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Introduction to Computer Engineering
WEEK-3
Analog and Digital Fundamentals
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Turan ÖZCERİT
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What are analog and digital signals/systems
Comparison between analog and digital systems
Analog-Digital Conversion
Analog and Digital Fundamentals
You will learn:
What are analog and digital signals
He/She can define the term of analog and digital terms
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We measure physical magnitudes (amounts) in two fashions:
Analog
Digital
When magnitudes are transformed into electrical domain (current or potential), they are called SIGNALS.
We use Analog and Digital signals to process and to transfer energy, information and other magnitudes that can be represented in signals for our daily life and applications
We can convert physical magnitudes like temperature, pressure, humidity into electrical signals using sensors. These signals can either be analog or digital.
We use monitoring devices such as panels or LCDs to make analog and digital signals visually readable so that they become meaningful to us.
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What are analog and digital signals
He/She can define the term of analog and digital terms
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Analog Magnitude-Signal-Monitor-System
He/She can define the term of analog and digital terms
A signal that have continuous form and can take infinite number of values
between specified limits is called analog.
All natural incidents are analog such as temperature, wind, humid, speed
and so on.
Analog signals are especially used in measurements and calibration
purposes
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Analog Magnitude-Signal-Monitor-System
He/She can define the term of analog and digital terms
Analog Processingamplificatory
filterradio
Input Output
Analog Signal Analog System Analog Panel
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Digital Magnitude-Signal-Monitor-System
He/She can define the term of analog and digital terms
A signal that have discreet (interrupted, intermittent) form and can take
limited number of values between specified boundary is called digital.
Digital signals can be found mainly in electronic devices or in the objects
involving electronic units. However, digital signals can also be created in
magnetic, mechanical or pneumatic systems.
Digital signals do not have to be binary form, i.e true-false or on-off. They
can be a bank account (because it can be limited by pence, no half pence
available), the number of students in a class, or the number of letters in a
alphabet.
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Digital Magnitude-Signal-Monitor-System
He/She can define the term of analog and digital terms
Digital Processingcomputing
digital filter
Input Output
Digital Signals Digital System Digital Panel
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Digital Magnitude-Signal-Monitor-System
He/She can define the term of analog and digital terms
Digitals signals can be represented positive or negative logic.
The table below is organized in respect to positive logic. In negative logic all
data must be exchanged
1/TRUE/HIGH 0/FALSE/LOW
5v or -5v 0v
Switch ON Switch OFF
YES NO
There is a signal No Signal
Transistor is ON Transitor is OFF
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Digital Magnitude-Signal-Monitor-System
He/She can define the term of analog and digital terms
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Digital Magnitude-Signal-Monitor-System
He/She can define the term of analog and digital terms
Digital systems can be divided into three structures :
Combinational Logic Systems :
No memory, Decoder, Logic Gates
Sequential Logic Systems :
Counter, Shifter, Memory
Storage Systems:
Memory only
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Digital Magnitude-Signal-Monitor-System
He/She can define the term of analog and digital terms
We can also divide digital systems into two groups :
Synchronous Logic Systems (No clock)
Asynchronous Logic Systems (with clock)
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Analog vs. Digital Techniques
He/She can define the term of analog and digital terms
We can also divide electronic systems into three categories :
Analog Systems
Digital Systems
Hybrid Systems
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Analog vs. Digital Techniques
He/She can define the term of analog and digital terms
The design of digital systems is simpler and more straightforward
Data storing is easy and the levels of TRUE and FALSE voltage is not critical
The level of circuit cascading is much deeper in digital systems
Digital systems can be programmed without difficulty
Digital systems are robust to noise
Digital units and components can be manufactured in Nano-scale, so
smaller board space needed.
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Analog vs. Digital Techniques
He/She can define the term of analog and digital terms
Digital systems use minimal number of values (for example, 1 or 0 in most
cases) so the computation and calculation circuits are simpler
Debugging procedures are simpler in digital systems
Since digital systems can be manufactured in Nano-scale, the energy
consumption can be kept at minimum.
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Analog and Digital Conversions
He/She can define the term of analog and digital terms
Both analog and digital signals can be converted into each other mutually
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QUESTIONS and FURTHER READING
He/She can define the term of analog and digital terms
Why we have still analog systems?
What is actuator and what is the relationship between sensor and
actuator?
How to store analog data, give examples?
How to code and decode analog data?
How to recover analog data?
Which physical magnitudes cannot be presented as analog or digital
signals?
