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ASSESSMENT OF THE TRAUMA PATIENT. April Morgenroth RN, MN. Initial Assessment. Early recognition of injury + early intervention = better patient outcomes . http://www.healthsavers.info/images/ist2_449711_healthy_heart.jpg. Primary Assessment . Airway. Breathing. Circulation. Disability. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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ASSESSMENT OF THE TRAUMA PATIENT
April Morgenroth RN, MN
Initial AssessmentEarly recognition of injury + early intervention
= better patient outcomes
http://www.healthsavers.info/images/ist2_449711_healthy_heart.jpg
Primary Assessment
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Remember …
• Airway
Is the patient stable?
• Breathing
Is the patient stable? • Circulation
Is the patient stable?
• Disability
Is the patient stable?
• Full set Vital Signs/Five interventions
Is the patient stable? • History/
Head to toe
Is the patient stable?
Airway• Inspect the patient’s airway
while maintaining cervical spine stabilization.
• Observe for speaking, tongue obstructing airway , bleeding , vomiting, and swelling.
Interventions for Ineffective Airway
• Maintain Cervical Spine Stabilization and/or immobilization
• Proper positioning for airway patency– Jaw thrust– Chin lift– Removal of or foreign objects or
debris– Suctioning
BreathingAssess for rise and fall of chest, respiratory rate
and pattern.
Signs of Ineffective Breathing
Restlesness, agitation,
altered mental status
Cyanosis, especially
around mouthAsymetrical
chest expansion
Use of Accessory
and/or abdominal muscles
Sucking chest wounds
Jugular veindistention
Tracheal shift deviation
Absent or diminished
breath sounds
Interventions for Ineffective Breathing
• Administer Oxygen via a mask or nasal cannula.
• Ventilate the patient via a non-rebreather mask.
• Insert Artificial Airway
http://uemshealthcare.org/images/basicairwaystill.jpg
Circulation • Palpate Pulses: Are they normal,
weak or strong?• Inspect skin: Is the color normal? Is
it warm or cold? Clammy or dry?• Look for obvious bleeding.• Obtain blood pressure.
Signs of Ineffective Circulation
Excessive sweating
Pale, cool, skin
Low blood
pressure
Uncontrolled External Bleeding
Altered Mental Status
Tachycardi
a
Interventions for Ineffective Circulation
• Control any uncontrolled bleeding by:– Apply direct pressure to
the wound and/or apply a pressure dressing
– Use a tourniquet only when other methods to control bleeding have failed
• Initiate IV access Fluid resuscitation with
Normal Saline or Lactated Ringer’s
• Consider planning for a blood transfusion, if ordered and available
Disability – Neurologic Status
The patient’s level of consciousness can show immediate signs of brain injury.
A – Alert and responsiveV – Responds to verbal stimuliP – Responds to only painful stimuliU - Unresponsive
Assess pupils for size, shape, equality, and reactivity to light
Pupils
Secondary Assessment
Obtain Vital Signs
Head to Toe Assessment
Medical History
Full Set Vital Signs
• Obtain vital signs: respirations, pulse, blood pressure, temperature, pulse oximetry, pain.
• Obtain Laboratory studies if necessary.
History• Mechanism of Injury and time it happened• Description of Injuries and pain• Past medical history, previous hospitalizations• Age• Medications / Allergies• Immunization history• Use of drugs or alcohol, smoking history• Last menstrual period
http://www.handcrafted-pens.com/img/PK-PEN.jpg
7. Head-to-Toe Assessment
Chest
Abdomen and flanks
Pelvis
Extremities
Back
Head and face
• General Appearance:– Take note of the patient’s level of distress (mild,
moderate, severe),– body position,– posture,– rigidity or flaccidity of muscles,– unusual odors (alcohol, gasoline, chemicals, body
fluids).
Head and Face
• Loose teeth or foreign objects which may compromise the airway
• Soft tissue injuries• Deformities• Eyes• Ears• Nose • Neck
http://www1.istockphoto.com/
Head and Face
• Assess for:– Gross visual acuity
– Bruising, bleeding, or swelling around the eyes
– Pupils: equal sizes, shape, reactivity
Eyes
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Eye_iris.jpg
Head and Face• Inspect for:
– Bruising behind the ear (Battle’s sign)
– Soft tissue injury– Unusual drainage from ears
or nose, such as blood or clear fluid. DO NOT pack it to stop drainage as it may be cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
– Avoid inserting a nasogastric tube if such drainage is present.
Ears/Nose
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(Battle’s Sign)
Neck
• Inspect for:– Signs of trauma
• Observe position of trachea and appearance of external jugular veins.
n
Chest• Inspection
– Observe breathing for rate, depth, effort, use of accessory muscles, asymmetrical chest rise
• Auscultation– Note any abnormal lung sounds
• Palpation– Palpate clavicles, sternum, and
the ribs for bony crepitus or deformities
Abdomen/Flanks
• Inspection– Soft tissue injuries
• Auscultation– Bowel sounds
• Palpation– Rigidity, guarding,
masses, areas of tenderness.
Pelvis/Perineum
• Inspect for external soft tissue injuries, deformities, exposed bone, blood at the perineum
• Palpate for stability of pelvic bones
Extremities• Circulation
– Inspect color– Palpate skin temperature– Palpate pulses
• Soft tissue injuries• Bony injuries• Motor function:
– Check motor function on both sides – does the patient move both sides of the body equally?• Hand grasp and foot
strength
Inspect The Back• Maintain cervical spine
stabilization • Support extremities with
suspected injuries• Logroll patient with at
least 3 other team members
• Palpate all posterior surfaces for deformity and areas of tenderness
http
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Glasgow Coma Scale
• A measure of the patient’s level of consciousness
• Score ranges from 3-15
• Severe head injury – <8
• Moderate head injury– 9-12
• Minor head injury– 13-15
Area of Response
Points
Best Eye Opening•Spontaneously•In response to voice•In response to pain•No eye opening
4321
Best Verbal Response•Oriented•Confused•Inappropriate•Incomprehensible•none
54321
Best Motor ResponseObeys commandsLocalizes painWithdraws from pain Flexion/decorticate posturingExtension/decerebrate posturingNo movement
654321