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Week 3 Seminar Measurement Systems and Their Equivalents and Antimicrobials/ Antifungals/Antivirals. Assignment Hints. Show your work, so I can give partial credit Turn it in early in case you need to make corrections Don’t forget about the Math Center if you need help. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Week 3 SeminarWeek 3 SeminarMeasurement Systems and Their Measurement Systems and Their
EquivalentsEquivalentsandand
Antimicrobials/Antimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals Antifungals/Antivirals
Week 3 SeminarWeek 3 SeminarMeasurement Systems and Their Measurement Systems and Their
EquivalentsEquivalentsandand
Antimicrobials/Antimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals Antifungals/Antivirals
1
Assignment Hints• Show your work, so I can give
partial credit• Turn it in early in case you need to
make corrections• Don’t forget about the Math
Center if you need help
2
Three Basic Units of Measurement
• Weight – gram (g, gm)
• Volume – liter (L)
• Length – meter (m)
3
Sliding Mnemonic Conversions
Kilo hecto deka METER(m) deci centi milli * * micro(µ)
LITER(L) GRAM(g)
10-3 10-2 10-1 <<base>> 101 102 103 * * 106
EX: .0045kg<= 4.5g => 4,500mg = 4,500,000mcg (µ)
EX: .075km <= 75m =>7500cm =75,000mm
Metric Rules• Zero ALWAYS placed before
decimal ex: 0.78 (not .78)
• **If not included on assignments it will be counted as incorrect
• Zero NEVER added to the end ex: 1.01 (not 1.0100)
• No fractions ex: 0.1 (not 1/10)
One Meter is… = 1,000,000 micrometers
• 1 meter= 1000 millimeters= 100 centimeters= 10 decimeters= 0.1 dekameters= 0.01 hectometers= 0.001 Kilometers
6
Length Alternate Way• 75mm =____ cm• Remember 1cm = 10mm from page
133• 75mm x 1cm or 75mm x 1cm
10mm 10mm• mm cross each other out leaving cm• 75/10= 7.5cm
7
Length Mneumonic Method
• 75mm=___cm• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ• Start @ milli, must move decimal
to the left one time to reach centi so move 75 mm to 7.5 cm
Length Alternate Way• 2.5m = mm• 1m = 1000mm (from page 133)• 2.5m x 1000mm or 2.5m x 1000mm
1m 1m• The m cross each other out leaving mm• 2.5 x 1000=2500mm
9
Length Mneumonic method
• 2.5m=____mm• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ• Start @ meter (base) and move 3
decimal points to the right so 2.5m becomes 2500mm
Length Alternate Way• 3.6 m = mm• Again 1m = 1000mm• 3.6m x 1000mm/1m or• 3.6m x 1000mm
1m• The m cross each other out leaving• 3.6 x 1000mm= 3600mm
11
Length Mneumonic Method
• 3.6m=____mm• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ• Start @ meter (base) move 3
decimal spaces to the right so 3.6m becomes 3600mm’s
Liter is the metric unit of volume
=1,000,000microliters• 1 Liter (L.) = 1,000 milliliters
= 100 centiliters=10 deciliters=0.1 dekaliter=0.01 hectoliter=0.001 kiloliter
13
Volume Measurement
1 mL = 1cc1 teaspoonful=5mL or 5cc’s1 tablespoon=3 tsp = 15mL or 15cc’s1 L = 32 ounces (approx)1L = 1000 mL=1000cc1L = 1qt (approx)
14
Volume Conversion Factors
______ cc = 4 L (larger unit)1000 x 4 = 40004000cc = 4 LRule: 1000 cc = 1 L
_____ L = 200 mL (smaller unit)200 ÷ 1000 = 0.20.2 L = 200 mLRule: 1000 mL= 1 L
_____ cc = 560 mL (same)560 cc = 560 mLRule: 1 mL = 1 cc
15
Remember 1cc=1mlAlternate way
______ cc = 4 L• 1L = 1000mL (page
135)• 4L x 1000cc/1L• 4L x 1000cc 1L• L cross out leaving cc• 4 x 1000cc = 4000cc
_____ L = 200 mL• Again 1L = 1000mL • 200mL x 1L/1000mL• 200mL x 1L 1000mL• mL cross out leaving L• 200/1000= 0.2L
16
Volume Mneumonic Method
• 4L=____cc• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ• 1cc=1mL• Start @ liter (base),
move 3 decimal points to the right to reach ml’s
• 4L=4000ml=4000cc
• 200ml=____L• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
• Start @ milli, move 3 decimal spaces to the left to reach L’s
• 200ml=0.2L
Volume Conversion Factors
______ cc = 8.01 L (larger unit)
8.01 x 1000 = 8010 8010 mL = 8.01 L
_____ L = 300 mL (smaller unit)
300 ÷ 1000 = 0.3 300 mL = 0.3 L
18
Volume Mneumonic Method
• 8.01L =___cc• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ• Cc=mL• Start @ liter (base) move
three spaces to the right for ml (=cc’s)
• 8.01L becomes 8010mL or 8010cc
• 300mL=____L• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
• Start @ milli, and to get to Liter (base) move three spaces to the left
• 300mL=0.3L
Metric Measure of Weight Gram
=1,000,000micrograms
• 1 gram= 1000 mg= 100 centigrams
= 10 decigrams= 0.1 dekagram= 0.01 hectogram= 0.001 kilogram
20
Most Commonly Used• Milligram• Gram• Kilogram• 1000mg (mg)=1 gram (g)• 1000gms (g) = 1 kilogram (kg. or
kilo)
21
Weight Measurement
1 kg = 2.2 pounds1 kg = 1000 g1 mg = 0.001g1 mg = 1000 mcg or µg
22
Weight Alternate Way_____ mg = 8 g
Remember 1g = 1000mg Page 136
8g x 1000mg/1g or8g x 1000mg
1gg cross each other out8 x 1000= 8000mg
_____ mg = 635 mcg• 1mg =1000mcg Page
136• 635mcg x
1mg/1000mcg or635mcg x 1mg 1000mcg• mcg cross each other
out• 635/1000= 0.635mcg
23
Weight Mneumonic Method
• 8g=____mg• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ• Start @ gram (base) and
move 3 units to the right to get milligrams
• 8g to the right becomes 8000mg
• 635mcg(µ)=____mg
• K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ• Start @ mcg(µ) and
move 3 units to the left to reach milligrams
• 635mcg to the left becomes 0.635mg
Review• Remember 1kg=2.2lbs• How much will a 160lb person
weigh in kilograms?
25
Answer• 160lbs x 1kg = 72.2kg 2.2lbsThe pounds cancel each other
leaving kg.
26
Review• One teaspoon is how many mls?
27
Answer• 5mls
28
Review• One gram = x milligrams• One liter = x milliliters • One Meter = x millimeters
29
Answer• One gram = 1000milligrams• One Liter = 1000 milliliters• One meter= 1000 millimeters
30
Questions
31
ANTIBIOTICSANTIBIOTICS
32
Drug ClassesDrug ClassesDrug ClassesDrug Classes
Chapter 18
33
• Antibiotic is anti + Greek bios, life so against life. • Produced from natural substances including molds
and bacteria.• Inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms. • There are families of antibiotics all similar to the
original chemical, with various prosperities that make them useful for treating different types of infections.
When choosing an Antibiotic
34
• Want maximum effect with minimal harm to patient.
• Match bug to drug, if possible• What is the organism, what drugs is it
sensitive to, and the host factors at the site. Also health status of the patient including immune status.
Antibiotic Resistance
35
• The main reason for the development of drug-resistant microbes is the inappropriate use of antibiotics.
• The more an antibiotic is used the faster drug resistance develops.
• Improper prescribing by health care workers and patients not finishing the course of therapy contribute.
• No excuse for casual or indiscriminate use of antibiotics.
Penicillin
36
– First of true antibiotics –introduced in 1940’s– Remain the most effective and least toxic of
available antimicrobials. – Changes in the chemical structure of the
penicillins over the years have increased their usefulness and effectiveness in controlling disease.
– Most generic names for penicillins end in –cillin while many trade names have pen in their names• Example : penicillin V-generic, Pen-VEE-K-
trade
How Penicillins are Classified
37
• Narrow-spectrum– First generation
• Narrow-spectrum antistaphylococcal – Used on drug resistant staphylococci strains
• Broad-Spectrum– Second generation– Effective against a broader spectrum
• Extended-spectrum – Third generation– Wider antimicrobial action than second
Side Effects of Penicillins
38
• Nausea and Vomiting; as with all antibiotics • Allergic reactions-rashes and hives• Tend to precipitate more severe allergic reactions
than other medications• Patients should report diarrhea, sore mouth and
tongue, hives and or itching may be due to allergy.
• A patient allergic to one should be considered allergic to all
• Always ask about allergies esp. penicillin.
Tetracyclines (suffix “cycline”)
39
• First group of broad-spectrum antibiotics• Long Acting :Doxycycline, minocycline• Short Acting : Tetracycline• Do not give with dairy products or antacids. Can
decrease effectiveness• Harmful if used after the expiration date.• Side effects
– Sun sensitivity– Stains developing teeth, don’t use in children less than 8
yrs.– Broad spectrum can cause super-infection
Macrolide Antibiotics•“ACE”=Azithromycin(Z-pak), Clarithromycin (Biaxin), Erythromycin•Useful in treating atypical infections (ex: chlamydia, legionnaire’s, atypical pneumonia, Lymes disease)•Can be used when patient is penicillin allergic• Similar spectrum of activity as penicillins, with added atypical coverage •SE’s: GI symptoms, headaches
Other Abx• Floroquinolones (Cipro, Levaquin)• Vancomycin: Toxic drug reserved
for treating serious infections (MRSA, C. dif) in patients allergic to penicillin