Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of Hemp for Poultry Diets

J.D. House, E. Goldberg, N. Gakhar, M. Aliani

Department of Human Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Manitoba

11/17/2010 2011 CHTA National Hemp Convention

Outline• Current Status of Hemp Use in Livestock Rations

– Canada– European Union

• Preliminary Studies with Laying Hens• Canadian Agriculture Adaptation Program Grant

– Partnership between CHTA and University of Manitoba

– Develop data in support of safety and efficacy of hemp for poultry rations

2011 CHTA National Hemp Convention

Hemp Products:Food and Feed Ingredients

Hemp Seed Hemp Nuts Hemp Oil

DM% Fat% Protein% NDF% Ash% GE (MJ/kg)

Hemp Seeds 94.1 30.4 24.0 32.1 4.8 24.2

Hemp Nuts 95.1 46.7 35.9 7.8 6.4 25.3Hemp Protein Flour 95.1 10.2 40.7 30.5 6.7 20.4Hemp By-Product 94.9 10.3 12.7 64.9 3.9 20.2

House et al., 2010. J. Agric. Food Chem.58: 11801-11807

Fatty Acid Profile of Hemp Oil

Fatty Acid % of Total Std. Dev.Palmitic C16:0 5.90 0.52Palmitoleic C16:1 0.12 0.03Stearic C18:0 2.61 0.22Oleic C18:1 12.21 1.91Linoleic C18:2 55.86 0.55Gamma-Linolenic C18:3 n-6 3.17 0.60Alpha - Linolenic C18:3 n-3 17.27 1.77Arachidic C20:0 0.74 0.08Stearidonic C18:4 1.18 0.29Gadoleic C20:1 0.38 0.03Behenic C22:0 0.31 0.04Lignoceric C24:0 0.14 0.03Nervonic C24:1 0.11 0.04

Varietal differences in Fatty Acid Content of Hemp. Przybylski, R. Unpublished

Alpha-Linolenic Acid Content of Plant Oils

Flax Hemp Canola Corn Sunflower0

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60A

lpha

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Whole Hemp Seed

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Amin

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Amino Acid Composition ofHemp Seed (mg/g Protein)

House et al., 2010. J. Agric. Food Chem.58: 11801-11807

Hemp as a Feed IngredientSummary

• Whole hemp seed offers high protein and energy content, making it attractive from a feed formulation standpoint

• High levels of ALA offer potential for hemp seed and oil to be used for the production of omega-3 eggs and meat

• Challenge:– Hemp is not an approved feed ingredient in

Canada

2011 CHTA National Hemp Convention

Excerpt from the Regulatory Guidance (RG-1) – Canadian Food Inspection Agency

“In Canada, livestock feeds are regulated, as per the federal Feeds Act and Regulations, by the CFIA. All single ingredient feeds manufactured, sold or imported into Canada must be approved and listed in either Schedule IV or Schedule V of the Feeds Regulations. At the present time, hemp products are not approved as livestock feed ingredients in Canada. Each hemp product intended to be used as a livestock single ingredient feed (e.g., hemp meal, hemp oil, seeds) will require separate approval.”

http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/feebet/regdir/regdire.shtml

Process for Registration of Hemp Seed Products

• Regulatory Guidance ProcessAdministrative information– Labeling– Ingredient Description– Ingredient Composition– Manufacturing Process– Safety Data Requirements– Efficacy Data Requirements

• Minimum of 3 studies required

http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/feebet/regdir/sect3_10e.shtml

Author Year Species Treatment (s) Conclusion Gibb et. al. 2005 Steers 0, 9 or 14% hemp

seed Feeding hemp seed did not affect dry matter intake, average daily gain or carcass traits

Hessle et. al. 2008 Steers Hempseed cake Hempseed cake as a protein feed results in similar production and also improved rumen function compared with soybean meal

Mustafa et. al.

1999 Cows Hemp meal, canola meal, heated canola meal and borage meal

Total available crude protein of hemp meal was reported to be similar to other treatments

1999 Lambs Hemp meal replaced canola meal by 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%

Hemp meal did not affect voluntary intake or total-tract nutrient digestibility coefficients. Hemp meal may be used to replace canola meal with no detrimental effects on nutrient utilization by sheep

Turner et. al. 2008 Steers Hemp meal Steers fed hemp seed cake had lower saturated fatty acid and higher PUFA levels in meat

Hemp in Livestock Rations

2011 CHTA National Hemp Convention

Author Year Species Treatment Conclusion Webster et. al. 2000 Fish Hemp meal in comparison to

fish meal, soyabean meal, bone meat meal

Percentage weight gain, percentage survival, percentage fillet weight and proximate compositions of fillets were not significantly different among treatments.

Karimi and Hayatghaibi

2006

Rats Hempseed Short term hempseed feeding improves blood lipid and protein profile

Al-Khalifa et. al.

2007 Rats 5 or 10% hempseed Dietary hempseed can provide significant cardioprotective effects during postischemic reperfusion. This appears to be due to its highly enriched PUFA content

Richard et. al. 2007 Rats 5% or 10% ground hempseed ALA and LA levels increased significantly in a concentration-dependent manner in the rats fed with the hempseed. Platelet aggregation and the rate of aggregation were significantly inhibited by both 5% and 10% hempseed supplementation

Kaul et. al. 2008 Humans Two 1gm capsules of placebo, fish oil, flaxseed oil or hempseed oil per day

No significant difference in lipid parameters (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and TG) among the four groups

Hemp in Livestock Rations

2011 CHTA National Hemp Convention

Nutrition trials with Layers

0 50 100 2000.780.8

0.820.840.860.880.9

0.92

Egg production (eggs/hen/d)

0 50 100 2001.651.7

1.751.8

1.851.9

1.952

Feed efficiency (g feed/g egg)

0 50 100 200100

100.5101

101.5102

102.5103

103.5104

Feed consumption (g/bird/d)

Silversides and Lefrancois, 2005, British Poultry Science , 46(2) ; 231-235

Diet (g Hemp Seed Meal/kg diet) Diet (g Hemp Seed Meal/kg diet)

Diet (g Hemp Seed Meal/kg diet)

Situation in Europe

2011 CHTA National Hemp Convention

Towards Registration in Canada

• Safety and Efficacy Studies• Funding from the following is committed to

addressing the need for data:– Canadian Hemp Trade Alliance– Poultry Industry Council– Manitoba Innovation, Energy and Mines STIC Fund– Canadian Agriculture Adapation Program (AAFC)

2011 CHTA National Hemp Convention

Studies to Date

2011 CHTA National Hemp Convention

Study Design

• 48 Bovan hens– 19 weeks of age

• Housed in individual metabolism cages for 12 weeks

• Wheat/Barley/Soy-based diets– Formulated to meet hen

requirements

48 Bovan hens (19 weeks)

Hempseed oil(4, 8, 12%)

Hempseed(10, 20%)

Control

Study Design

• Measurements– Production– Egg quality– Fatty acid analysis– Indices of bird health and welfare– Sensory analysis of cooked eggs

Results – Hemp Seed (HS)

2011 CHTA National Hemp Convention

Results – Hemp Oil (HO)

2011 CHTA National Hemp Convention

ResultsOmega-3 Fatty Acids

2011 CHTA National Hemp Convention

Sensory Evaluation

• Sensory analysis conducted with trained panel– Cooked egg product– Attributes included aroma

and flavour• No significant differences

on sensory parameters due to hemp inclusion

2011 CHTA National Hemp Convention

Next Steps

• Complete studies with laying hens• Initiate and complete studies with broiler

chickens• Project completion: March 31, 2014.

2011 CHTA National Hemp Convention