - ra - cu D.P. A - nu va D.P. Assmu ill rabi shall c~zlse to break, may Arc% and Assur, the gods gwt,
-11 F. EE!'li 4 Y Y (75.) t y -yy* $77 E tll4$,B * py El beli - ya iz - zi - is li - cal - mu - su - va nzy turds, strofigly i f $ r ~ " ~ him, and
ar - ra - ta ma- ru - us -, ta li - ru - rn - su Barru - Su i t ) a cz~rsc griez~ozls ??1nj7 thpy cz~rse him ; his Ki71gdorn
7 <B e* (18.) - ~ y z)( if (( -71 lis - ci - bu sul CUB& Sar(6) - ti - su li - Su - khu way they dissIpnG th nscefzlt of the thrutze af his ki7zgdom may f h q m o v e
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-READING LESSONS. I I I.
(79.) Jy -11 q< Ey [HI --yc (So.) ~7 )k &y tsab - hi bilu - ti - su lu - bal - lu cacci - su the arrnies of his I'arddg nzn. they n'eooz~r, his we@ons
4 M I" eD (81.1 7; =: -74c ++ gtrlr !E! % f @ + lu - sab - bi - ru. a - bi - ic - ti u111 - nln - ili - su lis - cu - nu
may they bwnk, the CEeSt~~tcti07~ of his army nzny thty cause;
(82.) EE 4 7 4 &! *EM (83.) (7- %+ ky i - na pa - an ilaciri - su ca - mis lu - se - si - bu - su in the preserzce of his rnen~ies sclholo 77my t h y cause hifa to liweZZ;
-7 Aq- . r r ( 7 y (84.) (1-Jjg yy C-14 - g y -ED p-J f-Q D,P. Rainrn2nu i - na Simiai khul - te mat - Su li - ib - tsu
may the A i q o d with ~cstiLc~zce destr-z~ctizle his Za72d cut o f ;
(85.) +=yl ~ 7 ~ 1 A7 -:+ y+ ++ ,111 -71 -+Y+YYYT r r - r r r r Y T rr( @6-) +4++ Y! ttT BLI - un - ka pu - pu - ta lrhu - sakh - khu pagri a - na
want qf crojs, famiue, (nnd) co~pses against
';* yr< E'I (z (I* P7.) 7 -11 -+y q WET 71 -T( 11 p?~ laat - ti - su lid - di' ana bil - ut ma - la - a - ti - su lik - bi'
his larzd nzny he lay; ugni7?st the so7/erc$rzQ of his full-power may he Qeah :
(88.) + n ++ ~7 .i. +,- -:Q +!qk sum - su zir - su iila inati lu - khal- li - ik
his anr?ze, his seed the kvrd nzny he destroy.
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-READING LESSONS.
A N A L Y S I S .
39. Ztnt, pl. fern., construct form. Kurdi, for Kz~ridi, pl. of &wad% " warrior ;" perhaps Ar, Jt~\d. jru, ~ O S S . pron., first person suffix. i~ninfu, with vowel prefix, from ~7 " to shout for joy."
40. tamhhari, gen. sing., Tiphcl derivative from TTKI " to be present," facing ;" hence " opposition " or " fighting."
sucnus, sing. construct, Shaphel passive deriv. from ~ 2 2 "to subject." na'cie masc. pl. gen., Kal participle of 723, the Ical of which is not used in
Hebrew.
41. tsa'e~zd, masc. pl., construct of the ICaI part., tsa'i;I/zt " enemy," Heb. 72. The plural is also found under the forins tsa'eri, tsn'iri, tsahri and tsaj~dvz'. E is incorrectly written for 'i, which stands for vi.
Aria was originally the sky, Riuzwzo?~ was the air-god.
42. sitsuti, sing. gen. fern. verbal noun. Aram. H ~ W , Targ. 7 2 ~ l1 to destroy." isrucgni, third pl, masc. perf., Ma1 of snf-acu.
43. na7.8 (preceded by D.P. of '. stone" nbnu), apparently borrowed from Accadian. Nag/& (or ;tznra) is fem., with pl. nardti.
ti9fz?fzcni, pl. rnasc., borrowed from Accadian.
43. aZ~ihur for asdhu~, 1st pers. sing. aor. I<al of yuw <'to write." bri (for bayit), sing. construct ; Heb. ~ 9 2 ,
45, ili, pl. rnasc. of 'ilu; Heb. $N. ;~yabi, also rahrti, masc. pl., adj. ; Heb. 17, biZi or deli, pl. rnasc. of bch, Heb. Syl,
46. IS&, fem. pl. construct ; abstract noun from ~ y s (Ass. atsu) " to go forth " (literally " the goings forth," " that which will go forth ").
yumi, pl. masc. ofyuntu, Heb. a77, nsczbn, 1st pers. sing. aor. Kal of p~ (originally Shaphel of 173).
ASSYRIAN GRATl;lbIAK.-READTSC LESSONS, 113
43. 'ad;, gcn. sing. inasc. of adz4 ( i p ~ ) ,
'a~zi~~zes, adverb in -is forLncd from pl. of 'nni.l., " suitably, fitly." Cp. Ar. &\ - niszfis, r st per. sing. aor. Kal of " to cleanse." fziki, pl. of .isikz~ '. offering," " sacrifice ; " Heb. T!.
49. a&&, 1st pers, sing. aor. Kal of 3~2 (PZ~~ZL'ZL), from xvhicI1 ~l i j t 'z~ is derived. ' 'asri, pl. of 'l-tsru, " a place ;" Aram. (& Ar.) ~ n s , z4Zi>y7 1st pcrs. sing. aor. Alshel of tarzt, " to come back," becon~e," "be ;"
Heb. 7787 " to go about."
50. 'n~cat, pl. fern. construct of an abstract 'amfi for ng~i~u, " after " p. 7 7 N , yzmz tsi~te literally " day of the f~~ttu-e ;" yum in construct sing., ts8,ic abstract
fern, PI.
51. nzalelna " at any time," "at any place ;" Cp. I-Eeb. s p , ~ "when." YZL~ZL, irom 27, literally " a great one."
52. ensmm, adverb cornpounded of cnx (AT. \is &s), and the pron. ma " that."
53. SQu?v~tz~, pl. fun. of Sigu~?.n"tzc, " a closed place," hence " a temple-tower " or observatory, from -Q,D. I t is written ziggz~rvzta in the Babylonian dialect.
54. s~ f i~za , pl. fern. of the pron, szJntz4, sGtz4, agreeing with S~~ 'ZJPY~Z~M. yusaZbnvzfi-va, 3rd pers. mast. aor. Shapfacl of Zabavzc " to be old," with the
enclitic conjunction an: (4) " and,"
55. CVZ~~AZ", 3rd. pers. masc. pl. aor. I<al of h4Y. 'nnk&usitnu, for nnkhut-sz~rzz~, t +- s being replaced not only by t + ,f, hut also
by S alone. unkkuf is pf. rnasc. from 'unkhz~ a subst, derived from h3y, '~yizt; becoining 'a. dud&, 3rd sing. 111asc. Prccative Aphel of Andasz~ " t o be II~MT." Cp,
. Heb. ~ q n .
5 7. nifws for ' an i~es , as in line 48. Verbs M"D drop their initiaI radical in {nany forn~s, (See tny Assyria?~ G ~ a ~ z ~ u n v , p. 108).
Zibsus, 3rd masc. sing. prec. Ma1 from basasz~ (as above). likhi', 3rd masc. sing. prec. Ma1 from ~zikzt'zf (as above), the nasal being
assimilated to the following letter.
58. lgti~, srcl masc. sing. prec, Aphel of faffzfi (as above),
ASSYRIAN GRAM?vL~R. -READING LESSOiiS.
59. s u ~ , sing. masc. construct of szcrfzz6 " a name ;" Heb. D V . idti, preposition ; Heb. RH, ZiZ./zuv, 3rd mass, sing. prec, Kal of sndhnrz~ (as above),
60. ynti7?zn, I st pers. pron., compo~unded of yn " I," the suffix ti, and the pron. ?~z.lza. L
61. &wb, sing. construct of the subst. dhz~bu; Heb. 2% (see line 62).
libbi, gen. sing. of Zibbt~ I' heart ;" Heb 25.
62. casnd, sing. masc. construct of cnsndzb " a possession," from cnsadzc " t o collquer,')
ig~rzinfe, gen. sing. of the collective ivni7zfzc (as above) ; "possession of the battle-cry " = i ( victory in battle."
&adis, adverb in -is from dhnbzt " good" (as in line G I ) . D R ~ b z b is for dh&vn"d u .
Iidhdhar~~zb, 3rd pl. masc. prcc. I<al of ~zndAnrzi " to guard ;" I-Ieb. 9253.
64. ikhabbu'u, 3rd sing. masc. future Ma1 of Khnbz~ " to hide ;" Iieb. N9n. (For the form see my Assy~inrz G ~ ~ a m m a r , pp. j 2, 5 3, 69).
i idjn~zz~ for iSn$jnlzzc, 3rd sing. masc. fkt. Kal of ~'apnnz~ I . to sweep away," with n f ~ r i in the 3rd syllable ; Cp. Heb. FrbD,
65. me, pl, masc. of 7mt " a drop of water." T h e reduplicated pl. ?nnlni also occurs ; Heb. t191;?,
ifzddft'z~ for z'nnddu'zz, 3rd sing. masc, fut, ICal of rzaddzd " t o place;" Cp. Ar. 2.
!j 66. 'isnti, pl. gen. fern. of 'is26 " fire" (Heb. WH),
I
ihnllu'a, 3rd sing. masc. fut. Kal of ;r5;, ('to burn " (as in Heb. and Ar.) 1 4
67. @ i ~ i ) pl, of $ ~ u or ejrzc " dust ;" Heb. 4DY, I
ic4fumu for icaffumu, 3rd sing. masc. fut. Kal of PA% with 26 instead of i it1 '
the 3rd syllable. bit cz~m?zi (?). Conjectural transliteration. T h e first ideograph is 'I house "
(Bitzc), the second " high " or " precious " (eZZzb), and the third " god " ( Z ) . T h e second and third, however, must be taken together as a compound ideograph, and perhaps denote the Assyrian Plutus,
ASSTKIAN GRAMMAR.-READING LESSONS. I rj
68. Zd aman'; in" "not" (Heb. N$), nnzari, the gen. rnasc. pf. after construct m a r of the adjective anzaafzt "seen ;" therefore literally " things seen " (Cp. Heb. TIN) ,
pisiris, adverb, in -is from j i s i ~ z k "an interpretation" (Heb. and Aram. YVD).
i1zdci77zzc for i7zncci1jzzc, 3rd sing. masc. fut. I<al of 1353 "to take.':
69. ipdsidhz~ for ipassidhz~, 3rd sing. masc. fut. Kal of jasadhz~ ( I to strip " (Heb. DWD)+
70. iiadhavzt for iSadhdha2.u (with n for i), 3rd sing. masc, fut. Iial of sadha?fzt (as above).
miZivzma, acc. sing. of miZi~~zmn or miZi?fzrrzq from 3'15 " to cleave to." A variant reading gives Zz~1.:zi7~za or ZZLV~ZU, apparently from the same root.
1 , Zinz~za, acc. sing. masc. of the adj. Zi??znzt (for Zi??zzt~za), agreeing with miZi?gmn; perhaps akin to Heb. (and Ar.) on4 '' to fight."
Z'Khniak'n-va for ihhaSSaSa, 3rd sing. masc. fut. Kal of khni'ns'u, with finaI u changed to -a through the influence of the same vowel in both the following and the preceding syllables; Cp. Kth . , &hasasa " to in- vestigate ;" Ar. kktass~z.
72. pan, construct of pn?zz~ ( ( face ; " Heb. D99P,
73. yasaprncu, 3rd sing. masc, fut. Shaphel of "15 " to break."
75. 'izzis, adverb in -is, from 'izzzt I' strong ;" Heb. ?Y, Zkdivzw, 3rd p1, masc. prec. Pacl of ~h "to injure" or ('revile," contracted
from Zicndiz"~~.~ u.
76. 'arra"ti, sing. fein. subst., fro111 7 7 ~ " to curse " (see Zi~z~r,@ below). nzarztsia for marutsta, fem. adj., agreeing with 'afwti, from P7D " to be
violent )' or " hard."
lirariu, 3rd pl, masc. prec. Ma1 of V N ,
77. Sa?*??uiw for-iarrut-sz~; sarf.ut fern. abstract sing. construct. Heb. 7tU "king." Ziscibw, 3rd pl, rnasc. prec. Kal of sacnbzt " to pour out ;" Ar. ,,L
I 16 ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR;--READING LESSONS,
78. sgl, construct sing. of siiZu '. ascent ;" Shaphel pass. derivative of 253 ("ts
- - _ ascend." The ideograph may also be read iSid " foundation " (Heb. Tlbs).
cui'SzJ construct sing. of cztiiu'u '. throne" (as in Heh.) Z2izt.tkhzb for ZiSSukhz~, 3rd pl. masc, prec. Kal of RE;> " to remove."
79. t-cnbhi, pl. construct. of ~ S L L Z ~ Z L (I-leb. Hz) .*an army." hballzfi, 3rd pl. masc. prec. Pael of 352 " to devour."
80. cacti, 131. of C ~ C C Z C " a weapon ;" perhaps for cnvci (Aram. 713 " armour "). Zztsabbirfd, 3rd p!. masc. prec. Fael of 71'rZT " to break."
81. 'abicti, fem. abstract ; Cp. Eleb. "BPI " to destroy." '~nzr/za~zi, .gen. sing. fern. of 'z~mmnnzb "army ;" Cp. Heb. qlt9D "multitude."
- Zifcz~nz6, 3rd pers. masc. pl. prec. Kal of snccznu (as above).
82. cnlpzis, adverb in -&, from cnnzzb; Cp. Ar. \<. P 83. Zusesibzt, 3rd pers, pl. masc. prec. SIzaphel of nsidzb " to dwell ;" Heb, 1W9,
Sinz~zi, gen. sing. masc. of iSi/z?~dzt " a plague ;" Cp. Heb. DaW, 4 84. kAuZte, adj, agreeing with Sjmfgzi ; Cp. Heb. PI ,R. The Semitic root seems
to have been borrowed from Rccadian, wat, construct sing. of nzadu or ntutz~ " country," of ilccadian origin (ma-du);
Cp. Aram. Hnn. (See line 86). Zibtsu, 3rd pl. masc, prec. ICal of Yg3 " to cut off"
85. SunJa, acc. sing. of . C Z L ~ Z ~ Z L ; Cp, 'Talrn. i;13b " scantiness," " frugality." buJuta, acc. sing. of bubutz~ 'krops ;" perhaps Heb. 19 :' fruit " may be
compared. BztBzrtn is in opposition to S~~nkn. Khusnkh&hn, acc. sing. of KhusaKhKhz~ " need '' (Aram. huh).
86. jag?+, ace, pl. masc. of pagvzt " a corpse" (Heb, "9:C). matti for ~~zadt i (or perhaps natz), gen. sing, of gz&tzfi (see line 84). Ziddi,,' 3rd pers. sing. masc. prec. Kal of Prt3 (see above),
$7. nzal~tiSzt for nznL~tit-s?t ; ~zal8tiL, construct of abstract in i7'; from nznldtg pI. fern., from N$B "to fill."
Zz'kbi', 3rd sing. masc, prec. Iial of (in Heb., " to curse"). -
88. zir, construct sing. of 2ir'i.t or zer'zb '"seed " (Heb. Y3) . ZuklaZZiJ, 3rd sing. masc. prec. Pael of 3h-i ('( to divide," hence) .'to
scatter," ': destroy."
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR. --READING LESSOXS.
THE LEGEND OF ISTAR.-OBVERSE. The Ci~ne$or~rz Characte9,s to be sz@pI'z'ed by the Stude~~t.
I. A-na mat NU-GA--4 kak-la-ri i-di-ya To the Za'nrzd of Hades, ?*egions of corrz@tio?z,
2. D.P. Tstaru banat D.P. Sini u-zu-un-sa [ci-nis] Istal; daughter of the Noo'nrl-god, her atte~ztiaa [deter'nr1zi7zed(y]
3. is - cun - va bsnat D.P. s'ini u - zu - un - [sa is - cun] jfxed, and the daz~ghter of the Moon-good her atte7ztia;tz $xed
4. a - n a bit e - d i - e su - bat 'il Ir - kal - la (to go) to the horhse of com-~@dio~z, the dweIli~~g of the deiQ IrkalZa ;
5 . a - 11a biti sa e - ri - bu - su la a - tsu - u to the hordse zuhose e~ztmnce (is) wit/lout exit,
6. a - 1-12 khar - ra - ni sa a - lac - ta - su la ta - ai - rat (u) to the road 7~lhose way (is) without retu'nryn,
7. a - na biti sa e - ri - bu - su zu - urn - mu - u mu - u - ra to the house (at) whose eiztmrrce they bridle in t h e l kh t ;
8. a - sar epru r~iahdu 1x1 - bu - us' - s'u - nu n - cal - su - nu dhi - idh - dhu a place (wha*r) dust J / L L L ~ ~ (is) their juod, thci~, z~ictuaZs (is) 772 ad;
9. nu - u - ru ul iin - nia - ru ina e - dhu - ti as - ba (whe9,e) l kh t not they sec, i~z dnr-k;tzess t h y dwell; and
10. cal (?) - su - ~ n a cima its - tsu - ri tsu - bat cap-pi ? I2e bids (is) the erecti~zg of (their-) wikgs ;
I I. eli dalti u sac - cul - sa inulrli cp - ru or1e?- fhe door and its ~ s c o abzr7zdafzce of dust.
12. D.P. Istaru a - na bdbi D.P. NU-GA-A ina ca . sn - di - sa Istar; to (at) 2;71e gate o f Hades at harr i z la l
rg. a - n a I- i-gab b a - a - b i a - m a - t u v i z - z a c - c a r io theportef- of the gate (his) iiuty re/rlzizds;
a q . a - n a n i -gab m e - c pi - ta ba - ab - ca
to f h e p o ~ ~ t e ~ qf the m~ate),s : Opr,z thy g ~ f e /
ASSYRIAN GFL4iV%MAR.-READI_"jG LESSONS.
I;. p i - t a - a b a - a b - c n - v a lu i r - r u - b a a - n a - c u 4ben th., grtc, a d id we ate7 in ;
16. sum - ma la ta - pat - ta - a ba - a - bu la ir ru - ba a - 11s - cu noE thou @elzest the gate ( a / ~ d ) not I cjlter i j c ,
17. a - makli - kha - ats dal - tuv Sic - cu - ru a - sab - bir Ifor-cc. fhc gntc, the balk X break,
IS. a - 111akIi - kha - ats Si - ip - 1x1 va u - sa - pal - cit dalbti I;force the tir~sdioid, aand I cmss the doors,
19, u - s e - e l - l a m i - t u - t i acili pal - dhu - ti I ~nise the &d, the dei?ou~cvr of the Zkji~zg;
20. eli pal - dhu - ti i - ma - hi - du 111i - tu - ti doze Lf/le Ziui~tg e-vceed tire &ad.
ANALYSIS.
I. The Accadian MAD NU-GA-A is IiteraIly "land of the not returning," za'n being the participle of gii " to return " (see .Y;3~ZZnbn~y), I t is rendered in Ass. by n~at-Lz-rznci?.i. " The land from tvhence is 110 return " is a good name for Hades.
kakkavi, acc. pl. of knhhnrg, Heb. 723 (see illy Ass ;~Iz~~~x . G~*nmnznv, g. 29). ddi, written dde in line 4, gen, sing. of &JIL '' corruption," as Dr. Schrader has
we11 explained it fi-om 7-7789 "to pass away."
2. Istay, the I-Iebrew Ashtoretb (Astarte), the Moon-goddess and Semitic Venus.
6675azat, construct sing fern. of bnatz (also dbtzr, i.e. dkitz~) *' daughter" (Heb, nq), Sin, the Moon-god. r
'zczan, construct sing. of 'ZIZUEZL or 'ZLZ~ZZL *(ear" (Heb. ~ ~ N ) , cinis ?, supplied by Dr. Schrader, adverb in -is from adj. cina (173).
3. i z a ~ t , 3rd sing, masc. aor, of sncn7zt1. It will be noticed that here as frequently elseivhere a feminine no~ninative is joined to a masc, verb.
4. sabnt, cocstruct sing. fern. of suba"dz6 from 3 ~ s I' to sit " or " dwell,"
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-READING LESSOXS& 119
5 . e~ ibz~ , nom. sing, masc. infinitive (or verbal noun) fronl 279 (( to enter" or " descend."
'afsz~, nom. sing. masc. verbal noun from ~ ~ f ' l "to go out." T h e literal trans- lation of the line is of which its entering (there is) no outgoing."
6. kkar-~n-zi, sing. oblique case of hhav?.n?zzt, a word originally borrowed from Accadian, which gave a name to the city of I<harran or Haran (Gen. xi. 3 I , &c.)
'niacin or hahifa, sing. fern. of hninrtu from T+:, "to go." tni~rat for tnig~nfzt (as often in the case of characters which denote syllables
beginning and ending with a consonant), for fayavta, sing. fern. from 77n '( to return."
7 . zztpnwzu, 3rd pl. masc. (used impersonally) Pcrlnansivc (or Perfect) Palel of 971. Cp. Targ. " bridlc." In Ass. zuz.lznni " inlpassable " is used of roads.
fzzl~a, acc. sing. of ~ Z Z L Y Z ~ "light" (so in Heb. [73], Aram. and Ar.) 8. ' ~ S U Y '' a place " (see abozle) often has the relative sa ((' in which," " where ")
understood after it. nzakda, nom. sing. masc. adj. agree;ag with @?a. Cp. Heb. T M ~ , bz~6aSSz~~zzt for b ~ d ~ ~ i - s z ~ ? z ~ (see nboue). 'scad, construct sing. of the verbal noun dcnZzt " food," fronl 53H "to eat." dhidhdhz~, nom. sing. in opposition to ncad. Heb. U~D.
9. if?zmap.zt, 3rd pers. pl. masc. present Kal of 7D3, contracted fiom i~zafizfizznrz~. edhufi, gen. sing. of cdhufzt " darkness," from. PsDY, " to hide," as Dr.
Schrader has pointed out. 'as&, contracted fi-om a s h - n for asdzz-un, 3rd p1. masc. Permansive (or
Perfect) Kal of 'nsnbzt, contracted from 'nsi6zc (also jlnsibu), with the enclitic co~~junction.
10. T h e first word I cannot read. 'itststri, pl. masc, of 'irsdszwzt " a bird " (As, Jjb,, Heb. 77~2).
fszbat, construct sing. fern. of tsub&u " a placing," from 329, T h e reading and meaning of the word, however, are uncertain.
cnjji, pl. masc. of cn))ft, contracted from rafzaju (Heb. q33), the double letter resulting from the assin~ilation of the nasal.
I T S 2 ASSYRIAN GRA;If\fAR.-READISG LESSONS.
r z. dnlti, gen. sing. fern. of r?'nZtz~ (for cdnlitz~) '< door." (So in Heb.) saccztZ, construct siilg. of .raccuZz~, which Dr. Schrader has well cornpared with
fir. J& "likeness." A Syllabary makes ?~zesc~zZzX a synollylne of daMzc.
~~zztkh, construct sing. of IPZZL&/ZK~Z~, froin the aclj ective mdih, which was bor- rowed from Accadian.
I 2, bdbi, gen. sing. of 8$6% "gate " (as in Heb., &c.)
casidi, gen. sing. masc. of the verbal noun cnsadz'zc '' a reaching," fi-om cczsndzc " to take;" Cp. Ar. ah(.
13. ~zkab, construct sing. HI~SC. Dr. Schrader derises it fro111 a root 922 " to go round."
'nffz~iztv, sing. fern. for 'ai~z~~ztzcv " fe'eaItj~,'~ "cfuty ;" Heb. $tYN " faithfulness." izxaccavj for iztaccm*, 3rd sing, masc. present Iphteal of '93).
14. 9182 " waters " (as above). pit^, forpiti-n with the augment of rnctioti, 2nd sing, rnasc. imperative Kal
of $aid " to open ; " Heh. RRD. See also next line.
15. i vrda , 1st pers. sing. mmasc. aor. Ma1 with aug~i~en t of motion, fram evibzd. The ayin of the first syllable is replaced by a reduplicatio~l of d ~ e 211d radical.
I 6, szmzmn, adverb, perhaps from b4W " to place." tafnttg, and pers. sing. present Kal with augincut sf motion, frcimpnt2.
r 7. amaKhkhal~; rst pers. sing. prcs. Kal of yi-in, Siccuvzd, sing. noun (a pacl derivative) ; Cp. Ai-am. N"ID "bolt*" nsabbir, 1st pers. sing. pres. Kal of ?3We
I 8. Si$$z~, sing. noun ; Heb. qb. ~sa$aZcit, 1st pers. sing. aor. Shaphel of the qnadriliteral jnlcitzt ; Cp.
AF. >Lj (?)
19. usella, 1st ppers. sing. pprcs. Shaphei of 8519 ('to ascenil," with fl on account of the 0yi;lz.
.~./zitzZti, pl. masc, part. pass. Kal of ff"l19 i' to die." 'nciZi, pl, construct part. pres. Kal of acah, " to eat." $aZd&iii, pl. masc. p s t . Ral of $ah&% or boludhu, .'to iivc;" Cp. Web. 0%73.
20, i?mrhi&~, 3rd pers. pl. mast, pres. I<aI of mzhnrlzt. (whence nzahdg, " much," line 7).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-READING 1,ESSONS. 121-
' ~ I I E SACRIFICE OF CHILDREN (K j I 39).
2% I'i'n/zdite~,~~tzui~ b be siqjpliccl' by the SI'?ddejzt.
1. 7 E E ~ zyyj * ~ g y y t 7 q y $57 ? mag he 1-eii10~~~7, and
2. q7. --$117 1-g typ$i zy!l& !JFy .yyyg 1 if y* JEJ + the of@~*i?zg 70h0 raises the head anro:ts tee?z,
2. q y y ~ q ' < y 1; r +-q -y< 1 gyly 9 th'lze o f for fiis Z&$ he gave,
4. s &I ~Tllz -lyq' =EYI T a LT E;; my ETYy $ the h(zd of the of/rCpraizg for the hmd of tAe man he ,raw,
the b~o-11 of the q f i j r i ~ j ~ fur the brow of the ma?z he gore,
6 . zT -y< =yyyE= + y y q y Ejjq wy< := a! g g y y $ the breast of the of@p-ilrg for the bt+east of the ?/zurz he ,rrazlc:
NOTES,
2 . Cp. Ar. " to hcar eggs." Xotice the correct use of the case-endings in , this inscription.
The Accadian Sl lK I LA (so gan'hu-Za is to be read). literally " head-raising;" must be rcplaced by some corresponding Ass. adj. or part. of which -u is the phonetic complement. The Syllabaries re11cIer the ~vords by .s-isa-naszi.
avcl'kij abstract fem. sing-,
5. cisad (see c ~ s n d i above).
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-READING LESSONS.
FROM THE HYMN TO SIN (K. 2861).
The EzgZish h.n~tsZ~ztion to fie sz@pZied by the Stcrtl'ezf.
1. - fez ~ y f - - ~ r y y - -7 p4 v - --I .fi ( q-2~ +tt bil - luv e - bil - li ili sa iila same u irtsi - tiv
.If 7 (7- ~ ~ 7 7 EE gn e - dis - si - su tsi - i - ru
2. 71 v* **y d l +*7 J T t ++ TEE **I 8 ~ 7 7 - *+y a - ~ L I D.P. Na - an - 11ar be1 - luv 'ilu dhabu e - bil- li ili
3. 7; ?$* **! dl **7 I ~ E E [tE H] Ey* ( ~ l f H *~@jZ~~ rrTk
a - bu D.Y. Na - a11 - liar bil - luv i - lu rab - u c - bil- li ili
4. Tf y* *-7 -'I -*y &E: ++ ~ E Z **y ((( ~ y f - t-cE77 - p-2-7 a - bu D.P. Na - an - nar bil - Iuv D.P. Siuu e - biI - li ili
3. 77 v* --I 4 7 +*l EYE f%r"lj ~ 7 7 y ~ *77Q EYT E Y ~ H +E$EJI HI a - bu D.P. Na - a13 - ilar be - el U - ri - e e - b i l - li ili
6. 7; v* **! 2 7 **I fcyjy CyIfl ~7 ~ ( 3 Ey- - ++y be a - bu D.P. Na - an - ilar be - cl bit ixmuili e - bil- li ili
7 . If v- --7 *-7 JETE - f q y yv qy4 ~ 7 7 & y y* q y z a - bu D.P. Na - an - nar be - el a - gi - e su - bu - u
.7f - *z=yy - *ty p3q e - bil li ili
8. If **I d l --*l HE &H -$u 47 ~ ~ 7 7 ~ f f { (v $z: a - bu D.P. Na - a11 - nar sa Sar - ru - tav ra - bis suc - lu - luv
y lp, --'I p44 e - bil - li ili
9. 1 - --'I -'I --I EYE - ey< ((I* '~<YC -$yyJ IC(- -y a - bu D.P. Na - ail - nar sa illa ti - di - ic ru - bu - tau
EE :4 <(Ty +!I -77 i-+ t~E77 - **y F* i - nad - di - kllu e - bil - li ili
ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-RE-4DING LESSONS. 123
lo. V- 'D *T<T* =;iT V GF *TI1 -gY '91 F. *TT<T *T< bd - ru ik - du sa kar - ni gab - ba - ru ss mes - l i - ti
- I - - - -- (v It; H s q+ E s + EE E=< suc - lu - luv sic - ni uc - ni - i sac - nu
11. pEJ i$*yI 3- { -q * ~ y T'f Ey c T T ~ E c u - uz - b u - u la - l a - a ma- lu - u
NOTES,
I. ebiZLi, 3rd pers. masc, aor. (with i termination) "he rules," from 52y arlothcr for111 of sy2,
'edissi-szb " he alone," anoinaIousIy formed fro111 adverb ddis. tsT~u, " supre~e."
2. Namtar, ,'' the luminary," a name of Sin, the Moon-god.
5. Ure, gcn. of Ur, the city of Uru (now Mzg-kei~).
6. samuZZi (in Accadian SIR-GAL) = " image." Heb. $ n ~ .
7. age = " of crowns " ; (the Semitic root was borrowed from Accadian). sub@, Shaphel pass. part. of ~ 7 2 "to come" (referring to the moon's motion).
8. suchZu, Shaphalel pass. part. of 539 " to be able," ' ( to prevail."
g. tidic, construct sing. of a (Tiphel) noun with prefixed t, from d ~ c u (= Heb. 337).
ifzaddiKhzt -- (( he will drive."
10. bu'-rzt, or buhru = " brilliance " (as in Ar.) ikdzt r " mighty " (of Accadian origin). mwriti = " the feet " or "limbs." Dr. Schrader compares the Heb. Iqt2,
I' coat of mail," which in Ararn, signifies " the artery" or "nerve." sicni = " habitations." ucnF = " marble " (probably of Accadian origin),
I I . cuzbz~ = " beauty." Norris compares Heb. 2w. IaZ8 = (' fulness," fi-om Accadian la(, " to fill " (see kSjZZabar-).
The text to be t~ar~slitemten' by the student,
NOTES.
I . ??zz~Ztahti, " r ~ i l ~ ~ i ~ , " fern. abstract from the I phteal part,. of ,DMW ( ( to make a noise," with 2 before t for s.
ii&, " fierce ;" Cp. Heb. BDY (Aram. "IY) (( to tread," " oppress."
2 . sn = "of wbom." hi^, '' back " (Ar. J&). tztcz~ZLi = (' service."
r'n&hnzi, weakened from takhatsi, for takhkhatsi (tnmkhntsi) " battle," frob ync.
. - 3. D.P. asinnye, " spears ;" Cp. Heb. 7nDD " a nail."
aznik = " I pierced " (Cp. HeE. ?t " a dart," pat " to shoot forth "). - T h e printed text gives nzLhzZ, which must be wrong.
zztrnzw, body ;" ideograph of " body " or " sltin," with phonetic colnplement ~ z z t ~ . Delitzsch compares the Talmud 31'1~3 "wind in the stomach."
I a6 ASSYRIAN GRAM~LIR.-READING LESSONS.
The text to be t~a?zsCite~ated by the Si'zde~~t.
NOTES.
2. 19ttZ~tZti ~ z j b z ~ f i " the action " or " right of sovereignty ;" vzeduZti, fem. abstract from s$;, (' to act " (especially " to act ~vonderfully ").
3. cibit = " colnlnand " (with, weakened guttural from Dl?).
-7 f+~! fl = Adar.
ticZZ' ministers ;" same root as fucultzz.
4. D.P. kh'litbnb =. " ropes," Heb. hh,
~zzukhklin = (' over " (of Accadian derivation).
ztmaifi', 1st pers. aor. Pael, " I stretched." Rr. I,, " to stretch a cord."
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v Y Y 4 4
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H
P b fl *
Tfr 4 4 4
0
b 4 4 4
e
Y Y Y 4 4
f $1 0
4 0
h:
YYY 4
T T I k--+ +
b $1 4 -4
4 4 4
Y Y YYY 4
Y VYY YYY 4
% Y 4 4 4 A
0
4 -a4
r- + e
9 --4 4 -4
0
Y Y Y --u 4
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4
YYY - is a XI
Y Y Y -4 ---l
0
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FX --4
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Y Y YYY 4
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b I% 0
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+ 4 4 4
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b fi
Y d 4
Y 0
YV 4
m T m
Y Y YYY -4 44 .
Y 2 4 3
b YY 4 4 -a4
e
YYY 4
T fX 4 ++ b -
0
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-4
YTY W
4
Tf r 4 + +
5- 4
e
YYY 4
T%X W 4
sa $1 2 + 4 4
9
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b VY d
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Y Y YYY --=? -4
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ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR.-RESDING LESSONS.
765. These are the Minni of the Old Testament.
~za?nuvrat, fem. sing. construct from ?tama?fzd " to see."
166. Wp. " he fled ; " Cp. Heb. Y ~ Y , p in Assyrian replacing 6.
~vaSSiv; see line 163.
suzwb, Shaphel pass. verbal noun from 3 Z t " to savc."
+zapisti " life; " the plul-a1 sign is not to be read in Assyrian.
eZi " he went up" from PI$,
167. avtedi, Iphteal from 379 (Heb. 777) " to descend."
s~sz ,~ " spoil " (Cp. Heb. ?bW), mani = " countable number." (Keb. 2 3 ~ ) .
r 68. a66aZ " I strew down " (Heb. 553).
gg-zw for aggw " I dug up )' (Heb. 7129).
as"@ '' I burned " (Heb. 9%)).
r 69. Zimdu from 775 " to cleave to."
acsud " I took," with hone tic complement zd.
