Assessment of the Risk of Amazon Dieback

8/7/2019 Assessment of the Risk of Amazon Dieback

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Bss`sso`nt ge tj` \asige Bobzgn Fa`lbki





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Kgpyrahjt © <322Vj` Ant`rnbtagnbd Lbni egr \`kgnstruktagn bnf F`v`dgpo`nt/Vj` Xgrdf Lbni2:2: J [tr``t, NXXbsjanhtgn, FK <36;;V d`pjgn`= <3<-68;-2333

Ant`rn`t= www.wgrdflbni.grh

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Xgrdf Lbni [tufa`s br` puldasj`f tg kgoounakbt` tj` r`sudts ge tj` Lbni‑s wgri tg tj` f`v`dgpo`ntkgoounaty watj tj` d`bst pgssald` f`dby. Vj` obnuskrapt ge tjas pbp`r tj`règr` jbs ngt l``n pr`pbr`fan bkkgrfbnk` watj tj` prgk`fur`s bpprgprabt` tg egrobddy-`fat`f t`xts. [go` sgurk`s kat`f an tjas pbp`roby l` anegrobd fgkuo`nts tjbt br` ngt r`bfady bvbadbld`. Vjas vgduo` as b prgfukt ge tj` stb ffi ge tjÀnt`rnbtagnbd Lbni egr \`kgnstruktagn bnf F`v`dgpo`nt / Vj` Xgrdf Lbni. Vj` nfanhs, ant`rpr`tbtagns,bnf kgnkdusagns `xpr`ss`f an tjas vgduo` fg ngt n`k`ssbrady r` `kt tj` va`ws ge tj` @x`kutav` Far`ktgrsge Vj` Xgrdf Lbni gr tj` hgv`rno`nts tj`y r`pr`s`nt.

Vj` Xgrdf Lbni fg`s ngt hubrbnt`` tj` bkkurbky ge tj` fbtb ankduf`f an tjas wgri. Vj` lgunfbra`s,kgdgrs, f`ngoanbtagns, bnf gtj`r anegrobtagn sjgwn gn bny obp an tjas wgri fg ngt aopdy bny mufh-

o`nt gn tj` pbrt ge Vj` Xgrdf Lbni kgnk`rnanh tj` d`hbd stbtus ge bny t`rratgry gr tj` `nfgrsò`nt grbkk`ptbnk` ge sukj lgunfbra`s.

\ahjts bnf S`roassagnsVj` obt`rabd an tjas puldakbtagn as kgpyrahjt`f. Kgpyanh bnf/gr trbnsoa anh pgrtagns gr bdd ge tjas

wgri watjgut p`roassagn oby l` b vagdbtagn ge bppdakbld` dbw. Vj` Ant`rnbtagnbd Lbni egr \`kgnstruk-tagn bnf F`v`dgpo`nt / Vj` Xgrdf Lbni `nkgurbh`s fassòanbtagn ge ats wgri bnf wadd ngrobddy hrbntp`roassagn tg r`prgfuk` pgrtagns ge tj` wgri prgoptdy.

Egr p`roassagn tg pjgtgkgpy gr r`prant bny pbrt ge tjas wgri, pd`bs` s`nf b r`qu`st watj kgopd`tànegrobtagn tg tj` Kgpyrahjt Kd`brbnk` K`nt`r Ank., <<< \gs`wggf Frav`, Fbnv`rs, OB 321<;, P[B9t`d`pjgn`= 18:-803-:6339 ebx= 18:-803-66839 Ant`rn`t= www.kgpyrahjt.kgo.

Bdd gtj`r qu`ra`s gn rahjts bnf dak`ns`s, ankdufanh sulsafabry rahjts, sjgudf l` bffr`ss`f tg tj` Ge- k` ge tj` Suldasj`r, Vj` Xgrdf Lbni, 2:2: J [tr``t NX, Xbsjanhtgn, FK <36;;, P[B9 ebx= <3<-0<<-<6<<9

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Kgv`r pjgtg ly Kjbrd`s ]brtobn.

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U`rhbrb, Xbdt`r, 2103- Bss`sso`nt ge tj` rasi ge Bobzgn fa`lbki / Xbdt`r U`rhbrb, [`lbstabn O. [kjgdz. p. ko. -- (Xgrdf Lbni stufy) Ankduf`s laldaghrbpjakbd rè`r`nk`s bnf anf`x`s. A[LN 18:-3-:<2;-:5<2-8 -- A[LN 18:-3-:<2;-:5<<-6 (`d`ktrgnak)2. Egr`st oakrgkdaobtgdghy--Bobzgn \av`r \`hagn--Kgoput`r saoudbtagn. <. Kdaobtak kjbnh`s--Bobzgn \av`r \`hagn--Egr`kbstanh--Kgoput`r saoudbtagn. ;. Egr`st lagobss--Kbrlgn kgnt`nt--Bobzgn \av`r \`hagn--Kgoput`r saoudbtagn. 6. \ban egr`st pdbnts--Kdaobtak ebktgrs--Bobzgn \av`r\`hagn--Kgoput`r saoudbtagn. 0. Fègr`stbtagn--Bobzgn \av`r \`hagn--Kgoput`r saoudbtagn.A. [kjgdz, [`lbstabn O. AA. Vatd`. AAA. [`ra`s= Xgrdf Lbni stufy.[F;13.5.B6:U68 <323 ;;;.80‑2631:22--fk<< <3233;1;22



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Kgnt`nts

Srèbk` .........................................................................................................................................axBkingwd`fho`nts .................................................................................................................... xa

Bkrgnyos bnf Bllr`vabtagns .............................................................................................. xaaa

2. Antrgfuktagn ............................................................................................................................2

Glm`ktav` ...............................................................................................................................2[kgp` ......................................................................................................................................2H`ghrbpjakbd Fgoban ......................................................................................................... ;Fbtb [gurk`s ......................................................................................................................... ;

<. Ogf`danh Eutur` Kdaobt` an tj` Bobzgn Psanh tj` @brtj [aoudbtgr ......................... 8Vj` Btogspj`rak H`n`rbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`d [aoudbt`f ly tj` @brtj [aoudbtgr .... 8Kgopbrasgn ge Gls`rv`f bnf [aoudbt`f Fbtb egr Sr`s`nt Vao` gv`r tj`

Bobzgn Lbsan ...............................................................................................................:Srgm`ktagn ge Eutur` Kdaobt` gv`r tj` Bobzgn Lbsan .................................................... 1

;. Bss`sso`nt ge Eutur` \banebdd gv`r tj` Bobzgn Lbsan ............................................... 25

O`tjgf egr @staobtanh Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns ................................................ 2:H`n`rbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`d [aoudbtagn ge Kurr`nt bnf Eutur` [`b [urebk`

Vòp`rbtur` Anf`x`s ................................................................................................. <2Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr Eutur` [`b [urebk` Vòp`rbtur` Anf`x`s ........... <<

6. Bnbdysas ge Bobzgn Egr`st \`spgns` tg Kdaobt` Kjbnh` ........................................... <0

Antrgfuktagn ........................................................................................................................<0Vj` Dunf-Sgtsfbo-M`nb Obnbh`f Dbnf Fynboak Hdglbd U`h`tbtagn bnf

Xbt`r Lbdbnk` Ogf`d ................................................................................................. <5[aoudbtagn ge U`h`tbtagn [tbt` an tj` Bobzgn Lbsan ................................................... <8\`spgns` ge Lagobss tg Srgm`kt`f Kjbnh`s an \banebdd an tj` Fa ffi r`nt

H`ghrbpjakbd Fgobans .............................................................................................. <:

Srglbladaty Eunktagn egr Bobzgn Egr`st Lagobss Kjbnh` ......................................... ;6[aoudbtagn ge [`nsatavaty tg KG < bnf \ggtanh F`ptj ................................................... 63Kjbnh`s an Vrbnsparbtagn .................................................................................................6;O`kjbnasos ge Sgt`ntabd Bobzgn Fa`lbki ................................................................... 66Kjbnh`s an Dahjtnanh-Kbus`f Xadf r`s ........................................................................65

0. Ant`rpdby ge Kdaobt` Aopbkts bnf Fègr`stbtagn an tj` Bobzgn ............................... 61

\`hagnbd Dbnf Ps` bs b Frav`r an tj` [tbladaty ge tj` Bobzgn \banegr`st ............... 61[k`nbrags .............................................................................................................................03

Ogf`ds Ps`f ....................................................................................................................... 03[aoudbtagns .........................................................................................................................0<Lago` \`spgns` tg Fa ffi r`nt Egrkanhs ........................................................................... 0;



av Kgnt`nts

5. Kgnkdusagns ...........................................................................................................................52

N`xt [t`ps ........................................................................................................................... 5;

Bpp`nfax`s ................................................................................................................................50

Bpp`nfax B. ASKK‖@oassagns [k`nbrags ..................................................................... 55Bpp`nfax L. F`v`dgpo`nt ge Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns (SFEs) egr

Eutur` Bobzgnabn \banebdd ...................................................................................... 51Bpp`nfax K. Ldu`-\allgn Sbn`d Oòl`rs‖[jgrt Laghrbpja`s ................................ :0Bpp`nfax F. [ka`nta k V`bo ge tj` Bobzgn Fa`lbki \asi Bss`sso`nt Vbsi ......... :8

\è`r`nk`s ..................................................................................................................................:1

Vbld`s

Vbld` 2.2. Srgm`kt`f Hdglbd Bv`rbh` [urebk` Xbroanh bnf [`b D`v`d \as` bt tj`@nf ge tj` <2 st K`ntury Bkkgrfanh tg Fa ffi r`nt [\@[ [k`nbrags ................................. 0Vbld` 2.<. [uoobry ge Anputs, Srgk`ss`s, bnf Gutputs egr @bkj Vbsi ................................ 5Vbld` ;.2. HKOs an tj` KOAS; Brkjav` ................................................................................ 25Vbld` ;.<. Srglbladaty ge Bnnubd \banebdd Lành D`ss tjbn ;oo p`r Fby egr @bkj

ge tj` Eav` [tufy \`hagns ge Bobzgnab ........................................................................ <3Vbld` 6.2. Bss`sso`nt ge tj` \asi ge Bobzgn Fa`lbki, F` n`f bs <0% Dgss ge

U`h`tbtagn Kbrlgn (ergo 2183‛<333 tg <383‛<233) egr tj` Eav` H`ghrbpjakbdFgobans Psanh DSMoD-[2 [aoudbtagns ([jbddgw \ggts bnf tj` [\@[-B2L@oassagn Vrbm`ktgry) Xatjgut KG < E`rtadazbtagn ...........................................................63

Vbld` 6.<. [aoudbtagn @xp`rao`nts Kgnfukt`f watj DSMoD tg Anv`stahbt` tj` \gd`ge KG< bnf F``p \ggts ..................................................................................................... 62Vbld` 6.;. S`rk`ntbh` ge Egr`st Kgv`r ge tj` Kdbssa `f U`h`tbtagn Vyp`s an tj`

Bobzgn Lbsan unf`r JbfKO;-B< [k`nbrag ................................................................ 6<Vbld` 0.2. Vj` Kdaobt` Ogf`ds \è`rr`f Vg an Vjas Bnbdysas ............................................. 02Vbld` 0.<. Kgns`nsus \`sudts egr \òbananh [jbr` ge \è`r`nk` Lago` Kgopbr`f

tg Lbs`dan` (?233) ly H`ghrbpjakbd Fgoban, ergo <3<0 tg <233 unf`r[k`nbrag B< .........................................................................................................................01

Vbld` 0.;. \`hagnbd Aopbkts .................................................................................................... 01Vbld` B2.2. Srgm`kt`f Hdglbd Bv`rbh` [urebk` Xbroanh bnf [`b D`v`d \as` bt tj`

@nf ge tj` <2st K`ntury Bkkgrfanh tg Fa ffi r`nt [\@[ [k`nbrags ............................... 58Vbld` B<.2. Vj` Kdaobt` Ogf`ds \è`rr`f Vg an Vjas [tufy .............................................. 82Vbld` B<.<. Vj` [pbtabd Xanfgws \`d`vbnt Vg Vjas [tufy ................................................. 82

Eahur`sEahur` 2.2. [tufy Bpprgbkj ....................................................................................................... <Eahur` 2.<. H`ghrbpjakbd Fgobans ........................................................................................... 6Eahur` <.2. H`ghrbpjakbd Fastralutagns ge F`kòl`r‛E`lrubry O`bn \banebdd

(oo f-2

) gv`r tj` Bobzgn Lbsan ..................................................................................... :Eahur` <.<. H`ghrbpjakbd Fastralutagns ge Mun`-Buhust O`bn \banebdd (oo f -2)

gv`r tj` Bobzgn Lbsan ....................................................................................................... 1



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Eahur` <.;. Bnnubd O`bn Sr`kapatbtagn Kjbnh`s (oo f -2) l`tw``n tj` Sr`s`nt bnftj` @nf ge tj` <2 st K`ntury egr 53-io \`sgdutagn egr Fa ffi r`nt [`b [urebk`Vòp`rbtur`s ..................................................................................................................... 23

Eahur` <.6. [`bsgnbd Kjbnh`s an [gad Ogastur` an Vgpsgad (an %) l`tw``n tj`

Sr`s`nt bnf tj` @nf ge tj` <2 st K`ntury egr 53-io bnf <3-io \`sgdutagn ............. 22Eahur` <.0. Kjbnh`s an Obxaouo Eav`-Fby Sr`kapatbtagn Vgtbd (oo) l`tw``n

tj` Sr`s`nt bnf tj` @nf ge tj` <2 st K`ntury egr (b) 53-io bnf (l) <3-io,\`sp`ktav`dy ........................................................................................................................2<

Eahur` <.5. Kjbnh`s an Obxaouo Nuol`r ge Kgns`kutav` Fry Fbys l`tw``ntj` Sr`s`nt bnf tj` @nf ge tj` <2 st K`ntury egr (b) 53-io bnf (l) <3-io,\`sp`ktav`dy ........................................................................................................................2<

Eahur` <.8. V`n-Q`br \un ge Fbady \ban furanh tj` Fry [`bsgn bt Broaqu`f`s(pr`s`nt Yldu`_ vs. eutur` Yr`f_) ....................................................................................... 2;

Eahur` <.:. Ogntjdy [tr`bo Edgw (o ; s-2) egr (Dèt) \ag Obfàrb bnf (\ahjt) \ag

Bobzgnbs ..........................................................................................................................26Eahur` ;.2. [aoudbtagn ge O`bn Bnnubd \banebdd an tj` <3 tj K`ntury (x-bxas) bnf

\banebdd Vr`nf an tj` <2 st K`ntury (y-bxas) an tj` Eav` [tufy \`hagns geBobzgnab ............................................................................................................................28

Eahur` ;.<. \`dbtav` KOAS; Ogf`d X ahjtanhs Lbs`f Gn [aoudbtagn ge Bnnubd\banebdd (O`bn bnf Ubrabladaty) egr tj` Eav` Dbnf \`hagns ge Bobzgnab ................. 21

Eahur` ;.;. Kjbnh`s an Ogf`d`f \banebdd Fastralutagns egr [gutj`rn Bobzgnab=Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns (KFEs) gn tj` Dèt bnf SrglbladatyF`nsaty Eunktagns (SFEs) gn tj` \ahjt .......................................................................... <3

Eahur` ;.6. Kgopbranh Bnnubd O`bn Ubdu`s bnf Sr`fakt`f Dan`br Vr`nfs an

BN[H bnf S@XH ............................................................................................................. <<Eahur` ;.0. Xàhjtanh ge tj` KOAS; Ogf`ds Lbs`f gn Vjàr \`dbtav` Bladata`s tg

[aoudbt` O`bn bnf Ubrabladaty ge tj` I`y [[V Anf`x`s ............................................... <;Eahur` ;.5. Kjbnh`s an Ogf`d`f KFEs bnf SFEs egr tj` BN[H Anf`x ............................ <;Eahur` ;.8. Kjbnh`s an Ogf`d`f KFEs bnf SFEs egr tj` S@XH Anf`x ............................ <6Eahur` 6.2. U`h`tbtagn Kdbssa kbtagn egr tj` Bobzgn Lbsan Lbs`f gn Lagobss

F`nsaty (LF) bnf Egr`st Kgv`r (EK) bs [aoudbt`f ly DSMoD ..................................... <8Eahur` 6.<. \bnianh ge tj` <6 Kdaobt` Ogf`ds egr tj` @bst`rn Bobzgnab \`hagn bs

Kbdkudbt`f egr tj` Kgolan`f Fastralutagn gv`r Bdd [`bsgns ...................................... <1Eahur` 6.;. \bnianh ge tj` <6 Kdaobt` Ogf`ds egr Ngrtjw`st`rn Bobzgnab bs

Kbdkudbt`f egr tj` Kgolan`f Fastralutagn gv`r Bdd [`bsgns ...................................... ;3Eahur` 6.6. \bnianh ge tj` <6 Kdaobt` Ogf`ds egr [gutj`rn Bobzgnab bs

Kbdkudbt`f egr tj` Kgolan`f Fastralutagn gv`r Bdd [`bsgns ...................................... ;2Eahur` 6.0. \bnianh ge tj` <6 Kdaobt` Ogf`ds egr Ngrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad bs

Kbdkudbt`f egr tj` Kgolan`f Fastralutagn gv`r Bdd [`bsgns ...................................... ;<Eahur` 6.5. \bnianh ge tj` <6 Kdaobt` Ogf`ds egr [gutj`rn Lrbzad bs Kbdkudbt`f

egr tj` Kgolan`f Fastralutagn gv`r Bdd [`bsgns .......................................................... ;;Eahur` 6.8. Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns (Ppp`r Sbn`d) bnf Srglbladaty

F`nsaty Eunktagns (Dgw`r Sbn`d) egr Kjbnh` an U`h`tbtagn Kbrlgn an @bst`rnBobzgnab (ergo 2183‛<333 tg <383‛<233) ..................................................................... ;0

Eahur` 6.:. Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns (Ppp`r Sbn`d) bnf SrglbladatyF`nsaty Eunktagns (Dgw`r Sbn`d) egr Kjbnh` an U`h`tbtagn Kbrlgn anNgrtjw`st`rn Bobzgnab (ergo 2183‛<333 tg <383‛<233) ........................................... ;5



va Kgnt`nts

Eahur` 6.1. Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns (Ppp`r Sbn`d) bnf SrglbladatyF`nsaty Eunktagns (Dgw`r Sbn`d) egr Kjbnh` an U`h`tbtagn Kbrlgn an[gutj`rn Bobzgnab (ergo 2183‛<333 tg <383‛<233) .................................................... ;8

Eahur` 6.23. Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns (Ppp`r Sbn`d) bnf Srglbladaty

F`nsaty Eunktagns (Dgw`r Sbn`d) egr Kjbnh` an U`h`tbtagn Kbrlgn anNgrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad (ergo 2183‛<333 tg <383‛<233) .................................................... ;:Eahur` 6.22. Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns (Ppp`r Sbn`d) bnf Srglbladaty

F`nsaty Eunktagns (Dgw`r Sbn`d) egr Kjbnh` an U`h`tbtagn Kbrlgn an[gutj`rn Lrbzad (ergo 2183‛<333 tg <383‛<233) ............................................................ ;1

Eahur` 6.2<. [k`nbrag Bnbdysas ge tj` An u`nk` ge F``p bnf [jbddgw \ggts unf`rKdaobt` bnf KG < @ffi kts bnf Kdaobt`-Gndy @ ffi kts......................................................6;

Eahur` 6.2;. Vrbnsparbtagn (an oo yr -2) egr tj` Fa ffi r`nt U`h`tbtagn Vyp`s AsF`p`nf`nt gn Sr`kapatbtagn bnf Vòp`rbtur` .............................................................. 66

Eahur` 6.26. U`h`tbtagn Kjbnh` bt Dgkbd [kbd` an b Hraf K`dd an Ngrtj`bst`rn

Bobzgnab ............................................................................................................................60Eahur` 6.20. Srgm`kt`f Kdaobtak Ear` Fbnh`r egr tj` JbfKO; (Ldu`) bnf tj` O\A

KHKO <.;.<b (\`f) ........................................................................................................... 65Eahur` 6.25. [aoudbt`f Kdaobtak Ear` Fbnh`r unf`r tj` O\A KHKO <.;.<b (Vgp)

bnf tj` JbfKO; (Lg go) Kdaobt` [k`nbrag Psanh tj` [\@[ B< @oassagn[k`nbrag ...............................................................................................................................68

Eahur` 6.28. Bnnubd Vgtbd Kbrlgn @oassagn ergo Xadf r`s bs [aoudbt`f lyDSMoD-[SAVEA\@ egr tj` @bst`rn Bobzgn \`hagn (egr JbfKO;, O\A KHKO<.;.<b, bnf [\@[-B<) ......................................................................................................... 6:

Eahur` 0.2. Lago`-Kdaobt` @quadalrauo [tbt`s an [gutj Bo`rakb egr <3% (b), 03%

(l), bnf 233% (k) Bobzgn Fègr`stbtagn [k`nbrags ...................................................... 0;Eahur` 0.<. \òbananh Br`b ge Sgt`ntabd Vrgpakbd Egr`st, [`bsgnbd Vrgpakbd Egr`st,

[bvbnnb, Kbbtanhb, bnf [òa-F`s`rt Lago`s ................................................................ 00Eahur` 0.;. Hraf Sgant egr 80% Kgns`nsus gn Eutur` Kgnfatagn ge Vrgpakbd [gutj

Bo`rakbn Lago`s an \`dbtagn tg Kurr`nt Sgt`ntabd U`h`tbtagn ................................. 05Eahur` 0.6. Hraf Sgant egr 80% Kgns`nsus gn Srgm`ktanh tj` Eutur` Kgnfatagn ge

Vrgpakbd [gutj Bo`rakbn Lago`s an \`dbtagn tg Kurr`nt Sgt`ntabd U`h`tbtagn ....... 08Eahur` 0.0. Hraf Sgant egr 80% Kgns`nsus gn Eutur` Kgnfatagn ge Vrgpakbd [gutj

Bo`rakbn Lago`s an \`dbtagn tg Kurr`nt Sgt`ntabd U`h`tbtagn .................................. 0:Eahur` B2.2. [kjòbtak Addustrbtagn ge [\@[ [k`nbrags ........................................................ 55Eahur` B2.<. [k`nbrags egr HJH @oassagns ergo <333 tg <233 (an tj` Bls`nk` ge

Bffatagnbd Kdaobt` Sgdaka`s) bnf Srgm`ktagns ge [urebk` Vòp`rbtur`s .................... 5:Eahur` B<.2. \banebdd-F`rav`f Ogf`d Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj`

@bst`rn Bobzgnab \`hagn (@B) ...................................................................................... 8<Eahur` B<.<. \banebdd-F`rav`f Ogf`d Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj`

Ngrtj`bst Lrbzad \`hagn (N@L) ........................................................................................ 8;Eahur` B<.;. \banebdd-F`rav`f Ogf`d Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj`

Ngrtjw`st Bobzgnab \`hagn (NXB) ............................................................................. 86Eahur` B<.6. \banebdd-F`rav`f Ogf`d Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj`

[gutj`rn Bobzgnab \`hagn ([Bz) .................................................................................. 80Eahur` B<.0. \banebdd-F`rav`f Ogf`d Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj`

[gutj`rn Lrbzad \`hagn ([L) ............................................................................................ 85



vaaKgnt`nts

Eahur` B<.5. [`b [urebk` Vòp`rbtur` (BN[H)-F`rav`f Ogf`d SrglbladatyF`nsaty Eunktagns ..............................................................................................................88

Eahur` B<.8. [`b [urebk` Vòp`rbtur` (S@XH)-F`rav`f Ogf`d SrglbladatyF`nsaty Eunktagns ..............................................................................................................8:

Eahur` B<.:. [`b [urebk` Vòp`rbtur` (BN[H bnf S@XH)-F`rav`f Ogf`dSrglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns ......................................................................................... 81

Eahur` B<.1. Kjbnh`s an Ogf`d`f \banebdd Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagnsbnf Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj` @bst`rn Bobzgnab \`hagn (@B)gv`r tj` <2 st K`ntury .........................................................................................................:3

Eahur` B<.23. Kjbnh`s an Ogf`d`f \banebdd Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagnsbnf Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj` Ngrtj`bst Lrbzad \`hagn (N@L)gv`r tj` <2 st K`ntury .........................................................................................................:2

Eahur` B<.22. Kjbnh`s an Ogf`d`f \banebdd Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagnsbnf Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj` Ngrtjw`st Bobzgnab \`hagn

(NXB) gv`r tj` <2 st K`ntury ...........................................................................................:<Eahur` B<.2<. Kjbnh`s an Ogf`d`f \banebdd Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns

bnf Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj` [gutj`rn Bobzgnab \`hagn ([Bz)gv`r tj` <2 st K`ntury .........................................................................................................:;

Eahur` B<.2;. Kjbnh`s an Ogf`d`f \banebdd Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagnsbnf Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj` [gutj`rn Lrbzad \`hagn ([L) gv`rtj` <2 st K`ntury ..................................................................................................................:6



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Srèbk`

Vj` Bobzgn lbsan as b i`y kgopgn`nt ge tj` hdglbd kbrlgn kykd`, wjakj as ats`de bf`t`roananh ebktgr egr hdglbd kdaobt`. Vj` rbanegr`sts an tj` lbsan stgr` blgut 2<3 lad-dagn o`trak tgns ge kbrlgn an tjàr lagobss. Anf``f, tj` Bobzgn rbanegr`st as kgnsaf`r`ftg l` b n`t kbrlgn sani gr r`s`rvgar l`kbus` v`h`tbtagn hrgwtj gn bv`rbh` `xk``fs ogr-tbdaty, r`sudtanh an bn bnnubd n`t sani ge l`tw``n 3.: tg 2.2 laddagn o`trak tgns ge kbrlgn.

An Lrbzad, tj` lbsan as tj` jgo` ge blgut <0 oaddagn p`gpd`, ogst an urlbn br`bs, lutat bdsg ankduf`s s`v`rbd unaqu` anfah`ngus bnf trbfatagnbd kudtur`s, bnf as tj` dbrh`str`pgsatgry ge hdglbd lagfav`rsaty. At as dbrh`r tjbn tj` @urgp`bn Pnagn (brgunf 0.< oad-dagn squbr` iadgo`t`rs) bnf prgfuk`s blgut <3 p`rk`nt ge tj` wgrdf‑s gw ge er`sj wbt`rantg tj` gk`bns.

Kurr`nt kdaobt` tr`nfs oby l` unlbdbnkanh tjas w`dd-r`hudbt`f systò bnf, an bssg-kabtagn watj dbnf us` kjbnh`s, oby l` sjaetanh tj` r`hagn ergo b kbrlgn sani tg b kbrlgnsgurk`. Kjbnhanh egr`st struktur` bnf l`jbvagr wgudf jbv` sahna kbnt aopdakbtagns egrtj` dgkbd, r`hagnbd bnf hdglbd kbrlgn bnf wbt`r kykd`s. Bobzgn egr`st fa`lbki wgudf l` bobssav` `v`nt, b ffi ktanh bdd dae`-egros tjbt r`dy gn tjas fav`rs` `kgsystò, ankdufanh juobns,bnf prgfukanh rboa kbtagns egr tj` `ntar` pdbn`t. Kd`brdy, watj kjbnh`s bt b hdglbd skbd` btstbi`, tj`r` as b n``f tg l` `r unf`rstbnf tj` rasi, bnf fynboaks ge Bobzgn fa`lbki.

Vjus, tj` hgbd ge tjas stufy as tg bssast an unf`rstbnfanh tj` rasi ge b pgt`ntabd r`fuk-tagn an lagobss f`nsaty an tj` Bobzgn lbsan anfuk`f ly kdaobt` kjbnh` aopbkts (Bob-zgn fa`lbki) bnf ats aopdakbtagns.

E``flbki bnf e`rtadazbtagn ` ffi kts ge `d`vbt`f btogspj`rak kbrlgn fagxaf` d`v`ds gnegr`st `kgsystòs dai` tj` Bobzgn jbv` prgv`n tg l` b i`y uningwn an bss`ssanh tj`rasi ge Bobzgn egr`st fa`lbki unf`r <2 st k`ntury kdaobt` kjbnh` sk`nbrags. \`fukanhtjas unk`rtbanty guhjt tg l` b i`y pragraty hganh egrwbrf. An tj` bls`nk` ge rglust an-egrobtagn, tj` pr`kbutagnbry prankapd` bppda`s, wjakj an tjas kbs` suhh`sts tjbt tj` bs-suoptagn ge kbrlgn fagxaf` e`rtadazbtagn lành bn aopgrtbnt ebktgr pgsatav`dy b ffi ktanh`kgsystò r`sada`nk` ge tj` Bobzgn kbnngt l` us`f bs b lbsas egr sgunf pgdaky bfvak`.

Vj`règr`, tj` stufy kgnkduf`s tjbt furanh tjas k`ntury, tj` prglbladaty ge Bobzgnfa`lbki as jahj`st an tj` @bst`rn Bobzgn bnf dgw`st an tj` Ngrtjw`st, lut tjbt ats s`-v`raty ankr`bs`s gv`r tao` bnf bdsg as b eunktagn ge tj` hdglbd hr``njgus` hbs òassagn

trbm`ktgry kgnsaf`r`f. Vj`s` r`sudts pgant tg tj` n``f tg bvgaf r`bkjanh b pgant an hdglbdòassagns tjbt wgudf r`sudt an bn anfuk`f dgss ge Bobzgn egr`sts. Vj`règr`, Bobzgnfa`lbki sjgudf l` kgnsaf`r`f b tjr`sjgdf egr fbnh`rgus kdaobt` kjbnh`.

Xbdt`r U`rhbrbD`bf`r

Hdglbd @xp`rt V`bo gn Kdaobt` Kjbnh` BfbptbtagnVj` Xgrdf Lbni

[`lbstabn O. [kjgdz

@nvargno`ntbd @kgngoast[ustbanbld` F`v`dgpo`nt F`pbrto`nt,Dbtan Bo`rakb bnf Kbrall`bn \`hagn,

Vj` Xgrdf Lbni





xa

Bkingwd`fho`nts

Vjas stufy as b mgant `ffi grt ge tj` Xgrdf Lbni (t`bo d`f ly X. U`rhbrb watj tj` pbrtaka-pbtagn ge [. O. [kjgdz, B. F``l, N. Vglb, B. Ubd`nkab, B. ]brzbr, bnf I. Bsjafb) watj

tj` kgddblgrbtagn ge s`v`rbd anstatutagns, nbo`dy tj` O`t`grgdghakbd \`s`brkj Anstatut` ge Mbpbn (t`bo d`f ly B. Iatgj), @x`t`r Pnav`rsaty ge @nhdbnf (t`bo d`f ly S. Kgx bnf V. Mupp), tj` Sgtsfbo Anstatut` egr Kdaobt` Aopbkt \`s`brkj (t`bo d`f ly X. Dukjt, X.Irbo`r bnf B. \booah), KK[V/ANS@ Lrbzad (t`bo d`f ly K. Nglr` bnf H. [bopbagbnf pbrtakapbtagn bognh gtj`rs ge O. Kbrfgsg, D.E. [bdbzbr, bnf M. Obr`nhg), bnf H@Z[Age H`robny (t`bo d`f ly O. Igkj-X`s`r). Vj` eudd dast ge butjgrs kbn l` egunf an Bp-p`nfax 6.

Vj` r`sudts ge tj` bnbdysas w`r` r`va`w`f ly b ldu`-rallgn pbn`d ge ant`rnbtagn-bddy r`ngwn`f ska`ntasts bnf prbktatagn`rs. Vj` pbn`d oòl`rs w`r` Vjgobs @. Dgv`- mgy (Kjbar), Vj` J. Mgjn Jànz K`nt`r egr [ka`nk`, @kgngoaks, bnf tj` @nvargno`nt9Dbwr`nk` @. Lumb, Nbtagnbd K`nt`r egr Btogspj`rak \`s`brkj9 Fbvaf Dbwr`nk`, NbtagnbdK`nt`r egr Btogspj`rak \`s`brkj9 Oakjb`d V. Kg`, Pnav`rsaty ge Xaskgnsan-Obfasgn9@brd [bxgn, Anf`p`nf`nt Kgnsudtbnt9 bnf L`n Lrbhb, Pnav`rsaty ge [ëg Sbudg.

Vj` t`bo as bdsg ogst hrbtèud tg O. Fagp, M. Nbsj, @. E`rnbnf`z, O. Dunf`dd,D. Vdbay`, F. vbn f`r O`nslruhhj`, H. Lbtobnabn, V. Kgrf`ddb, bnf K. f` Hguv`ddg egrtjàr kgoo`nts bnf suhh`stagns bnf tg A. Dàng egr j`r j`dp an `fatanh tj` fgkuo`nt.

Eanbddy, bkingwd`fhò`nts br` fu` tg tj` t`bo ge Lrbzadabn Hgv`rno`nt r`pr`s`n-

tbtav`s (d`f ly Brtur Kbrfgzg f` Dbz`rfb, ergo tj` Oanastry ge Eanbnk`) tjbt prgvaf`fansahjteud kgoo`nts bnf suhh`stagns tg kdbraey bnf str`nhtj`n tj` pr`s`ntbtagn ge tj`r`sudts.

Vj` r`sudtanh r`pgrt wbs `fat`f ly X. U`rhbrb bnf [. [kjgdz gn tj` lbsas ge tj` t`kj-nakbd anputs prgfuk`f unf`r kgntrbkt ergo tj` fa ffi r`nt t`bos blgv` anfakbt`f.

Vjas stufy as eunf`f tjrguhj tj` Kdaobt` Kjbnh` bnf Kd`bn @n`rhy Anatabtav`, bnfas b prgfukt ge tj` @nvargno`nt Pnat ge tj` [ustbanbld` F`v`dgpo`nt F`pbrto`nt ge tj`Dbtan Bo`rakb bnf Kbrall`bn \`hagn ge tj` Xgrdf Lbni. Vj` t`bo as ogst hrbtèud tgtj` Kguntry Obnbhò`nt Pnat ge Lrbzad bnf tj` Hdglbd @xp`rt V`bo gn Kdaobt` Kjbnh`Bfbptbtagn bt tj` Xgrdf Lbni egr tjàr j`dp an puldasjanh tjas stufy.





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Bkrgnyos bnf Bllr`vabtagns

BN[H Btdbntak Ngrtj-[gutj Hrbfa`ntBHKO Btogspj`rak H`n`rbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`dBGHKO Btogspj`rak Gk`bn H`n`rbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`dB\6 Egurtj Bss`sso`nt \`pgrt ge Ant`rhgv`rno`ntbd Sbn`d gn Kdaobt`

Kjbnh`KFF Kgns`kutav` Fry FbysKFE Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn EunktagnKHKO Kgupd`f H`n`rbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`dK[A\G Bustrbdab‑s Kgoognw`bdtj [ka`nta k bnf Anfustrabd \`s`brkj

GrhbnasbtagnKK[V K`nt`r egr Kdaobt` [ka`nk` bnf V`kjngdghyKOAS; Kgupd`f Ogf`d Ant`rkgopbrasgn Srgm`kt ;KSV@K K`ntrg f` Sr`vasëg f` Vòpg ` @stufgs KdaoâtakgsK\P Kdaobtak \`s`brkj Pnat‛Pnav`rsaty ge @bst BnhdabFHUO Fynboak Hdglbd U`h`tbtagn Ogf`dFME F`kòl`r Mbnubry E`lrubry (X`t [`bsgn)@N[G @d Naòg [gutj`rn GskaddbtagnEK Egr`st Kgv`rEKS Egr`st Kgns`rvbtagn SdbnESK Egdabr Srgm`ktav` Kgv`rHKO H`n`rbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`dHJH Hr``njgus` Hbs`sHSKS Hdglbd Sr`kapatbtagn Kdaobtgdghy Srgm`ktH\FK Hdglbd \av`r Faskjbrh` K`nt`rALA[ Ant`hrbt`f Lagspj`r` [aoudbtgr Ogf`dANS@ Lrbzadabn Anstatut` egr [pbk` \`s`brkjASKK Ant`rhgv`rno`ntbd Sbn`d gn Kdaobt` KjbnhÀVK] Ant`rtrgpakbd Kgnv`rh`nk` ]gn` MMB Mun` Mudy Buhust (Fry [`bsgn) MOB Mbpbn O`t`grgdghakbd Bh`nkyDSMoD Dunf-Sgtsfbo-M`nb obnbh`f Dbnf Fynboak Hdglbd U`h`tbtagn bnf

Xbt`r Lbdbnk` Ogf`dOBO Obrkj Bprad Oby (X`t [`bsgn)O\A O`t`grgdghakbd \`s`brkj Anstatut`NSS N`t Sraobry Srgfuktagn

G\KJAF@@ Grhbnazanh Kbrlgn bnf Jyfrgdghy An Fynboak @kgsystòsSFE Srglbladaty F`nsaty EunktagnS@XH Sbka k @bst-X`st Hrbfa`nt



xav Bkrgnyos bnf Bllr`vabtagns

SEV Sdbnt Eunktagnbd Vyp`ShK S`ntbhrbo Kbrlgn\Z0F Obxaouo 0-fby pr`kapatbtagn tgtbd[BK] [gutj Btdbntak Kgnv`rh`nk` ]gn`[GN [`ptòl`r Gktgl`r Ngvòl`r (Fry [`bsgn)[\@[ [p`kabd \`pgrt gn @oassagn [k`nbrags[[V [`b [urebk` Vòp`rbtur`VFG Vbsi F`v`dgpo`nt Glm`ktav`



2

K J B S V @ \ 2

Antrgfuktagn

Vj` Bobzgn lbsan as b i`y kgopgn`nt ge tj` hdglbd kbrlgn kykd`. Vj` gdf-hrgwtjrbanegr`sts an tj` lbsan r`pr`s`nt stgrbh` ge ~ 2<3 p`tbhrbos ge kbrlgn (Sh K, `qubd

tg 2<3 laddagn o`trak tgns ge kbrlgn) an tjàr lagobss. Bnnubddy, tj`s` trgpakbd egr`stsprgk`ss bpprgxaobt`dy 2: Sh K tjrguhj r`sparbtagn bnf pjgtgsyntj`sas. Vjas as ogr`

tjbn twak` tj` rbt` ge hdglbd bntjrgpgh`nak egssad eu`d òassagns (Farzg bnf \bv`n <33;).Vj` lbsan as bdsg tj` dbrh`st hdglbd r`pgsatgry ge lagfav`rsaty bnf prgfuk`s blgut <3p`rk`nt ge tj` wgrdf‑s gw ge er`sj wbt`r antg tj` gk`bns. F`spat` tj` dbrh` KG < `st uxergo r`k`nt fègr`stbtagn, tj` Bobzgn rbanegr`st `kgsystò as stadd kgnsaf`r`f tg l` bn`t kbrlgn sani ge 3.:‛2.2 Sh K p`r y`br l`kbus` hrgwtj gn bv`rbh` `xk``fs ogrtbdaty(Sjaddaps `t bd. <33:).

Jgw`v`r, kurr`nt kdaobt` tr`nfs bnf juobn-anfuk`f fègr`stbtagn oby l` trbns-egroanh egr`st struktur` bnf l`jbvagr (Sjaddaps `t bd. <331). Ankr`bsanh tòp`rbtur`s obybkk`d`rbt` r`sparbtagn rbt`s bnf tjus kbrlgn oassagns ergo sgads (Obdja bnf Hrbk` <333).Jahj prglbladata`s egr ogfa kbtagn an rbanebdd pb`rns (Obdja `t bd. <33:) bnf prgdgnh`ffrguhjt str`ss oby d`bf tg r`fuktagns an lagobss f`nsaty. \`sudtanh kjbnh`s an `vbpg-trbnsparbtagn bnf tj`règr` kgnv`ktav` pr`kapatbtagn kgudf eurtj`r bkk`d`rbt` frguhjtkgnfatagns bnf f`stbladaz` tj` trgpakbd `kgsystò bs b wjgd`, kbusanh b r`fuktagn an ats lagobss kbrryanh kbpbkaty gr fa`lbki. An turn, kjbnh`s an tj` struktur` ge tj` Bobzgnbnf ats bssgkabt`f wbt`r kykd` wgudf jbv` aopdakbtagns egr tj` obny `nfòak sp`ka`sat kgntbans bnf r`sudt an kjbnh`s bt b kgntan`ntbd skbd`. Kd`brdy, watj oukj bt stbi`, aekdaobt`-anfuk`f fbobh` bdt`rs tj` stbt` ge tj` Bobzgn `kgsystò, tj`r` as b n``f tg l`t-t`r unf`rstbnf ats rasi, prgk`ss, bnf fynboaks.

Glm`ktav`

Vj` glm`ktav` ge tjas stufy as tg bssast an unf`rstbnfanh tj` rasi, prgk`ss, bnf fynboaksge pgt`ntabd Bobzgn fa`lbki bnf ats aopdakbtagns. Vj` tbsi as grhbnaz`f an v` bktavata`stjbt bffr`ss i`y bsp`kts ge tj` bnbdysas (s`` hur` 2.2)= b) b ogf`danh ge eutur` kdaobt`(`nf ge k`ntury) gv`r tj` lbsan, usanh b jahj-r`sgdutagn ogf`d9 l) bn bss`sso`nt ge tjàopbkt ge kdaobt` gn rbanebdd gv`r tj` r`hagn9 k) bn bss`sso`nt ge lagobss r`spgns` tgrbanebdd bngobda`s bnf bssgkabt`f kjbnh`s9 f) bn bss`sso`nt ge danibh`s l`tw``n fègr-`stbtagn bnf pgt`ntabd egr fa`lbki9 bnf `) gn tj` lbsas ge tj`s` bss`sso`nts, b qubda kb-tagn ge pgt`ntabd `kgngoak kgns`qu`nk`s as f`skral`f.

[kgp`Bobzgn fa`lbki as f` n`f bs tj` prgk`ss ly wjakj tj` Bobzgn lbsan dgs`s lagobss f`n-saty bs b kgns`qu`nk` ge kjbnh`s an kdaobt`. Bdtjguhj tj`r` as ng kgns`nsus f` natagn gn



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy<

jgw tg kjbrbkt`raz` egr`st fa`lbki, egr purpgs`s ge tjas bnbdysas r`fuktagns an lagobsskbrlgn r`sudtanh ergo kdaobt` aopbkts, wjakj wgudf `xk``f <0 p`rk`nt ge tj` stbnfanhstgki ge kbrlgn, br` kgnsaf`r`f tg l` bn anfakbtagn ge fa`lbki.

Vj` bnbdysas kgnsaf`rs tjbt kdaobt`-anfuk`f lagobss r`spgns` an tj` lbsan wadd r`-sudt ngt gndy ergo kjbnh`s an rbanebdd lut bdsg ergo gtj`r ebktgrs tjbt br` dani`f tg kdaobt`kjbnh`s, sukj bs= b) ankr`bs`f prglbladata`s egr prgdgnh`f frguhjt str`ss, wjakj obyd`bf tg ankr`bs`f pjysagdghakbd str`ss egr tr``s, ankr`bs`f tr`` ogrtbdaty, bnf tjus kbrlgnòassagns9 l) ankr`bsanh btogspj`rak KG < kgnk`ntrbtagns, wjakj oby bdt`r tj` frguhjtr`spgns` ge egr`sts9 k) ankr`bsanh tòp`rbtur`s, wjakj oby bkk`d`rbt` j`t`rgtrgpjak r`s-

parbtagn rbt`s bnf tjus kbrlgn òassagns9 bnf f) r`sudtanh kjbnh`s an `vbpgtrbnsparbtagnbnf tj`règr` kgnv`ktav` pr`kapatbtagn, wjakj kgudf eurtj`r bkk`d`rbt` frguhjt kgnfa-tagns bnf f`stbladaz` tj` trgpakbd `kgsystò bs b wjgd`.

Vj` struktur` ge tj` bnbdysas as pr`s`nt`f an hur` 2.2. \`sudts ergo tj` ogf`danh geeutur` kdaobt` an tj` Bobzgn lbsan, lbs`f gn tj` jahj-r`sgdutagn btogspj`rak h`n`rbdkarkudbtagn ogf`d ge tj` O`t`grgdghakbd \`s`brkj Anstatut` ge tj` Mbpbn O`t`grgdghakbdBh`nky, bnf usanh tj` @brtj [aoudbtgr, br` r`pgrt`f an kjbpt`r < ( Ogf`danh Eutur`Kdaobt` an tj` Bobzgn Psanh tj` @brtj [aoudbtgr) . At suoobraz`s `staobt`s ge eutur`kdaobt` `xtrò`s (usanh anf`x`s egr `xtrò` w`t bnf `xtrò` fry p`ragfs), rbanebdd, sgadfryn`ss, rung ffi s, bnf str`bo gws, unf`r fa ffi r`nt hr``njgus` hbs òassagn trbm`ktgra`s

gr [p`kabd \`pgrt gn @oassagn [k`nbrags ([\@[) (s`` bn `xpdbnbtagn ge [\@[ sk`nbragsan bnn`x 2). Vj` gutputs ge tj` ogf`d br` us`f tg `staobt` lagobss r`spgns` an kjbpt`rs

Eahur` 2.2. [tufy Bpprgbkj

[gurk` = Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt.



Bss`sso`nt ge tj` \asi ge Bobzgn Fa`lbki ;

6 bnf 0. Kjbpt`r ; ( Bss`sso`nt ge Eutur` \banebdd gv`r tj` Bobzgn Lbsan) `xboan`stj` fa kudta`s ge pr`faktanh eutur` rbanebdd gv`r tj` r`hagn bnf r`va`ws tj` gutputs ergo<6 Hdglbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`ds (HKO) us`f ly tj` Ant`rhgv`rno`ntbd Sbn`d gn Kdaobt`Kjbnh` (ASKK) ergo b p`rsp`ktav` ge tj` bladaty tg saoudbt` kurr`nt rbanebdd, bian tg bn—Bobzgn Sr`faktagn‟ anf`x. Kjbpt`r ; bdsg pr`s`nts prglbladaty f`nsaty eunktagns ge eu-tur` rbanebdd lbs`f gn tjas anf`x bnf gn tj` bladaty tg r`prgfuk` s`b surebk` tòp`rbtur`fapgd`s, egr us` an bss`ssanh lagobss r`spgns`.

Kjbpt`r 6 ( Bnbdysas ge Bobzgn Egr`st \`spgns` tg Kdaobt` Kjbnh`) pr`s`nts tj`r`sudts ge tj` bppdakbtagn ge tj` Dunf-Sgtsfbo-M`nb obnbh`f Dbnf Fynboak HdglbdU`h`tbtagn bnf Xbt`r Lbdbnk` Ogf`d (DSMoD) tg tj` gutputs bnf tj` aopdakbtagns gerbanebdd kjbnh`s. At r`sudts an `staobt`s ge eutur` v`h`tbtagn kbrlgn an tj` r`hagn an tjègro ge prglbladaty f`nsaty eunktagns. Eanbddy, kjbpt`r 0 ( Ant`rpdby ge Kdaobt` Aopbktsbnf Fègr`stbtagn an tj` Bobzgn) pr`s`nts tj` pgt`ntabd kgolan`f ` ffi kts ge kdaobt`kjbnh` bnf fègr`stbtagn an tj` Bobzgn, usanh tj` r`sudts ge tj` @brtj [aoudbtgr, tj`gutputs ge tj` K`nt`r egr X`btj`r Egr`kbstanh bnf Kdaobt` [tufa`s Hdglbd KarkudbtagnOgf`ds ( K`ntrg f` Sr`vasëg f` Vòpg ` @stufags Kdaoâtakgs, KSV@K HKO), bnf tj` KSV@Kv`h`tbtagn ogf`d. Kjbpt`r 5 ( Kgnkdusagns ) suoobraz`s tj` aopbkts tjbt wgudf l``xp`kt`f.

H`ghrbpjakbd Fgoban

L`kbus` tj` Bobzgn lbsan kgv`rs b waf` r`hagn sulm`kt tg fa ffi r`nt str`ss`s bnf kgnfa-tagns, bdd bss`sso`nts jbv` egkus`f gn v` h`ghrbpjakbd fgobans (wanfgws) f` n`ftg kbptur` fa ffi r`nt ogo`ntuos an dbnf us`. @bst`rn Bobzgnab as b r`hagn kgntanu-

gus tg Ngrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad, wj`r` sgo`wjbt fra`r kgnfatagns br` bdr`bfy tj` ngro bnfhrgwanh bntjrgpgh`nak aopbkts kbn l` gls`rv`f. Ngrtjw`st`rn Bobzgnab as b r`hagnwatj da d` ae bny kurr`nt far`kt bntjrgpgh`nak aopbkt bnf r`dbtav`dy antbkt hrgunf kgv`r.[gutj`rn Bobzgnab as b r`hagn sulm`kt`f tg strgnh dbnf us` kjbnh` frav`rs. Ngrtj`bst-`rn Lrbzad as b r`hagn sulm`kt`f tg fry kgnfatagns. [gutj`rn Lrbzad 2 wgudf su ffi r tj` kgn-s`qu`nk`s ge bny kjbnh` an kdaobt` an Bobzgnab (s`` hur` 2.<).

Fbtb [gurk`s

Gls`rvbtagns= Vj` Kdaobt` \`s`brkj Pnat (K\P) Fbtbs`t

Gls`rv`f fbtb egr bar tòp`rbtur` (K`dsaus, ³K), pr`kapatbtagn (oaddao`t`rs, oo), kdgufkgv`r (p`rk`nt) bnf tj` nuol`r ge w`t fbys bt b 3.0³ r`sgdutagn (dbtatuf`/dgnhatuf` hraf)w`r` bvbadbld` egr ogntjdy tao`-st`ps tjrguhjgut tj` 2132‛<33; p`ragf ergo tj` Kda-obt` \`s`brkj Pnat (K\P), Pnav`rsaty ge @bst Bnhdab (N`w `t bd. <333). Vj`s` fbtb br`bssuo`f tg r`pr`s`nt tj` —tru`‟ stbt` ge tj` kdaobt` (ergo tj` K\P V[ ;.3 brkjav`= j p=//www.kru.u`b.bk.ui/kru/fbtb/jrh-ant`rao/). Vjr`` bffatagnbd kdaobtgdghy brkjav`s w`rùs`f egr kgopbrasgn purpgs`s= tj` KOBS, HSKS, bnf V\OO ;B<0 < fbtbs`ts.

Hr``njgus` Hbs @oassagn Vrbm`ktgra`s ([\@[ sk`nbrags)

Vj` prgm`kt`f hdglbd hr``njgus` hbs òassagn trbm`ktgra`s ([\@[ sk`nbrags) bfgpt`f ly

tj` ASKK bnf us`f an ats egurtj bss`sso`nt r`pgrt (B\6), kgv`r b waf` rbnh` ge fravanhegrk`s ge eutur` òassagns, ankdufanh fòghrbpjak, t`kjngdghakbd, bnf `kgngoak f`v`d-



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy6

gpo`nts. Vj` Bobzgn fa`lbki stufy as lbs`f gn tj` sk`nbrag ge ogf`rbt` lut kgnsast`ntaoprgvò`nts an `n`rhy ` ka`nky bnf f`pdgyo`nt ge r`n`wbld` `n`rhy (kbdd`f B2L),wjakj `staobt`s bn `nf-ge-k`ntury tòp`rbtur` bngobdy (ankr`bs`) ge <.: f`hr``s K`d-saus. Vjas jbs l``n us`f untad r`k`ntdy bs tj` oaf-rbnh` sk`nbrag egr kdaobt` wgri unf`rtj` ASKK. Jgw`v`r, tjas sk`nbrag oby l` bn unf`r`staobt`, bs tj` kurr`nt trbm`ktgrybdr`bfy ebr surpbss`s tj` `staobt`s us`f tg f` n` at. Egr tj` bnbdysas ge tj` ant`rpdby l`tw``n fègr`stbtagn bnf kdaobt` kjbnh`, tj` Bobzgn Fa`lbki r`pgrt us`s twg ogr`sk`nbrags, gn` wj`r` egssad eu`ds ròban pr`fgoanbnt (B<) bnf gn` watj b hr`bt`r p`n-`trbtagn ge r`n`wbld` bnf ogr` sahna kbnt hbans an `n`rhy ` ka`nky (L2), watj r`sp`k-

tav` n`t ankr`bs`s an tòp`rbtur` ge ;.6 tg 2.: f`hr``s K`dsaus r`sp`ktav`dy, tjbt prgvaf`b waf`r s`t ge `staobt`s tjbn B2L.

Eahur` 2.<. H`ghrbpjakbd Fgobans

[gurk` = Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Kgx bnf Mupp <331.Ngt`= @bst`rn Bobzgnab (@B9 <.0³N-0³[9 60³X-00³X)9 Ngrtjw`st`rn Bobzgnab (NB9 0³N-0³[9 53³X-8<.0³ X)9 [gutj`rn Bobzgnab ([Bz9 23³[-28.0³[9 03³X-50³X9 Ngrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad (N@L9 <.0³[-20³[9;0³X-60³ X9 [gutj`rn Lrbzad ([L9 <<.0³[-;0³[9 60³X-53³X).



Bss`sso`nt ge tj` \asi ge Bobzgn Fa`lbki 0

ASKK B\6 Kgupd`f H`n`rbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`ds

Kdaobt` gutputs w`r` bvbadbld` ergo tj` Kgupd`f H`n`rbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`ds (KHK-Os) tjbt pbrtakapbt`f an tj` Kgupd`f Ogf`d Ant`rkgopbrasgn Srgm`kt ; (KOAS;9 kgupd`fbtogspj`r`-gk`bn ogf`ds) kbrra`f gut egr tj` ASKK‑s Egurtj Bss`sso`nt \`pgrt (ASKK<338). Vj`s` fbtb kgopras` tj` gutput ergo <6 kdaobt` ogf`ds (bvbadbld` bt j ps=//`sh.ddnd.hgv=:66;/).

Jahj-\`sgdutagn HKO Fbtb

An bffatagn, sup`r-jahj-r`sgdutagn (<3 io) bnf jahj-r`sgdutagn (53 io) tòp`rbtur`,pr`kapatbtagn, bnf kdguf kgv`r saoudbtagns ergo tj` O`t`grgdghakbd \`s`brkj Anstatut`(O\A) bnf Mbpbn O`t`grgdghakbd Bh`nky (MOB) Btogspj`rak Hdglbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`d(BHKO) usanh tj` @brtj [aoudbtgr w`r` bvbadbld` egr tjr`` p`ragfs= Vj` 2181‛<33; p`-ragf r`pr`s`nts tj` pr`s`nt kdaobt` kgnfatagns (S kgnfatagns). [k`nbrag gutput egr eutur`kgnfatagns unf`r tj` [\@[-B2L òassagn sk`nbrag as bvbadbld` egr tj` <320‛<3;1 p`ragf(n`br eutur`, N kgnfatagns) bnf tj` <380‛<311 p`ragf (ebr eutur`, E kgnfatagns).

[`b [urebk` Vòp`rbtur` ([[V)

Egur fa ffi r`nt [[Vs br` us`f egr eutur` kdaobt` saoudbtagns ly tj` 53-io o`sj ogf`d.Gn` `xp`rao`nt us`s tj` KOAS; ogf`d `nsòld` [[V bnf s`b-ak` fastralutagns bs antj` <3-io o`sj ogf`d `xp`rao`nt. [`kgnf, tjarf, bnf egurtj `xp`rao`nts us` tj` [[Vbngobda`s ge Bustrbdab‑s Kgoognw`bdtj [ka`nta k bnf Anfustrabd \`s`brkj Grhbnasbtagn(K[A\G)-Oi;.3, O\A-KHKO<.;.< bnf OA\GK;.< (jar`s) ogf`ds.

Vbld` 2.2. Srgm`kt`f Hdglbd Bv`rbh` [urebk` Xbroanh bnf [`b D`v`d \as` bt tj` @nfge tj` <2 st K`ntury Bkkgrfanh tg Faee`r`nt [\@[ [k`nbrags

Kbs`

Vòp`rbtur` kjbnh`(f`hr``s k`ntahrbf` bt <313-<311

r`dbtav` tg 21:3-2111)b,f

[`b d`v`d ras`(o`t`rs bt <313-<311 r`dbtav` tg

21:3-2111

L`st staobt` Dai`dy rbnh`

Ogf`d-lbs`f rbnh`(`xkdufanh eutur` rbpaf fynboakbd

kjbnh`s an ak` gw)

Kgnstbnt y`br <333 kgnk`ntrbtagnsl 3.5 3.;-3.1 Ngt bvbadbld`

L2 sk`nbrag 2.: 2.2-<.1 3.2:-3.;:

B2V sk`nbrag <.6 2.6-;.: 3.<3-3.60

L< sk`nbrag <.6 2.6-;.: 3.<3-3.6; B2L sk`nbrag <.: 2.8-6.6 3.<2-3.6:

B< sk`nbrag ;.6 <.3-0.6 3.<;-3.02

B2EA sk`nbrag 6.3 <.6-5.6 3.<5-3.01

[gurk` = ASKK <338.Ngt`s= b) Vòp`rbtur`s br` bss`ss`f l`st `staobt`s bnf dai`dyunk`rtbanty rbnh`s ergo b ja`rbrkjy ge ogf-`ds ge vbryanh kgopd`xaty bs w`dd bs gls`rvbtagnbd kgnstrbants. l) Q`br <333 kgnstbnt kgopgsatagn as f`rav`f ergo Btogspj`r`-Gk bn H`n`rbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`ds(BGHKOs) gndy.k) Bdd sk`nbrags blgv` br` sax [\@[ obri`r sk`nbrags. Bpprgxaobt` KG <-`q kgnk`ntrbtagns kgrr`spgnf-anh tg tj` kgoput`f rbfabtav` egrkanh fu` tg bntjrgpgh`nak HJHs bnf b`rgsgds an <233 (s`` p. :<; ge tj`Xgrianh Hrgup A VB\) egr tj` [\@[ L2, BAV, L<, B 2 L, B<, bnf B2EA addustrbtav` obri`r sk`nbrags br`blgut 533, 833, :33 , :03, 2<03, bnf 2003ppo, r`sp`ktav`dy.f) Vòp`rbtur` kjbnh`s br` `xpr`ss`f bs tj` fa ffi r`nk` ergo tj` p`ragf 21:3-2111. Vg `xpr`ss tj` kjbnh`r`dbtav` tg tj` p`ragf 2:03-2:11 bff 3.0³K.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy5

U`h`tbtagn Ogf`ds

Vwg v`h`tbtagn ogf`ds w`r` us`f tg bss`ss lagobss r`spgns` tg vbragus egrkanhs. Vj`s`br` tj` DSMoD bnf tj` KSV@K-SUO. Vj` DSMoD as b fynboak unkgupd`f ogf`d. Vj`bfvbntbh` ge usanh DSMoD egr lagobss r`spgns` tg kdaobt` as tjbt at as b prgk`ss-lbs`fogf`d tjbt `xpdakatdy saoudbt`s tj` bkkuoudbtagn bnf dgss ge kbrlgn, bnf v`h`tbtagn fy-nboaks. Vj` KSV@K-KSUO as b stbtak kgupd`f ogf`d tjbt saoudbt`s lago` fastralutagn(gn` lago` p`r hraf-k`dd) lbs`f gn lagkdaobtak daoats. Vj` bfvbntbh` ge lành kgupd`f tgb kdaobt` ogf`d as tjbt e``flbkis ge v`h`tbtagn kjbnh` tg tj` kdaobt` kbn l` anv`stahbt`f.Xjad` DSMoD saoudbt`s lagobss r`spgns`, KSUO egkus`s gn saoudbtagn ge bntakapbt`f lago`-`quadalrauo stbt`s. Vj`s` twg anstruo`nts kgopdò`nt bkj gtj`r. B suoobry getj` anputs, prgk`ss`s, bnf gutputs ergo `bkj sultbsi as f`skral`f an tbld` 2.<.

Vbld` 2.<. [uoobry ge Anputs, Srgk`ss`s, bnf Gutputs egr @bkj Vbsi

Vbsi Anputs@oassagntrbm`ktgry Srgk`ss Gutputs

Jahj-r`sgdutagnsaoudbtagn ge eutur`kdaobt` an tj` Bobzgnlbsan

O\A-HKO fbtb(@brtj [aoudbtgr)

B2L Jahj-r`sgdutagnsaoudbtagn tg `nf gek`ntury tjguhj @brtj[aoudbtgr

Eutur` kdaobt` gv`r tj` lbsan9prgm`ktagn ge `xtrò` `v`nts

Bss`sso`nt ge eutur`rbanebdd gv`r tj` Bobzgn lbsan

KOAS; fbtb(`nsòld` ge<6 H`n`rbdKarkudbtagnOgf`ds)

B2L Ps` ge bn Bobzgnkdaobt` pr`faktagnanf`x tg qubdaey KOAS;gutputs

Srgm`kt`f rbanebdd (wàhjt`fly ogf`d‑s bladaty tg pr`faktkurr`nt kdaobt`) an tj` egro geSrglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns(SFE) ge eutur` rbanebdd

Egr`st lagobss`staobt`

SFE r`sudts egreutur` rbanebdd

B2L DSMoD (fynboakunkgupd`f v`h`tbtagnogf`d)

Lagobss r`spgns` (wàhjt`fly rbanebdd pr`faktagn anf`x)9SFE egr eutur` lagobss

Ant`rpdby ge kdaobt`bnf fègr`stbtagn

KOAS; B<-L2 KSV@K-KSUO (stbtakkgupd`f v`h`tbtagnogf`d)

Lago` sjaets an tj` Bobzgnlbsan

[gurk` = Vbld` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt.

Ngt`s

2. Vj` `xbkt h`ghrbpjakbd kggrfanbt`s br` prgvaf`f an hur` 2.<.<. Vj`s` br` tj` KSK O`rh`f Bnbdysas ge Sr`kapatbtagn egr <1 y`brs (2181‛<338) gn b <.0³ dbt/dgnhraf (KOBS= Za` bnf Brian 2118), tj` HSKS Gn`-F`hr`` Fbady Sr`kapatbtagn Fbtb [`t egr 23 y`brs(211:‛<338) gn b 2.3³ dbt/dgn hraf (HSKS= Ju ffi obn `t bd. <332), bnf tj` Vrgpakbd \banebdd O`bsuranhOassagn (V\OO) S\;B<0 U5 fbtbs`t egr 1 y`brs (211:‛<335) gn b 3.0³ dbt/dgn hraf (V\OO ;B<0=Ahukja `t bd. <333).



8

K J B S V @ \ <

Ogf`danh Eutur` Kdaobt` an tj`Bobzgn Psanh tj` @brtj [aoudbtgr

Vj` Btogspj`rak H`n`rbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`d [aoudbt`f ly tj` @brtj [aoudbtgr

B s anfakbt`f an kjbpt`r 2, tj` Egurtj Bss`sso`nt \`pgrt ge tj` Ant`rhgv`rno`ntbdSbn`d gn Kdaobt` Kjbnh` (B\6) us`s b fbtbs`t ge <6 hdglbd kgupd`f btogspj`r`-

gk`bn h`n`rbd karkudbtagn ogf`ds (BGHKO, gr HKO egr sjgrt) tg prgm`kt eutur` kdaobtùnf`r vbragus sk`nbrags. Vj` us` ge nuo`rgus ogf`ds as ant`nf`f tg r`fuk` `rrgrs bnfunk`rtbanty. Jgw`v`r, ogst ge tj`s` ogf`ds jbv` b v`ry kgbrs` r`sgdutagn (233‛633io)bnf tjas jbs bn unf`sarbld` aopbkt gn r`sudts, pbrtakudbrdy bs at r`dbt`s tg xtrò` w`btj`r`v`nts. Vjas as l`kbus` hdglbd wbroanh wgudf r`sudt ngt gndy an kjbnh`s an o`bn kdaobt`kgnfatagns lut bdsg an ankr`bs`s an tj` bopdatuf` bnf er`qu`nky ge `xtrò` `v`nts tjbtwgudf ngt l` kbptur`f an b o`bnanheud wby watj kgbrs` r`sgdutagns. Ogr`gv`r, kjbnh`s

an `xtrò`s br` ogr` aopgrtbnt egr bss`ssanh bfbptbtagn strbt`ha`s tg kdaobt` kjbnh`s.Vj`règr`, b jahj spbtabd r`sgdutagn ogf`d as r`quar`f tg stufy `xtrò` w`btj`r `v`ntsbnf tg prgm`kt tjàr ant`nsaty bnf er`qu`nky egr bfbptbtagn stufa`s bnf o`bsur`s.

Vj` O\A/MOB btogspj`rak HKO as b sup`r-jahj-r`sgdutagn btogspj`rak h`n`rbdkarkudbtagn ogf`d watj b jgrazgntbd hraf saz` ge blgut <3 io (Oazutb `t bd. <335), g ffi r-anh bn un`qubd`f jahj-r`sgdutagn kbpbladaty. Vj` us` ge tj` sup`rkgoput`r kbdd`f tj`@brtj [aoudbtgr obf` tjas sup`r-jahj-r`sgdutagn ogf`d‑s dgnh-t`ro saoudbtagn pgssald`.Vj` btogspj`rak HKO as b hdglbd jyfrgstbtak btogspj`rak h`n`rbd karkudbtagn ogf`df`v`dgp`f ly tj` O\A/MOB. Vjas ogf`d as bn gp`rbtagnbd sjgrt-t`ro nuo`rakbd w`btj`rpr`faktagn ogf`d ge MOB bnf pbrt ge tj` n`xt-h`n`rbtagn kdaobt` ogf`ds egr dgnh-t`ro

kdaobt` saoudbtagn bt O\A. Vj` fbtb h`n`rbt`f ly tj` @brtj [aoudbtgr wbs obf` bvbad-bld` unf`r tj` v`-y`br Oògrbnfuo ge Pnf`rstbnfanh l`tw``n O\A bnf tj` XgrdfLbni. Vj` gutputs ge tj` O\A/MOB HKO r`pr`s`nt tj` bntakapbt`f kjbnh`s an kdaobtakkgnfatagns anfuk`f ly tj` hdglbd òassagns ge hr``njgus` hbs`s (HJH).

Bdtjguhj tj` hdglbd <3-io ogf`d as unaqu` an t`ros ge ats jgrazgntbd r`sgdutagn egrhdglbd kjbnh` stufa`s watj bn ant`hrbtagn p`ragf up tg <0 y`brs, bvbadbld` kgoputanhpgw`r as stadd ansu ka`nt tg `nbld` `nsòld` saoudbtagn `xp`rao`nts bnf tjas daoats atsbppdakbtagn tg b sanhd` oòl`r `xp`rao`nt. Vg bffr`ss tjas daoatbtagn, pbrbdd`d `xp`ra-o`nts watj dgw`r r`sgdutagn v`rsagns ge tj` sbo` ogf`d (53-io, 2<3-io, bnf 2:3-ioo`sj) w`r` p`regro`f. An pbrtakudbr, `nsòld` saoudbtagns watj tj` 53-io r`sgdutagnjbv` l``n p`regro`f bnf kgopbr`f watj tj` <3-io v`rsagn egr tjas stufy.

Vj` O\A-HKO wbs us`f tg prgm`kt kdaobt` an tj` Bobzgn lbsan tg oaf-k`ntury(<3;0‛<361) bnf tg tj` `nf ge tj` <2 st k`ntury (<380‛<311) bnf kgopbr`f tj`s` prgm`k-



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy:

tagns tg tj` pr`s`nt (2181‛<33;) unf`r sk`nbrag B2L, 2 wjakj prgm`kts b tòp`rbtur` an-kr`bs` ge l`tw``n 2.8 bnf 6.6 f`hr``s K`dsaus ly tj` `nf ge tj` k`ntury. Vj` bnbdysas wbsfgn` praobrady tg bss`ss rbanebdd, rung ffi s, bnf `xtrò` `v`nts, bnf tg `staobt` tj` bntaka-pbt`f aopbkt gn str`bo gws anfuk`f ly kdaobt` kjbnh`. \`sudts gn rbanebdd, ogastur`,bnf `vbpgrbtagn br` bdsg r`pgrt`f bnf dbt`r kgopbr`f watj gtj`r ogf`d gutputs an sul-s`qu`nt kjbpt`rs ge tj` r`pgrt. Vj` saoudbtagns w`r` p`regro`f bt b hraf saz` ge blgut <3io bnf rgutan`dy kgopbr`f watj 53-io o`sj `nsòld` runs tg bsk`rtban rglustn`ss. Bf`tbad`f f`skraptagn ge tj` ogf`d bnf ats p`regrobnk` an tj` 23-y`br pr`s`nt-fby saoudb-tagn watj s`b surebk` tòp`rbtur` ([[V) kbn l` egunf an Oazutb `t bd. (<335).

Kgopbrasgn ge Gls`rv`f bnf [aoudbt`f Fbtb egrSr`s`nt Vao` gv`r tj` Bobzgn Lbsan

[`bsgnbd o`bn pr`kapatbtagn r`prgfuk`f an tj` saoudbtagn as `vbdubt`f bhbanst bvbadbld`

gls`rv`f fbtb. Eahur` <.2 sjgws tj` h`ghrbpjakbd fastralutagn ge F`kòl`r‛E`lrubry(FME) bv`rbh`f egr b <0-y`br p`ragf (2181‛<33;) ge o`bn pr`kapatbtagn egr 2:3-io, 2<3-io, 53-io, bnf <3-io r`sgdutagns. Gls`rvbtagns sjgw dbrh` s`bsgnbd o`bn pr`kapatb-tagn an tj` bustrbd suoo`r gv`r tj` Bobzgn lbsan. Vj` Ant`rtrgpakbd Kgnv`rh`nk` ]gn`(AVK]) gv`r tj` trgpakbd Btdbntak, bnf tj` [gutj Btdbntak Kgnv`rh`nk` ]gn` ([BK]) tgtj` sgutj`bst ge tj` Lrbzadabn Sdbt`bu, br` bdsg w`dd r`prgfuk`f. Vj` pr`kapatbtagn obxa-ouo gv`r tj` Bobzgn t`nfs tg dgkbt` ngrtjw`st ge gls`rv`f fbtb.

Eahur` <.2. H`ghrbpjakbd Fastralutagns ge F`kòl`r‛E`lrubry O`bn \banebdd

(oo f-2

) gv`r tj` Bobzgn Lbsan

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Iatgj `t bd. <331.Ngt`= Sdgts (b-f) kgrr`spgnf tg fbtb-s`ts ge bktubd gls`rvbtagns9 (`) as 2:3-io ogf`d, (e) 2<3-io ogf`d, (h)53-io ogf`d bnf (j) <3-io O\A-HKO ogf`d




Vj`r` br` ng fastankt fa ffi r`nk`s an dbrh`-skbd` pb `rns ge pr`kapatbtagn watj fa ffi r-`nt jgrazgntbd r`sgdutagns. Eahur` <.< sjgws tj` Mun`‛Buhust (MMB) o`bn pr`kapatbtagnkdaobtgdghy ge tj` egur gls`rv`f [[V fbtbs`ts bnf tj` ogf`d bt fa ffi r`nt skbd`s. Furanhtjas s`bsgn unf`r tj` kurr`nt kdaobt`, b obmgr rban br`b ogv`s ngrtjwbrf bnf dbrh` pr`-kapatbtagn as egunf gv`r ngrtj`rn [gutj Bo`rakb wjad` at as v`ry fry gv`r Ngrtj`bst`rnLrbzad bnf [gutj`rn Bobzgnab. [gutj`rn Lrbzad as kgv`r`f watj b rbany br`b `xt`nf-anh ergo tj` [gutj Btdbntak. Vj` @brtj [aoudbtgr r`prgfuk`s tj`s` rbanebdd fastralutagnsquat` w`dd.

Srgm`ktagn ge Eutur` Kdaobt` gv`r tj` Bobzgn Lbsan

\banebdd

Srgm`kt`f kjbnh`s bt tj` `nf ge tj` <2 st k`ntury (<380‛<311) w`r` kgopbr`f tg tj` pr`s-`nt (2181‛<33;). Bn gv`rbdd pb `rn ge pr`kapatbtagn kjbnh` saoudbt`f ly tj` <3-io bnf53-io ogf`ds as saoadbr tg tjbt ge `nsòld` o`bns ge KOAS; ogf`ds r`pgrt`f an ASKK(<338) watj b dbrh` ankr`bs` an tj` trgpaks, bn ankr`bs` an tj` oaf- bnf jahj dbtatuf`s bnfb f`kr`bs` an tj` sultrgpaks. Egur fa ffi r`nt lgunfbry kgnfatagns (s`b surebk` tòp`rb-tur` kjbnh` xp`rao`nts) w`r` unf`rtbi`n. Eahur` <.; sjgws tj` bnnubd o`bn pr`kapatb-tagn kjbnh` l`tw``n tj` pr`s`nt bnf tj` eutur` bt b 53-io r`sgdutagn egr egur fa ffi r`nt[[Vs, tjbt as, KOAS; nsòld` [[V, K[A\G [[V, OA\GKJ [[V, bnf O\A [[V. Vj` h`n`rbdpb `rn ge pr`kapatbtagn kjbnh`s as saoadbr bnf tjus rglust bognh fa ffi r`nt [[Vs us`f,

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Iatgj `t bd. <331.Ngt`= Sdgts (b-f) kgrr`spgnf tg fbtb-s`ts ge bktubd gls`rvbtagns9 (`) as 2:3-io ogf`d, (e) 2<3-io ogf`d, (h)53-io ogf`d bnf (j) <3-io O\A-HKO ogf`d.

Eahur` <.<. H`ghrbpjakbd Fastralutagns ge Mun`-Buhust O`bn \banebdd (oo f -2)gv`r tj` Bobzgn Lbsan

Bktubd Gls`rvbtagns (b-f)

`) 2:3-io ogf`d e) 2<3-io ogf`d h) 53-io ogf`d j) <3-io O\A-

oo/f



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy23

watj b dbrh` ankr`bs` an pr`kapatbtagn gv`r tj` AVK] bnf tj` Ngrtjw`st`rn Bobzgn bnfr`fuktagns an tj` Ngrtj`bst bnf an tj` [gutj.

@vbpgrbtagn, [gad Ogastur`, bnf [urebk` \ungee

Fu` tg tj` tòp`rbtur` ankr`bs`, s`bsgnbd o`bn kjbnh`s an `vbpgrbtagn, sgad w`tn`ssbt tj` upp`rogst dby`r, bnf surebk` rung ffi l`tw``n tj` pr`s`nt bnf tj` eutur` br` bn-takapbt`f. @vbpgrbtagn ankr`bs`s br` prgm`kt`f tjrguhjgut tj` y`br gv`r bdogst bdd ge

[gutj Bo`rakb. Bn `xk`ptagn as Ngrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad wj`r` `vbpgrbtagn as prgm`kt`f tgf`kr`bs` an tj` fry s`bsgn (Mun`, Mudy, Buhust bnf [`ptòl`r, Gktgl`r, Ngvòl`r). Vjasas bssgkabt`f watj fra`r sgad gv`r tjbt r`hagn ( hur` <.6). Fra`r sgad as ngt r`strakt`f tgNgrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad lut as prgm`kt`f tg gkkur gv`r ogst ge tj` kgntan`nt, pbrtakudbrdy an

Eahur` <.;. Bnnubd O`bn Sr`kapatbtagn Kjbnh`s (oo f -2) l`tw``n tj` Sr`s`ntbnf tj` @nf ge tj` <2 st K`ntury egr 53-io \`sgdutagn egr Faee`r`nt [`b [urebk`Vòp`rbtur`s

[gurk` = Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Iatgj `t bd. <331.

Ngt`= Eahur` pr`s`nts fbtb ergo (b) KOAS; `nsòld` [[V, (l) K[A\G [[V, (k) OA\GKJ [[V, bnf (f) O\A[[V. Br`bs stbtastakbddy sahna kbnt bt 10 p`rk`nt d`v`d br` kgdgr`f. Kgntgur ant`rvbd as 2 oo f -2.




tj` fry s`bsgn. @v`n an tj` w`t s`bsgn (FME), tj` Bobzgn as `xp`kt`f tg l` oukj fra`rbt tj` upp`rogst dby`r ge tj` sgad.

[ahna kbnt kjbnh`s an rung ffi br` pr`fakt`f egr sgo` r`hagns. An [`ptòl`r, Gktgl`r,Ngvòl`r, bnf F`kòl`r, Mbnubry, bnf E`lrubry, rung ffi an tj` X`st`rn Bobzgn waddf`kr`bs` wjad` at ankr`bs`s an @bst`rn bnf [gutj`rn Lrbzad. An Obrkj tg Oby, Ngrtjw`st-`rn Bobzgnab `xp`ra`nk`s ogr` rung ffi . Eurtj`r bnbdys`s sjgudf l` kgnfukt`f tg l` `rbsk`rtban r`hagnbd jyfrgdghakbd kjbnh`s.

@xtrò` @v`nts

Hdglbd wbroanh wadd r`sudt ngt gndy an kjbnh`s an o`bn kgnfatagns lut bdsg an ankr`bs`san tj` bopdatuf` bnf er`qu`nky ge `xtrò` pr`kapatbtagn `v`nts. Kjbnh`s an `xtrò`sbr` ogr` aopgrtbnt egr tj` vasubdazbtagn ge bfbptbtagn o`bsur`s. Vwg `xtrò` anf`x`segr pr`kapatbtagn br` us`f tg addustrbt` kjbnh`s an pr`kapatbtagn `xtrò`s gv`r tj` Bob-zgn, gn` egr j`bvy pr`kapatbtagn bnf gn` egr fryn`ss. Eahur` <.0 sjgws tj` kjbnh`s an

tj` obxaouo v`-fby pr`kapatbtagn tgtbd an oo (\Z0F) egr tj` 53-io bnf <3-io r`sg-dutagn. Vjrguhjgut tj` lbsan, \Z0F as prgm`kt`f tg ankr`bs` an tj` eutur`. Vj` dbrh`st\Z0F ankr`bs`s (rbanebdd ant`nsa kbtagn) br` egunf gv`r tj` Ngrtjw`st`rn Bobzgn bnf[gutj`rn Lrbzad. Bt b jahj`r r`sgdutagn (<3-io), tj` ogf`d prgm`kts `v`n dbrh`r ankr`bs`san \Z0F ly tj` `nf ge tj` k`ntury.

Dai`was`, hur` <.5 sjgws tj` kjbnh`s an obxaouo nuol`r ge kgns`kutav` fryfbys (KFF). B —fry fby‟ as f` n`f bs b fby watj pr`kapatbtagn ge d`ss tjbn 2 oo f -2.Dbrh` KFF kjbnh` as prgm`kt`f gv`r tj` `ntar` lbsan.

Eahur` <.6. [`bsgnbd Kjbnh`s an [gad Ogastur` an Vgpsgad (an %) l`tw``n tj`Sr`s`nt bnf tj` @nf ge tj` <2 st K`ntury egr 53-io bnf <3-io \`sgdutagn

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Iatgj `t bd. <331.Ngt`= Egr 53-io, br`bs stbtastakbddy sahna kbnt bt 10 p`rk`nt d`v`d br` kgdgr`f, bnf br`bs wj`r` bdd egur fae-e`r`nt [[V xp`rao`nts sjgw kgnsast`nt kjbnh`s an sahn br` jbtkj`f. Egr <3-io ogf`d, br`bs stbtastakbddysahna kbnt bt 13 p`rk`nt d`v`d br` kgdgr`f. Kgntgur ant`rvbd as 2 oo f -2.



An tj` pr`s`nt-fby saoudbtagn, sgo` ant`roa `nt rban gkkurs an tj` fry s`bsgn, wjakjas bpprgxaobt`dy ergo Mun` tg Buhust gv`r tj` Bobzgn. Vjas ant`roa `nt rban an tj` fry

s`bsgn as kgn ro`f ly hrgunf-stbtagn fbtb. An tj` eutur` kdaobt` saoudbtagn, tjas rbanebdd

Eahur` <.0. Kjbnh`s an Obxaouo Eav`-Fby Sr`kapatbtagn Vgtbd (oo) l`tw``n tj`Sr`s`nt bnf tj` @nf ge tj` <2 st K`ntury egr (b) 53-io bnf (l) <3-io, \`sp`ktav`dy

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Iatgj `t bd. <331.Ngt`= Egr 53-io ogf`d, br`bs wj`r` bdd egur fa ffi r`nt [[V `xp`rao`nts sjgw kgnsast`nt kjbnh`s an sahnbr` jbtkj`f. ]`rg dan`s br` kgntgur`f.

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Iatgj `t bd. <331.Ngt`= Egr 53-io ogf`d, br`bs wj`r` bdd egur fa ffi r`nt [[V `xp`rao`nts sjgw kgnsast`nt kjbnh`s an sahnbr` jbtkj`f. ]`rg dan`s br` kgntgur`f.

Eahur` <.5. Kjbnh`s an Obxaouo Nuol`r ge Kgns`kutav` Fry Fbys l`tw``n tj`Sr`s`nt bnf tj` @nf ge tj` <2 st K`ntury egr (b) 53-io bnf (l) <3-io, \`sp`ktav`dy



Bss`sso`nt ge tj` \asi ge Bobzgn Fa`lbki 2;

furanh tj` fry s`bsgn vbnasj`s ( hur` <.8), bnf tjus strgnh`r KFF sahnbds br` anfuk`f.Iboahukja `t bd. (<335) bnbdyz`f eutur` ankr`bs`s an KFF gv`r tj` Bobzgn usanh b egr-o`r `xp`rao`nt fbtbs`t watj tj` <3-io o`sj ogf`d. Vj`y egunf tjbt an tj` pr`s`nt-fbysaoudbtagn, wj`n rban tbi`s pdbk` an tj` fry s`bsgn, `qubtgrabd `bst`rdy dgw-d`v`d wanfergo tj` AVK] jats tj` Bnf`s bnf f`vabt`s tg tj` sgutj, lranhanh skb `r`f kdgufs tg tj`

Eahur` <.8. V`n-Q`br \un ge Fbady \ban furanh tj` Fry [`bsgn bt Broaqu`f`s(pr`s`nt Yldu`_ vs. eutur` Yr`f_)

[gurk` = Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Iatgj `t bd. <331.Ngt`= Sr`s`nt ankduf`s kurr`nt f`kbf`9 eutur`, b f`kbf` bt tj` `nf ge tj` k`ntury. Vj` hrbpjs anfakbt` tjbtant`roa `nt fry-s`bsgn rbanebdd an tj` Bobzgn lbsan as prgm`kt`f tg fasbpp`br.

Q - b

x a s =

O ` b n

f b

a d y p r ` k

a p a t b t a g n g n b o g n

t j d y l b s

a s



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy26

oaffd` ge tj` Bobzgn. An tj` eutur` kdaobt`, b w`bi Xbdi`r karkudbtagn < bssgkabt`f watjtj` @d Naòg-dai` [[V kjbnh`s bnf b w`bi Btdbntak bntakykdgn` kgntralut` tg tj` w`bi`n-anh ge tj` `qubtgrabd `bst`rdy wanf bnf tj` suppr`ssagn ge rbanebdd gv`r Bobzgn.

Vj` bnbdysas ge eutur` ankr`bs`s an KFF gv`r tj` Bobzgn as prglbldy gn` ge tjògst aopgrtbnt nfanhs ge tj` bppdakbtagn ge tj` @brtj [aoudbtgr tg tj` eutur` kdaobtàn tj` lbsan bnf kgudf jbv` sahna kbnt aopdakbtagns egr tj` egr`sts‑ r`sada`nk` (ankr`bs`fvudn`rbladaty) tg frguhjt p`ragfs.

Aopbkt gn \av`r [tr`bo Edgw

Psanh tj` rung ffi fbtb f`rav`f ergo rbanebdd prgm`ktagns ge tj` @brtj [aoudbtgr, tj` str`bogw ge dbrh` rav`rs wbs kbdkudbt`f. Vj` bnbdysas us`f b —H\av` V‟ rav`r ogf`d. ; An tj`

pr`s`nt-fby saoudbtagn, dbrh` rav`rs sukj bs tj` Bobzgn bnf Sbrbnb br` w`dd r`pr`s`nt-`f ly tjas ogf`d. Vj` s`bsgnbd kjbnh`s an tj` Bobzgn lbsan‑s faskjbrh`s jbv` l``n bnb-dyz`f. Vj` stufy s`d`kt`f tj` Glafgs gls`rvbtagn sat` satubt`f l`tw``n Ngrtjw`st`rn

Bobzgnab bnf @bst`rn Bobzgnab. Vj` ogf`d saoudbt`s w`dd tj` pr`s`nt s`bsgnbd kykd`ge str`bo gw. Vj` `nf-ge-k`ntury prgm`ktagn sjgws tjbt tj` bnnubd rbnh` ge str`bo

gw l`kgo`s dbrh`r (jahj`r p`bis bnf dgw`r ngf`s), aopdyanh ogr` ggfs an tj` w`ts`bsgn bnf ogr` prgngunk`f frguhjts an tj` fry s`bsgn. Vjas as kgnsast`nt watj tj` nfanhs egr \Z0F bnf KFF.

Eanbddy, tj` bnbdysas ankduf`f tj` aopbkts gn s`bsgnbd gws ge s`d`kt`f rav`rs antj` Bobzgn. Eahur` <.: (dèt) sjgws tj` s`bsgnbd kjbnh` an tj` faskjbrh`s ge tj` \agObfàrb ly tj` <3-io o`sj ogf`d bt tj` n`br`st hraf pgant tg tj` gls`rvbtagn sat` btSgrtg U`djg (56.0³X, 1.;³[). Vj` fbsj`f dan` as egr tj` pr`s`nt bnf tj` sgdaf dan` as egrtj` `nf ge tj` <2 st k`ntury. Dgnh-t`ro o`bn vbdu`s (anfakbtanh tj` rbnh` ge ant`rbnnubdstbnfbrf f`vabtagns ly sjbfanhs) ge rav`r faskjbrh` bt gls`rvbtagn pgants (Sgrtg U`djg) ly tj` Hdglbd \av`r Faskjbrh` K`nt`r (H\FK) br` sjgwn tgh`tj`r. Vjas pgant as satubt`fbt tj` `xat ge tj` rav`r ergo [gutj`rn Bobzgnab. Vj` <3-io o`sj ogf`d r`bsgnbldy

Eahur` <.:. Ogntjdy [tr`bo Edgw (o ; s -2) egr (Dèt) \ag Obfàrb bnf (\ahjt) \agBobzgnbs

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Iatgj `t bd. <331.Ngt`= Ldu` sjbfanhs f`ngt` tj` gls`rv`f o`bsurò nts ly H\FK watj ant`rbnnubd stbnfbrf f`vabtagns.Gls`rv`f fbtb br` bt Sgrtg U`djg (56.0³X, 1.;³[) bnf bt Glafgs (00.:³X, <.0³[). Vj` j`bvy fbsj`f dan`bnf tj` j`bvy r`f sgdaf dan` f`ngt` tj` saoudbt`f str`bo gw egr tj` pr`s`nt (2181‛<33;) bnf an tjèutur` (<380‛<311), r`sp`ktav dy.




r`prgfuk`s tj` pr`s`nt s`bsgnbd kykd` ge str`bo gw bt tjas pgant watj obxaouo gwan Obrkj bnf oanaouo gw furanh Buhust‛Gktgl`r. Vj` ogf`d saoudbtagn fg`s ngtankduf` bny bntjrgpgh`nak ` ffi kts an rav`r gws (fav`rsagns, r`s`rvgars). At as prgm`kt`ftjbt an tj` eutur`, kgopbr`f tg tgfby, str`bo gw wadd ankr`bs` bt tj` p`bi gw s`bsgn(E`lrubry‛Bprad) wjad` at f`kr`bs`s furanh tj` dbt` fry s`bsgn.

Eahur` <.: (rahjt) sjgws tj` s`bsgnbd kjbnh` an tj` faskjbrh`s ge tj` Bobzgn \av`r ly tj` <3-io o`sj ogf`d bt tj` n`br`st hraf pgant tg tj` gls`rvbtagn sat` bt Glafgs(00.:³X, <.0³[). Vjas pgant as satubt`f l`tw``n Ngrtjw`st`rn Bobzgnab bnf @bst`rnBobzgnab. Bhban, tj` ogf`d w`dd r`prgfuk`s tj` pr`s`nt s`bsgnbd kykd` ge str`bo gwbt tjas pgant, lut watj sgo` unf`r`staobtagn furanh dgw gw s`bsgn.

At as prgm`kt`f tjbt eutur` str`bo gws an tj` Bobzgn lbsan wadd ankr`bs` an tj` jahj-gw s`bsgn bnf f`kr`bs` an tj` dgw- gw s`bsgn. At as bdsg prgm`kt`f tjbt tj` p`bi ogntj

ge tj` jahj- gw s`bsgn oby l` f`dby`f bnf tj` jahj- gw s`bsgn oby l`kgo` dgnh`r.At as ngt`f tjbt tj` bnnubd rbnh` ge str`bo gw l`kgo`s dbrh`r, aopdyanh ogr` ggfsan tj` w`t s`bsgn bnf frguhjts an tj` fry s`bsgn. Egr `xbopd`, bs b r`sudt ge tj` ant`n-sa kbtagn ge tj` pr`kapatbtagn kykd` bnf tj` ankr`bs` an `vbpgrbtagn, tj` Bobzgn \av`rprgm`kts jahj`r bopdatuf` an gws ergo <33,333 tg n`brdy <;3,333 o ; /s egr tj` p`bi gwbnf ergo :3,333 tg 53,333 o ; /s egr tj` dgw`r gws.

Ngt`s

2. Vgfby‑s oassagns trbm`ktgry as bdr`bfy w`dd blgv` tj` B2L sk`nbrag. Vj`règr`, tjas sk`nbrag obyng dgnh`r r`pr`s`nt b pdbusald` eutur`.<. Vj` Xbdi`r karkudbtagn as bn gk`bn-lbs`f systò ge bar karkudbtagn tjbt an u`nk`s w`btj`r gn tj`@brtj. Vj` Xbdi`r karkudbtagn as tj` r`sudt ge b fa ffi r`nk` an surebk` pr`ssur` bnf tòp`rbtur` gv`r

tj` w`st`rn bnf `bst`rn trgpakbd Sbka k Gk`bn (PKB\ <33:. Gndan` bt= j p=//www.wanfgws.ukbr.`fu/tgur/dani?/`brtj/Btogspj`r`/wbdi`rWkarkudbtagn.jtod).;. H\av`V= Hdglbd Faskjbrh` ogf`d usanh Vgtbd \ung ffi Ant`hrbtanh Sbtjwbys (V\AS), tj` 3.0 x 3.0v`rsagn watj hdglbd fbtb egr faskjbrh` kjbnn`ds9 Ngjbrb `t bd. (<335). Vj` rav`r rung ffi bss`ss`f antj` dbnf surebk` ogf`d as jgrazgntbddy ant`rpgdbt`f bs `xt`rnbd anput fbtb antg tj` V\AS hraf sgtjbt tj` gw vgduo` as sbv`f. B saoadbr bnbdysas obf` egr tj` Obhfbd`nb rav`r an Kgdgolab jbsr`k`ntdy l``n puldasj`f (Nbib`hbwb bnf U`rhbrb, <323)



25

K J B S V @ \ ;

Bss`sso`nt ge Eutur` \banebddgv`r tj` Bobzgn Lbsan

Vj` ogf`danh bt v`ry jahj r`sgdutagn ly tj` @brtj [aoudbtgr, bdtjguhj ròbribldàn ats d`v`d ge f`tbad bnf unaqu` an ats bladaty tg fask`rn `xtrò` `v`nts, r`pr`s`nts

tj` gutkgo` ge gndy gn` ogf`d bppda`f tg gn` sk`nbrag. At fg`s kgn ro tj` `xp`kt`fant`nsa kbtagn ge tj` wbt`r kykd` bnf, tjrguhj tj` us` ge tj` 53 io `nsòld`s, prgvaf`sb d`v`d ge rglustn`ss tg ats r`sudts. Jgw`v`r, tj`r` ròbans b n``f tg r`fuk` unk`rtbanta`sgn ogf`danh r`sudts gv`r Bobzgnab, an pbrtakudbr bs at kgnk`rns tj` prgm`ktagns r`dbt`f tgrbanebdd, wj`r` tj`r` as kgnsaf`rbld` vbrabnk` an ogf`danh r`sudts.

[go` HKOs pr`fakt ankr`bsanh rbanebdd gv`r tj` lbsan, wjad` gtj`rs pr`fakt fry-anh (Da `t bd. <335). An bt d`bst gn` obmgr ogf`d tj` rbanebdd r`fuktagn as sg s`v`r` bs tgunf`roan` tj` stbtus ge tj` rbanegr`st‖d`bfanh tg —fa`lbki‟ (Kgx `t bd. <3339 Kgx `t bd.<3369 Kgx t bd. <33:). Vjas kjbpt`r f`skral`s tj` f`v`dgpo`nt ge Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunk-tagns (SFEs)2 egr eutur` Bobzgnabn rbanebdd, lbs`f gn tj` prgm`ktagns prgfuk`f ly tj` <6HKOs an us` ly tj` ASKK (bnf ankduf`f an tj` KOAS; brkjav`) bs b pgssald` o`kjbnasotg r`fuk` unk`rtbanta`s an prgm`kt`f rbanebdds an tj` r`hagn (tbld` ;.2). Vj`s` prgm`kt`fkjbnh`s an rbanebdd r`pr`s`nt tj` bntakapbt`f aopbkt ergo tj` hdglbd òassagn ge HJHs.

Vbld` ;.2. HKOs an tj` KOAS; Brkjav`

Ogf`d Af`nta`r Ogf`d Nbo` Ogf`d Af`nta `r Ogf`d Nbo`

b lkkrWlko<.3 o anhvW`kjbo6

l kkobWkhko;W2 n anokoW;W3

k kkobWkhko;W2Wt5; g apsdWko6

f knroWko; p oargk;W<Wjar`s

` ksargWoi;.3 q oargk;W<Wo`fr`s

e ksargWoi;.0 r oaulW`kjgWh

h hefdWko<.3 s opaW`kjbo0

j hefdWko<.2 t oraWkhko<W;W<B

a hassWbgo u nkbrWkkso;W3

m hassWogf`dW`Wj v nkbrWpko2

i hassWogf`dW`Wr w uiogWjbfko;

d abpWehgbds2W3Wh x uiogWjbfhò2

[gurk` = Vbld` h`n`rbt f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Kgx bnf Mupp <331.




Vj`s` HKOs prgfuk` v`ry fa ffi r`nt pr`faktagns ge rbanebdd an tj` s`d`kt`f h`ghrbpj-akbd fgobans bnf bdsg v`ry fa ffi r`nt saoudbtagns ge kurr`nt kdaobt` an tj`s` r`hagns (s`` hur` ;.2). Ogst HKOs t`nf tg gv`r`staobt` rbanebdd an Ngrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad lut unf`r-`staobt` rbanebdd an tj` gtj`r egur r`hagns. Vj` tr`nfs an <2 st k`ntury rbanebdd vbry ergoblgut +2 oo/fby/k`ntury (`.h., Ogf`d —g‟ an tj` @B bnf N@L r`hagns) tg b fryanh ge-<oo/fby/k`ntury (`.h., Ogf`d —w‟ an tj` @B).

Eahur` ;.2. [aoudbtagn ge O`bn Bnnubd \banebdd an tj` <3 tj K`ntury (x-bxas) bnf\banebdd Vr`nf an tj` <2 st K`ntury (y-bxas) an tj` Eav` [tufy \`hagns ge Bobzgnab

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Kgx bnf Mupp <331.Ngt`= Vj` v`rtakbd fg `f dan` as tj` gls`rv`f rbanebdd an tj` <3 tj k`ntury. Vj` KOAS; HKOs br` dbl`d`f bsan tj` tbld` blgv`.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy2:

O`tjgf egr @staobtanh Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns

Gn` wby tg bffr`ss unk`rtbanty an eutur` rbanebdd as tg wàhjt tj` vbragus ogf`d prgm`k-tagns lbs`f gn tj` bladaty ge `bkj ogf`d tg prgfuk` i`y bsp`kts ge tj` gls`rv`f kdaobt`.

An tjas wby ogr` rglust pr`faktagns oby l` egunf ly opjbsazanh tj` r`sudts ergo ogr`r`bdastak ogf`ds bnf f`-òpjbsazanh tj` r`sudts prgfuk`f ly d`ss r`bdastak ogf`ds.Vj` bpprgbkj egddgw`f as tg kgnstrukt b prglbladastak pr`faktagn lbs`f gn b wàhjt`f

suo ge tj` pr`faktagns ge anfavafubd HKOs, usanh b Lby`sabn bpprgbkj. < Vj` wàhjt bs-sahn`f tg `bkj HKO wadd l` rè`rr`f tg bs tj` prglbladaty ge tj` ogf`d bnf wadd h`n`rbt` bprglbladaty f`nsaty eunktagn (SFE) gv`r tj` s`t ge ogf`ds. ;

Vjas prgk`fur` kbn l` us`f tg `staobt` SFEs egr eutur` rbanebdd an `bkj ge tj` v`r`hagns, usanh saoudbtagns prgfuk`f ly tj` <6 HKOs bvbadbld` an tj` brkjav` ge tj` Kgu- pd`f Ogf`d Ant`rkgopbrasgn Brkjav` Srgm`kt (KOAS;). Vwg bpprgbkj`s br` us`f tg wàhjttj` r`sp`ktav` ogf`d gutputs, tj` rst lbs`f pur`dy gn tj` rbanebdd saoudbt`f ly `bkj

HKO (s`` l`dgw), bnf tj` s`kgnf usanh tj` gls`rv`f kgrr`dbtagn l`tw``n Bobzgnabnrbanebdd bnf s`b surebk` tòp`rbtur` bngobda`s an tj` Btdbntak bnf Sbka k Gk`bns (s`` l`dgw).

Ogf`ds Xàhjt`f Bkkgrfanh tg \banebdd Srgm`ktagns

Vj`r` as b n``f tg kbptur` `rrgrs an tj` saoudbtagn ge tj` o`bn kdaobt` bnf ats vbrabladaty,sg tjbt tj` ogf`ds br` p`nbdaz`f egr lgtj tj` labs an tj` o`bn rbanebdd saoudbtagn bnftj` Igdoghgrgv-[oarngv stbtastak 6 ge tj` labs-kgrr`kt`f rbanebdd. Psanh tj`s` o`traks bnftj` Lby`sabn bpprgbkj f`skral`f an tj` ngt`s bt tj` `nf ge tj` kjbpt`r, r`dbtav` ogf`dwàhjtanhs egr `bkj s`bsgn (—FME,‟ —OBO,‟ —MMB,‟ —[GN‟) br` f`rav`f, bs w`dd bs egr

tj` `ntar` kbd`nfbr y`br (—bnnWo`bn‟), egr `bkj h`ghrbpjakbd fgoban. Vj` bnnubd o`bnwàhjts, wjakj jbv` suls`qu`ntdy l``n us`f tg wàhjt tj` prgm`ktagns ge tj` DSM fy-nboak hdglbd v`h`tbtagn ogf`d (s`` kjbpt`r 6), br` sjgwn an hur` ;.<.

Vj` bpprgbkj utadaz`f r`sudts an tj` s`d`ktagn ge sgo` ogf`ds bj`bf ge gtj`rs, watj must b oangraty ge ogf`ds lành ebvgr`f an bkj r`hagn. Vj` nuol`r ge ogf`ds watj ogr`tjbn tj` o`bn wàhjtanh as l`tw``n sax bnf nan` f`p`nfanh gn tj` r`hagn, watj ogstge tj` gtj`r ogf`ds r`kàvanh v`ry dgw wàhjts. Jgw`v`r, tj` ogst trust`f ogf`ds vbrysahna kbntdy l`tw``n tj` r`hagns, bnf ng sanhd` ogf`d jbs blgv`-bv`rbh` wàhjtanh egrbdd v` r`hagns. An bny gn` r`hagn, at as bdsg unusubd egr b hav`n ogf`d tg saoudbt` rbanebddbkkurbt`dy an bdd egur s`bsgns.

Jgw`v`r, tj` prgk`fur` fastanhuasj`s strgnhdy bognh tj` ogf`ds. Eahur` ;.; sjgws`xbopd` SFEs bnf Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns (KFEs) egr [gutj`rn Bobzgnab,an `bkj kbs` egr tj` <332‛<3;2 (ldbki) bnf <35:‛<31: (r`f) p`ragfs. Vj` hur` bdsg sjgwstj` fa ffi r`nk` l`tw``n tj` pragr fastralutagns (fg `f dan`s), wjakj w`r` f`rav`f ly bs-suoanh bdd ogf`ds tg l` qubddy dai`dy, bnf tj` pgst`ragr fastralutagns (kgntanugus dan`s),wjakj w`r` f`rav`f usanh tj` gutdan`f prgk`fur`. An ogst kbs`s wàhjtanh tj` ogf`ds ly tjàr r`dbtav` bladata`s tg prgfuk` tj` kurr`nt rbanebdd d`bfs tg sjbrp`r SFEs. An sgo`kbs`s tj` wàhjtanh bdsg sjaets tj` ogst dai`dy eutur` rbanebdd sahna kbntdy.

Vj` r`hagns bnf s`bsgns wj`r` sahna kbnt kjbnh`s an tj` rbanebdd SFE br` pr`fakt`ftg gkkur furanh tj` <2 st k`ntury ankduf`= Ngrtjw`st`rn Bobzgnab, wjakj as pr`fakt`f

tg l`kgo` w` `r an tj` FME bnf OBO p`ragfs9 bnf [gutj`rn Bobzgnab, wjakj jbs bnankr`bs`f prglbladaty ge <330-dai` frguhjt kgnfatagns an tj` [GN pr`-w`t s`bsgn (s`` lg go-dèt pbn`d ge hur` ;.;).




Eahur` ;.<. \`dbtav` KOAS; Ogf`d Xàhjtanhs Lbs`f Gn [aoudbtagn ge Bnnubd\banebdd (O`bn bnf Ubrabladaty) egr tj` Eav` Dbnf \`hagns ge Bobzgnab

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Kgx bnf Mupp <331.Ngt`= Vj` jgrazgntbd dan` sjgws tj` `xp`kt`f prglbladaty ae bdd ogf`ds br` `qubddy dai`dy. Vj` KOAS;HKOs br` dbl`d`f bs an tbld` 2.2.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy<3

Vj` prglbladaty ge bnnubd rbanebdd lành d`ss tjbn ; oo/fby wbs bdsg kbdkudbt`f egr`bkj ge tj` v` r`hagns. Vj` r`sudts br` suoobraz`f an tbld` ;.<.

Vbld` ;.<. Srglbladaty ge Bnnubd \banebdd Lành D`ss tjbn ;oo p`r Fby egr @bkj ge tjÈav` [tufy \`hagns ge Bobzgnab

\`hagnSrglbladaty<332‛<3;3

Srglbladaty<35:‛<31:

@B 3% 3.8%

N@L :3% 85%

NXB 3% 3%

[Bz 3% 3.2%[L 2.2% 5.:%

[gurk`= Vbld` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt.

Eahur` ;.;. Kjbnh`s an Ogf`d`f \banebdd Fastralutagns egr [gutj`rn Bobzgnab=Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns (KFEs) gn tj` Dèt bnf Srglbladaty F`nsatyEunktagns (SFEs) gn tj` \ahjt

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Kgx bnf Mupp <331.Ngt`= Ldbki dan`s r`pr`s`nt tj` <332‛<3;3 p`ragf bnf r`f dan`s sjgw <35:‛<31:. Vj` fg `f dan`s br` lbs`fgn b unaegro pragr an wjakj bdd ogf`d prgm`ktagns br` kgnsaf`r f qubddy dai`dy, bnf tj` kgntanugus dan`sbr` ergo tj` Lby`sabn wàhjtanh prgk`fur` lbs`f gn tj` rbanebdd saoudbtagns ge `bkj ogf`d. Ngt` tjànkr`bs`f prglbladaty ge xtrò` w`t kgnfatagns an FME, bnf `xtrò` (<330-dai`) fry kgnfatagns an [GN.



Bss`sso`nt ge tj` \asi ge Bobzgn Fa`lbki <2

Ogf`ds Xàhjt`f Bkkgrfanh tg [`b [urebk` Vòp`rbtur` Anf`x`s

\banebdd an Bobzgnab as bdsg ingwn tg l` s`nsatav` tg s`bsgnbd, ant`rbnnubd, bnf f`kbfbdvbrabtagns an s`b surebk` tòp`rbtur`s (Obr`nhg <336). Egr `xbopd`=

▣ Xbroanh ge tj` trgpakbd @bst Sbka k furanh @d Naòg `v`nts suppr`ss`s w`t-s`bsgn rbanebdd tjrguhj ogfa kbtagn ge tj` (@bst-X`st) Xbdi`r Karkudbtagnbnf tjrguhj tj` Ngrtj`rn Jòaspj`r` `xtrb-trgpaks (Nglr` bnf [juidb 2115).@d Naòg-dai` kdaobt` kjbnh` (O``jd bnf Xbsjanhtgn 2115) jbs saoadbrdy l``nsjgwn tg an u`nk` bnnubd o`bn rbanebdd gv`r [gutj Bo`rakb an HKO kdaobt`kjbnh` prgm`ktagns (Kgx `t bd. <3369 Da `t bd. <335)9

▣ Xbroanh ge tj` trgpakbd Ngrtj Btdbntak r`dbtav` tg tj` [gutj d`bfs tg b ngrtj-w`stwbrf sjaet an tj` Ant`rtrgpakbd Kgnv`rh`nk` ]gn` (AVK]) bnf kgop`nsbt-anh btogspj`rak f`sk`nt gv`r Bobzgnab (Da`lobnn bnf Obr`nhg <3329 Eu `tbd. <3329 Kgx `t bd. <33:). Egr Ngrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad tj` r`dbtagnsjap l`tw``n tj`

Ngrtj-[gutj Btdbntak [[V hrbfa`nt bnf rbanebdd as su ka`ntdy strgnh tg egro tj` lbsas egr b s`bsgnbd egr`kbstanh systò (Egddbnf `t bd. <332). Ubrabtagns an [[Vsan tj` trgpakbd Btdbntak bnf Sbka k kgntralut` an fa ffi r`nt wbys tg rbanebdd vbra-bladaty an tj` r`hagns ge Bobzgnab (Kgx bnf Mupp <33:).

Oudtapd` dan`br r`hr`ssagns ge rbanebdd br` r`pgrt`f an tj` vbragus dbnf r`hagns ge[gutj Bo`rakb bhbanst anf`x`s ge tj` Sbka k @bst-X`st [[V hrbfa`nt (S@XH) bnf tj` Bt-dbntak Ngrtj-[gutj [[V hrbfa`nt (BN[H), lbs`f gn gls`rvbtagnbd fbtb (N`w `t bd. <3339\byn`r `t bd. <33;). 0 \banebdd as kgrr`dbt`f an tj` v` s`d`kt`f r`hagns bhbanst tj` BN[H ,wjakj as tj` [[V fa ffi r`nk` l`tw``n tj` trgpakbd Ngrtj Btdbntak Y80 gX‛;3 gX, 20 gN‛

;0g

N_ bnf tj` trgpakbd [gutj Btdbntak Y63g

X‛20g

@, <0g

[‛0g

[_9 bnf tj` S@XH wjakj as tj`[[V fa ffi r`nk` l`tw``n tj` trgpakbd @bst Sbka k Y203gX‛13 gX, 0 g[‛0 gN_ bnf tj` trgpakbdX`st Sbka k Y2<3g@‛2:3g@, 0g[‛0 gN_. Dan`br kgrr`dbtagns w`r` kbrra`f gut egr bkj s`bsgn(F`kòl`r tg E`lrubry?FME9 Obrkj tg Oby?OBO9 Mun` tg Buhust?MMB9 [`ptòl`r tgNgvòl`r?[GN) bnf bdsg egr tj` bnnubd o`bn.

Vj` kgoput`f kgrr`dbtagn kg` ka`nts bnf tjàr unk`rtbanta`s (hav`n bs b stbnfbrff`vabtagn) w`r` kbdkudbt`f bnf br` bvbadbld` upgn r`qu`st ergo tj` butjgrs. Ergo tj`s`,sgo` sahna kbnt aopbkts ge BN[H bnf S@XH gn rbanebdd an tj` f`sahnbt`f r`hagns w`ràne`rr`f. Egr `xbopd`=

▣ Bn bngobdgusdy pgsatav` BN[H (a.`., <330-dai` kgnfatagns an wjakj tj` NgrtjBtdbntak wbros r`dbtav` tg tj` [gutj) d`bfs tg r`fuk`f rbanebdd y`br-rgunf anNgrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad, bnf ergo Mudy tg Ngvòl`r an @bst`rn Bobzgnab.

▣ Bn bngobdgusdy pgsatav` S@XH (a.`., @d Naòg-dai` kgnfatagns an wjakj tj` @bstSbka k wbros r`dbtav` tg tj` X`st) d`bfs tg r`fuk`f rbanebdd an tj` @bst (Ngrtj-`bst`rn Lrbzad bnf @bst`rn Bobzgnab) lut tg ankr`bs`f rbanebdd an tj` [gutj (`s-p`kabddy an [gutj`rn Lrbzad).

H`n`rbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`d [aoudbtagn ge Kurr`nt bnfEutur` [`b [urebk` Vòp`rbtur` Anf`x`s

Hav`n tj` gls`rv`f kgrr`dbtagn l`tw``n tj` BN[H bnf S@XH anf`x`s bnf Bobzgnabnrbanebdd, tj` saoudbtagn ge tj`s` anf`x`s ly tj` ogf`ds as dai`dy tg jbv` r`d`vbnk` tg tj`saoudbtagn ge rbanebdd an tj` eutur`. Vj` dèt pbn`d ge hur` ;.6 sjgws tj` bnnubd o`bn



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy<<

BN[H bnf S@XH vbdu`s bs saoudbt`f ly `bkj ge tj` KOAS; HKOs, bnf kgopbr`s tjòtg tj` vbdu`s `staobt`f ergo gls`rvbtagns (r`f bst`rasi). E`w ogf`ds saoudbt` lgtj getj`s` anf`x`s w`dd, watj ogst ogf`ds prgfukanh b n`hbtav` labs an BN[H ([gutj Btdbntaktgg kgdf r`dbtav` tg Ngrtj), bnf b pgsatav` labs an tj` S@XH (@bst Sbka k tgg wbro r`db-tav` tg tj` X`st).

Vj` rahjt pbn`d ge hur` ;.6 sjgws tj` <2 st k`ntury tr`nfs an S@XH bnf BN[H ergo`bkj ogf`d. Ogst ogf`ds s`ò tg prgfuk` b wbroanh ge tj` @bst Sbka k r`dbtav` tg tj`X`st (@d Naòg-dai` pb `rn), lut tj`r` as ng bhr`ò`nt blgut tj` sahn ge tj` tr`nf an tj`BN[H, watj sgo` ogf`ds pr`suoanh strgnh wbroanh ge tj` Ngrtj Btdbntak r`dbtav` tgtj` [gutj (`.h., Ogf`d —w‟) bnf gtj`rs prgfukanh tj` gppgsat` (`.h., Ogf`d —g‟).

Vj` gls`rv`f fbtb anfakbt` tjbt ogr` pgsatav` BN[H as bssgkabt`f watj fryanh anbdd r`hagns bsaf` ergo [gutj`rn Lrbzad. Vjas gls`rv`f fa ffi r`nk` l`tw``n tj` fa ffi r`ntHKOs as v`ry dai`dy tg aopbkt tj` saoudbt`f tr`nfs an rbanebdd.

Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr Eutur` [`b [urebk` Vòp`rbtur` Anf`x`s

An tjas suls`ktagn wàhjtanh ebktgrs egr `bkj ogf`d br` `staobt`f lbs`f gn saoudbtagn getj` bnnubd o`bn BN[H bnf S@XH an tj` <3 tj k`ntury. 5 Eahur` ;.0 sjgws tj` wàhjtanhebktgrs f`rav`f tjrguhj kgopbrasgn tg BN[H fbtb bdgn` (dèt pbn`d) bnf S@XH fbtbbdgn` (rahjt pbn`d). [ax ge tj` <6 ogf`ds bkja`v` blgv`-bv`rbh` wàhjtanh gn tj` BN[H(watj ogf`d —w‟ lành tj` jahj`st wàhjt`f), bnf nan` bkja`v` blgv`-bv`rbh` wàhjt-anh egr S@XH lut gndy gn` sahna kbntdy sg (ogf`d —g‟).

Lbs`f gn tj`s` wàhjtanhs, `staobt`s kbn l` obf` ge KFEs bnf SFEs egr tj` BN[Hbnf S@XH9 tj`s` br` sjgwn an hur`s ;.5 bnf ;.8. Vj` wàhjtanh prgfuk`s b kdaobt`kjbnh` sahnbd watj b suhh`stagn tjbt tj` ogst dai`dy BN[H vbdu`s wadd l`kgo` ogr`

n`hbtav` tjrguhj tj` <2st

k`ntury, wjakj wgudf obi` egur ge tj`

v` stufy br`bs w` `r(s`` tbld` ;.2). Jgw`v`r, at bdsg ankr`bs`s tj` prglbladaty ge pgsatav` (<330-dai`) bngobda`san tj` BN[H.

Eahur` ;.6. Kgopbranh Bnnubd O`bn Ubdu`s bnf Sr`fakt`f Dan`br Vr`nfs an BN[Hbnf S@XH

[gurk`=Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Kgx bnf Mupp <331.Ngt`= Ogf`d dbl`ds kbn l` egunf ergo tj` tbld` ;.2. An tj` pbn`d b) gls`rv`f vbdu`s sjgwn ly r`f bst`rasi.



Bss`sso`nt ge tj` \asi ge Bobzgn Fa`lbki <;

Vj`r` as b suhh`stagn ge sdahjt ankr`bs`s an S@XH tjrguhj tj` <2 st k`ntury ( hur`;.8), wjakj br` kgnsast`nt watj tj` @d Naòg-dai` rbw ogf`d tr`nfs sjgwn an hur` ;.6.

An suoobry, tj` SFE-lbs`f o`tjgf kbdkudbt`f usanh tj` twg prgk`fur`s f`skral`fan tjas kjbpt`r, bdtjguhj usèud an f`t`ktanh sahna kbnt pgt`ntabd kjbnh`s an rbanebdd ansgo` r`hagns, egr sgo` s`bsgns, as ngt `nguhj tg suppgrt b ldbni`t stbtò`nt gn wj`tj-`r tj` `xastanh s`t ge ogf`ds pr`fakt b w`t Bobzgn gr b fry Bobzgn bs b r`sudt ge kda-obt` kjbnh`. [go` ge tj` jahj`st-rbni`f ogf`ds anfakbt` b t`nf`nky tgwbrf b w` `r

Bobzgn, pbrtakudbrdy an tj` Ngrtjw`st, lut saoudtbn`gusdy pgant tg bn ankr`bs`f pgs-saladaty ge <330-dai` `v`nts an [gutj`rn Bobzgnab. Bs egr gtj`r r`hagns, at as stadd fa kudttg fask`rn b tr`nf.

Eahur` ;.0. Xàhjtanh ge tj` KOAS; Ogf`ds Lbs`f gn Vjàr \`dbtav` Bladata`s tg[aoudbt` O`bn bnf Ubrabladaty ge tj` I`y [[V Anf`x`s

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Kgx bnf Mupp <331.

Eahur` ;.5. Kjbnh`s an Ogf`d`f KFEs bnf SFEs egr tj` BN[H Anf`x

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Kgx bnf Mupp <331.Ngt`= Ldbki dan`s r`pr`s`nt tj` <332‛<3;3 p`ragf bnf r`f dan`s sjgw <35:‛<31:. Vj` fg `f dan`s br` lbs`fgn b unaegro pragr an wjakj bdd ogf`d prgm`ktagns br` kgnsaf`r`f qubddy dai`dy, bnf tj` kgntanugus dan`sbr` ergo tj` Lby`sabn wàhjtanh prgk`fur` lbs`f gn tj` BN[H saoudbtagns ge `bkj ogf`d.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy<6

Vj` bnbdysas bdsg anfakbt`s b sahna kbnt ankr`bs` an tj` prglbladaty ge frguhjt kgnfa-tagns an [gutj`rn Lrbzad (up ergo 2.2 p`rk`nt an <332‛<3;3 tg 5.8 p`rk`nt an <35:‛<31:)gr b sjaet ergo gn` <330-dai` frguhjt p`r k`ntury tg gn` `v`ry s`v`nt``n y`brs. [tadd, tj`gv`rbdd unk`rtbanta`s an eutur` Bobzgnabn rbanebdd ròban sahna kbnt.

Ngt`s2. SFEs f` n` tj` prglbladaty tjbt b pbrtakudbr vbrabld` (an tjas kbs` Bobzgnabn rbanebdd) ebdds watj-an b hav`n rbnh`. Vj`y kbn tj`règr` l` us`f tg `staobt` tj` prglbladaty tjbt tj` rbanebdd as d`ss tjbnsgo` kratakbd vbdu` tjbt kgudf d`bf tg egr`st fa`lbki.<. Lby`s‑s tj`grò bddgws tj` ogf`d prglbladata`s tg l` ogfa `f `bkj tao` gn` kgnsaf`rs tj` blad-aty ge tj` ogf`ds tg saoudbt` sgo` r`d`vbnt bsp`kt ge kurr`nt kdaobt` (sukj bs rbanebdd an `bkj s`b-sgn). Vjas upfbtanh ge tj` SFE as bkja`v`f ly kgopbranh tao` s`ra`s ge pbst gls`rvbtagns watj tao`s`ra`s ge ogf`d saoudbtagns egr `bkj vbrabld`.;. Vjas upfbtanh ge tj` SFE as bkja`v`f ly kgopbranh tao` s`ra`s ge pbst gls`rvbtagns watj tao`s`ra`s ge ogf`d saoudbtagns egr `bkj vbrabld`. An tjas stufy ogf`ds br` wàhjt`f lbs`f gn tjàrbladaty tg saoudbt` lgtj tj` o`bn stbt` bnf tj` vbrabladaty (a.`., tj` stbtastakbd fastralutagn) ge kurr`ntkdaobt`. An gtj`r wgrfs, tj` bao as tg fgwn-wàhjt tjgs` ogf`ds wjakj saoudbt` b kdaobt` wjgsò`bn vbdu` as ebr ergo tj` gls`rv`f o`bn, gr b kdaobt` wjgs` stbtastakbd fastralutagn as b pggr t tgtj` gls`rv`f fastralutagn, v`n wj`n bny labs an tj` o`bn vbdu` jbs l``n kgrr`kt`f. Vj` prgk`fur`kbn l` suoobraz`f bs egddgws=

a. bssahn `qubd prglbladaty tg bdd ogf`ds‖b unaegro pragrSFE9 kjggs` b kdaobtak vbrabld` ge ant`r`st9aa. upfbt` tj` ogf`d SFE lbs`f gn tj` t l`tw``n ogf`d saoudbtagns bnf gls`rvbtagns egr tjas

vbrabld`9aaa. tr`bt tj` kurr`nt ogf`d SFE bs b n`w pragr, bnf r`p`bt st`ps (a) bnf (aaa) bs r`quar`f9av. gltban b nbd pgst`ragr SFE egr tj` ogf`ds.

6. Vj` Igdoghgrgv-[oarngv stbtastak kbn l` `bsady kbdkudbt`f usanh stbnfbrf stbtastakbd sgetwbr`pbkibh`s9 at as us`f tg o`bsur` fastralutagnbd bf`qubky an b sbopd`.0. Vj` dbnf r`hagns br` sjgwn skjòbtakbddy an Eahur` A.2 bnf br` dbl`d`f bs @bst`rn Bobzgnab (@B),

Ngrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad (N@L), Ngrtjw`st`rn Bobzgnab (NXB), [gutj`rn Bobzgnab ([Bz) bnf [gutj`rn Lrb-zad ([L).5. Ogf`ds br` p`nbdaz`f egr bny labs an tj` dgnh-t`ro o`bn bs w`dd bs egr `rrgrs an tj` saoudbtagnge vbrabladaty (tjrguhj tj` Igdoghgrgv-[oarngv stbtastak).

Eahur` ;.8. Kjbnh`s an Ogf`d`f KFEs bnf SFEs egr tj` S@XH Anf`x

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Kgx bnf Mupp <331.Ngt`= Ldbki dan`s r`pr`s`nt tj` <332‛<3;3 p`ragf bnf r`f dan`s sjgw <35:‛<31:. Vj` fg `f dan`s br` lbs`fgn b unaegro pragr an wjakj bdd ogf`d prgm`ktagns br` kgnsaf`r f qubddy dai`dy, bnf tj` kgntanugus dan`sbr` ergo tj` Lby`sabn wàhjtanh prgk`fur` lbs`f gn tj` S@XH saoudbtagns ge bkj ogf`d.



<0

K J B S V @ \ 6

Bnbdysas ge Bobzgn Egr`st\`spgns` tg Kdaobt` Kjbnh`

Antrgfuktagn

Vj` bnbdysas an kjbpt`r ; fg`s ngt d`bf tg b ldbni`t stbtò`nt r`hbrfanh bn ankr`bs`gr r`fuktagn an rbanebdd gv`r tj` `ntar` Bobzgn lbsan. Jgw`v`r, at fg`s anfakbt` b

t`nf`nky tgwbrf b w` `r Bobzgn, an pbrtakudbr an tj` Ngrtjw`st, lut saoudtbn`gusdyanfakbt`s bn ankr`bs`f pgssaladaty ge fry `v`nts an [gutj`rn Bobzgnab bnf `v`n ogr` an[gutj`rn Lrbzad. \òbribldy, tj`s` br` tj` sbo` tr`nfs af`nta `f tjrguhj tj` us` ge tj`jahj-r`sgdutagn @brtj [aoudbtagn ge tj` Bobzgn lbsan.

L`ygnf rbanebdd, jgw`v`r, tj`r` br` gtj`r kdaobt`-anfuk`f aopbkts tjbt n``f tg l`kgnsaf`r`f egr tjàr pgt`ntabd ` ffi kt gn lgtj tj` struktur` bnf l`jbvagr ge tj` egr`st. Bsf`skral`f an kjbpt`r 2, tj`s` ankduf` tj` egddgwanh=

▣ Jahj prglbladata`s egr prgdgnh`f frguhjt str`ss oby d`bf tg ankr`bsanh pjysa-gdghakbd str`ss egr tr``s, ankr`bs`f tr`` ogrtbdaty, bnf tjus kbrlgn òassagns.

▣ Ankr`bsanh btogspj`rak KG < kgnk`ntrbtagns oby bdt`r tj` frguhjt r`spgns` geegr`sts.

▣ Ankr`bsanh tòp`rbtur`s oby bkk`d`rbt` j`t`rgtrgpjak r`sparbtagn rbt`s bnftjus kbrlgn òassagns.

▣ \`sudtanh kjbnh`s an `vbpgtrbnsparbtagn bnf tj`règr` kgnv`ktav` pr`kapatbtagnkgudf eurtj`r bkk`d`rbt` frguhjt kgnfatagns bnf f`stbladaz` tj` trgpakbd `kgsys-tò bs b wjgd`.

[trgnh aopbkts ge frguhjt gn trgpakbd egr`st lagobss bnf struktur` br` kgrrglg-rbt`f ly `df o`bsurò`nts bnf `xp`rao`nts. Vj` gls`rv`f r`spgns`s ge rbanegr`sts tgfrguhjt `v`nts sukj bs tj` 2118‛211: @N[G `v`nt rbnh` ergo jahj tr`` ogrtbdaty ge ~<5p`rk`nt an b egr`st watj s`bsgnbd rbanebdd (@bst Ibdaobntbn9 Ubn Naùwstbft bnf [jàd<330) tg ng ogrtbdaty r`spgns` an s`bsgnbddy fry egr`sts (Sbnbob9 Kgnfat `t bd. <336) bnfs`v`rbd ant`ro`fabt` r`spgns`s (Xaddabosgn `t bd. <333). Furanh tj` Bobzgn frguhjt an<330, Sjaddaps `t bd. (<331) o`bsur`f strgnhdy ankr`bs`f tr`` ogrtbdaty bnf rbtj`r sobddf`kdan`s an hrgwtj an tj` survavanh tr``s. Obandy ebst-hrgwanh dahjt-wggf`f tr``s w`r`bffi kt`f ly kbrlgn stbrvbtagn. [aoadbr r`sudts jbv` l``n egunf an tj` 21:; frguhjt `v`ntan Sbnbob, wj`r` ogrtbdaty ge fa ffi r`nt tr`` sp`ka`s ankr`bs`f (Kgnfat `t bd. 2110). Dbrh`tr``s br` `sp`kabddy s`nsatav` tg r`fuktagn an sgad wbt`r l`dgw b kratakbd tjr`sjgdf bnfr`bkt watj ankr`bs`f ogrtbdaty (N`pstbf `t bd. <338). Vjus, an b frguhjt `v`nt, tr``s oby



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy<5

l` iadd`f s`d`ktav`dy bnf tjus sp`ka`s kgopgsatagn bs w`dd bs kbngpy struktur` oby l`bdt`r`f (N`pstbf `t bd. <3389 Sjaddaps `t bd. <331).

\banebdd as gn` ge tj` ogst aopgrtbnt frav`rs ge egr`st hrgwtj bnf survavbd, lut tj`sahnbd prgvaf`f ly fa ffi r`nt ogf`ds jbs b dbrh` vbrabnk`. Vj` HKO ogf`d wàhjtanhsf`skral`f an kjbpt`r ; prgvaf` anegrobtagn blgut tj` pgt`ntabd ge tj` <6 kdaobt` ogf`dstg r`prgfuk` tj` o`bn bnf tj` fastralutagn ge bnnubd rbanebdd unf`r kurr`nt kgnfatagns.Xatj tj` f`rav`f rbnianh ge tj` kdaobt` ogf`ds, tj`r` as tj` pgssaladaty tg `staobt` tj`r`spgns` ge lagobss bnf tjus tj` rasi ge b pgt`ntabd egr`st fa`lbki bkkgrfanh tg tj` kda-obt` ogf`ds‑ prglbladaty.

An tjas kjbpt`r, tj` rasi, o`kjbnasos, bnf kgns`qu`nk`s ge b pgssald` fa`lbki geunfasturl`f rbanegr`sts an Bobzgnab br` bss`ss`f, usanh b stbt`-ge-tj`-brt prgk`ss-lbs`fv`h`tbtagn ogf`d (DSMoD). Vj` glm`ktav`s w`r` tg `staobt` (b) tj` rbnh` ge pgssald` ao-pbkts ge kdaobt` kjbnh` gn Bobzgnabn egr`st `kgsystòs, bnf (l) tj` prglbladaty ge b egr-`st fa`lbki, lbs`f gn wàhjt`f prglbladaty f`nsaty eunktagns egr tj` <6 kdaobt` ogf`dsbs `staobt`f an kjbpt`r ;.

Vj` Dunf-Sgtsfbo-M`nb Obnbh`f Dbnf FynboakHdglbd U`h`tbtagn bnf Xbt`r Lbdbnk` Ogf`d

@kgsystò-d`v`d r`spgns`s tg kjbnhanh `nvargno`ntbd kgnfatagns (tòp`rbtur`, wbt`rbvbadbladaty, bola`nt KG <) br` tj` n`t gutkgo` ge oudtapd` prgk`ss`s, sukj bs pjgtgsyn-tj`sas, butg- bnf j`t`rgtrgpjak r`sparbtagn, hrgwtj, kgop`tatagn, bnf ogrtbdaty. Vj` fy-nboaks ge `kgsystò struktur` bnf v`h`tbtagn kgopgsatagn br` tj`règr` jahjdy ngndan-`br bnf f`p`nf strgnhdy gn h`ghrbpjakbd dgkbtagn bnf kdaobt` kgnfatagns. Gls`rvbtagns

ge tj`s` prgk`ss`s bnf tjàr n`t `kgsystò aopbkt `xast ergo b rbnh` ge sat`s tjrguhjguttj` trgpakbd egr`st l`dt, bnf rògt` s`nsanh fbtb prgvaf` eurtj`r r`hagnbd-tg-hdglbd an-t`hrbtav` fbtb. Jgw`v`r, r`hagnbdazanh tj`s` `kgsystò r`spgns`s egr tj` oban kdaobtakbnf `fbpjak hrbfa`nts, bnf `xtrbpgdbtanh tjò unf`r kdaobt` kjbnh` bnf ankr`bsanhKG< kgnk`ntrbtagns, r`quar` kgopr`j`nsav` nuo`rakbd saoudbtagn ogf`ds tjbt ankduf`tj` oban pjysagdghakbd, lagh`gkjòakbd bnf stbnf-d`v`d prgk`ss`s, bs w`dd bs v`h`tbtagnfynboaks fu` tg kgop`tatagn bnf fasturlbnk`. 2

Egr tj` pr`s`nt stufy, tj` DSMoD ogf`d jbs l``n bppda`f tg tj` Bobzgn r`hagn. < [ank` tj` hgbd ge tjas tbsi as tj` af`nta kbtagn ge egr`st r`spgns`s tg kjbnhanh kdaobt`,bdd egr`sts br` bssuo`f tg l` unb ffi kt`f ly dbnf us` kjbnh` gr fègr`stbtagn. Vj` DSMoD

ogf`d as tj`règr` us`f an ats pgt`ntabddy nbturbd v`h`tbtagn ogf`. An tj` egddgwanh kjbp-t`r, tj` kgupd`f kdaobt`-v`h`tbtagn ogf`d KSV@K-SUO<.3 as tj`n us`f tg `staobt` tj`kdaobt` e``flbkis ergo lago` sjaets bnf fègr`stbtagn.

An DSMoD, v`h`tbtagn prgk`ss`s br` saoudbt`f egr sobdd br`bd unats, tj` saz` ge wjakjas f`t`roan`f ly bvbadbld` fbtb. Vypakbddy, tj`s` unats br` k`dds an hrafs watj o`sj saz`sge 3.0 f`hr``s dgnhatuf` bnf dbtatuf`. ; Vj` eunktagnbd unats ge tj` ogf`d br` pdbnt eunk-tagnbd typ`s (SEVs) wjakj kbn l` kgnkàv`f bs pdbnt sp`ka`s hrgup`f ly sp`ka k b ra- lut`s kgntrgddanh tjàr pjysagdghy bnf fynboaks. Vj` prgm`kt`f SEVs an tj` Bobzgn lbsan br` —trgpakbd lrgbfd`be `v rhr``n,‟ —trgpakbd lrgbfd`be rbanhr``n,‟ bnf —K 6 hrbss.‟

Vj` v`h`tbtagn an bkj hraf k`dd as r`pr`s`nt`f bs b oaxtur` ge tj` tjr`` SEVs. @bkj getj` SEVs kgv`rs b k`rtban prgpgrtagn ge tj` ogf`d`f br`b, wjakj as f`ngt`f bs ats —egdabrprgm`ktav` kgv`r‟ (ESK). Sdbnt pjysagdghakbd bnf lagh`gkjòakbd prgk`ss`s br` saoudbt`fan b o`kjbnastak wby. Sjgtgsyntj`sas, wbt`r lbdbnk` bnf obant`nbnk` r`sparbtagn egr




`bkj SEV br` kbdkudbt`f gn b fbady tao` st`p. Vj` bssaoadbt`f kbrlgn (NSS) as bddgkbt`ftg tj` fa ffi r`nt kbrlgn kgopbrto`nts ge tj` pdbnt, sukj bs d`bv`s, wggf, bnf rggts, bk-kgrfanh tg sp`ka `f bddgo`trak kgnstrbants.

Furanh tjas wgri, b n`w r` ogfud` ([SAVEA\@, Vjgnaki` `t bd. an r`va`w) jbs l``nankgrpgrbt`f antg DSMoD9 at saoudbt`s f`tbad`f kdaobtak r` fbnh`r, ahnatagn, spr`bf, è-e`kts, bnf òassagns ge wadf r`s an nbturbd v`h`tbtagn kbus`f ly dahjtnanh (Vjgnaki` `tbd. an r`va`w).

[aoudbtagn ge U`h`tbtagn [tbt` an tj` Bobzgn Lbsan

Vg vasubdaz` tj` kurr`nt stbt` ge tj` `kgsystò bnf tj` d`v`d ge egr`st f`hrbfbtagn an tj`Bobzgn lbsan, tjr`` anfakbtgr vbrabld`s far`ktdy f`rav`f ergo stbt` vbrabld`s ge DSMoDbr` us`f=

▣ Egr`st kgv`r (EK), wjakj wbs kbdkudbt`f ergo egdabr prgm`ktav` kgv`r (ESK) ge tj`wggfy SEVs bnf rbnh`s l`tw``n 3 bnf 233 p`rk`nt9

▣ Lagobss f`nsaty (LF), wjakj as tj` bkkuoudbt`f blgv`hrgunf v`h`tbtagn kbrlgn an ih K o -<9 bnf,

▣ b v`h`tbtagn kdbssa kbtagn skjò` tjbt f`skral`s egr`st typ`s ly tjàr prgpgr-tagn ge egr`st kgv`r bnf lagobss f`nsaty ge tj` nbturbd stbnf watjan tj` hraf k`dd( hur` 6.2). An b saopda `f wby,

Eahur` 6.2. U`h`tbtagn Kdbssa kbtagn egr tj` Bobzgn Lbsan Lbs`f gn Lagobss

F`nsaty (LF) bnf Egr`st Kgv`r (EK) bs [aoudbt`f ly DSMoD

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly \booah `t bd. <331.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy<:

• —trgpakbd‟ (EK > :3, LF > 2<) bnf —oax`f‟ (EK > :3, LF 4 2<, LF > 5) egr`stsbr` s``n bs —prastan`‟ egr`st typ`s, wjad`

• —gp`n egr`sts‟ (EK > :3, LF 4 5),• —wggfdbnf‟ (EK 4:3, EK > 63, LF > 5),• —sjruldbnf‟ (EK 4 :3, EK > 63, LF 4 5), bnf• —sbvbnnb‟ (EK 4 63, LF 4 5) br` àtj`r gkkurranh nbturbddy gr kbn bdsg l`

—s`kgnfbry‟ f`hrbf`f typ`s, a.`., kbus`f ly kdaobt` gr dbnf us` kjbnh`.Vj` tjr`sjgdf vbdu`s egr EK bnf LF w`r` `staobt`f egddgwanh Bd`nkbr `t bd.(<335).

Pnf`r kurr`nt kdaobt` kgnfatagns (21:2‛<333), tj` pgt`ntabd nbturbd v`h`tbtagn antj` Bobzgn lbsan as fgoanbt`f ly trgpakbd bnf oax`f (f`kafugus) rbanegr`sts. DSMoDsaoudbtagns ge kurr`nt v`h`tbtagn br` an bkkgrfbnk` watj gtj`r lago` kdbssa kbtagn bnfpgt`ntabd v`h`tbtagn obps (ALH@ 21::9 [bdbzbr `t bd. <338). Vj` tgtbd `staobt`f lagobss

(blgv`- bnf l`dgwhrgunf) rbnh`s ergo 68 tg :5 Sh K an tj` Bobzgn lbsan9 tjas da`swatjan tj` (lrgbf) rbnh` ge gtj`r saoudbtagn r`sudts bnf anv`ntgra`s wjakj suhh`st vbd-u`s l`tw``n ;1 bnf 2<; Sh K (Jguhjtgn `t bd. <3329 Kgwdanh bnf [jan <3359 Obdja `t bd.<3359 [gbr`s-Eadjg `t bd. <3359 [bbtkja `t bd. <338).

\`spgns` ge Lagobss tg Srgm`kt`f Kjbnh`s an \banebddan tj` Faee`r`nt H`ghrbpjakbd Fgobans

Vj` lagobss r`spgns` bs kbdkudbt`f ergo DSMoD lbs`f gn tj` KOAS; oudta-ogf`d kda-obtgdghy jbs l``n rbni`f bkkgrfanh tg tj` SFEs egr rbanebdd (kbdkudbt`f an kjbpt`r ;).Eahur`s 6.< tg 6.5 sjgw tj` `staobt`f ogf`d wàhjtanhs bnf tj` prgm`kt`f kjbnh`s an lagobss egr tj` tao` p`ragf <383‛<233 v`rsus 2183‛<333 egr tj` DSMoD-[2 (sjbddgw rggtsbnf tj` [\@[-B2L òassagn trbm`ktgry) saoudbtagns, wjad` f`dal`rbt`dy `xkdufanh tj` pg-t`ntabd rgd` ge KG< e`rtadazbtagn.

Kurr`nt ingwd`fh` bnf bvbadbld` fbtb s`ò tg anfakbt` tjbt, prgvaf`f tj`r` br` ngdaoatanh wbt`r bnf nutra`nt kgnstrbants, KG < e`rtadazbtagn pdbys b rgd` an tj` hrgwtj gestbnfs an tòp`rbt` egr`sts (tjas as pbrtakudbrdy aopgrtbnt egr ygunh egr`st stbnfs). Vjasbssuoptagn jbs l``n bt tj` lbsas ge kurr`nt fynboak v`h`tbtagn ogf`danh.

Jgw`v`r, unf`r prgngunk`f nutra`nt kgnstrbants, typakbd ge pggr sgad kgnfatagns antj` Bobzgn lbsan, tj`r` as sulstbntabd unk`rtbanty tjbt KG < e`rtadazbtagn oby pdby sukjbn `ffi ktav` rgd` an trgpakbd, obtur` egr`st `kgsystòs. Vjus, an tj` bls`nk` ge sgdaf an-egrobtagn (sukj bs ergo `kgsystò KG < e`rtadazbtagn `xp`rao`nts), tj` bssuoptagn tjbtKG< e`rtadazbtagn wadd l` sahna kbnt an tj` Bobzgn kbnngt pr`s`ntdy l` us`f bs b lbsasegr sgunf pgdaky bfvak`.

Vj` lbr pdgt an tj` tgp pbn`d ge hur`s 6.< tg 6.5 sjgws tj` rbnianh ge tj` <6 kdaobtògf`ds egr tj` r`sp`ktav` h`ghrbpjakbd fgoban bs kbdkudbt`f egr tj` kgolan`f fastralu-tagn gv`r bdd s`bsgns watjgut tj` KG < `ffi kt. Ogf`ds watj tj` jahj`st prglbladaty br` l`st r`prgfukanh o`bn bnf fastralutagn ge rbanebdd pb `rns an tj` r`sp`ktav` r`hagn. Vj` lgx-bnf-wjasi`rs pdgts an tj` pbn`d l`dgw sjgw tj` kgrr`spgnfanh kjbnh` an lagobss,saoudbt`f ly DSMoD unf`r tj` [\@[-B2L òassagn trbm`ktgry. Vj` hrbpjs sjgw tj` fae-

e`r`nk` l`tw``n tj` bv`rbh` gv`r tj` p`ragfs <383‛<233 bnf 2183‛<333. N`hbtav` vbdu`sanfakbt` f`kr`bs` bnf pgsatav` vbdu`s anfakbt` ankr`bs` an v`h`tbtagn kgv`r bnf egr`stkgv`r.




Eahur` 6.<. \bnianh ge tj` <6 Kdaobt` Ogf`ds egr tj` @bst`rn Bobzgnab \`hagn bsKbdkudbt`f egr tj` Kgolan`f Fastralutagn gv`r Bdd [`bsgns

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly \booah `t bd. <331.Ngt`= Vgp pbn`d, ogf`ds watj jahj`st prglbladaty br` l`st r`prgfukanh o`bn bnf fastralutagn ge rbanebddpb `rns an tjas r`hagn.

Egr @bst`rn Bobzgnab (@B) , twg ogf`ds rbni l`st (oargk;W<Wjar`s, oargk;W<Wo`-fr`s). Vjàr kdaobtgdgha`s d`bf tg twg sdahjtdy fa ffi r`nt r`spgns`s ge v`h`tbtagn kbrlgnprgm`ktagns unf`r eutur` kgnfatagns. Xatjgut KG < e`rtadazbtagn lgtj ogf`ds pr`fakt bf`kr`bs` ge l`tw``n < bnf 0 ih K o -<.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy;3

Eahur` 6.;. \bnianh ge tj` <6 Kdaobt` Ogf`ds egr Ngrtjw`st`rn Bobzgnab bsKbdkudbt`f egr tj` Kgolan`f Fastralutagn gv`r Bdd [`bsgns


AnNgrtjw`st`rn Bobzgnab (NXB), tj` r`hagn watj tj` jahj`st lagobss f`nsatyunf`r kurr`nt kgnfatagns, tj` rbnh` ge pgt`ntabd lagobss kjbnh`s as v`ry dbrh`. Bhban,

tj` twg jahj`st rbni`f ogf`ds prgm`kt faffi

`r`nt r`spgns`s an lagobss unf`r tj` ng-KG < e`rtadazbtagn sk`nbrag. Pnf`r tj` opaW`kjbo0-kdaobtgdghy, DSMoD prgm`kts gn bv`rbh`b dgss ge lagobss ge ~: ih K o -< an tj` hraf k`dds ge Ngrtjw`st`rn Bobzgnab. Vj` oa-rgk;W<Wjar`s-kdaobtgdghy d`bfs tg b prgm`kt`f f`kr`bs` gn bv`rbh` ge ~< ih K o -<.



Bss`sso`nt ge tj` \asi ge Bobzgn Fa`lbki ;2

Eahur` 6.6. \bnianh ge tj` <6 Kdaobt` Ogf`ds egr [gutj`rn Bobzgnab bsKbdkudbt`f egr tj` Kgolan`f Fastralutagn gv`r Bdd [`bsgns


Egr [gutj`rn Bobzgnab ([Bz), DSMoD prgm`kts b f`kr`bs` an v`h`tbtagn kbrlgn egr tj` egur jahj`st rbni`f kdaobt` ogf`ds (opaW`kjbo0, hassWbgo, nkbrWpko2,nkbrWkkso;W3).



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy;<

Eahur` 6.0. \bnianh ge tj` <6 Kdaobt` Ogf`ds egr Ngrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad bsKbdkudbt`f egr tj` Kgolan`f Fastralutagn gv`r Bdd [`bsgns


AnNgrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad (N@L), tj` hefdWko<W2 kdaobt` ogf`d as jahj`st rbni`f.J`r`, DSMoD prgm`kts b sgo`wjbt dgw`r f`kr`bs` an v`h`tbtagn kbrlgn ge 3 tg -< ih K o -< egr tj` egur l`st rbni`f ogf`ds.



Bss`sso`nt ge tj` \asi ge Bobzgn Fa`lbki ;;

Eahur` 6.5. \bnianh ge tj` <6 Kdaobt` Ogf`ds egr [gutj`rn Lrbzad bs Kbdkudbt`fegr tj` Kgolan`f Fastralutagn gv`r Bdd [`bsgns


An[gutj`rn Lrbzad ([L), v`h`tbtagn kbrlgn as prgm`kt`f tg f`kr`bs` an ogst kdaobt`sk`nbrags. Xatj tj` twg jahj`st rbni`f ogf`ds egr tjas r`hagn (opaW`kjbo0, hefdWko<W2), DSMoD prgm`kts b —ogf`rbt`‟ f`kr`bs` an lagobss.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy;6

Vj` pdgts anfakbt` tjbt tj` l`st rbnianh ogf`ds kgnsast`ntdy pr`fakt b r`fuktagn antj` f`nsaty ge v`h`tbtagn kbrlgn an bdd h`ghrbpjakbd fgobans9 tj` r`fuktagns br` dbrh`stegr tjgs` ogf`ds watj tj` jahj`st rbnianh.

Vj` v`h`tbtagn kbrlgn r`spgns` lbs`f gn tj` HKO wàhjtanhs kd`brdy sjgws tjbttj` kjbnh`s an v`h`tbtagn kbrlgn vbry strgnhdy bognh tj` v` r`hagns bnf bognh tj`kdaobt` sk`nbrags. Vj` kdaobt` ogf`ds jbvanh tj` jahj`st prglbladaty an r`prgfukanh bn-nubd pr`kapatbtagn kykd` faffi r bognh tj` v` r`hagns dggi`f bt. Vj` v`h`tbtagn r`spgns`tg tj` jahj`st-rbni`f kdaobt` ogf`ds as kgnsaf`rbld` bnf get`n kgntbans b jahj spbtabdvbrabladaty egr b kdaobt` sk`nbrag.

Xj`n tj` KG < e`rtadazbtagn ffi kt as ankduf`f an tj` staobt` ge lagobss r`spgns`, tj`r`fuktagns an v`h`tbtagn kbrlgn br` faoanasj`f bnf an sgo` kbs`s bn ankr`bs` an v`h`tb-tagn kbrlgn kbn l` gls`rv`f. Jgw`v`r, bs anfakbt`f blgv`, tj` KG < e`rtadazbtagn ffi kt anobtur` egr`sts, unf`r nutra`nt-daoatanh kgnfatagns sukj bs tjgs` pr`vbd`nt an Bobzgnabnsgads, as jahjdy unk`rtban9 tj`règr`, tj` kurr`nt anegrobtagn sk`nbrags watjgut KG < e`rtad-azbtagn sjgudf l` us`f bs b lbsas egr pgdaky f`kasagns.

Vj` bnbdysas blgv` bssuo`s ng KG < e`rtadazbtagn. Xj`n KG < e`rtadazbtagn wgudf l`bddgw`f an DSMoD, b nuol`r ge kdaobt` ogf`ds wgudf r`sudt an ankr`bs`s an lagobsskbrlgn. Jgw`v`r, bs anfakbt`f lègr`, tj` `xt`nt bnf daoats ge KG < e`rtadazbtagn br` un-k`rtban bnf sulm`kt tg kurr`nt ska`nta k f`lbt` (Ngwbi `t bd. <3369 Igrn`r `t bd. <3309Ngrly `t bd. <330).

Srglbladaty Eunktagn egr Bobzgn Egr`st Lagobss Kjbnh`

An tjas suls`ktagn, i`y gutputs ge kjbpt`rs ; bnf 6 br` kgolan`f tg f`rav` SFEs bnf

Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns (KFEs) egr kjbnh`s an v`h`tbtagn kbrlgn. Vj` saou-dbt`f kjbnh`s an v`h`tbtagn kbrlgn ergo tj` DSMoD-[2 saoudbtagns (sjbddgw rggts bnftj` [\@[-B2L òassagn trbm`ktgry), bs pr`s`nt`f an kjbpt`r 6, br` wàhjt`f bkkgrfanhtg tj` kdaobt` ogf`d SFEs sjgwn an hur` ;.<. DSM saoudbtagns watj bnf watjgut KG <-e`rtadazbtagn br` kgnsaf`r`f.

Eahur`s 6.8‛6.22 sjgw tj` f`rav`f fastralutagn eunktagns egr tj` v` stufy r`hagns.An `bkj kbs` tj` ankdusagn ge KG < e`rtadazbtagn (r`f dan`s) sahna kbntdy ankr`bs`s tj` r`-sada`nk` ge tj` egr`st tg KG <-anfuk`f kdaobt` kjbnh` bnf tj`règr` sulstbntabddy r`fuk`stj` rasi ge egr`st fa`lbki. Vjas as s``n ogst kd`brdy an tj` KFE pdgts (tgp pbn`ds), wjakjsjgw jgw tj` prglbladaty ge b v`h`tbtagn kbrlgn kjbnh` l`dgw sgo` vbdu` x vbra`s watj

x. Vjus, egr `xbopd`, tj` prglbladaty ge b r`fuktagn an egr`st kbrlgn hr`bt`r tjbn 2 ihK o -< (bs sjgwn ly tj` v`rtakbd fbsj`f dan`) as blgut ;3 p`rk`nt an @bst`rn Bobzgnab( hur` 6.8.) an tj` bls`nk` ge KG < e`rtadazbtagn (ldbki kurv`), lut as `ss`ntabddy n`hdahald`gnk` tj` fèbudt DSM KG <-e`rtadazbtagn ffi kts br` ankduf`f (r`f kurv`). Bs o`ntagn`fblgv`, tj`r` as stadd bn bktav` ska`nta k f`lbt` blgut tj` dai`dy d`v`d ge far`kt KG < `ffi ktsgn obtur` egr`st `kgsystòs, watj sgo` ska`ntasts brhuanh tjbt nutra`nt r`quarò`ntswadd ogst dai`dy daoat tj` d`v`d ge KG < e`rtadazbtagn an tj` <2st k`ntury.

Gn tj` lbsas ge tj` SFE ge lagobss r`spgns`, tj` prglbladaty ge b <0 p`rk`nt r`fuktagnan stbnfanh kbrlgn anfuk`f ly kdaobt` kjbnh` egr tj` fa ffi r`nt h`ghrbpjakbd fgobans jbs l``n `staobt f an tj` bls`nk` ge tj` KG < e`rtadazbtagn ffi kt bnf unf`r tj` B2L òassagntrbm`ktgry. Vj` bss`sso`nt `staobt`s b v`ry jahj prglbladaty ge fa`lbki an [gutj`rn Bo-bzgnab (5< p`rk`nt) bnf sahna kbnt prglbladata`s an Ngrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad bnf @bst`rn Bo-bzgnab. Ngrtjw`st`rn Bobzgnab bpp`brs an tj` bnbdysas tg l` bognh tj` ogst r`sada`ntr`hagns. B ogr` rbpaf wbroanh oby r`sudt an ogr` frbstak fa`lbki (s`` tbld` 6.2 l`dgw).




Eahur` 6.8. Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns (Ppp`r Sbn`d) bnf SrglbladatyF`nsaty Eunktagns (Dgw`r Sbn`d) egr Kjbnh` an U`h`tbtagn Kbrlgn an @bst`rnBobzgnab (ergo 2183‛<333 tg <383‛<233)

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Kgx bnf Mupp <331.Ngt`= Srgfuk`f ergo DSMoM-[2 saoudbtagns (sjbddgw rggts bnf tj` [\@[-B2L òassagn trbm`ktgry) watjKG< e`rtadazbtagn (r`f dan`s) bnf watjgut KG < e`rtadazbtagn (ldbki). Vj` fg `f v`rtakbd dan` anfakbt`s b dgssge 2 ih K o -<.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy;5

Eahur` 6.:. Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns (Ppp`r Sbn`d) bnf SrglbladatyF`nsaty Eunktagns (Dgw`r Sbn`d) egr Kjbnh` an U`h`tbtagn Kbrlgn anNgrtjw`st`rn Bobzgnab (ergo 2183‛<333 tg <383‛<233)





Eahur` 6.1. Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns (Ppp`r Sbn`d) bnf SrglbladatyF`nsaty Eunktagns (Dgw`r Sbn`d) egr Kjbnh` an U`h`tbtagn Kbrlgn an [gutj`rnBobzgnab (ergo 2183‛<333 tg <383‛<233)




Xgrdf Lbni [tufy;:

Eahur` 6.23. Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns (Ppp`r Sbn`d) bnf SrglbladatyF`nsaty Eunktagns (Dgw`r Sbn`d) egr Kjbnh` an U`h`tbtagn Kbrlgn anNgrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad (ergo 2183‛<333 tg <383‛<233)





Eahur` 6.22. Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns (Ppp`r Sbn`d) bnf SrglbladatyF`nsaty Eunktagns (Dgw`r Sbn`d) egr Kjbnh` an U`h`tbtagn Kbrlgn an [gutj`rnLrbzad (ergo 2183‛<333 tg <383‛<233)




Xgrdf Lbni [tufy63

Vbld` 6.2. Bss`sso`nt ge tj` \asi ge Bobzgn Fa`lbki, F` n`f bs <0% Dgss geU`h`tbtagn Kbrlgn (ergo 2183‛<333 tg <383‛<233) egr tj` Eav` H`ghrbpjakbd FgobansPsanh DSMoD-[2 [aoudbtagns ([jbddgw \ggts bnf tj` [\@[-B2L @oassagn Vrbm`ktgry)Xatjgut KG < E`rtadazbtagn

H`ghrbpjakbd fgoban Bv`rbh` v`h. kbrlgn(ihK/o <)

Srglbladaty ge fa`lbki w/g KG< e`rtadazbtagn an %

@bst`rn Bobzgnab 2< :

Ngrtjw`st`rn Bobzgnab 20 ;

[gutj`rn Bobzgnab 23 5<

Ngrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad ; 21

[gutj`rn Lrbzad 23 <


At as kgnkduf`f tjbt far`kt KG< `ffi kts bt `kgsystò d`v`d br` tj` i`y uningwn an bs-

s`ssanh tj` rasi ge Bobzgn egr`st fa`lbki unf`r <2 st k`ntury kdaobt` kjbnh`. 6 \`fukanhtjas unk`rtbanty, usanh b kgolanbtagn ge `staobt`s ge tj` Bobzgnabn kbrlgn sani (Sjad-daps `t bd. <331) bnf tr`nfs an rav`r rung ffi (H`fn`y `t bd. <335), as tj`règr` b pragraty egregddgw-gn stufy. Frbstak fa ffi r`nk`s l`tw``n tj` tgtbd aopbkts ge kdaobt` kjbnh` kbus`f ly KG < bnf gtj`r kdaobt` egrkanh bh`nts (`.h., ankr`bs`s an o`tjbn` gr r`fuktagns an sud-pjbt` b`rgsgds) jbv` aopdakbtagns egr ant`rnbtagnbd kdaobt` pgdaky, wjakj kurr`ntdy tr`btsbdd rbfabtav` egrkanhs bs `qubddy fbobhanh. An kgntrbst, tjas stufy sjgws kd`brdy tjbt tj`rasi ge Bobzgn egr`st fa`lbki as obny tao`s hr`bt`r ae kdaobt` kjbnh` bras`s ergo bh`ntsgtj`r tjbn KG <.

[aoudbtagn ge [`nsatavaty tg KG < bnf \ggtanh F`ptj

Bs s``n blgv`, tj` dai`dajggf bnf `xt`nt ge KG < e`rtadazbtagn bnf ats `ffi kts bt `kgsystòd`v`d br` kratakbd tg bss`ss tj` prgsp`kts egr fa`lbki. \ggt f`ptj bdsg b ffi kts tj` r`sada`nk`ge lagobss, an pbrtakudbr ats bladaty tg watjstbnf frguhjts. Vg `vbdubt` tj` ` ffi kts ge KG< e`rtadazbtagn bnf faffi r`nt rggtanh f`ptjs, DSMoD wbs run egr egur sk`nbrags (tbld` 6.<).[k`nbrags [2 bnf [< br` run usanh tj` stbnfbrf [\@[-B< òassagn trbm`ktgry bnf ankduf`tj` ` ffi kts ge kdaobt` bnf ankr`bsanh btogspj`rak KG < kgnfatagns. Pnf`r sk`nbrags [;bnf [6, tj` ` ffi kt ge KG< jbs l``n rògv`f ly usanh kgnstbnt <333 KG < kgnfatagns.

[ka`nta k stufa`s sjgw tjbt tj` ` ffi kts ge `d`vbt`f KG < gn pdbnt hrgwtj br` f`p`n-f`nt gn (a) tj` sp`ka`s kgnsaf`r`f, (aa) tj` hrgwtj stbh` ge tj` sp`ka`s, (aaa) ats pjgtgsyn-tj`tak kjbrbkt`rastaks, bs w`dd bs (av) tj` obnbhò`nt r`hao`, sukj bs wbt`r, natrgh`n (N)bppdakbtagns egr krgps bnf bvbadbladaty ge oakrg-nutra`nts (Mbldgnsia `t bd. <33<9 Iaolbdd`t bd. <33<9 Ngrly `t bd. <33;9 Banswgrtj bnf Dgnh, <330). 0

Egr tr``s, tj` o`bsur`f kjbnh` an lagobss (a.`. hrgwtj) an ygunh bnf rbpafdy hrgw-anh pbrk`ds bt 003 ppo KG < kbn l` an tj` 3‛;3 p`rk`nt rbnh`, watj tj` jahj`r vbdu`s r`-pgrt`f an ygunh`r tr``s. 5 Egr obtur`, nbturbd egr`sts tj`r` wbs ng gr gndy da d` r`spgns`tg `d`vbt`f KG < gls`rv`f (Ngwbi `t bd. <3369 Igrn`r `t bd. <3309 Ngrly `t bd. <330). 8 Ngrly `t bd. (<330) egunf b o`bn tr`` n`t praobry prgfuktagn (NSS) r`spgns` ge <; p`r-k`nt an ygunh tr`` stbnfs9 jgw`v`r, an obtur` tr`` stbnfs Igrn`r `t bd. (<330) r`pgrt`fng KG < staoudbtagn. An bffatagn, at as aopgrtbnt tg ngt` tjbt tj` o`bsur`f NSS r`spgns`(ae sg) as ngt prgvafanh bny anegrobtagn gn n`t kjbnh`s an kbrlgn stgki (Igrn`r `t bd.





Xgrdf Lbni [tufy6<

tagns r`fuk` tj` n`hbtav` ` ffi kts ge frguhjt gn pdbnt hrgwtj (H`rt`n `t bd. <330), wjakjankr`bs` pdbnt prgfuktavaty. An tj` kurr`nt bss`sso`nt, tj` ` ffi kts ge KG < w`r` t`st`f us-anh b kgnstbnt KG < sk`nbrag (tbld` 6.;) egr b ogf`d tjbt pr`fakts s`v`r` rbanebdd r`fuktagnbnf Bobzgn fa`lbki (JbfKO;).

Ubryanh rggtanh f`ptj bnf KG < `ffi kts prgfuk`f strgnh ` ffi kts gn tj` f`hrbfbtagnge Bobzgn egr`sts unf`r kdaobt` kjbnh` (tbld` 6.;). Pnf`r kurr`nt kgnfatagns, tj` v`h-`tbtagn ge tj` Bobzgn lbsan as fgoanbt`f ly —trgpakbd‟ bnf —oax`f‟ f`kafugus egr`sts.Bssuoanh b egr`st watj sjbddgw rggtanh tr``s (sk`nbrag [2), 65 p`rk`nt ge tj` Bobzgn lbsan as kgv`r`f watj trgpakbd egr`sts (JbfKO;-B< sk`nbrag). Xatj tj` bssuoptagn gef``p`r rggtanh tr``s (sk`nbrag [<), b 80 p`rk`nt kgv`r watj trgpakbd egr`sts as prgm`kt`f egrkurr`nt kdaobt` kgnfatagns, fu` tg l` `r bkk`ssaladaty ge tr``s tg f``p sgad wbt`r.

Xatj ankr`bsanh btogspj`rak KG < kgnk`ntrbtagns ([\@[-B<), tj` f`hrbfbtagn getrgpakbd egr`sts as ogf`rbt` untad tj` oaffd` ge tj` <2 st k`ntury, watj ;< p`rk`nt bnf 51p`rk`nt ge tj` Bobzgn lbsan stadd kgv`r`f ly trgpakbd egr`sts an tj` [2 bnf [< sk`nbrags,r`sp`ktav`dy ( hur` 6.2<). \ògvanh tj` frguhjt-lu ffi ranh bnf hrgwtj-staoudbtanh è-e`kts ge KG< ergo tj` saoudbtagns d`bfs tg b fa ffi r`nt paktur`. An tj` [; sk`nbrag, blgut jbdege tj` egro`r —oax`f‟ egr`sts br` f`hrbf`f tg —gp`n‟ egr`sts, kgntbananh dgw`r boguntsge lagobss. [jruldbnfs ankr`bs` ly 20 p`rk`nt. An tj` f``p rggts sk`nbrag, wggfdbnf bnfsjruldbnf ankr`bs` ly 23 p`rk`nt.

Ly tj` `nf ge tj` k`ntury, unf`r tj` bssuo`f kdaobt` bnf KG < `ffi kts, gndy ;8 p`r-k`nt ge trgpakbd egr`sts ròban an tj` [< [k`nbrag bnf 20 p`rk`nt an tj` [2 [k`nbrag. An tj`

Vbld` 6.;. S`rk`ntbh` ge Egr`st Kgv`r ge tj` Kdbssa `f U`h`tbtagn Vyp`s an tj`Bobzgn Lbsan unf`r JbfKO;-B< [k`nbrag

[k`nbrag

Egr`st kgv`r (%)

2112‛<333

Vrgpakbd F`kafugus Gp`n egr`st Xggfdbnf [jruldbnf [bvbnnb

[2 60.0 65.0 3.5 2.0 3.< 0.:[< 80.; 25.: 3.; 2.0 3.< 0.:[; 60.0 65.0 3.5 2.0 3.< 0.:[6 80.; 25.: 3.; 2.0 3.< 0.:

<362‛<303


[2 ;<.3 53.: 3.< 2.< 3.2 0.:[< 51.6 <;.2 3.< 2.0 3.2 0.:[; <0.; <8.: <3.2 0.3 20.1 0.:[6 60.0 <3.2 ;.6 2;.8 22.6 0.:

<312‛<233


[2 20.< 00.8 <.8 :.< 23.; 8.8[< ;5.1 ;:.1 <.1 1.3 0.1 5.6[; 3.0 0.: 5.1 2.1 58.5 28.;[6 3.: <.0 <.: ;.2 86.8 25.2

[gurk`= Vbld` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly \booah `t bd. <331.Ngt`= \`sudts egr tj` ebktgrabd xp`rao`nts, an wjakj tj` ffi kts ge kdaobt` bnf KG < bnf tj` ffi kts ge sjbd-dgw bnf f``p rggtanh tr``s w`r` t`st`f.




`xtrò` kbs` ge tj` [; [k`nbrag, trgpakbd egr`sts fasbpp`br. Vj` v`h`tbtagn an tj` lbsan askgnv`rt`f tg 5: p`rk`nt sjruldbnf bnf 28 p`rk`nt sbvbnnb-dai` v`h`tbtagn. Vj` ròban-anh 20 p`rk`nt kgnsasts ge oax`f bnf gp`n egr`sts. [aoadbr pb `rns br` egunf an tj` [6[k`nbrag.

Vj`s` r`sudts d`bf tg tj` kgnkdusagn tjbt tj` `xt`nt ge b pgt`ntabd Bobzgn egr`stfa`lbki as jahjdy f`p`nf`nt gn tj` ogf`d bssuoptagns obf` gn v`h`tbtagn struktur`bnf r`spgns` tg `nvargno`ntbd ebktgrs. Vj` `vbdubtagn ge tj` twg bssuoptagns gn (2)tj` ` ffi kts ge KG< lu ffi ranh gn frguhjt bnf (<) fa ffi r`nt rggtanh f`ptj sjgw`f tjbt bn

`staobt` ge tj` str`nhtj ge b pgt`ntabd fa`lbki bnf tj` far`ktagn ge egr`st f`hrbfbtagn asstrgnhdy f`p`nf`nt gn tj`s` bssuoptagns.@vaf`nk` ergo `df o`bsurò`nts egr tj`s` prgk`ss`s as dbkianh bnf `staobt`s gn

tj` pgt`ntabd ` ffi kts ge KG < gr gn rggtanh f`ptj fastralutagn gv`r tj` Bobzgn lbsan br`ngt y`t bvbadbld`. Vj`s` krukabd bsp`kts egr tj` `kgsystò‑s r`sada`nk` wgudf k`rtbandyjbv` tg l` pbrt ge bny egddgw-up bnbdysas. B sulstbntabd aopbkt ge KG <e`rtadazbtagn an ob-tur` stbnfs ge trgpakbd egr`st unf`r nutra`nt daoat`f kgnfatagns as unk`rtban bnf sjgudfngt l` us`f bs tj` lbsas egr pgdaky f`kasagns.

Kjbnh`s an Vrbnsparbtagn

Bngtj`r bsp`kt ge v`h`tbtagn kjbnh`s an tj` Bobzgn lbsan as tj` kgntralutagn ge egr-`st tg tj` kgnv`ktav` pr`kapatbtagn tjbt pdbys bn aopgrtbnt rgd` an tj` r`hagn egr wbt`rsuppdy (Obdja `t bd. <33:). U`h`tbtagn an Bobzgnab as fgoanbt`f ly trgpakbd bnf oax`f

Eahur` 6.2<. [k`nbrag Bnbdysas ge tj` An u`nk` ge F``p bnf [jbddgw \ggts unf`rKdaobt` bnf KG < @ee`kts bnf Kdaobt`-Gndy @ee`kts

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly \booah `t bd. <331.Ngt`= [aoudbtagn r`sudts egr tj` JbfKO;-B< kdaobt` sk`nbrag .



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy66

egr`sts tjbt obantban jahj trbnsparbtagn rbt`s ge ~:03 oo yr -2 (~<.; oo f 2) unf`r kur-r`nt kdaobt` kgnfatagns, watj bnnubd pr`kapatbtagn ge 2<33‛;333 oo bnf tòp`rbtur`sge <3‛<:³K. Eahur` 6.2; addustrbt`s tjbt trgpakbd egr`sts jbv` b dgw`r pdbstakaty wj`n atkgo`s tg bkkgoogfbtagn tg fra`r kgnfatagns. Vj`y ròban gndy an br`bs watj stadd jahjpr`kapatbtagn bnf obantban jahj trbnsparbtagn rbt`s. Oax`f egr`sts br` bld` tg bfbpt tgfra`r kgnfatagns bnf tjàr trbnsparbtagn rbt`s f`kr`bs` unf`r fra`r kgnfatagns bnf watjjahj`r tòp`rbtur`s. Jgw`v`r, tj` `kgsystò sjaets tgwbrf f`hrbf`f egr`st typ`s watjd`ss egr`st kgv`r bnf dgw`r lagobss, sukj bs wggfdbnf bnf sjruls. Vj`s` typ`s trbnspar`d`ss bnf tj`règr` r`fuk` tj` kgntralutagn tg kgnv`ktav` pr`kapatbtagn.

O`kjbnasos ge Sgt`ntabd Bobzgn Fa`lbki

Vj` o`kjbnaso ge pgt`ntabd egr`st fa`lbki as addustrbt`f l`st ly tj` f`v`dgpo`nt ge egr-`st bnf hrbss kgv`r gv`r tao` an r`hagns watj s`v`r` frguhjt saoudbt`f ly tj` kdaobtògf`d. Vjas as addustrbt`f egr gn` `xbopd` hraf k`dd dgkbt`f an tj` ngrtj`bst`rn pbrt geBobzgnab, bt 02.<0³X bnf 3.<0³[ ( hur` 6.26), usanh gn` ge tj` ogf`ds tjbt pr`fakt rban-ebdd r`fuktagns.

Vj` gv`rbdd frav`r ge tj` kdaobt`-kbus`f kgddbps` ge egr`st an tj` ngrtj`bst`rn pbrt geBobzgnab unf`r tj` JbfKO;-B< kdaobtgdghy as b h`n`rbd f`kr`bs` an o`bn pr`kapatb-tagn bkkgopbna`f ly s`v`rbd `xtrò` frguhjt `v`nts stbrtanh bet`r <303. Jahj trbnsparb-tagn rbt`s rst d`bf tg b f`pd`tagn ge sgad wbt`r an tj` upp`r bnf tj`n tj` dgw`r sgad dby`r,kbusanh jahj wbt`r str`ss an tj` pdbnts. Vjas as egddgw`f ly b strgnh r`fuktagn an NSSbnf quakidy ankr`bsanh ogrtbdaty ge tr``s.

Eahur` 6.2;. Vrbnsparbtagn (an oo yr -2 ) egr tj` Faee`r`nt U`h`tbtagn Vyp`s AsF`p`nf`nt gn Sr`kapatbtagn bnf Vòp`rbtur`

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly \booah `t bd. <331.Ngt`= Pnf`r eutur` kgnfatagns, watj kjbnhanh pr`kapatbtagn bnf tòp`rbtur` pb `rns bnf sjaets an v`h-`tbtagn, trbnsparbtagn kjbnh`s. \`sudts ergo DSMoD saoudbtagns watj JbfKO;-B< kdaobtgdghy.




Eahur ` 6.26. U`h`tbtagn Kjbnh` bt Dgkbd [kbd` an b Hraf K`dd an Ngrtj`bst`rnBobzgnab

[gurk`=Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly \booah `t bd. <331.Ngt`= Eahur` sjgws (b) O`bn bnnubd tòp`rbtur` bnf suo ge bnnubd pr`kapatbtagn ergo 21:3 tg <233 ergotj` JbfKO;-B< kdaobt` sk`nbrag9 (l-`) Ebktgrabd bnbdysas ge tj` an u`nk` ge f``p/sjbddgw rggts bnfsaoudbtagns watj an u`nk` ge kdaobt`+KG< bnf kdaobt` kjbnh` ` ffi kts gndy ([k`nbrags [2-[6). Vj` dahjt ldu` dan` as sgad wbt`r kgnt`nt bs b erbktagn ge sgad wbt`r jgdfanh kbpbkaty (an p`rk`nt) egr upp`r (pdban dan`)

bnf dgw`r (fbsj`f dan`) sgad d`v`ds.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy65

An tjas pbrtakudbr `xbopd`, egr`st kgv`r r`kgv`rs furanh tj` egddgwanh y`brs lbkitg :3‛10 p`rk`nt. Vjas kbn l` `xpdban`f ly b quaki r`spgns` ge wggfy-v`h`tbtagn r`-hrgwtj. Vj` r`spgns` ge tj` v`h`tbtagn oby l` s`v`r`dy gv`r`staobt`f an DSMoD sank`ng sgad `rgsagn gr gtj`r f`hrbfbtagn as bssuo`f tg tbi` pdbk`. Vj` struktur` ge tj` egr-`st kjbnh`s, watj b r`sudt ge ogr` hrbss v`h`tbtagn tjbn lègr` tj` frguhjt `v`nts. Antj` kbs` ge tj` [2 bnf [; sk`nbrags, tj` jahj bogunt ge tj`s` jahjdy boobld` hrbss`strahh`rs er`qu`nt r` `v`nts. Vj`s` ` ffi kts br` strgnh`r unf`r tj` kdaobt`-` ffi kts-gndy bs-suoptagn. Vj` systò oby bt tjas pgant kjbnh` tg b r`-frav`n `kgsystò stbt` tjbt kbn l` kjbrbkt`raz`f bs sbvbnnb.

Kjbnh`s an Dahjtnanh-Kbus`f Xadf r`s

Ear`s br` rbr` `v`nts unf`r unfasturl`f kgnfatagns an trgpakbd egr`st `kgsystòs. Vj`yjbv` l``n gls`rv`f jastgrakbddy àtj`r bs pbrt ge sobdd-skbd` sdbsj-bnf-lurn bktavaty

(Ibuffi

obn bnf Pjd 2113), gr fu` tg dahjtnanh-kbus`f ahnatagns an gkkbsagnbd frguhjty`brs (Kgkjrbn` bnf Dburbnk` <33:). Vjus, l`saf`s pjysagdghy-frav`n hrgwtj bnf ogr-tbdaty r`spgns`s, bngtj`r aopgrtbnt anfakbtgr egr tj` ` ffi kts ge kdaobt` kjbnh` gn tj`Bobzgn rbanegr`st kgudf l` kjbnh`s an tj` gkkurr`nk` ge bktubd r`s gr r` fbnh`r.

Kdaobtak r` fbnh`r, lbs`f gn DSMoD-[SAVEA\@, wbs bnbdyz`f. Vj` r` fbnh`r an-f`x as prgm`kt`f tg ankr`bs` sahna kbntdy unf`r tj` fry bnf jgt JbfKO;-B< [k`nbrag.Vj` ant`rbnnubd vbrabladaty ankr`bs`s ròbribldy bet`r <353, wj`n tj` prgm`kt`f pr`kapa-tbtagn stbrts tg f`kdan` an tj` JbfKO; ogf`d. Pnf`r tj` w` `r sk`nbrag ge tj` O\AKHKO <.;.<b, tj` kdaobtak r` rasi ròbans vbrabld` lut r`dbtav`dy kgnstbnt gv`r tj` twgk`ntura`s ( hur` 6.20).

Eahur` 6.20. Srgm`kt`f Kdaobtak Ear` Fbnh`r egr tj` JbfKO; (Ldu`) bnf tj` O\AKHKO <.;.<b (\`f)

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly \booah `t bd. <331.Ngt`= Vj` prgm`ktagn as obf` unf`r tj` [\@[-B< [k`nbrag saoudbt`f ly DSMoD-[SAVEA\@ egr tj` <3 tj bnf<2st k`ntury.




Psanh tj` JbfKO;-B< [k`nbrag, tj` saoudbt`f kdaobtak r` fbnh`r as stadd dgw unf`rkurr`nt kdaobt` kgnfatagns, lut bdr`bfy jahj`r tjbn unf`r tj` O\A KHKO. Kjbnh`fkdaobtak kgnfatagns ly tj` `nf ge tj` <2 st k`ntury d`bf tg bn ankr`bs`f r` fbnh`r, watjv`ry jahj fbnh`r d`v`ds an Ngrtj`bst`rn Bobzgnab an tj` JbfKO;-B< [k`nbrag. An tj`w`t sk`nbrag (O\A KHKO <.;.<b), kdaobtak r` fbnh`r ankr`bs`s ergo v`ry dgw tg dgw r`fbnh`r d`v`ds, obandy an tj` sgutj`bst ge tj` lbsan.

Vj` `d`vbt`f r` fbnh`r anf`x as ngt butgobtakbddy d`bfanh tg ankr`bs`f r` er`-qu`nky. Ear`s kbn stbrt bet`r dahjtnanh v`nts gndy ae su ka`nt eu`d dgbf as bvbadbld`. Vjus,bet`r b sahna kbnt ankr`bs` ge boobld` hrbss`s, `.h., bs b r`sudt ergo frguhjt-anfuk`fegr`st f`hrbfbtagn (s`` hur` 6.25), ankr`bs`s an kdaobtak r` fbnh`r an tj` Ngrtj`bst`rnBobzgn d`bf tg bn ankr`bs` an lurn`f br`b, tjus tj` r`-r`dbt`f kbrlgn òassagn ( hur`6.28) an tj` JbfKO;-B< sk`nbrag. Dgw kdaobtak r` fbnh`r d`v`ds fg ngt bddgw tj` f`v`d-gpo`nt ge su ka`nt surebk` `n`rhy wjakj kgudf sustban lurnanh. Vj`règr`, ng kbrlgnòassagns br` saoudbt`f unf`r tj` w`t O\A-KHKO <.;.<b kdaobt` sk`nbrag.

Eahur ` 6.25. [aoudbt`f Kdaobtak Ear` Fbnh`r unf`r tj` O\A KHKO <.;.<b (Vgp) bnftj` JbfKO; (Lgttgo) Kdaobt` [k`nbrag Psanh tj` [\@[ B< @oassagn [k`nbrag

[gurk`=Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly \booah `t bd. <331.Ngt`=Vgp-dèt bnf lg go-dèt obps sjgw kgntòpgrbry bv`rbh` (2183‛<333)9 tgp-rahjt bnf lg go-rahjtobps sjgw tj` bv`rbh` gv`r <383‛<233.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy6:

Ngt`s

2. Egr tjas purpgs`, fynboak hdglbd v`h`tbtagn ogf`ds jbv` l``n f`v`dgp`f (Sr`ntak` `t bd. <338).[`v`rbd sukj ogf`ds `xast, lbs`f gn fa ffi r`nt kgnk`ptubdazbtagns, sukj bs V\AEEAF (Kgx <332), ALA[(Egd`y `t bd. 2115), DSMoD ([atkj `t bd. <33;9 Lgnf`bu `t bd. <338) bnf G\KJAF@@ (@ss`ry `t bd. <3329Irann`r `t bd. <3309 Juhj`s `t bd. <335). Bdd tj`s` ogf`ds br` saopda `f `nguhj tg l` h`n`rak egrbppdakbtagn tg bdd obmgr updbnf `kgsystòs ge tj` pdbn`t, lut tj`y kbn bdsg l` us`f r`hagnbddy egrsp`ka k purpgs`s.<. DSMoD jbs l``n `vbdubt`f usanh gls`rvbtagns an b dbrh` nuol`r ge stufa`s bnf bhbanst obnytyp`s ge gls`rvbtagns, gn tj` hdglbd (H`rt`n t bd. <336) bnf r`hagnbd skbd`s egr lgr`bd egr`sts (Dukjt`t bd. <33<), bnf trgpakbd `kgsystòs (Kgwdanh bnf [jan <335).;. An bny hraf k`dd, tj` saoudbtagn as frav`n ly tj` anput ge ogntjdy kdaobtgdghy, bnnubd bola`ntKG< bnf stbtak sgad prgp`rta`s.6. Xjad` pjysagdghakbd bsp`kts ge KG < staoudbtagn bt d`be d`v`d br` w`dd-r`s`brkj`f, b obmgr kjbd-d`nh` as tg upskbd` KG < d`be-d`v`d ffi kts tg kgoounaty- gr `kgsystò-d`v`d, wjakj as b kratakbd bs-suoptagn an v`h`tbtagn ogf`danh. Igrn`r (<336, <335) egr `xbopd` sjgws tjbt watj r`hbrf tg KG < e`rtadazbtagn, at as krukabddy aopgrtbnt tg kd`brdy fastanhuasj b pgssald` staoudbtagn ge hrgwtj grNSS ergo bny kjbnh` an tj` kbrlgn pggd saz` ge tj` `kgsystò. @njbnk`f hrgwtj gr NSS, sjgudf

at gkkur bt `kgsystò d`v`d, fg`s ngt trbnsdbt` an b kjbnh` an pggd saz` ly saopd` t`ros nàtj`r an bkjbnh` ge tj` `kgsystò‑s r`sada`nk`. Vjas an turn o`bns tjbt `v`n ae tj`r` wbs b KG < staoudbtagnge hrgwtj, tjas kbnngt l` tbi`n bs `vaf`nk` ge b kjbnh` an kbrlgn stgrbh` gr ankr`bs`f r`sada`nk` getj` `kgsystò. Vg tj` kgntrbry, sjgudf tj`r` l` b staoudbtagn ge ebst hrgwanh, dgw wggf f`nsatytr`` sp`ka`s gr dabnbs (s`` faskussagn an Igrn`r <336), tj` `kgsystò‑s kbrlgn stgki wgudf f`kdan`f`spat` hr`bt`r NSS gr hrgwtj.0. Kgopbr`f tg kurr`nt btogspj`rak KG < kgnk`ntrbtagns, krgp ya`dfs, egr `xbopd`, ankr`bs` bt 003ppo KG < an tj` rbnh` ge 23‛<3 p`rk`nt egr K; krgps (`.h., wj`bt, lbrd`y, pgtbtg`s) bnf 3‛23 p`rk`ntegr K6 krgps sukj bs obaz` (Banswgrtj `t bd. <3369 Ha ffi grf, <3369 Dgnh `t bd. <336).5. Jgw`v`r, ergo sukj fbtb dbnfskbp` waf` K-stgkianh kbnngt l` ane`rr`f, und`ss tj` bssgkabt`ftr`` dae` jastgry (dae` spbn, turngv`r `tk.) as ingwn.8. Egr kgoo`rkabd egr`stry tjas wgudf o`bn tjbt sdgw-hrgwanh tr``s oby r`spgnf da d` tg `d`vbt`fKG

< (`.h., Ubnjbtbdg t bd. <33;), wjad` ebst-hrgwanh tr``s wgudf pgssaldy fg sg ogr` strgnhdy (Kbd-

ebpa`trb `t bd. <33;9 Dal`rdgg `t bd. <3309 Xa ah `t bd. <330).

Eahur` 6.28. Bnnubd Vgtbd Kbrlgn @oassagn ergo Xadf r`s bs [aoudbt`f lyDSMoD-[SAVEA\@ egr tj` @bst`rn Bobzgn \`hagn (egr JbfKO;, O\A KHKO <.;.<b,bnf [\@[-B<)

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly \booah `t bd. <331.





Xgrdf Lbni [tufy03

kgnsaf`r fègr`stbtagn sk`nbrags ge 3 p`rk`nt, <3 p`rk`nt, 03 p`rk`nt, bnf 233 p`rk`nt,watj bnf watjgut r`s, unf`r sk`nbrags L2 bnf B< ergo ASKK B\6.

An bffatagn, r`sudts ge tj` us` ge tj` KSV@K dbnf v`h`tbtagn ogf`d (KSV@K-SUO)watj tj` @brtj [aoudbtgr O\A-HKO gutputs, watj pbrtakudbr egkus gn tj` r`hagnbd ao-pbkts an tj` v` s`d`kt`f fgobans bnf tj` Db Sdbtb lbsan, br` bdsg r`pgrt`f.

At as aopgrtbnt tg o`ntagn tjbt Lrbzad jbs bnngunk`f b pdbn tg r`fuk` fègr`stbtagnrbt`s an tj` Bobzgn r`hagn ly 83 p`rk`nt gv`r tj` n`xt 23 y`brs, egddgwanh b kbdd egr an-t`rnbtagnbd eunfanh tg pr`v`nt eurtj`r dgss ge tj` Bobzgn rbanegr`st. Vjas pdbn wbs ngtkgnsaf`r`f an tjas stufy. Ae aopdò`nt`f, tjas pdbn kgudf d`bf tg lago` fastralutagns tjbtbr` fa ffi r`nt tjbn tj` gn`s prgm`kt`f j`r`.

[k`nbrags

Fègr`stbtagn

An tj` saoudbt`f fègr`stbtagn sk`nbrags, rbanegr`st wbs kgnv`rt`f tg f`hrbf`f hrbss(watj fègr`st`f br`bs `qubd tg <3 p`rk`nt, 03 p`rk`nt, bnf 233 p`rk`nt ge tj` grahanbd`xt`nt ge tj` Bobzgn egr`st). Vj` dbnf kgv`r kjbnh` sk`nbrags br` ergo [bopbag `t bd.(<338) bnf [gbr`s Eadjg `t bd. (<335), bnf kgnsaf`r tjbt r`k`nt fègr`stbtagn tr`nfs waddkgntanu`9 jahjwbys kurr`ntdy skj`fud`f egr pbvanh wadd l` pbv`f9 kgopdabnk` watj d`h-asdbtagn r`quaranh egr`st r`s`rv`s gn pravbt` dbnf wadd ròban dgw9 bnf prgt`kt`f br`bswadd ngt l` `negrk`f. Bdtjguhj `xtrò`, at as aopgrtbnt tg `vbdubt` sk`nbrags ge kgopd`t`fègr`stbtagn.

Kdaobt` Kjbnh`

Vjas stufy us`s stbnfbrf gutput, bvbadbld` tjrguhj tj` Kgupd`f Ogf`d Ant`rkgopbrasgnSrgm`kt pjbs` ; (KOAS;) oudta-ogf`d fbtbs`t, ergo Kgupd`f Gk`bn-Btogspj`r` HKOsegr tj` ASKK B\6. ([`` f`tbads an tbld` 0.2.)

Lago` fastralutagn wbs `xboan`f egr tj` <2 st k`ntury unf`r òassagn sk`nbrags B<bnf L2, ; wjakj prgvaf` bn gut`r `nv`dgp` tg tj` B2L sk`nbrag gn tj` upp`r bnf dgw-`r lgunfs. Kdaobt` saoudbtagn egr tj` `nf ge tj` <3 tj k`ntury (<3KO;) ge `bkj ogf`das us`f tg `vbdubt` tj` ogf`ds‑ bngobda`s. Vj` pr`kapatbtagn bnf surebk` tòp`rbturògntjdy kdaobtgdghy egr tj` Bobzgn (2152‛2113) as gltban`f ergo wgri ly Xaddog bnf Obtsuurb (211:).

Vj` kdaobt` kjbnh` sk`nbrags bt r`hagnbd skbd` (53-io r`sgdutagn) w`r` prgm`kt`f

ly tj` jahj-r`sgdutagn O\A-MOB BHKO egr tj` pr`s`nt tao` (21:1‛2111), n`br eutur`(<320‛<3;1) bnf eutur` (<380‛<311) egr tj` ASKK [\@[ B2L òassagn sk`nbrag.

Ogf`ds Ps`f

Vj` KSV@K Btogspj`rak Hdglbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`d

Vj` KSV@K-ANS@ hdglbd btogspj`rak ogf`d (Kbvbdkbnta `t bd. <33<) as us`f egr tj` nu-o`rakbd saoudbtagns, bt V35<D6< sp`ktrbd r`sgdutagn (6< v`rtakbd d`v`ds, ~<³ dbt/dgn jgra-zgntbd r`sgdutagn). 6 Vj` dbnf surebk` skjò` as tj` [[aL (Zu` `t bd. 2112). Egr `bkj dbnfhraf pgant, b v`h`tbtagn typ` (lago`) as pr`skral`f egddgwanh tj` kdbssa kbtagn ly Fgr-obn bnf [`dd`rs (21:1) bdgnh watj b s`t ge pjysakbd, ogrpjgdghakbd, bnf pjysagdghakbdpbrbo`t`rs.




Sgt`ntabd U`h`tbtagn Ogf`d KSV@K-SUO<.3

B s`kgnf v`h`tbtagn ogf`d wbs bdsg us`f tg `staobt` tj` aopbkts ge eutur` kdaobt` bnfdbnf kgv`r kjbnh` an tj` Bobzgn. Vj` KSV@K-SUO<.3 (Dbpgdb `t bd. <331), b n`w v`r-sagn ge tj` KSV@K (hdglbd) Sgt`ntabd U`h`tbtagn Ogf`d (Gybob bnf Nglr` <336), wbsbppda`f tg tjas `nf. At sjgws b pbrtakudbrdy hggf p`regrobnk` gv`r [gutj Bo`rakb fu`

tg tj` kgnsaf`rbtagn ge s`bsgnbdaty bs b f`t`roanbnt egr tj` f`daoatbtagn ge egr`sts bnfsbvbnnbs. At bdsg tbi`s antg bkkgunt pdbnts‑ pjysagdghakbd r`spgns`s tg s`bsgnbdaty (sukjbs praobry prgfuktavaty) unf`r vbryanh btogspj`rak KG <. Vj` lago` bddgkbtagn r`da`sobandy gn tj` gptaouo n`t praobry prgfuktavaty (NSS) vbdu`s egr b hav`n hraf k`dd.

Vj` f`t`roanbtagn ge lago` fastralutagn tjrguhj NSS as fgn` lbs`f gn nuo`rgusstufa`s sjgwanh tjbt fa ffi r`nt lago`s jbv` fa ffi r`nt bv`rbh` NSS (`.h., [bjbhabn bnfJallbrf 211:9 Vurn`r `t bd. <335). Jgw`v`r, an sgo` kbs`s NSS kbn l` quat` saoadbrbognh lago`s (sukj bs egr lgr`bd egr`st bnf hrbssdbnf) bnf an tj`s` kbs`s vbrabld`sgtj`r tjbn NSS (`.h., kgdf`st ogntj tòp`rbtur`) br` us`f egr lago` bddgkbtagn. Bs bngn-fynboak ogf`d, at kbdkudbt`s gndy `quadalrauo sgdutagns lbs`f gn dgnh-t`ro o`bnogntjdy kdaobt` vbrabld`s. Vjas as fgn` kgnkgoatbntdy watj b wbt`r lbdbnk` sulogf`dusanh kdaobtgdgha`s ge surebk` tòp`rbtur` bnf pr`kapatbtagn (2152‛2113= Xaddog bnf

Vbld` 0.2. Vj` Kdaobt` Ogf`ds \è`rr`f Vg an Vjas Bnbdysas

Ogf`d Anstatut` (Kguntry)\`sgdutagn(Btogspj`rak kgopgn`nt)

LKK\-LKO<.3 Lm`rin`s K`ntr` egr Kdaobt` \`s`brkj (Ngrwby) V6<D;2 (bpprgx. <.:³ dbt/dgn)

KK[O; Nbtagnbd K`nt`r egr Btogspj`rak \`s`brkj (P[B) V:0D<5 (bpprgx. 2.6³ dbt/dgn)

KHKO;.2(V68) Kbnbfabn K`ntr` egr Kdaobt` Ogf ddanh bnf Bnbdysas (Kbnbfb) V68D;2 (bpprgx. ;.80³ dbt/dgn)

KN\O-KO; Oátág-Erbnk`/K`ntr` Nbtagnbd f` \`kj`rkj`sOátágrgdghaqu`s (Erbnk`)

V6<D60 (bpprgx. <.:³ dbt/dgn)

K[A\G-Oi;.3 K[A\G Btogspj`rak \`s`brkj (Bustrbdab) V5;D2: (bpprgx. 2.:80³ dbt/dgn)

@KJBO0/OSA-GO Obx Sdbnki Anstatut` egr O`t`grgdghy (H`robny) V6<D;2 (bpprgx. <.:³ dbt/dgn)

@KJG-H O`t`grgdghakbd Anstatut` ge tj` Pnav`rsaty ge Lgnn (H`robny),Anstatut` ge IOB (\`p. ge Igr`b)

V;3D21 (bpprgx. ;.80³ dbt/dgn)

HEFD-KO<.3 P[ F`pt. ge Kgoo`rk`/NGBB/H`gpjysakbd Eduaf Fynboaks Dblgrbtgry (P[B)

<.³ dbt. x <.0³ dgn., D<6

HEFD-KO<.2 P[ F`pt. ge Kgoo`rk`/NGBB/H`gpjysakbd Eduaf Fynboaks Dblgrbtgry (P[B)

<.³ dbt. x <.0³ dgn., D<6

HA[[-@\ NB[B/Hgffbrf Anstatut` egr [pbk` [tufa`s (P[B) 6³ dbt x 0³ dgn., D20

ANO-KO;.3 Anstatut` egr Nuo`rakbd Obtjòbtaks (\ussab) 0³ dbt. x 6³ dgn, D<2

AS[D-KO6.3 Anstatut Sa`rr` [aogn Dbpdbk` (Erbnk`) <.0³ dbt x ;.80³ dgn., D21

OA\GK;.<(o`fr`s) K`nt r egr Kdaobt` [yst o \ s`brkj (Pnav. ge Vgiyg), NbtagnbdAnstatut` Egr @nvargno`ntbd [tufa`s, bnf Ergnta`r \`s`brkjK`nt`r Egr Hdglbd Kjbnh` (Mbpbn)

V6<D<3 (bpprgx. <.:³ dbt/dgn)

O\A-KHKO<.;.< O`t`grgdghakbd \`s`brkj Anstatut` (Mbpbn) V6<D<2 (bpprgx. <.:³ dbt/dgn)

PIOG-JbfKO; Jbfd`y K`ntr egr Kdaobt Sr faktagn bnf \ s brkj/

O`t Ge k` (PI)

<.0³ dbt. x ;.80³ dgn. D21

[gurk`= Vbld` h`n`rbt f egr tj` r`pgrt ly [bopbag t bd. <331.Ngt`= Vj` ogf`ds br` s`d`kt`f ergo tjgs` an tj` Kgupd`f Ogf`d Ant`rkgopbrasgn Srgm`kt pjbs` ; (KOAS;)oudta-ogf`d fbtbs`t.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy0<

Obtsuurb 211:), ant`rk`pt`f pjgtgsyntj`takbddy bktav` rbfabtagn (ASB\) (21:5‛2110= \b-skji` `t bd. <335), bnf btogspj`rak KG < (2152‛2113= ;03 ppov) bs anputs. 0

KSV@K-SUO<.3 as egrk`f ly ogntjdy pr`kapatbtagn, surebk` tòp`rbtur` bnf zgnbdwanf anputs f`rav`f ergo gk`bn-btogspj`r` hdglbd kdaobt` ogf`ds ge tj` ASKK B\6, egrtj` 2152‛2113 p`ragf (bktubd kdaobt`) bnf tjr`` tao` sdak`s an tj` <2 st k`ntury (<323‛<3;1,<363‛<351, bnf <383‛<311).

[aoudbtagns

Fègr`stbtagn-Gndy Egrkanh

Vg `vbdubt` tj` aopbkt ge b sp`ka k fègr`stbtagn sk`nbrag, tj` kdaobt` bnf v`h`tbtagnogf`d r`sudts br` us`f an s`qu`nk`, bkkgrfanh tg tj` egddgwanh st`ps. Vj` kdaobt` ogf`das run rst, unf`r tj` n`w fègr`stbtagn sk`nbrag, bnf b kdaobt` kgnfatagn as egunf tjbtkgrr`spgnfs tg tjas n`w surebk` kgn hurbtagn. Vj`n, bssuoanh tjbt tjas r`sudtanh kda-obt` kgnfatagn as sustban`f, tj` pgt`ntabd v`h`tbtagn ogf`d as bppda`f tg nf tj` n`wv`h`tbtagn fastralutagn an `quadalrauo watj tjas kdaobt`. Vj` r`sudtanh v`h`tbtagn fastralutagn wadd ngt n`k`ssbrady r` `kt `xbktdy tj` pb `rns an tj` fègr`stbtagn sk`nbrag. Vjbtoby jbpp`n l`kbus` tj` n`w kdaobt` kgudf suppgrt egr`st r`kgv`ry gr eurtj`r sbvbnnb`xpbnsagn, egr `xbopd`.

Vj` KSV@K BHKO wbs ant`hrbt`f egr :8 ogntjs, watj v` fa ffi r`nt anatabd kgnfa-tagns f`rav`f ergo v` kgns`kutav` fbys ge NK@S bnbdys`s, ergo Gktgl`r 26 tg 2:, <33<.Kdaobt` lgunfbry kgnfatagns, ankdufanh s`b surebk` tòp`rbtur`, egr `xp`rao`nts bnfkgntrgd w`r` us`f. Vj` saoudbt`f fègr`stbtagn wbs kgnv`rt`f tg f`hrbf`f hrbss (egrdbnf kgv`r kjbnh` sk`nbrags watj fègr`st`f br`bs `qubd tg <3 p`rk`nt, 03 p`rk`nt, bnf233 p`rk`nt ge tj` grahanbd `xt`nt ge tj` Bobzgn egr`st).

Kdaobt`-Kjbnh`-Gndy Egrkanh

Vj` KSV@K-SUO<.3 wbs us`f an tjr`` <3-y`br tao` sdak`s ge tj` <2 st k`ntury= <320‛<3;6,<353‛<381, bnf <3:0‛<311 (—<3<0,‟ —<380,‟ bnf —<233‟ tao` sdak`s, r`sp`ktav`dy), egr tj`B< bnf L2 sk`nbrags ge Hr``njgus` Hbs @oassagns (HJH) ergo 20 ASKK ogf`ds.

Kdaobt` Kjbnh` bnf Fègr`stbtagn

Vj` KSV@K-SUO<.3 wbs us`f ly kgolananh tj` o`tjgfgdghy bs f`skral`f an —Fègr`s-tbtagn-Gndy Egrkanh‟ bnf —Kdaobt`-Kjbnh`-Gndy Egrkanh‟ blgv`. B suppgs`f fègr`s-tbtagn ge <3 p`rk`nt as bssuo`f an tj` —<3<0‟ tao` sdak` bnf b fègr`stbtagn ge 03 p`rk`ntan tj` —<380‟ tao` sdak`. Vj` kdaobt` bngobda`s ergo fègr`stbtagn w`r` kgolan`f watjtj` bngobda`s ge tj` ASKK sk`nbrags, egr `bkj tao` sdak`. Vj` tgtbd (233 p`rk`nt) fègr`s-tbtagn wbs ngt `vbdubt`f tgh`tj`r watj kdaobt` prgm`ktagns l`kbus` ge tj` obmgr unk`r-tbanta`s bssgkabt`f watj lgtj `xtrò` sk`nbrags, bnf tj` dbki ge r`sudts ergo sgo` ge tj`kdaobt` ogf`ds l`ygnf tj` <2 st k`ntury, wj`n tgtbd fègr`stbtagn wgudf l` bssuo`f.

Kdaobt` Kjbnh`, Fègr`stbtagn, bnf Ear`

Vj` KSV@K-SUO<.3 wbs us`f bs f`skral`f blgv`, bffanh tj` pgt`ntabd egr gkkurr`nk`ge dbnf us` r`s bkkgrfanh tg tj` o`tjgf f`skral`f an Kbrfgsg `t bd. (<331) wjakj as

lbs`f gn h`n`rbd r`dbtagns l`tw``n r` bktavaty bnf kdaobt` ebktgrs, f`rav`f ergo bnbdy-s`s kgolananh kdaobt` bnf sgad jyfrgdghy vbrabld`s tg r`s gkkurr`nk` an tj` LrbzadabnBobzgnab.




Lago` \`spgns` tg Faee`r`nt Egrkanhs

Fègr`stbtagn Gndy

Vj` r`sudts ergo fègr`stbtagn gndy saoudbtagns br` suoobraz`f an hur` 0.2. An tj` kbs`

ge <3 p`rk`nt fègr`stbtagn (

hur` 0.2b), tj` lago`-kdaobt` `quadalrauo stbt` sjgws br`fuktagn ge egr`st br`b an @bst`rn bnf [gutj`rn Bobzgnab watj sbvbnnbs bnf trgpakbds`bsgnbd egr`st kgv`ranh tjas r`hagn, bnf sòa-f`s`rt br`b an Ngrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad.

Eahur` 0.2. Lago`-Kdaobt` @quadalrauo [tbt`s an [gutj Bo`rakb egr <3% (b), 03%(l), bnf 233% (k) Bobzgn Fègr`stbtagn [k`nbrags

[gurk`=Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly [bopbag `t bd. <331.

(b) (l)

(k)



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy06

Xatj 03 p`rk`nt fègr`stbtagn ( hur` 0.2l), tj` sbvbnnbs bnf trgpakbd s`bsgnbd egr`stbr`bs kgv`r b dbrh` pbrt ge Bobzgnab. Vj` grahanbd egr`st kgv`r as r`pdbk`f ly sbvbnnbsbnf trgpakbd s`bsgnbd egr`st bnf tj`r` as bn `xpbnsagn ge tj` sòa-f`s`rt br`b an Ngrtj-`bst`rn Lrbzad.

Egr tj` `xtrò` kbs` ge 233 p`rk`nt fègr`stbtagn, tj` lago`-kdaobt` `quadalrauosjgws tjbt ogst ge Bobzgnab as kgv`r`f ly sbvbnnbs bnf trgpakbd s`bsgnbd egr`st ( hur`0.2k). An Ngrtj`bst`rn Bobzgnab tj`r` bpp`brs bn br`b watj fry sjruldbnf ( kbbtanhb)bnf an Ngrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad b dbrh` `xpbnsagn ge tj` sòa-f`s`rt br`b. An h`n`rbd egr tj`Bobzgn bnf Ngrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad, tj`r` as r`pdbkò`nt ly fra`r kdaobt` lago`s= sbvbn-nbs r`pdbkanh egr`sts, kbbtanhb r`pdbkanh sbvbnnbs bnf sòa-f`s`rt v`h`tbtagn r`pdbkanhfry sjruldbnf. An tj`s` r`hagns, tj` f`kr`bs` an pr`kapatbtagn as ogr` fastankt an tj` frys`bsgn (Mun`‛Gktgl`r). An bdd kbs`s, tj` bv`rbh` tòp`rbtur` n`br tj` surebk` ankr`bs`swatj fègr`stbtagn.

Vj` r`sudts egr sp`ka k r`hagns br` sjgwn an hur` 0.<. Egr @bst`rn Bobzgnab ( hur`0.<b), tj` ròbananh br`b ge trgpakbd egr`st f`kr`bs`s watj tj` `xpbnsagn ge tj` bdt`r`fbr`b bt tj` anatabd kgnfatagn. Vj` ròbananh br`b ge s`bsgnbd egr`st ankr`bs`s egr 3‛<3 p`r-k`nt fègr`stbtagn, f`kr`bs`s egr <3‛03 p`rk`nt, bnf stbladaz`s egr eurtj`r fègr`stbtagn.[bvbnnbs `xpbnf an bdd kbs`s, lut tjàr rbt` ge `xpbnsagn as sulstbntabddy jahj`r, l`tw``n3 bnf 03 p`rk`nt fègr`stbtagn.

Egr Ngrtjw`st`rn Bobzgnab ( hur` 0.<l), tj` f`kr`bs` ge tj` ròbananh br`b getrgpakbd egr`st as jahj`r bet`r 03 p`rk`nt fègr`stbtagn. Vj` `xpbnsagn ge tj` ròbananhbr`b ge s`bsgnbd egr`st `xjalats b saoadbr lut anv`rs` pb `rn, watj prgngunk`f `xpbnsagnegr fègr`stbtagn erbktagns hr`bt`r tjbn 03 p`rk`nt. Vj` kjbnh` an tj` ròbananh sbvbnnbbr`b as d`ss prgngunk`f, bnf as hr`bt`r egr fègr`stbtagn jahj`r tjbn 03 p`rk`nt.

Vj` pb `rns ge kjbnh` an [gutj`rn Bobzgnab ( hur` 0.<k) br` saoadbr tg tj` pb `rnsan tj` `bst`rn pbrt ge tj` r`hagn, watj trgpakbd egr`sts bdwbys f`kr`bsanh watj fègr`s-tbtagn9 sbvbnnb `xpbnsagn as prgngunk`f egr p`rk`ntbh`s ge bdt`r`f br`b an tj` anatabdkgnfatagn sobdd`r tjbn 03 p`rk`nt. Jgw`v`r, sbvbnnbs sjgw b sdahjt f`kr`bs` egr jahj`rvbdu`s ge bdt`r`f anatabd br`bs.

Egr tj` `ntar` r`hagn ( hur` 0.<f), tj` ròbananh br`b ge trgpakbd egr`st f`kr`bs`sbdogst dan`brdy watj fègr`stbtagn. Vj` gtj`r lago`s `xpbnf an bdd kbs`s9 jgw`v`r, tj``xpbnsagn ge sbvbnnbs as ogr` ant`ns` egr 3‛03 p`rk`nt fègr`stbtagn lut stbladaz`s egrjahj`r vbdu`s.

An Ngrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad (

hur` 0.<`), tj`r` as b ngtak`bld` `xpbnsagn ge tj` sòa-f`s-`rt bnf b f`kr`bs` ge tj` ròbananh br`bs ge sbvbnnb bnf kbbtanhb. Egr [gutj`rn Lrbzad( hur` 0.<e), tj` br`bs ge bdd obmgr lago`s bnbdyz`f ròban vartubddy unkjbnh`f.

Kdaobt` Kjbnh` Gndy

Vj` r`sudts ge kdaobt` gndy aopbkts gn lago` `quadalrauo sjaets br` sjgwn an hur` 0.;.Vj` r`sudts an hur`s 0.; tg 0.0 sjgw hraf pgants wj`r` ogr` tjbn 80 p`rk`nt (bt d`bst 2<)ge tj` ogf`ds kgankaf` an prgm`ktanh tj` eutur` kgnfatagn ge lago`s an r`dbtagn tg tj` kur-r`nt pgt`ntabd v`h`tbtagn (80 p`rk`nt kgns`nsus) egr tj` fa ffi r`nt `xp`rao`nts. An tj`sòbps, —ng kgns`nsus‟ o`bns tjbt e`w`r tjbn 2< ogf`ds bhr`` watj tj` trbnsatagn. —Dgss‟o`bns kgns`nsus egr sulstatutagn ge tjbt lago` kdbss.




Eahur` 0.<. \òbananh Br`b ge Sgt`ntabd Vrgpakbd Egr`st, [`bsgnbd Vrgpakbd Egr`st,[bvbnnb, Kbbtanhb, bnf [òa-F`s`rt Lago`s

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly [bopbag `t bd. <331.Ngt`= Eahur` sjgws ròbananh br`b (23 5 io <) ge pgt`ntabd trgpakbd egr`st, s`bsgnbd trgpakbd egr`st, sbvbnnb,kbbtanhb bnf sòa-f`s`rt lago`s egr (b) @bst`rn Bobzgnab, (l) Ngrtjw`st`rn Bobzgnab, (k) [gutj`rnBobzgnab, (f) Bobzgnab bs b wjgd`, (`) Ngrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad bnf (e) [gutj`rn Lrbzad, egr dbnf kgv`r kjbnh`sk`nbrags watj fègr`st`f br`bs `qubd tg <3%, 03% bnf 233% ge tj` grahanbd `xt`nt ge tj` Bobzgn egr`st.

Kdaobt` kjbnh` wadd pgt`ntabddy jbv` aopgrtbnt ` ffi kts gn tj` spbtabd pb `rns ge tj` lago`s‑ fastralutagn an [gutj Bo`rakb. Vj` r`sudts egr tj` Bobzgn unf`r sk`nbrag B<anfakbt` kgns`nsus egr kjbnh` ergo trgpakbd tg s`bsgnbd egr`st ly <380, bnf ergo trgpakbdtg gtj`r lago`s ly <233. An tjas r`hagn, egr kdaobt` sk`nbrag L2, tj` r`sudts br` d`ss s`v`r`.

Kdaobt` Kjbnh` bnf Fègr`stbtagn

Kgolan`f hdglbd kdaobt` kjbnh` bnf fègr`stbtagn an Bobzgnab kgopgunf tj` ` ffi ktsgn tj` spbtabd pb `rns ge lago` fastralutagn an [gutj Bo`rakb. Vj` r`sudts ge tj`s` an-



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy05

t`rbktagns br` sjgwn an hur` 0.6. \`dbtav` tg tj` pr`vagus kdaobt`-kjbnh`-gndy bnbdysas,tj` r`sudts j`r` h`n`rbddy sjgw b dbrh`r br`b ge trgpakbd egr`st dgss bnf ngtak`bld` sbvbnnb`xpbnsagn egr sk`nbrag L2 ly <380, unf`r 03 p`rk`nt fègr`stbtagn. An Ngrtj`bst`rn Lrb-zad, egr lgtj kdaobt` sk`nbrags, tj` br`b ge kgns`nsus egr kjbnh`s ergo kbbtanhb tg gtj`r lago`s as dbrh`r tjbn an tj` pr vagus r`sudts watj `xpbnsagn ge kbbtanhb tg tj` Ngrtj bnfNgrtjw`st. An [gutj`rn Lrbzad, tj` r`sudts br` saoadbr tg tj` kdaobt`-kjbnh`-gndy bnbdysasbnf prgm`kt kgns`nsus egr `xpbnsagn ge trgpakbd egr`st gv`r br`bs ge pgt`ntabd sbvbnnbs.

Kdaobt` Kjbnh`, Fègr`stbtagn, bnf Ear`

Eahur` 0.0 faspdbys r`sudts kgnsaf`ranh tj` kgolanbtagn ge hdglbd kdaobt` kjbnh`, fègr-`stbtagn, bnf r`s. Bn aopgrtbnt e`btur` an tj`s` r`sudts as tjbt tj` ` ffi kt ge ankdufanhtj` pgt`ntabd egr r` gkkurr`nk` as hr`bt`r an tj` p`ragf lègr` <3<0 egr lgtj kdaobt`sk`nbrags. Ear` pgt`ntabd kgrrglgrbt`s tj` kgns`nsus egr trbnsatagns ergo trgpakbd egr`st

Eahur` 0.;. Hraf Sgant egr 80% Kgns`nsus gn Eutur` Kgnfatagn ge Vrgpakbd [gutjBo`rakbn Lago`s an \`dbtagn tg Kurr`nt Sgt`ntabd U`h`tbtagn

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly [bopbag `t bd. <331.Ngt`=Obps sjgw fbtb egr tao` sdak`s (B) <3<0, (L) <380 bnf (L) <233 egr tj` B< HJH òassagns sk`nbrag,bnf (F), (@), (E) saoadbrdy egr tj` L2 HJH òassagns sk`nbrag. An tj`s` obps, —ng kgns`nsus‟ o`bns tjbte`w`r tjbn 2< ogf`ds bhr`` watj tj` trbnsatagn. —Dgss‟ o`bns kgns`nsus egr sulstatutagn ge tjbt lago`kdbss. [F o`bns sòa-f`s`rt.




tg sbvbnnb an tj` [gutj bnf [gutj`bst r`hagn ge Bobzgnab. Egr Bobzgnab bs b wjgd`,tj` ròbananh trgpakbd egr`st br`b egr tao` sdak` <3<0 prghr`ssav`dy r`fuk`s bs kdaobt`kjbnh` aopbkts, fègr`stbtagn, bnf r` br` kgolan`f r`dbtav` tg ats grahanbd `xt`nsagn.Vj` prgm`kt`f ròbananh Bobzgn rbanegr`st lago` ly <233, unf`r sk`nbrag B<, as blgutgn` tjarf ge tj` grahanbd.

Obmgr aopbkts br` prgm`kt`f an @bst`rn Bobzgnab. Vj` kgolan`f ` ffi kts ge kdaobt`bnf fègr`stbtagn r`sudt an b s`v`r` f`kr`bs` ge tj` rbanegr`st lago`, an r`dbtagn tg atsgrahanbd `xt`nsagn egr egr`st br`b. Vj` ròbananh egr`st lago`, ly <380, bkkguntanh egr03 p`rk`nt fègr`stbtagn bnf gr tj` ` ffi kts ge r`s, as blgut 0 p`rk`nt. Vjas as tj` dbrh`str`dbtav` f`kr`bs` an tj` `ntar` lbsan.

Vj` Ngrtjw`st prgm`ktagns anfakbt` tj` sobdd`st r`dbtav` f`kr`bs` ge trgpakbd egr`st lago` egr tj` `ntar` lbsan. Vj` pgt`ntabd egr r` gkkurr`nk` wbs egunf tg l` dgw an tjas

Eahur` 0.6. Hraf Sgant egr 80% Kgns`nsus gn Srgm`ktanh tj` Eutur` Kgnfatagn geVrgpakbd [gutj Bo`rakbn Lago`s an \`dbtagn tg Kurr`nt Sgt`ntabd U`h`tbtagn

[gurk`=Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly [bopbag `t bd. <331.Ngt`= Obps sjgw fbtb egr tao` sdak`s (B) <3<0 + <3% fègr`stbtagn bnf (L) <380 + 03% fègr`stbtagn egrtj` B< HJH oassagns sk`nbrag, bnf (K), (F) saoadbrdy egr tj` L2 HJH òassagns sk`nbrag. An tj`s` obps,—ng kgns`nsus‟ o`bns tjbt e`w`r tjbn 2< ogf`ds bhr`` watj tj` trbnsatagn. —Dgss‟ o`bns kgns`nsus egrsulstatutagn ge tjbt lago` kdbss.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy0:

sul-r`hagn. Vj` f`kr`bs` ge tj` trgpakbd egr`st br`b as sobdd`r tjbn 23 p`rk`nt egr tao`sdak` <3<0. Jgw`v`r, `v`n egr tjas r`hagn, unf`r sk`nbrag B< tj`r` wgudf l` b sahna kbntf`kr`bs` ge trgpakbd egr`st br`b ly <233, wjakj ogst ge tj` kjbnh` wgudf l` bkja`v`f ly<380 (blgut 03 p`rk`nt ge tj` ròbananh lago`).

Egr [gutj`rn Bobzgnab, tj` bnbdysas anfakbt`s b r`dbtav` ankr`bs` an tj` br`b ge sb-vbnnb. Fègr`stbtagn kgntralut`s tg tjas kgn hurbtagn watj b fra`r bnf jg `r kdaobt`,ebvgranh sbvbnnb `xpbnsagn an r`pdbkò`nt ge trgpakbd egr`sts. An tjas r`hagn, r` jbs bnaopgrtbnt ` ffi kt. Egr sk`nbrag B< (bnf L2), bnf tao` sdak`s <3<0 bnf <380, tj` prgm`ktagnanfakbt`s b n`t ankr`bs` an tj` br`b ge sbvbnnb, rbnhanh ergo ;3 p`rk`nt tg :8 p`rk`nt.

Egr tj` Ngrtj`bst tj` bnbdysas anfakbt`s b sdahjt r`dbtav` ankr`bs` (8 p`rk`nt) an kbbt-anhb, r`sudtanh ergo jg `r bnf fra`r kdaobt`.

Eahur` 0.0. Hraf Sgant egr 80% Kgns`nsus gn Eutur` Kgnfatagn ge Vrgpakbd [gutjBo`rakbn Lago`s an \`dbtagn tg Kurr`nt Sgt`ntabd U`h`tbtagn

[gurk`=Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly [bopbag `t bd. <331.Ngt`= Obps sjgw fbtb egr tao` sdak`s (B) B< HJH òassagns sk`nbrag <3<0 + <3% fègr`stbtagn + r`9 (L)B< HJH òassagns sk`nbrag <380 + 03% fègr`stbtagn + r`9 (K) L2 HJH òassagns sk`nbrag <3<0 +<3%fègr`stbtagn + r`9 bnf (F) L2 HJH òassagns sk`nbrag <380 + 03% fègr`stbtagn + r`. An tj`s` obps,—ng kgns`nsus‟ o`bns tjbt e`w`r tjbn 2< ogf`ds bhr`` watj tj` trbnsatagn. —Dgss‟ o`bns kgns`nsus egrsulstatutagn ge tjbt lago` kdbss.




An [gutj`rn Lrbzad tj` kgolanbtagn ge ebktgrs d`bfs tg b f`kr`bs` an tj` egr`st br`b,watj b strgnh ` ffi kt f`rav`f ergo egr`st r`s. An h`n`rbd, r` pgt`ntabd str`nhtj`ns tj`kgns`nsus egr trbnsatagns ergo trgpakbd egr`st tg sbvbnnb an tj` [gutj`rn bnf [gutj`bst-`rn r`hagns ge Bobzgnab (tbld` 0.<).

[uoobry ge \`hagnbd \`sudts

Vbld` 0.; suoobraz`s tj` r`sudts ly r`hagn unf`r bnbdysas (h`ghrbpjakbd fgobans, bsf` n`f an kjbpt`r 2) ankdufanh tj` n`t kjbnh`s an v`h`tbtagn kbrlgn bnf tj` rasi geBobzgn fa`lbki anfuk`f ly kdaobt` egrkanh unf`r B2L sk`nbrag. Vj` suoobry pgrtrbystj` fa ffi r`nt ogo`ntuos ge dbnf us` kjbnh` frav`n ly tj` kjbnh`s an v`h`tbtagn kbrlgnbnf bntakapbt`f sjaets an lago` frav`n ly kjbnh`s an lagkdaobtak kgnfatagns.

Ergo tj` r`sudts ge tj` bnbdysas, tj` kgolan`f ` ffi kts ge kdaobt` kjbnh`, fègr`stb-tagn bnf r` `v`nts wadd jbv` v`ry s`ragus aopbkts gn tj` rbanegr`st lago` tjrguhjgut

Vbld` 0.<. Kgns`nsus \`sudts egr \òbananh [jbr` ge \è`r`nk` Lago` Kgopbr`f tgLbs`dan` (?233) ly H`ghrbpjakbd Fgoban, ergo <3<0 tg <233 unf`r [k`nbrag B<

Fgoban \è`r`nk`lago`

Kdaobt`kjbnh`

aopbkt ly<3<0

+<3%

fègr`s-tbtagn +

ràopbkt

Kdaobt`kjbnh`

aopbkt ly<380

+03%

fègr`s-tbtagn +

ràopbkt

Kdaobt`kjbnh`

aopbkt ly<233

@B \banegr`st 05(<1) <1(22) <0(23) 28(<<) <(<) <(<) <5(<5)

NXB \banegr`st 16 (5) 13(5) 13(5) 0<(<3) 6:(2:) 6:(2:) 53(<<)

[Bz [bvbnnb 2;3(2:) 2;:(<2) 2:8(8) 2;5(2:) 26;(<0) 256(<;) 2;6(<3)

N@L Kbbtanhb 16(2:) 1;(1) 1;(1) 1<(;6) 238(;6) 238(;6) :<(;;)

[L \banegr`st 223(²0) 23:(²5) 235(²5) 2<;(²0) 2<3(²0) 225(²8) 2<1(²0)

[gurk`= Vbld` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt.Ngt`= [aoadbr lut sobdd`r trbnsatagns br` egunf egr sk`nbrag L2. Sbr`ntj`s`s faspdby tj` stbnfbrf f`vab-tagn ge ròbananh sjbr` ge rè`r`nk` lago`.

Vbld` 0.;. \`hagnbd Aopbkts

H`ghrbpjakfgoban(f` n`f anhur` 2.2)

Kurr`ntv`h`tbtagn

kbrlgn f`nsaty(ih K o -<)

\asi ge fa`lbki(%) (prglbladaty

ge b <0%r`fuktagn anv`h. kbrlgn)

Kjbnh` anv`h`tbtagn kbrlgnly twg l`st-rbni`f

ogf`ds(ih K o -<) (*)

Sgt`ntabd lago` sjaet kbus`f ly kdaobt` kjbnh`watj fègr`stbtagn bt 03% bnf gkkurr`nk` ge

r`s ly <380 YKSV@K-SUO_

@B‖@bst`rn Bobzgnab

2< : -< tg -5 [bvbnnb ergo <3% tg 63% ge br`b9

[ahnakbnt r`fuktagn an Vrgpakbd \banegr`st.

NXB‖Ngrtj X`st`rn Bobzgnab

20 ; -0 tg -5 Ng sahnakbnt kjbnh` an kgv`r ge Vrgpakbd \banegr`stgr [`bsgnbd Egr`st.

[Bz‖[gutj`rn Bobzgnab

23 5< -6 tg -0 Ng obmgr kjbnh` an kgv`r ge [bvbnnb9 eurtj`rr`fuktagn an Vrgpakbd \banegr`st lago` ergo 23% tgd`ss tjbn 0%9 sdahjt ankr`bs`s an [`bsgnbd Egr`st.

N@L‖Ngrtj`bst`rn Lrbzad

; 21 -2 tg -< \`fuktagn ge [`bsgnbd Egr`st ergo 0% tg d`ss tjbn2%, bnf trbnsatagns ge [bvbnnb tg Kbbtanhb bnfKbbtanhb tg f`s`rt.

[L‖[gutj`rn Lrbzad

23 < -2 tg -; \`fuktagn an kgv`r ge hrbssdbnfs bnf kgrr`spgnfanhankr`bs` an [bvbnnb bnf \banegr`st.




Xgrdf Lbni [tufy53

tj` Bobzgn lbsan. Xjad` tj` aopbkts ergo kdaobt` kjbnh` r`sudt ergo hdglbd kgntralu-tagns, tj` fègr`stbtagn bnf anfuk`f r`s br` bsp`kts tjbt kbn l` bffr`ss`f watjan tj`kguntry.

An ebkt, tj` r`sudts suppgrt tj` va`w tjbt tj`r` as b n``f tg brr`st tj` fègr`stbtagnge tj` Bobzgn lbsan bs at rànegrk`s tj` str`ss anfuk`f ly tj` bntakapbt`f aopbkts ergokdaobt` kjbnh`. Jgw`v`r, bs tbld` 0.; sjgws, aopdakbtagns br` sgo`wjbt fa ffi r`nt f`-p`nfanh gn tj` h`ghrbpjakbd fgoban unf`r bnbdysas.

Ngt`s

2. Gybob bnf Nglr` (<33;) sjgw`f tjbt at as pgssald` tg jbv` twg lago`-kdaobt` quadalrauo stbt`san trgpakbd [gutj Bo`rakb. Gn` `quadalrauo stbt` kgrr`spgnfs tg tj` kurr`nt v`h`tbtagn fastralu-tagn wj`r` tj` trgpakbd egr`st kgv`rs ogst tj` Bobzgn Lbsan bnf tj` s`kgnf kgrr`spgnfs tg stbld` lago`-kdaobt` `quadalrauo watj sbvbnnbs kgv`ranh `bst`rn Bobzgnab bnf sòa-f`s`rts an Ngrtj-`bst`rn Lrbzad.<. Vj`r` as ng ogf`d tjbt kgolan`s tj` fynboak bnf kgupd`f e`btur`s ge DSMoD bnf KSV@K-KSUObnf tjus tj`s` twg tggds br` us`f, wj`r` tj`y kbn l`st l` bppda`f.;. Vj`s` r`pr`s`nt b pdbusald` rbnh` ge kgnfatagns gv`r tj` n`xt k`ntury. An sk`nbrag L2, tj` btog-spj`rak KG < kgnk`ntrbtagn an y`br <233 (<3<0, <380) r`bkj`s b d`v`d ge 003 ppo (623 ppo, 6:3 ppo)9an B< tj` kgrr`spgnfanh vbdu` as 8;3 ppo (623 ppo, 0<3 ppo) (ASKK, <338).6. Vj` KSV@K-ANS@ BHKO (btogspj`rak hdglbd karkudbtagn ogf`d) bvbadbld` bt ANS@ wbs f`-v`dgp`f bt tj` Lrbzadabn K`nt`r egr X`btj`r Egr`kbst bnf Kdaobt` [tufa`s (KSV@K) lbs`f gn tj`KSV@K/KGDB (K`nt`r egr Gk`bn-Dbnf-Btogspj`r` [tufa`s) HKO f`skral`f ly Kbvbdkbnta `t bd.(<33<). At jbs l``n sjgwn tjbt tj` ogf`d saoudbt`s r`bsgnbldy w`dd tj` oban e`btur`s ge hdglbdkdaobt`, bs w`dd bs tj` s`bsgnbd vbrabladaty ge tj` oban btogspj`rak vbrabld`s.0. Xbt`r lbdbnk` rgutan` as n`brdy tj` sbo` bs an KSV@K-SUO (Gybob bnf Nglr` <336) lbs`fgn Xaddog `t bd. (21:0), bdtjguhj kbngpy r`sastbnk` r k (2/kbngpy kgnfuktbnk` h k) as kbdkudbt`fan t`ros ge NSS bnf btogspj`rak (KG <), lbs`f gn tj` egroudbtagn ly Kgddb `t bd. (2112), wjakj

as us`f ly s`v`rbd FHUOs ([atkj `t bd. <33:) bnf HKO surebk` skjò`s (`.h., [`dd`rs `t bd. 2115)).Vj` kbngpy r`sastbnk` as us`f tg kbdkudbt` `vbpgtrbnsparbtagn (j`r`bet`r @) bkkgrfanh tg S`nobn-Ogntàtj‑s `qubtagn. Vjas egroudbtagn `nbld`s b twg-wby ant`rbktagn ge wbt`r kykd` bnf pdbntpjysagdghy. KSV@K-SUO< bdsg kgnsaf`rs b saopd` pbrbo`t`razbtagn ge dahjtnanh-anfuk`f r`s ansbvbnnbs lbs`f gn tj` stufy ly Kbrfgsg `t bd. (<33:). Ear` gkkurr`nk` as r`hbrf`f bs f`p`nf`nt gntj` bvbadbladaty ge nbturbd ahnatagn sgurk` (usanh :03 jSb zgnbd wanf bs b prgxy tg dahjtnanh) bnfeu`d ogastur` (tjrguhj sgad wbt`r d`v`d). Vj` e`rtadazbtagn ` ffi kt an tjas ogf`d as kgnsaf`r`f <0 p`r-k`nt ge tj` tgtbd KG < btogspj`rak kgnk`ntrbtagn egr bkj oassagn sk`nbrag (B< bnf L2). Hdglbd bnfr`hagnbd NSS saoudbt`f ly KSV@K-SUO< br` quat` kgopbrbld` tg tjbt ergo gls`rvbtagns bnf bdsgergo gtj`r NSS ogf`ds. Lago` fastralutagn as `vbdubt`f bhbanst bn bnbdysas ge nbturbd v`h`tbtagn(Dbpgdb `t bd. <33:) bnf r`sudts an b hdglbd ibppb stbtastak (Ogns`ruf bnf D`òbns 211<) ge 3.0;,bnf bn bhr`ò`nt erbktagn ge 08 p`rk`nt (Dbpgdb `t bd. <331).



52

K J B S V @ \ 5

Kgnkdusagns

Vj` ` ffi kts ge kdaobt` kjbnh` kbn ogfaey tj` eunktagnanh bnf struktur` ge tj` Bobzgn lbsan. Xatj rasanh btogspj`rak KG < kgnk`ntrbtagns, kdaobt` kjbnh` wadd d`bf tg b

sulstbntabd wbroanh an Bobzgnab furanh tj` kurr`nt k`ntury, r`bkjanh d`v`ds tjbt br`jahjdy dai`dy tg b ffi kt tj` ròbananh egr`sts tjrguhjgut tj` r`hagn.

At as `xp`kt`f tjbt tj` Bobzgn r`hagn wadd `xp`ra`nk` bn ant`nsa kbtagn ge tj` wbt`rkykd` watj ankr`bs`f gkkurr`nk` ge j`bvy rbanebdd bnf kgns`qu`nt ggfanh bnf b d`nhtj-`nanh ge frguhjt p`ragfs. [p`ka k prgm`ktagns egr anf`x`s r` `ktanh ankr`bs`f rbanebddbnf fry p`ragf `xtrò`s, pr`pbr`f tjrguhj tj` bppdakbtagn ge tj` jahj-r`sgdutagn O\ABHKO watj tj` us` ge tj` @brtj [aoudbtgr egr tj` Bobzgn lbsan, br` ankduf`f an tj`r`pgrt. Dai`was`, tj` r`hagn‑s jyfrgdghy wadd l` b ffi kt`f, watj ankr`bs`f str`bo gwsfuranh w`t p`ragfs bnf dgw`r tjbn kurr`nt str`bo gws egr fry p`ragfs an obmgr rav`rsge tj` r`hagn.

Jgw`v`r, tj`r` as kgnsaf`rbld` unk`rtbanty gv`r eutur` rbanebdd. Ogst kdaobt` ogf-`ds prgm`kt sulstbntabd kjbnh`s an rbanebdd pb `rns, lut tj`s` fg ngt kgankaf`= sgo` ogf-`ds prgm`kt ankr`bs`s, gtj`rs prgm`kt f`kr`bs`s, bnf tj` spbtabd pb `rn ge tj`s` kjbnh`sbdsg vbra`s l`tw``n tj` ogf`ds.

Vg `staobt` tj` rasi ge Bobzgn fryanh, prglbladaty f`nsaty eunktagns egr eutur` rban-ebdd w`r` f`rav`f usanh twg prgk`fur`s f`skral`f an tj` r`pgrt. Vj`s` anfakbt` b strgnhdai`dajggf ge Ngrtjw`st`rn Bobzgnab l`kgoanh w` `r an tj` F`kòl`r tg Oby p`ragf,bnf bn ankr`bs`f prglbladaty ge <330-dai` frguhjt kgnfatagns an [gutj`rn Bobzgnab(ergo 2 `v`nt an 233 y`brs kurr`ntdy, tg 2 an 28 y`brs) tgwbrf tj` `nf ge tj` k`ntury. Angtj`r r`hagns tj` prglbladaty ge kjbnh` as d`ss sahna kbnt fu` tg kgntanuanh faskr`pbnka`sbognh kdaobt` ogf`d saoudbtagns an tjas r`hagn.

Vj` kdaobt` ogf`d SFEs lbs`f gn rbanebdd w`r` kgolan`f watj egr`st saoudbtagns tgprgfuk` SFEs ge kjbnh`s an v`h`tbtagn kbrlgn an tj` <2 st k`ntury. An tj` bls`nk` ge KG < e`rtadazbtagn, b r`fuktagn an v`h`tbtagn kbrlgn as bntakapbt`f an ogst ge tj` h`ghrbpja-kbd fgobans. Vj` bnbdysas kgnkduf`s tjbt tj`r` as b sulstbntabd prglbladaty ge Bobzgnfa`lbki.

Xj`n d`be pjysagdghy-lbs`f KG < e`rtadazbtagn fèbudt ebktgrs br` us`f, tj` dai`da-jggf ge tjas r`fuktagn as sulstbntabddy dgw`r, bnf tj` prglbladaty ge ankr`bs`s an v`h-`tbtagn kbrlgn as ngn-n`hdahald`. Jgw`v`r, an trgpakbd, obtur` egr`st `kgsystòs, unf`rprgngunk`f nutra`nt kgnstrbants typakbd ge pggr sgad kgnfatagns an tj` Bobzgn lbsan,tj`r` as hr`bt unk`rtbanty tjbt KG < e`rtadazbtagn oby pdby sukj bn ` ffi ktav` rgd`. Vjus, antj` bls`nk` ge sgdaf anegrobtagn, sukj bs `kgsystò-waf` KG

< e`rtadazbtagn `xp`rao`nts,

tj` bssuoptagn tjbt KG < e`rtadazbtagn wadd l` bn aopgrtbnt ebktgr pgsatav`dy-bffi ktanh kg-systò r`sada`nk` ge tj` Bobzgn kbnngt l` us`f pr`s`ntdy bs b lbsas egr sgunf pgdaky



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy5<

bfvak`. \`fukanh tjas unk`rtbanty, usanh b kgolanbtagn ge `staobt`s ge tj` Bobzgnabnkbrlgn sani bnf tr`nfs an rav`r rung ffi , as tj`règr` b pragraty egr b egddgw-gn stufy.

Vj` aopbkts ge fègr`stbtagn, kdaobt` kjbnh`, bnf r`s w`r` `staobt`f usanh tj`gutputs ge 20 HKOs bnf tj` KSV@K-SUO, usanh b kgns`nsus bpprgbkj, wj`r` gndykjbnh`s an lago` watj 80 p`rk`nt gr jahj`r bhr`ò`nt br` af`nta `f. Xj`n tj` ` ffi kts gekdaobt` kjbnh`, fègr`stbtagn, bnf r` br` kgolan`f, usanh b pgt`ntabd v`h`tbtagn ogf`d(KSV@K-SUO) sp`ka kbddy f`v`dgp`f bnf bppda`f an tj` [gutj Bo`rakbn kgnt`xt, obmgrsjaets an lago`s br` pr`fakt`f.

Egr Bobzgnab bs b wjgd`, tj` ròbananh trgpakbd egr`st br`b r`dbtav` tg ats grahanbd`xt`nsagn as prghr`ssav`dy r`fuk`f bs kdaobt` kjbnh` aopbkts, fègr`stbtagn bnf r` è-e`kts br` kgolan`f. [ulstbntabd aopbkts br` bdr`bfy prgm`kt`f ly <3<0 bnf tj` satubtagnwgrs`ns ly <303. Vj` ` ffi kt ge kdaobt` kjbnh` bdgn` wgudf kgntralut` tg r`fuk` tj` `x-t`nt ge tj` rbanegr`st lago` ly gn` tjarf ly tj` `nf ge tj` k`ntury.

Obmgr aopbkts br` prgm`kt`f an @bst`rn Bobzgnab. Vj` kgolan`f ` ffi kts ge kdaobt`bnf fègr`stbtagn r`sudt an b s`v`r` f`kr`bs` ge tj` rbanegr`st lago`, an r`dbtagn tg atsgrahanbd `xt`nsagn ge egr`st br`b. Vj` ròbananh egr`st lago`, ly <380, bkkguntanh egr03 p`rk`nt fègr`stbtagn bnf/gr tj` ` ffi kts ge r`s, as blgut < p`rk`nt. Vjas as tj` dbrh`str`dbtav` f`kr`bs` an tj` `ntar` lbsan.

Vj` Ngrtjw`st prgm`ktagns anfakbt` tj` sobdd`st r`dbtav` f`kr`bs` ge trgpakbd egr`st lago` egr tj` `ntar` lbsan. Vj` pgt`ntabd egr r` gkkurr`nk` wbs egunf tg l` dgw an tjassul-r`hagn. Vj` f`kr`bs` ge tj` trgpakbd egr`st br`b as sobdd`r tjbn 23 p`rk`nt egr tao`sdak` <3<0. Jgw`v`r, `v`n egr tjas r`hagn, unf`r sk`nbrag B< tj`r` wgudf l` b sahna kbntf`kr`bs` ly <233 (blgut 53 p`rk`nt ge tj` ròbananh lago`).

Egr [gutj`rn Bobzgnab, tj` bnbdysas anfakbt`s b r`dbtav` ankr`bs` an tj` br`b ge sb-vbnnb. Vj` fègr`stbtagn kgntralut`s tg tjas kgn hurbtagn watj b fra`r bnf jg `r kdaobt`,ebvgranh sbvbnnb `xpbnsagn an r`pdbkò`nt ge trgpakbd egr`sts. An tjas r`hagn, r` jbs bnaopgrtbnt ` ffi kt. Egr sk`nbrag B< (bnf L2) bnf tao` sdak`s <3<0 bnf <380, tj` prgm`ktagnanfakbt`s b n`t ankr`bs` an tj` br`b ge sbvbnnb, rbnhanh ergo ;3 p`rk`nt tg :8 p`rk`nt.

Egr tj` Ngrtj`bst tj` bnbdysas anfakbt`s b sdahjt r`dbtav` ankr`bs` (8 p`rk`nt) an kbbt-anhb gv`r sbvbnnb, r`sudtanh ergo jg `r bnf fra`r kdaobt`.

An tj` [gutj bnf [gutj`bst Bobzgnab tj` kgolanbtagn ge ebktgrs d`bfs tg b f`kr`bsàn tj` egr`st br`b, watj b strgnh ` ffi kt f`rav`f ergo egr`st r`s. An h`n`rbd, r` pgt`ntabdstr`nhtj`ns tj` kgns`nsus egr trbnsatagns ergo trgpakbd egr`st tg sbvbnnb an [gutj`rn bnf

[gutj`bst`rn Bobzgnab.Lago` prgm`ktagns egr tj` `nf ge tj` k`ntury an trgpakbd [gutj Bo`rakb sjgw b vb-ra`ty ge r`sudts, f`p`nfanh ngt gndy gn tj` kdaobt` sk`nbrag, lut bdsg gn tj` ` ffi kt bnftj` d`v`d ge KG < e`rtadazbtagn gn pjgtgsyntj`sas. An suoobry, tj` r`sudts egr nuo`rakbd`xp`rao`nts anfakbt` pgt`ntabd egr=

▣ Vrbnsatagn ergo trgpakbd tg s`bsgnbd egr`st bnf sbvbnnb an tj` @bst/[gutj`bstge Bobzgnab, r`dbt`f obandy tg b prgm`kt`f f`kr`bs` an pr`kapatbtagn an tj` frys`bsgn bnf ankr`bs` an bv`rbh` bnnubd tòp`rbtur`.

▣ An tj` Ngrtjw`st ge Bobzgnab, tj` r`sudts anfakbt` obant`nbnk` ge trgpakbd egr-`st, r`dbt`f tg prgm`kt`f ankr`bs` an pr`kapatbtagn bnf `vbpgtrbnsparbtagn.

▣ Faffi r`nt tjbn tj` hdglbd ogf`ds, tj` r`hagnbd kdaobt` ogf`d egr tj` [gutj`rnBobzgn prgm`kts b sobdd`r f`kr`bs` an pr`kapatbtagn, wjakj an turn fg`s ngtsuppgrt trbnsatagns tg spbrs` lago`s sukj bs kbbtanhb.




▣ An Ngrtj`bst Lrbzad tj` r`hagnbd kdaobt` ogf`d bdsg prgm`kts b sdahjt ankr`bs` antj` pr`kapatbtagn bt tj` l`hannanh ge tj` rbany s`bsgn, wjakj trbnsdbt`s antg bsdahjt sulstatutagn ge br`bs ge kbbtanhb ly sbvbnnb.

▣ An tj` [gutj`rn Lrbzad bnf tj` Db Sdbtb Lbsan, tj` kdaobt` prgm`ktagns anfakbtànkr`bs` an pr`kapatbtagn wjakj ebvgrs tj` trbnsatagns tg lago`s watj f`ns`rv`h`tbtagn, sukj bs trbnsatagns ergo hrbssdbnf tg trgpakbd egr`st, gr kbbtanhb tgsbvbnnb.

Vj` syn`rhastak kgolanbtagn ge r`hagnbd kdaobt` aopbkts fu` tg fègr`stbtagn bnfkdaobt` kjbnh` r`sudtanh ergo hdglbd wbroanh, bnf tj` pgt`ntabd egr jahj`r r` gkkur-r`nk` bffs kgnsaf`rbldy tg tj` vudn`rbladaty ge trgpakbd egr`st `kgsystòs an tj` stufyr`hagn. An s`v`rbd kbs`s, tj` ròbananh lago` as sbvbnnb wjakj as h`n`rbddy ogr` bfbpt-`f tg jg `r kdaobt`s watj obri`f s`bsgnbdaty an rbanebdd (dgnh fry s`bsgns), wj`r` r`nbturbddy pdbys bn aopgrtbnt `kgdghakbd rgd`.

Dgss`s dani`f tg Bobzgn fa`lbki wgudf sjgw up an bhrakudtur`, egr`stry, bnfpgw`r h`n`rbtagn, bognh gtj`r s`ktgrs ge `kgngoak bktavaty. Jgw`v`r, b eudd bkkguntanhge dgss`s wgudf n``f tg ankduf` tjgs` ankurr`f an `nvargno`ntbd s`rvak`s (er`sj wbt`r,gxyh`n, lagfav`rsaty, `kgsystò ant`hraty, s`rvak`s tg gtj`r sp`ka`s) gr tj` vbdu` ge tj`dgst h`n`tak anegrobtagn tjrguhj b obmgr kgddbps` ge tj` systò. Vj` dgss ge tj` Bobzgnrbanegr`st bnf ats bssgkabt`f `kgsystòs jbs bn antransak vbdu` tjbt as ngt bo`nbld` tgqubnta kbtagn lut k`rtbandy `xk``fs bny bkkguntanh obf` watj kurr`nt `kgngoak tggds.N`v`rtj`d`ss, b l` `r vbdubtagn ge tj` nbnkabd bnf nbturbd kbpatbd r`pr`s`nt`f ly tj`Bobzgn `kgsystò as r`quar`f bs w`dd bs b ogr` kgopr`j`nsav` bss`sso`nt ge tj` `kg-ngoak aopdakbtagns ge ats pgt`ntabd fa`lbki9 tjas sjgudf bdsg l` pbrt ge b egddgw-up.

Bdd ge tj`s` r`sudts anfakbt` tj` n``f tg bvgaf r`bkjanh b pgant ge HJH òassagnstjbt wgudf r`sudt an bn anfuk`f Bobzgn dgss. Vj` kurr`nt òassagns trbm`ktgry oby r`-sudt an b jahj rasi ge ankurranh tj`s` dgss`s furanh tjas k`ntury. Vjus, Bobzgn fa`lbkisjgudf l` kgnsaf`r`f b tjr`sjgdf egr fbnh`rgus kdaobt` kjbnh`. Dai`was`, tj` `staobt`fkgolan`f ` ffi kts ge kdaobt` aopbkts bnf fègr`stbtagn gn tj` ant`hraty ge tj` Bobzgnstrgnhdy suhh`st tjbt fègr`stbtagn sjgudf l` rbpafdy r`fuk`f.

X` opjbsaz` tjbt lago` prgm`ktagns p`regro`f an tjas stufy br` lbs`f gn tj` dbnf-us` pb `rns w` kurr`ntdy gls`rv` an tj` stufy r`hagn. An ebkt, Lrbzad jbs bnngunk`f bpdbn tg r`fuk` fègr`stbtagn rbt`s an tj` Bobzgn r`hagn ly 83 p`rk`nt gv`r tj` n`xt t`ny`brs, wjakj wbs ngt kgnsaf`r`f an tjas stufy. Ae tjas pdbn wgudf l` aopdò`nt`f, at

kgudf d`bf tg lago` fastralutagns tjbt br` fa ffi r`nt tjbn tj` gn`s prgm`kt`f j`r`.An suo, kdaobt` aopbkts jbv` tj` pgt`ntabd tg fasrupt tj` eunktagnanh bnf struktur`

ge tj` Bobzgn egr`st l`ygnf tj` nbturbd kbpbkaty ge r`h`n`rbtagn gr r`kgv`ry.

N`xt [t`ps

Vj` kgnkdusagns r`bkj`f an tj` r`pgrt jbv` sahna kbnt aopdakbtagns. Vj` rasi ge Bobzgnfa`lbki, an tj` bls`nk` ge bny sahna kbnt KG< e`rtadazbtagn ffi kt bt `kgsystò d`v`d, jbs l``n egunf tg l` sulstbntabd egr i`y r`hagns ge tj` Bobzgn lbsan. Vj` pgt`ntabd sjaet gebn `quadalrauo stbt` ge tj` lbsan tgwbrf lago`s watj d`ss lagobss sjgudf l` ge hr`bt

kgnk`rn. Vjas pgt`ntabd sjaet as dai`dy tg l` `xbk`rlbt`f ly tj` kgolan`f `ffi

`kts ge fègr-`stbtagn, kdaobt` kjbnh` bnf bssgkabt`f ankr`bs`s an tj` dai`dajggf ge r`s.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy56

At as r`kgoo`nf`f tjbt bffatagnbd ` ffi grts l` obf` tg bsk`rtban tj` pgt`ntabd rgd`, aebny, ge KG< e`rtadazbtagn bnf ats `ffi kt gn hrgwtj, kbrlgn stgkianh, bnf r`sada`nk` bt `kg-systò d`v`d egr tj` Bobzgn lbsan. Far`kt KG < `ffi kts bt `kgsystò d`v`d br` tj` i`y un-ingwn an bss`ssanh tj` rasi ge Bobzgn egr`st fa`lbki unf`r <2 st k`ntury kdaobt` kjbnh`.\`fukanh tjas unk`rtbanty, usanh b kgolanbtagn ge `staobt`s ge tj` Bobzgnabn kbrlgnsani (Sjaddaps `t bd. <331) bnf tr`nfs an rav`r rung ffi (H`fn`y `t bd. <335), as tj`règr` bpragraty egr b egddgw-gn stufy.

Eurtj`rogr`, tj` nfanhs anfakbt` tjbt fa ffi r`nk`s l`tw``n tj` tgtbd aopbkts ge kda-obt` kjbnh` kbus`f ly KG < bnf gtj`r kdaobt` egrkanh bh`nts (`.h., ankr`bs`s an o`tjbn`gr r`fuktagns an sudpjbt` b`rgsgds) jbv` aopdakbtagns egr ant`rnbtagnbd kdaobt` pgdaky,wjakj kurr`ntdy tr`bts bdd rbfabtav` egrkanhs bs `qubddy fbobhanh. An kgntrbst, tjas stufysjgws kd`brdy tjbt tj` rasi ge Bobzgn egr`st fa`lbki as obny tao`s hr`bt`r ae kdaobt`kjbnh` bras`s ergo bh`nts gtj`r tjbn KG <9 tjas faffi r`ntabd ` ffi kt sjgudf bdsg l` eurtj`rbss`ss`f.

Eanbddy, tj` qubnta kbtagn ge tj` pgt`ntabd `kgngoak kgns`qu`nk`s ge Bobzgn fa`- lbki r`quar` bffatagnbd ` ffi grts tg ogn`taz` bdd tj` aopdakbtagns f`rav`f ergo obmgrkjbnh`s an tj` hdglbd bnf r`hagnbd `nvargno`ntbd bnf `kgngoak s`rvak`s prgvaf`f lytj` Bobzgn lbsan. B ogr` kgopr`j`nsav` `vbdubtagn wgudf k`rtbandy sulstbntabt` tj` musta kbtagn ge bny rò`fabd bktagns.



50

Bpp`nfax`s



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy55

Bpp`nfax B. ASKK‖@oassagns [k`nbrags

An 211<, egr tj` rst tao` tj` ASKK r`d`bs`f òassagn sk`nbrags egr us` an fravanh hdglbd

karkudbtagn ogf`ds tg f`v`dgp kdaobt` kjbnh` sk`nbrags.An 2115, tj` ASKK f`kaf`f tg f`v`dgp b n`w s`t ge òassagns sk`nbrags (tj` [p`kabd\`pgrt gn @oassagns [k`nbrags, gr [\@[), wjakj prgvaf`f anput tg tj` ASKK‑s VjarfBss`sso`nt \`pgrt (VB\) an <332. Vj` [\@[ sk`nbrags w`r` bdsg us`f egr tj` Egurtj Bs-s`sso`nt \`pgrt (B\6) an <338. [ank` tj`n, tj` [\@[ sk`nbrags jbv` l``n sulm`kt tg fas-kussagn l`kbus` òassagns hrgwtj sank` <333 oby jbv` obf` tj`s` sk`nbrags glsgd`t`.At as kd`br tjbt tj` ASKK‑s Eaetj Bss`sso`nt \`pgrt wadd f`v`dgp b n`w s`t ge òassagnssk`nbrags.

Vj` Bobzgn fa`lbki tbsi us`f s`v`rbd ge tj` ASKK‑s [\@[ òassagns sk`nbrags egrats bnbdys`s (a.`., B2L, L<, bnf L2). Vj` egddgwanh pbrbhrbpjs prgvaf` b lraè lbkihrgunf

gn tj` ASKK [\@[ sk`nbrags bnf sjgw tj` `xp`kt`f rbnh` ge tòp`rbtur` ankr`bs` tg-wbrf tj` `nf ge tj` <2 st k`ntury unf`r `bkj ge tj`s` sk`nbrags.

Vj` [\@[ sk`nbrags kgv`r b waf` rbnh` ge tj` oban fravanh egrk`s ge eutur` òas-sagns, ergo fòghrbpjak tg t`kjngdghakbd bnf `kgngoak f`v`dgpo`nts. Ngn` ge tj` sk`-nbrags ankduf`s bny eutur` pgdaka`s tjbt `xpdakatdy bffr`ss kdaobt` kjbnh`, bdtjguhj bddsk`nbrags n`k`ssbrady `nkgopbss vbragus pgdaka`s ge gtj`r typ`s bnf egr gtj`r s`ktgrs.Vj` s`t ge [\@[ òassagns sk`nbrags as lbs`f gn bn `xt`nsav` dat`rbtur` bss`sso`nt, saxbdt`rnbtav` ogf`danh bpprgbkj`s, bnf bn —gp`n prgk`ss‟ tjbt sgdakat`f waf` pbrtakapb-tagn bnf e``flbki ergo obny ska`nta k hrgups bnf anfavafubds. Vj` [\@[ sk`nbrags an-kduf` b rbnh` ge òassagns ge bdd r`d`vbnt hr``njgus` hbs`s (HJHs) bnf sudeur bnf tjàr

unf`rdyanh fravanh egrk`s.Bs bn unf`rdyanh e`btur` ge bdd òassagns sk`nbrags, tj` ASKK f`v`dgp`f egur fae-

e`r`nt nbrrbtav` stgrydan`s tg f`skral` tj` r`dbtagnsjaps l`tw``n òassagn-fravanh egrk`sbnf tjàr `vgdutagn gv`r tao`. @bkj stgrydan` r`pr`s`nts fa ffi r`nt fòghrbpjak, sgkabd,`kgngoak, t`kjngdghakbd, bnf `nvargno`ntbd f`v`dgpo`nts. @bkj òassagns sk`nbragr`pr`s`nts b sp`ka k qubntatbtav` ant`rpr`tbtagn ge gn` ge tj` egur stgrydan`s. Bdd tj` sk`-nbrags lbs`f gn tj` sbo` stgrydan` kgnstatut` b sk`nbrag —eboady.‟ 2

[gurk`=ASKK <333, ogfa `f.

Eahur` B2.2. [kjòbtak Addustrbtagn ge [\@[ [k`nbrags




Vj` B2 stgrydan` bnf sk`nbrag eboady f`skral`s b eutur` wgrdf ge rbpaf `kgngoakhrgwtj, hdglbd pgpudbtagn p`bis ly oaf-<2 st k`ntury bnf f`kdan`s tj`r`bet`r, bnf tj`rbpaf antrgfuktagn ge n`w bnf ogr` ` ka`nt t`kjngdgha`s. Obmgr unf`rdyanh tjò`sge tj` B2 stgrydan` br` kgnv`rh`nk` bognh r`hagns, kbpbkaty luadfanh, bnf ankr`bs`fkudturbd bnf sgkabd ant`rbktagns, watj b sulstbntabd r`fuktagn an r`hagnbd fa ffi r`nk`s anp`r kbpatb ankgo`. Vj` B2 sk`nbrag eboady f`v`dgps antg tjr`` hrgups tjbt f`skral` bd-t`rnbtav` far`ktagns ge t`kjngdghakbd kjbnh` an tj` `n`rhy systò. Vj` tjr`` B2 hrgupsbr` fastanhuasj`f ly tjàr t`kjngdghakbd òpjbsas= egssad ant`nsav` (B2EA) , ngn-egssad`n`rhy sgurk`s (B2V) , gr b lbdbnk` bkrgss bdd sgurk`s (B2L) .

Vj` B< stgrydan` bnf sk`nbrag eboady f`skral`s b rbtj`r j`t`rgh`n`gus wgrdf. Vjùnf`rdyanh tjò` as s`de-r`dabnk` bnf pr`s`rvbtagn ge dgkbd af`ntata`s. Hdglbd pgpudbtagnankr`bs`s kgntanugusdy. Egr tj` ogst pbrt, `kgngoak f`v`dgpo`nt as r`hagnbddy gra`nt`f,bnf p`r kbpatb `kgngoak hrgwtj bnf t`kjngdghakbd kjbnh` br` ogr` erbho`nt`f bnfsdgw`r tjbn an gtj`r stgrydan`s.

Vj` L2 stgrydan` bnf sk`nbrag eboady f`skral`s b kgnv`rh`nt wgrdf watj tj` sbo`hdglbd pgpudbtagn tjbt p`bis an oaf-k`ntury bnf f`kdan`s tj`r`bet`r, bs an tj` B2 stg-rydan`, lut watj rbpaf kjbnh`s an `kgngoak struktur`s tgwbrf b s`rvak` bnf anegrob-tagn `kgngoy, watj r`fuktagns an obt`rabd ant`nsaty, bnf tj` antrgfuktagn ge kd`bn bnfr`sgurk`-` ka`nt t`kjngdgha`s. Vj` òpjbsas as gn hdglbd sgdutagns tg `kgngoak, sgkabd,bnf `nvargno`ntbd sustbanbladaty, ankdufanh aoprgv`f `quaty, lut watjgut bffatagnbdkdaobt` anatabtav`s.

Vbld` B2.2. Srgm`kt`f Hdglbd Bv`rbh` [urebk` Xbroanh bnf [`b D`v`d \as` bt tj` @nfge tj` <2st K`ntury Bkkgrfanh tg Faee`r`nt [\@[ [k`nbrags

Kbs`

Vòp rbtur` kjbnh`(f`hr``s k`ntahrbf` bt <313-<311 r`dbtav` tg 21:3-2111)b,f

[`b d`v`d ras`(o`t`rs bt <313-<311r`dbtav` tg 21:3-2111

Ogf`d-lbs`f rbnh`(`xkdufanh eutur` rbpaf

fynboakbd kjbnh`san ak` gw)L`st staobt` Dai`dy rbnh`

Kgnstbnt y`br <333kgnk`ntrbtagnsl

3.5 3.;-3.1 Ngt bvbadbld`

L2 sk`nbrag 2.: 2.2-<.1 3.2:-3.;:

B2V sk`nbrag <.6 2.6-;.: 3.<3-3.60

L< sk`nbrag <.6 2.6-;.: 3.<3-3.6;

B2L sk`nbrag <.: 2.8-6.6 3.<2-3.6:

B< sk`nbrag ;.6 <.3-0.6 3.<;-3.02

B2EA sk`nbrag 6.3 <.6-5.6 3.<5-3.01

[gurk`= ASKK <338.Ngt`s=b) Vòp`rbtur`s br` bss`ss`f l`st staobt`s bnf dai`dy unk`rtbanty rbnh`s ergo b ja`rbrkjy ge ogf-`ds ge vbryanh kgopd`xaty bs w`dd bs gls`rvbtagnbd kgnstrbants. l) Q`br <333 kgnstbnt kgopgsatagn as f`rav`f ergo Btogspj`r`-Gk bn H`n`rbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`ds(BGHKOs) gndy.k) Bdd sk`nbrags blgv` br` sax [\@[ obri`r sk`nbrags. Bpprgxaobt` KG<-`q kgnk`ntrbtagns kgrr`spgnf-anh tg tj` kgoput`f rbfabtav` egrkanh fu` tg bntjrgpgh`nak HJHs bnf b`rgsgds an <233 (s`` p. :<; ge tj`Xgrianh Hrgup A VB\) egr tj` [\@[ L2, BAV, L<, B 2 L, B<, bnf B2EA addustrbtav` obri`r sk`nbrags br`blgut 533, 833, :33, :03, 2<03, bnf 2003ppo, r`sp`ktav`dy.f) Vòp`rbtur` kjbnh`s br` xpr`ss`f bs tj` fa ffi r`nk` ergo tj` p`ragf 21:3-2111. Vg `xpr`ss tj` kjbnh`r`dbtav` tg tj` p`ragf 2:03-2:11 bff 3.0³K.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy5:

Vj` L< stgrydan` bnf sk`nbrag eboady f`skral`s b wgrdf an wjakj tj` òpjbsas as gndgkbd sgdutagns tg `kgngoak, sgkabd, bnf `nvargno`ntbd sustbanbladaty. At as b wgrdf watjhdglbd pgpudbtagn kgntanugusdy ankr`bsanh bt b rbt` dgw`r tjbn tjbt ge B<, ant`ro`fabt`d`v`ds ge `kgngoak f`v`dgpo`nt, bnf d`ss rbpaf bnf ogr` fav`rs` t`kjngdghakbd kjbnh`tjbn an tj` L2 bnf B2 stgrydan`s. Xjad` tj` sk`nbrag as bdsg gra`nt`f tgwbrf `nvargno`n-tbd prgt`ktagn bnf sgkabd `quaty, at egkus`s gn dgkbd bnf r`hagnbd d`v`ds.

Vbld` B2.2 suoobraz`s tj` dai`dy tòp`rbtur` kjbnh`s unf`r `bkj ge tj` sk`nbragsf`skral`f blgv`. At sjgws tjbt L< wgudf d`bf tg b tòp`rbtur` kjbnh` ge bpprgxaobt`dy<.6³ K tgwbrf tj` `nf ge tj` k`ntury, unf`r B2L tj` tòp`rbtur` kjbnh` as `staobt`f tg l` <.:³ K, wjad` B< as ogr` `xtrò` watj b ;.6³ K prgm`kt`f kjbnh`.

At as aopgrtbnt tg ngt` tjbt tj` prgm`kt`f surebk` tòp`rbtur` kjbnh`s tgwbrf tj``nf ge tj` <2 st k`ntury `xjalat b lrgbf rbnh` ge dai`dy `staobt`s, bs sjgwn ly tj` lbrsn`xt tg tj` rahjt pbn`d ge hur` B2.<.

Eahur` B2.<. [k`nbrags egr HJH @oassagns ergo <333 tg <233 (an tj` Bls`nk` geBffatagnbd Kdaobt` Sgdaka`s) bnf Srgm`ktagns ge [urebk` Vòp`rbtur`s

[gurk`= ASKK <338.

Ngt`s= Dèt Sbn`d= Hdglbd HJH oassagns (an HtKG <-`q) an tj` bls`nk` ge kdaobt` pgdaka`s= sax addustrbtav`[\@[ obri`r sk`nbrags (kgdgr`f dan`s) bnf tj` :3 tj p`rk`ntad` rbnh` ge r`k`nt sk`nbrags puldasj`f sank`

[\@[ (pgst-[\@[) (hrby-sjbf`f br`b). Fbsj`f dan`s sjgw tj` eudd rbnh` ge pgst-[\@[ sk`nbrags. Vj`òassagns ankduf` KG < , KJ 6 , N<G bnf E hbs`s.\ahjt Sbn`d= [gdaf dan`s br` oudta-ogf`d hdglbd bv`rbh`s ge surebk` wbroanh egr sk`nbrags B<, B2L bnfL2, sjgwn bs kgntanubtagns ge tj` <3 tj -k`ntury saoudbtagns. Vj`s` prgm`ktagns bdsg tbi` antg bkkguntòassagns ge sjgrt-dav`f HJHs bnf b`rgsgds. Vj` pani dan` as ngt b sk`nbrag, lut as egr Btogspj`r`-Gk`bnH`n`rbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`d (BGHKO) saoudbtagns wj`r` btogspj`rak kgnk`ntrbtagns br` j`df kgnstbntbt y`br <333 vbdu`s. Vj` lbrs bt tj` rahjt ge tj` hur` anfakbt` tj` l`st `staobt` (sgdaf dan` watjan `bkj lbr) bnf tj` dai`dy rbnh` bss`ss`f egr tj` sax [\@[ obri`r sk`nbrags bt <313‛<311. Bdd tòp`rbtur s br`r`dbtav` tg tj` 21:3‛2111 p`ragf.

Ngt`

2. Egr `bkj stgrydan`, s`v`rbd fa ffi r`nt sk`nbrags w`r` f`v`dgp`f usanh fa ffi r`nt ogf`danh bp-prgbkj`s tg `xboan` tj` rbnh` ge gutkgo`s brasanh ergo b rbnh` ge ogf`ds tjbt us` saoadbr bs-suoptagns blgut fravanh egrk`s.




Bpp`nfax L. F`v`dgpo`nt ge Srglbladaty F`nsatyEunktagns (SFEs) egr Eutur` Bobzgnabn \banebdd

Vj` stufy `staobt`s Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns (SFEs) egr eutur` rbanebdd an v`r`hagns ge Bobzgnab ly wàhjtanh tj` pr`faktagns ge tj` <6 Kgupd`f Ogf`d Ant`r-

kgopbrasgn Srgm`kt (KOAS;) H`n`rbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`ds (HKOs). Sr`s`nt`f br` twgs`pbrbt` s`ts ge ogf`d wàhjtanhs. An tj` rst s`t ge ogf`d wàhjtanhs, tj` ogf`ds br`rbt`f bkkgrfanh tg tjàr r`dbtav` bladata`s tg r`prgfuk` tj` o`bn bnf vbrabladaty ge tj`gls`rv`f rbanebdd an `bkj s`bsgn. An tj` s`kgnf s`t ge ogf`d wàhjtanhs, tj` ogf`ds br`rbt`f bkkgrfanh tg tjàr r`dbtav` bladata`s tg r`prgfuk` tj` o`bn bnf vbrabladaty ge twg s`bsurebk` tòp`rbtur` anf`x`s= tj` Btdbntak Ngrtj-[gutj Hrbfa`nt (BN[H) bnf tj` Sbka k@bst-X`st Hrbfa`nt (S@XH). An lgtj kbs`s, tj` r`dbtav` wàhjtanh ge tj` kdaobt` ogf`dsas upfbt`f s`qu`ntabddy bkkgrfanh tg Lby`s‑ tj`grò, lbs`f gn tj` labs`s an tj` o`bn

ge tj` pr`fakt`f tao` s`ra`s bnf tj` fastralutagnbd t ge tj` labs-kgrr`kt`f tao` s`ra`s bso`bsur`f ly tj` Igdoghgrgv-[oarngv stbtastak, F. F`p`nfanh gn tj` bss`sso`nt krat`-rab, tj` s`bsgn bnf tj` r`hagn, v`ry fa ffi r`nt rbnianhs ge tj` HKOs br` egunf, watj nganfavafubd ogf`d fganh w`dd an bdd kbs`s. An obny kbs`s tj`r` as bdsg ng sahna kbnt kgrr`-dbtagn l`tw``n tj` qubdaty ge b ogf`d‑s <3 tj k`ntury rbanebdd saoudbtagn bnf ats pr`faktagnge rbanebdd kjbnh` an tj` <2st k`ntury.

Jgw`v`r, an sgo` r`hagns bnf s`bsgns tj`r` br` sahna kbnt sjaets an tj` f`rav`frbanebdd SFEs, watj tj` [gutj`rn Bobzgnab bnf @bst`rn Bobzgnab r`hagns pr`fakt`f tgh`t w` `r an tj` F`kòl`r‛E`lrubry p`ragf ge tj` w`t s`bsgn, bnf bn ankr`bs`f prgl-bladaty ge <330-dai` frguhjt kgnfatagns an Ngrtjw`st Bobzgnab an tj` Mun`‛Buhust p`ra-gf. Psanh b kgolanbtagn ge tj` r`dbtav` ogf`d wàhjtanhs egr `bkj s`bsgn, tj` stufy bdsgf`rav`s b s`t ge gv`rbdd ogf`d wàhjtanhs egr `bkj r`hagn, wjakj kbn l` us`f tg prgfuk`SFEs ge egr`st lagobss ergo tj` saoudbtagns ge tj` DSM ogf`d.

Xàhjtanh ge <6 KOAS; H`n`rbd Karkudbtagn Ogf`ds (HKOs)

Vj` vbragus ogf`d prgm`ktagns w`r` wàhjt`f lbs`f gn tj` bladaty ge `bkj ogf`d tgprgfuk` i`y bsp`kts ge tj` gls`rv`f kdaobt`. An tjas wby at as jypgtj`saz`f tg r`bkjogr` rglust pr`faktagns ly òpjbsazanh tj` r`sudts ergo ogr` r`bdastak ogf`ds bnf f`-òpjbsazanh tj` r`sudts prgfuk`f ly d`ss r`bdastak ogf`ds. Vj` bpprgbkj f`skral`f as

tg kgnstrukt b prglbladastak pr`faktagn lbs`f gn b wàhjt`f suo ge tj` pr`faktagns geanfavafubd HKOs, usanh b Lby`sabn bpprgbkj. Vj` wàhjt bssahn`f tg `bkj HKO wadd l`rè`rr`f tg bs tj` prglbladaty ge tj` ogf`d bnf wadd h`n`rbt` b SFE gv`r tj` s`t ge ogf-`ds. Lby`s‑ tj`grò bddgws tj` ogf`d prglbladata`s tg l` ogfa `f `bkj tao` w` kgnsaf`rtj` bladaty ge tj` ogf`ds tg saoudbt` sgo` r`d`vbnt bsp`kt ge kurr`nt kdaobt` (sukj bsrbanebdd an `bkj s`bsgn). Vjas upfbtanh ge tj` SFE as bkja`v`f ly kgopbranh tao` s`ra`sge pbst gls`rvbtagns watj tao` s`ra`s ge ogf`d saoudbtagns egr bkj vbrabld`. An tjas stufytj` ogf`ds br` wàhjt`f lbs`f gn tjàr bladaty tg saoudbt` lgtj tj` o`bn stbt` bnf tj`vbrabladaty (a.`., tj` stbtastakbd fastralutagn) ge kurr`nt kdaobt`. An gtj`r wgrfs, tj` bao astg fgwn-wàhjt tjgs` ogf`ds tjbt saoudbt` b kdaobt` wjgs` o`bn vbdu` as ebr ergo tj`

gls`rv`f o`bn, gr b kdaobt` wjgs` stbtastakbd fastralutagn as b pggr t tg tj` gls`rv`ffastralutagn, `v`n wj`n bny labs an tj` o`bn vbdu` jbs l``n kgrr`kt`f.

Vj` prgk`fur` kbn l` suoobraz`f bs egddgws (obtjòbtakbd f`tbads kbn l` egunf an Mupp & Kgx <33: bnf an Kgx & Mupp <331)=



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy83

a. bssahn `qubd prglbladaty tg bdd ogf`ds= b unaegro pragr SFE9aa. kjggs` b kdaobtak vbrabld` ge ant`r`st bnf upfbt` tj` ogf`d SFE lbs`f gn tj` t

l`tw``n ogf`d saoudbtagns bnf gls`rvbtagns egr tjas vbrabld`9aaa. tr`bt tj` kurr`nt ogf`d SFE bs b n`w pragr, bnf r`p`bt st`ps (a) bnf (aaa) bs

r`quar`f9av. gltban b nbd pgst`ragr SFE egr tj` ogf`ds.

Vjas prgk`fur` as us`f tg `staobt` SFEs egr eutur` rbanebdd an `bkj ge tj` v` r`hagns geBobzgnab, usanh rbanebdd saoudbtagns prgfuk`f ly tj` <6 HKOs bvbadbld` an tj` brkjav`ge tj` KOAS; (s`` tbld` B<.2).

Fbtb

Vwg typ`s ge fbtb br` us`f an tjas stufy= gls`rvbtagnbd fbtb egr tj` <3tj k`ntury bdgn`bnf ogf`d-lbs`f fbtb egr tj` <3tj bnf <2 st k`ntura`s. Vj` fbtb tbi`n tg r`pr`s`nt tj`

—tru`‟ stbt` ge tj` kdaobt` br` tbi`n ergo tj` K\P V[ ;.3 brkjav`. Vj`s` fbtb br` bvbad-bld` bt j p=//www.kru.u`b.bk.ui/kru/fbtb/jrh-ant`rao/. HKO fbtb br` tbi`n ergo tj`KOAS; oudta-ogf`d brkjav`, an tj` Kdaobt` ge tj` <3tj K`ntury `xp`rao`nt. Vj`r` br`<6 ogf`ds, bs dast`f an tbld` B<.2. Vj`s` fbtb br` bvbadbld` bt j ps=//`sh.ddnd.hgv=:66;/.

Vòpgrbd kgv`rbh` = Egr bss`sso`nt ge <3tj k`ntury kdaobt`, fbtb br` kgnsaf`r`f bt bogntjdy r`sgdutagn egr tj` Mbnubry 2132‛F`kòl`r 2111 p`ragf (tjas as tj` dgnh`st p`ragfegr wjakj fbtb br` bvbadbld` ergo bdd sgurk`s.) [aoadbrdy, ogf`d pr`faktagns egr tj` <2 st k`n-tury br` kgnsaf`r`f bt b ogntjdy r`sgdutagn egr tj` Mbnubry <332‛F`kòl`r <311 p`ragf.

[pbtabd kgv`rbh` = Vao` s`ra`s br` kr`bt`f ly tbianh spbtabd bv`rbh`s ge ogntjdy fbtban b tgtbd ge nan` spbtabd wanfgws (tbld` B<.<). Eav` ge tj`s` wanfgws br` an [gutj Bo`r-akb bnf egur kgv`r tj` gk`bns. [`b surebk` tòp`rbtur`s an tj` egur gk`bnak wanfgws brùs`f tg f` n` tj` BN[H bnf tj` S@XH.

\`sudts

\`dbtav` ogf`d wàhjtanhs br` f`rav`f egr `bkj s`bsgn (FME, OBO, MMB, [GN) bs w`dd bsegr tj` `ntar` kbd`nfbr y`br (—bdd‟) bnf egr `bkj ge tj` v` s`d`kt`f r`hagns ge Bobzgnabbs dast`f an tbld` B<.<.

An `bkj kbs`, tj` wàhjtanh obi`s us` ge lgtj tj` labs an tj` o`bn rbanebdd bnf tjÌgdoghgrgv-[oarngv stbtastak ge tj` labs-kgrr`kt`f rbanebdd (tjrguhj anf`x F) tg fgwn-

wàhjt tj` ogf`ds. Vj`

hur`s l`dgw sjgw tj` r`dbtav` ogf`d wàhjtanhs f`rav`f egr`bkj r`hagn bnf egr `bkj ge tj`s` tjr``-ogntj p`ragfs. Vj`s` hur`s bdsg sjgw tj` gv`r-bdd ogf`d wàhjtanhs tjbt r`sudt ergo kgolananh tj` wàhjtanhs ergo `bkj ge tj` egurtjr``-ogntj p`ragfs. Vj`s` gv`rbdd wàhjtanhs br` tg l` us`f tg prgfuk` SFEs ergo tjègr`st prgm`ktagns prgfuk`f ly tj` DSM ogf`d.

At as kd`br tjbt tj` r`dbtav` rbnianh ge HKOs vbra`s sahna kbntdy watj r`hagn bnf s`b-sgn. An bny gn` r`hagn at as bdsg unusubd egr b hav`n ogf`d tg saoudbt` rbanebdd bkkurbt`dyan bdd egur s`bsgns. Bs b r`sudt, ogf`ds tjbt saoudbt` `bkj s`bsgn w`dd t`nf tg fgoanbt`tj` gv`rbdd wàhjtanh. Vj` r`dbtav` wàhjtanhs ly s`bsgn t`nf tg l` oukj ogr` `v`ndyfastralut`f bognh tj` ogf`ds, `xk`pt egr tj` Bprad‛Mun` p`ragf an Ngrtj`bst Lrbzad,

wjakj as sp`kabddy lbfdy saoudbt`f ly bdd ogf`ds xk`pt 5 bnf 21 (bs b r`sudt, tj`s` ogf-`ds fgoanbt` tj` gv`rbdd wàhjtanh an tjas r`hagn).

Vj` r`dbtav` ogf`d wàhjts kbn l` us`f tg f`rav` rbanebdd SFEs egr `bkj r`hagn bnfs`bsgn.




Vj` SFEs bnf Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns (KFEs) br` sjgwn an hur`s B<.1tg B<.2;, an `bkj kbs` egr tj` <332‛<3;2 (ldbki) bnf <351‛<311 (r`f) p`ragfs. Bdsg sjgwnas tj` fa ffi r`nk` l`tw``n tj` pragr fastralutagns (fg `f dan`s), wjakj w`r` f`rav`f ly bs-suoanh bdd ogf`ds tg l` qubddy dai`dy, bnf tj` pgst`ragr fastralutagns (kgntanugus dan`s),wjakj w`r` f`rav`f usanh gur Lby`sabn prgk`fur`. Bs jgp`f, an ogst kbs`s wàhjtanhtj` ogf`ds ly tjàr r`dbtav` bladata`s tg prgfuk` tj` kurr`nt rbanebdd d`bfs tg sjbrp`rSFEs. Vjas as ogst glvagusdy fògnstrbt`f an @bst`rn Bobzgnab an F`kòl`r tg E`lru-bry (s`` hur` B<.1, tgp rahjt pbn`d). An sgo` kbs`s, tj` Lby`sabn wàhjtanh bdsg sjaetstj` ogst dai`dy eutur` rbanebdd sahna kbntdy, egr xbopd` an tj` Gktgl`r‛F`kòl`r p`ragfan Ngrtjw`st Bobzgnab (s`` hur` B<.22, dgw`r rahjt pbn`d).

F`spat` tj` hbans bssgkabt`f watj wàhjtanh ogf`ds an tjas wby, tj` gv`rbdd un-k`rtbanta`s an eutur` Bobzgnabn rbanebdd ròban sahna kbnt. Vj` e`w r`hagns bnf s`b-sgns wj`r` sahna kbnt kjbnh`s an tj` rbanebdd SFE br` pr`fakt`f tg gkkur furanh tj` <2stk`ntury ankduf`= @bst`rn Bobzgnab bnf [gutj`rn Bobzgnab, wjakj br` pr`fakt`f tg h`tw` `r an tj` w`t s`bsgn (s`` tgp-rahjt pbn`ds ge hur`s B<.1 bnf B<.2<), bnf Ngrtjw`stBobzgnab, wjakj jbs bn ankr`bs`f prglbladaty ge <330-dai` frguhjt kgnfatagns an tj` Mudy‛[`ptòl`r pr`-w`t s`bsgn (s`` lg go-dèt pbn`d ge hur` B<.22).

Vbld` B<.2. Vj` Kdaobt` Ogf`ds \è`rr`f Vg an Vjas [tufy

Ogf`d Af`nta`r Ogf`d Nbo` Ogf`d Af`nta `r Ogf`d Nbo`

b lkkrWlkoW<W3 o anhvW`kjbo6l kkkobWkhko;W2 n anoko;W3k kkkobWkhko;W2Wt5; g apsdWko6f knroWko; p oargk;W<Wjar`s` ksargWoi;W3 q oargk;W<Wo`fr`se ksargWoi;W0 r oaulW`kjgWhh hefdWko<W3 s opaW`kjbo0j hefdWko<W2 t oraWkhko<W;W<ba hassWbgo u nkbrWkkso;W3 m hassWogf`dW`Wj v nkbrWpko2i hassWogf`dW`Wr w uiogWjbfko;d abpWehgbdsdW3Wh x uiogWjbfhò2

[gurk`=Vbld` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Kgx bnf Mupp <331.Ngt`= Vj` ogf`ds br` tjgs` an tj` Xgrdf Kdaobt` \`s`brkj Srghrboo`‑s (XK\S‑s) Kgupd`f Ogf`d An-t`rkgopbrasgn Srgm`kt pjbs` ; (KOAS;) oudta-ogf`d fbtbs`t an tj` —Kdaobt` ge tj` <3tj K`ntury‟ xp`ra-o`nt j ps=//`sh.ddnd.hgv=:66;/.

Vbld` B<.<. Vj` [pbtabd Xanfgws \`d`vbnt Vg Vjas [tufy

\`hagn Af`nta`r Dgnhatuf` Dbtatuf`@bst`rn Bobzgnab @B 00³X - 60³X 0³[ - <.0³N

Ngrtjw`st Bobzgnab NXB 8<.0³X - 53³X 0³[ - 0³NNgrtj`bst Lrbzad N@L 60³X -;0³X 20³[ - <.0³[

[gutj`rn Bobzgnab [Bz 50³X - 03³X 28.0³[ - 23³[[gutj`rn Lrbzad [L 53³X - 60³X ;0³[ - <<.0³[

@bst Sbkak @S 203³X - 13³X 0³[ - 0³N

X`st Sbkak XS 2<3³@ - 2:3³@ 0³[ - 0³N[gutj Btdbntak [B 63³X - 0³@ <0³[ - 0³[Ngrtj Btdbntak NB 80³X - ;3³X 20³N - ;0³N

[gurk`= Vbld` h`n`rbt f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Kgx bnf Mupp <331.






Eahur` B<.<. \banebdd-F`rav`f Ogf`d Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj`Ngrtj`bst Lrbzad \`hagn (N@L)

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Kgx bnf Mupp <331.Ngt`=Ogf`ds br` dbl`d`f bs an tbld` B<.2.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy86

Eahur` B<.;. \banebdd-F`rav`f Ogf`d Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj`Ngrtjw`st Bobzgnab \`hagn (NXB)





Eahur` B<.6. \banebdd-F`rav`f Ogf`d Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj`[gutj`rn Bobzgnab \`hagn ([Bz)




Xgrdf Lbni [tufy85

Eahur` B<.0. \banebdd-F`rav`f Ogf`d Srglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj`[gutj`rn Lrbzad \`hagn ([L)





Eahur` B<.5. [`b [urebk` Vòp`rbtur` (BN[H)-F`rav`f Ogf`d Srglbladaty F`nsatyEunktagns




Xgrdf Lbni [tufy8:

Eahur` B<.8. [`b [urebk` Vòp`rbtur` (S@XH)-F`rav`f Ogf`d Srglbladaty F`nsatyEunktagns





Eahur` B<.:. [`b [urebk` Vòp`rbtur` (BN[H bnf S@XH)-F`rav`f Ogf`dSrglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns




Xgrdf Lbni [tufy:3

Eahur` B<.1. Kjbnh`s an Ogf`d`f \banebdd Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns bnfSrglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj` @bst`rn Bobzgnab \`hagn (@B) gv`r tj` <2 st K`ntury

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Kgx bnf Mupp <331.Ngt`s= Fg `f dan`s= pr`faktagns watj bdd ogf`ds wàhjt`f `qubddy. [gdaf dan`s= pr`faktagns watj ogf`dswàhjt`f fa ffi r`ntabddy bkkgrfanh tg tj` bpprgprabt` s`bsgnbd ogf`d prglbladaty f`nsaty eunktagns an h-ur` B<.2.



Bss`sso`nt ge tj` \asi ge Bobzgn Fa`lbki :2

Eahur` B<.23. Kjbnh`s an Ogf`d`f \banebdd Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns bnfSrglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj` Ngrtj`bst Lrbzad \`hagn (N@L) gv`r tj` <2 st K`ntury

[gurk`= Eahur` h`n`rbt`f egr tj` r`pgrt ly Kgx bnf Mupp <331.Ngt`s= Fg `f dan`s= pr`faktagns watj bdd ogf`ds wàhjt`f `qubddy. [gdaf dan`s= pr`faktagns watj ogf`dswàhjt`f fa ffi r`ntabddy bkkgrfanh tg tj` bpprgprabt` s`bsgnbd ogf`d prglbladaty f`nsaty eunktagns an h-ur` B<.<.





Bss`sso`nt ge tj` \asi ge Bobzgn Fa`lbki :;

Eahur` B<.2<. Kjbnh`s an Ogf`d`f \banebdd Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns bnfSrglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj` [gutj`rn Bobzgnab \`hagn ([Bz) gv`r tj`<2 st K`ntury




Xgrdf Lbni [tufy:6

Eahur` B<.2;. Kjbnh`s an Ogf`d`f \banebdd Kuoudbtav` Fastralutagn Eunktagns bnfSrglbladaty F`nsaty Eunktagns egr tj` [gutj`rn Lrbzad \`hagn ([L) gv`r tj` <2 st K`ntury





Bpp`nfax K. Ldu`-\allgn Sbn`d Oòl`rs‖[jgrt Laghrbpja`s

Vjgobs @. Dgv`mgy (Kjbar)

Sr`saf`nt, Vj` J. Mgjn Jànz K`nt`r egr [ka`nk`, @kgngoaks, bnf tj` @nvargno`ntVrgpakbd lagdghast, kgns`rvbtagn lagdghast, Sj.F. Lagdghy, Qbd` Pnav`rsaty.Dgv`mgy jbs wgri`f an tj` Bobzgn sank` 2150. [ank` Oby <33< j` jbs l``n Sr`saf`ntge Vj` Jànz K`nt`r. Lègr` tjbt, j` wbs tj` Xgrdf Lbni‑s Kjaè Lagfav`rsaty Bfvasgrbnf D`bf [p`kabdast egr @nvargno`nt egr Dbtan Bo`rakb bnf tj` Kbrall`bn bnf [`nagrBfvasgr tg tj` Sr`saf`nt ge tj` Pnat`f Nbtagns Egunfbtagn. Dgv`mgy jbs l``n Bssastbnt[`kr`tbry bnf Kguns`dgr tg tj` [`kr`tbry bt tj` [oatjsgnabn Anstatutagn, [ka`nk` Bfva-sgr tg tj` [`kr`tbry ge tj` Ant`ragr, bnf @x`kutav` Uak` Sr`saf`nt ge tj` Xgrdf XadfdaeÈunf‛P.[.

Dbwr`nk` @. LumbSrgm`kt Obnbh`r, Kdaobt` Kjbnh` \`s`brkj [`ktagn/Kdaobt` bnf Hdglbd Fynboaks Favasagn, Nb-tagnbd K`nt`r egr Btogspj`rak \`s`brkjKdaobt` ogf`d`r, Sj.F. Btogspj`rak [ka`nk`s, Pnav`rsaty ge Ptbj.Lumb as tj` ska`nta k prgm`kt obnbh`r ge tj` Kdaobt` Kjbnh` bnf Sr`faktagn hrgup antj` Kdaobt` Kjbnh` \`s`brkj [`ktagn bt tj` Nbtagnbd K`nt`r egr Btogspj`rak \`s`brkj(NKB\), Lgudf`r, Kgdgrbfg. Ogst r`k`ntdy, tjas hrgup kbrra`f gut tj` KK[O kdaobtògf`d saoudbtagns tjbt obf` up tj` mgant P[ N[E/FG@ suloassagn tg tj` Ant`rhgv`rn-o`ntbd Sbn`d gn Kdaobt` Kjbnh` (ASKK) Egurtj Bss`sso`nt \`pgrt.

Fbvaf Dbwr`nk`Srgm`kt [ka`ntast, Kdaobt` Kjbnh` \`s`brkj [`ktagn/Kdaobt` bnf Hdglbd Fynboaks Favasagn, Nb-tagnbd K`nt`r egr Btogspj`rak \`s`brkjKdaobt` ogf`d`r, Sj.F. Btogspj`rak bnf Gk`bnak [ka`nk`, Pnav`rsaty ge Kgdgrbfg.Dbwr`nk` jbs us`f bnf kgntralut`f tg tj` f`v`dgpo`nt ge hdglbd kdaobt` ogf`ds sank`<332. Egr tj` dbst twg y`brs, j` jbs s`rv`f bs kg-kjbar ge tj` NKB\ Kgoounaty Kdaobt`[ystò Ogf`d Dbnf Ogf`d Xgrianh Hrgup. Jas r`s`brkj ant`r`sts k`nt`r brgunf tj`rgd` ge dbnf-surebk` prgk`ss`s bnf dbnf-btogspj`r` ant`rbktagns an kdaobt` kjbnh`.

Oakjb`d V. Kg` Bssgkabt` [ka`ntast, Xggfs Jgd` \`s`brkj K`nt`r Btogspj`rak bnf Gk`bnak [ka`ntast, Sj.F., Pnav`rsaty ge Xaskgnsan-Obfasgn.Kg` as bn `brtj systò ska`ntast wjg as pbrtakudbrdy ant`r`st`f an tj` kbus`s bnf kgns`-qu`nk`s ge wbt`r r`sgurk` vbrabladaty. J` us`s fbtb bnf `brtj systò kgoput`r ogf-`ds tg stufy jgw kdaobt` vbrabladaty ant`rbkts watj juobn dbnf bnf wbt`r obnbhò`ntprbktak`s tg kbus` kjbnh`s an wbt`r qubdaty bnf qubntaty. J` as kurr`ntdy pbrtakapbtanh anprgm`kts an tj` Bobzgn bnf Oassassappa \av`r lbsans bs w`dd bs tj` sòabraf r`hagns gengrtj`rn Berakb. Kg` pr`vagusdy sp`nt s`v`n y`brs bs b ska`ntast bt tj` K`nt`r egr [ustban-bladaty bnf tj` Hdglbd @nvargno`nt, Pnav`rsaty ge Xaskgnsan-Obfasgn bnf jbs l``n bvasatanh ska`ntast bt Dunf Pnav`rsaty, [w`f`n, bnf tj` Obx Sdbnki Anstatut` egr Lagh`g-kjòastry, M`nb, H`robny.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy:5

@brd [bxgnAnf`p`nf`nt Kgnsudtbnt[bxgn‑s Sj.F. gn tj` aopbkts ge hdglbd wbroanh bnf rasanh s`b d`v`ds (Kbolrafh` Pna-v`rsaty, PI) wbs kgopd`t`f an 2180. J` as bn anf`p`nf`nt kgnsudtbnt gn kdaobt`-bfbp-tav` trgpakbd egr`st obnbhò`nt strbt`ha`s bnf r`dbt`f ant`rnbtagnbd pgdaky n`hgtabtagns.Sr`vagus bppganto`nts ankduf` Kdaobt` Sgdaky Kggrfanbtgr bt tj` Ant`rnbtagnbd Pnagnegr tj` Kgns`rvbtagn ge Nbtur`, D`bf Kdaobt` [ka`ntast bt Vj` Nbtur` Kgns`rvbnky, J`ra-tbh` Kgns`rvbtagn Obnbh`r bt tj` X`t Vrgpaks ge Ru``nsdbnf Xgrdf J`ratbh` Butjgratybnf Luddbrf E`ddgw bt Jbrvbrf Pnav`rsaty. [bxgn jbs kgnfukt`f `kgsystò r`s`brkj bnfegr`st kgns`rvbtagn pdbnnanh an Bustrbdab, Lgdavab, Kjanb, Anfgn`sab, Oybnobr, SbpubN`w Huan`b, bnf tj` Sjadappan`s.

L`n LrbhbSrge`ssgr ge Kavad bnf @nvargno`ntbd @nhan``ranh, Pnav`rsaty ge [ëg Sbudg (gn d`bv` ge bls`nk`),Far`ktgr ge tj` Nbtagnbd Xbt`r Bh`nky ge Lrbzad (BNB) bnf Sr`saf`nt ge tj` Ant`rnbtagnbd Jy-frgdghak Srghrbo ge PN@[KGSj.F. an Xbt`r \`sgurk`s Obnbhò`nt, [tbnegrf Pnav`rsaty. \`s`brkj ant`r`sts ankdufànt`hrbt`f wbt`r r`sgurk`s obnbhò`nt, kgn akt r`sgdutagn, bnf oudta-glm`ktav` f`ka-sagn obianh. Lrbhb wgri`f an tj` Bobzgn Lbsan an tj` 2113s f`v`dgpanh stufa`s ge tjàopbkt ge fègr`stbtagn gn tj` jyfrgdghak r`hao` ge sobdd rav`r lbsans. Kurr`ntdy bs Fa-r`ktgr ge BNB, j` as an kjbrh` ge kggrfanbtanh tj` aopdò`ntbtagn ge tj` Nbtagnbd Xbt`r\`sgurk`s Obnbhò`nt [ystò ge Lrbzad.




Bpp`nfax F. [ka`nta k V`bo ge tj` BobzgnFa`lbki \asi Bss`sso`nt Vbsi

O`t`grgdghakbd \`s`brkj Anstatut` (O\A), MbpbnBiag Iatgj (D`bf Butjgr)[jgma IusungiaJargia Ignfg

Pnav`rsaty ge @x`t`r, PIS`t`r Kgx (D`bf Butjgr)Vao Mupp

Sgtsfbo Anstatut` egr Kdaobt` Aopbkt \`s`brkj (SAI), H`robny

Bnmb \booah (D`bf Butjgr)Xgdehbnh Krbo`rXgdehbnh DukjtIarst`n Vjgnaki`Prsudb J`yf`r

KK[V/ANS@, LrbzadHadvbn [bopbag (D`bf Butjgr)Kbrdgs Nglr` Mgsá Obr`nhg

Dankgdn Bdv`s Mgsá E`rnbnfg S`squ`rgK`dsg Ugn \bnfgwDuas E`rnbnfg [bdbzbrObng`d E`rràrb Kbrfgsg

@brtj ;333‖H@ZA, H`robny bnf PIObra b Igkj-X`s`r

\@[V@K, MbpbnQuiag JbruybobNglujarg Vgoaybob

Xgrdf Lbni Vbsi V`boXbdt`r U`rhbrb (VVD)[`lbstabn O. [kjgdzBd`mbnfrg F``lNbtsuig VglbBfrabnb Ubd`nkabBdgnsg ]brzbrIàig Bsjafb





:1

\è`r`nk`s

Bd`nkbr B., F. N`pstbf bnf O.K.U. Fabz. <335. —Egr`st unf`rstgr`y r` an tj` LrbzadabnBobzgn an @N[G bnf ngn-@N[G y`brs= br`b lurn`f bnf kgooa `f kbrlgn oas-sagns.‟@brtj Ant`rbktagns23= 2-28

Banswgrtj, @.B., bnf [.S. Dgnh. <330. —Xjbt jbv` w` d`brn`f ergo 20 y`brs ge er``-

bar KG< `nrakjo`nt (EBK@)7 B o`tb-bnbdysas ge tj` r`spgns`s ge pjgtgsyntj`sas,kbngpy prgp`rta`s bnf pdbnt prgfuktagn tg rasanh KG <.‟ N`w Sjytgd. 250= ;02-;8<.

Lgnf`bu B., S.K. [oatj, [. ]b`jd`, [. [kjbpjg ffi , X. Dukjt, X. Krbo`r, F. H`rt`n, J.Dg `-Kbop`n, K. Oôdd`r, O. \àkjstàn bnf L. [oatj. <338. —Ogf`ddanh tj` rgd`ge bhrakudtur` egr tj` <3 tj k`ntury hdglbd t`rr`strabd kbrlgn lbdbnk`.‟ Hdglbd Kjbnh`Lagdghy 2;= 581-835.

Kbdebpa`trb, K., L. Ha`d`n, B.N.M. Hbdòob, O. Duibk, S. F` Bnh`das, O.K. Ogskbt`dda,\. Kùdòbns, bnf H. [kbrbskab-Ouhngzzb. <33;. —Er``-bar KG < `nrakjo`nt(EBK@) `njbnk`s lagobss prgfuktagn an b sjgrt-rgtbtagn pgpdbr pdbntbtagn.‟ Vr``Sjys . <;= :30-:26.

Kbrfgsg, O. E., K. B. Nglr`, F. O. Dbpgdb, O. F. Gybob, bnf H. [bopbag, <33:. —Dgnh-t`ro pgt`ntabd egr r`s an `staobt`s ge tj` gkkurr`nk` ge sbvbnnbs an tj` trgpaks.‟Hdglbd @kgd. Lagh`ghr. 28(<)= <<<-<;0.

Kbrfgsg, O., K. Nglr`, H. [bopbag, O. Jargtb, F. Ubd`rabng bnf H. Kbo`rb. <331. —Dgnh-t`ro pgt`ntabd egr trgpakbd-egr`st f`hrbfbtagn fu` tg fègr`stbtagn bnf r`s an tj`Lrbzadabn Bobzgn.‟ Lagdghab 56(;)= 6;;-6;8.

Kbvbdkbnta, A.E.B., M.B. Obr`nhg, S. [btybourta, K.B. Nglr`, A. Vrgsnaigv, M.S. Lgnb a,B.G. Obnza, V. Vbrbsgvb, D.S. S`zza, K. F‑Bdoàfb, H. [bopbag, K.K. Kbstrg, O.L.[bnkj`s, O.L., bnf J. Kbobrhg. <33<. —Hdglbd Kdaobtgdghakbd E`btur`s an b [aou-dbtagn Psanh tj` KSV@KKGDB BHKO.‟ Mgurnbd ge Kdaobt` 20(<2)= <150-<1::.

Kgkjrbn` O.B., bnf X.E. Dburbnk`. <33:. —[yn`rhasos bognh r`, dbnf us`, bnf kdaobt`kjbnh` an tj` Bobzgn.‟ Bolag ;8= 0<<-0<8.

Kgddb , H.M., M.V. Lbdd, K. Hrav`t, bnf M.B. L`rry. 2112. —Sjysagdghakbd bnf `nvargno`ntbdr`hudbtagn ge stgobtbd kgnfuktbnk`, pjgtgsyntj`sas bnf trbnsparbtagn= b ogf`dtjbt ankduf`s b dboanbr lgunfbry dby`r.‟ Bhr. Egr`st O`t`grgd . 06(<-6)= 238-2;5.

Kgnfat, \., [.S. Jull`dd, bnf \.L. Egst`r. 2110. —Ogrtbdaty rbt`s ge <30 n`gtrgpakbd tr``bnf sjrul sp`ka`s bnf tj` aopbkt ge b s`v`r` frguhjt.‟ @kgdghakbd Ognghrbpjs 50=621-6;1.

Kgnfat \, [. Bhuadbr, B. J`rnbnf`z, \. S`r`z, [. Dbg, H. Bnh`jr, [.S. Jull`dd, bnf \.L.Egst`r. <336. —Vrgpakbd egr`st fynboaks bkrgss b rbanebdd hrbfa`nt bnf tj` aopbktge bn @d Nang fry s`bsgn.‟ Mgurnbd ge Vrgpakbd @kgdghy <3= 02-8<.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy13

Kgwdanh, [.B., bnf Q. [jan. <335. —[aoudbt`f `kgsystò tjr`sjgdf r`spgns`s tg kg-vbry-anh tòp`rbtur`, pr`kapatbtagn bnf btogspj`rak KG < watjan b r`hagn ge Bobzg-nab.‟Hdglbd @kgdghy & Lagh`ghrbpjy 20= 00;-055.

Kgx, S.O. <332. —F`skraptagn ge tj` V\AEEAF Fynboak Hdglbd U`h`tbtagn Ogf`d.‟ PI,Jbfd`y K`ntr`, O`t G k`= 25.

Kgx, S.O., bnf V.@. Mupp. <33:. —Vj` s`nsatavaty ge Bobzgnabn rbanebdd tg [[V anfak`s gnant`rbnnubd tao`skbd`s, bnf pr`fakt`f rbanebdd kjbnh` an tj` <2st k`ntury.‟ XgrdfLbni S\GM@KV S231852, Faskussagn Sbp`r 2.

Kgx, S.O., bnf V.@. Mupp. <331. —F`v`dgpo`nt ge prglbladaty f`nsaty eunktagns (SFEs)egr eutur` Bobzgnabn rbanebdd.‟ \`pgrt prgfuk`f ly Pnav`rsaty ge @x`t`r egr tj`Xgrdf Lbni bs b lbkihrgunf egr tjas r`pgrt.

Kgx, S.O., \.B. L` s, O. Kgddans, S.S. Jbrras, K. Juntanhegrf, bnf K. Mgn`s. <336. —Bob-zgnabn egr`st fa`lbki unf`r kdaobt`-kbrlgn kykd` prgm`ktagns egr tj` <2st k`ntu-ry.‟ Vj`gr. Bppd. Kdaobtgd. 8:= 2;8-205.

Kgx, S.O., S.S. Jbrras, K. Juntanhegrf, \.B. L` s, O. Kgddans, K.F. Mgn`s, V.@. Mupp, M.B.Obr`nhg, bnf K.B. Nglr`. <33:. —Ankr`bsanh rasi ge Bobzgnabn frguhjt fu` tgf`kr`bsanh b`rgsgd pgddutagn.‟ Nbtur` (60;)= <2<-<25.

Krbo`r, X., B. Lgnf`bu, E.A. Xggfwbrf, A.K. Sr`ntak`, \.B. L` s, U. Lrgvian, S.O. Kgx,U. Easj`r, M.B. Egd`y, B.F. Era`nf, K. Iukjbrai, O.\. Dgobs, N. \bobniu y, [.[atkj, L. [oatj, B. Xjat`, bnf K. Qgunh-Ogddanh. <332. —Hdglbd r`spgns` ge t`rr`s-trabd `kgsystò struktur` bnf eunktagn tg KG < bnf kdaobt` kjbnh`= r`sudts ergo saxfynboak hdglbd v`h`tbtagn ogf`ds.‟ Hdglbd Kjbnh` Lagdghy 8= ;08-;8;.

Kurtas, S.[., bnf Z.[. Xbnh. 211:. —B o`tb-bnbdysas ge `d`vbt`f KG < `ffi kts gn wggfypdbnt obss, egro, bnf pjysagdghy.‟ G`kgdghab 22;= <11-;2;.

Farzg, \., bnf S.J. \bv`n. <33;. —Hdglbd stbt` ge lagfav`rsaty bnf dgss.‟ Bnnubd \`va`w ge@nvargno`nt bnf \`sgurk`s <:= 2;8-258.

Fgrobn, M.D., bnf S.M. [`dd`rs. 21:1. —B hdglbd kdaobtgdghy ge bdl`fg, rguhjn`ss d`nhtjbnf stgobtbd r`sastbnk` egr btogspj`rak h`n`rbd karkudbtagn ogf`ds bs r`pr`s`nt-`f ly tj` [aopd` Lagspj`r` ogf`d ([aL).‟ M. Bppd. O`t`gr. <:= :;;-:00.

@ss`ry, \.D.J., O.M. L`st, bnf S.O. Kgx. <332. —OG[@[ <.< V`kjnakbd Fgkuo`ntbtagn.‟PI, Jbfd`y K`ntr`, O`t G k`= ;3.

Ebrqujbr, H.F., [. vgn Kbòo`r`r, bnf M.B. L`rry. 21:3. —B lagkjòakbd ogf`d ge pjgtg-syntj`sak KG < bssaoadbtagn an d`bv`s ge K; pdbnts.‟ Sdbntb 261= 8:-13.

Egd`y, M.B., A.K. Sr`ntak`, N. \bobniu y, [. D`vas, F. Sgddbrf, [. [atkj, bnf B. Jbx`dtan`.2115. —Bn ant`hrbt`f lagspj`r` ogf`d ge dbnf surebk` prgk`ss`s, t`rr`strabd kbrlgn lbdbnk`, bnf v`h`tbtagn fynboaks.‟ Hdglbd Lagh`gkjòakbd Kykd`s 23.

Egddbnf, K.I., B.X. Kgdobn, F.S. \gw`dd, bnf O.I. Fbv`y. <332. —Sr`faktbladaty geNgrtj`bst Lrbzad rbanebdd bnf r`bd-tao` egr`kbst siadd 21:8-211:.‟ Mgurnbd ge Kdaobt` 26= 21;8-210:.

Eu, \., \.@. Fakiansgn, O.Z. Kj`n, bnf J. Xbnh. <332. —Jgw fg trgpakbd s`b surebk`tòp`rbtur`s an u`nk` tj` s`bsgnbd fastralutagn ge pr`kapatbtagn an tj` `qubtgrabdBobzgn7‟ Mgurnbd ge Kdaobt` 26= 633;-63<5.

Hbsj, M.J.K., bnf K.B. Nglr`. 2118. —Kdaobtak ` ffi kts ge Bobzgnabn fègr`stbtagn= sgo`

r`sudts ergo BL\BKG[.‟ Ludd`tan ge tj` Bo`rakbn O`t`grgdghakbd [gka`ty 8:(0)=:<;-:;3.H`fn`y, N., S. O. Kgx, \. B. L` s, G. Lgukj`r, K. Juntanhegrf, bnf S. B. [tg . <335.

—F`t`ktagn ge b far`kt kbrlgn fagxaf` ` ffi kt an kgntan`ntbd rav`r rung ffi r`kgrfs.‟Nbtur` 6;1= :;0-:;:.




H`rt`n, F., [. [kjbpjg ffi , P. Jbl`rdbnf, X. Dukjt, bnf [. [atkj. <336. —V`rr`strabd v`h`tb-tagn bnf wbt`r lbdbnk` - jyfrgdghakbd `vbdubtagn ge b fynboak hdglbd v`h`tbtagnogf`d.‟ Mgurnbd ge Jyfrgdghy <:5= <61-<83.

H`rt`n, F., X. Dukjt, [. [kjbpjg ffi , X. Krbo`r, V. Jakid`r, bnf X. Xbhn`r. <330. —Jyfrg-dghak r`sada`nk` ge tj` t`rr`strabd lagspj`r`.‟ H`gpjysakbd \`s`brkj D` `rs ;<= D<263:.

Haffi grf, \.O. <336. —Vj` KG < e`rtadasanh ffi kt‖fg`s at gkkur an tj` r`bd wgrdf7‟ N`wSjytgd. 25;, <<2-<<0.

Jakid`r, V., L. [oatj, A.K. Sr`ntak`, I. Omõegrs, S. Oadd`r, B. Brn`tj, bnf O. [yi`s. <33:.—KG< e`rtadazbtagn an tòp`rbt` EBK@ `xp`rao`nts ngt r`pr`s`ntbtav` ge lgr`bdbnf trgpakbd egr`sts.‟ Hdglbd Kjbnh` Lagdghy 26= 20;2-206<.

Jguhjtgn, \.B., I.V. Dbwr`nk`, M.D. Jbkid`r, bnf [. Lrgwn. <332. —Vj` spbtabd fastralu-tagn ge egr`st lagobss an tj` Lrbzadabn Bobzgn= b kgopbrasgn ge `staobt`s.‟ HdglbdKjbnh` Lagdghy 8= 8;2-865.

Ju ffi obn, H.M., \.E. Bfd`r, O.O. Ogrrass`y, F.V. Lgdvan, [. Kurtas, \. Mgyk`, L. OkHbvgki,bnf M. [ussianf. <332. —Hdglbd pr`kapatbtagn bt gn`-f`hr`` fbady r`sgdutagn ergooudta-sbt`ddat` gls`rvbtagns.‟ M. Jyfrgo`t`grgd . <, ;5-03.

Juhj`s, M.I., S.M. Ubdf`s, bnf \. L` s. <335. —Fynboaks ge b hdglbdskbd` v`h`tbtagn ogf-`d.‟@kgdghakbd Ogf`ddanh 21:= 60<-65<.

ALH@. 21::. Obpb f` v`h`tbkbg fg Lrbsad.ASKK. <338.Kdaobt` Kjbnh` (<338)= Vj` Sjysakbd [ka`nk` Lbsas.Kgntralutagn ge Xgrianh

Hrgup A tg tj` Egurtj Bss`sso`nt \`pgrt ge tj` Ant`rhgv`rno`ntbd Sbn`d gn Kda-obt` Kjbnh`. Kbolrafh`, Pnat`f Ianhfgo bnf N`w Qgri, NQ, P[B, Kbolrafh`Pnav`rsaty Sr`ss. 115 pp.

Mbldgnsia, D.O., Z. Xbnh, bnf S.[. Kurtas. <33<. —Sdbnt r`prgfuktagn unf`r `d`vbt`f KG<

kgnfatagns= b o`tb-bnbdysas ge r`pgrts gn 81 krgp bnf wadf sp`ka`s.‟ N`w Sjytgd .205= 1-<5.

Ibu ffi obn, M.L., bnf K. Pjd. 2113. —Ant`rbktagns ge bntjrgpgh`nak bktavata`s, r`, bnf rbanegr`sts an tj` Bobzgn lbsan.‟ An Ear` an tj` Vrgpakbd Lagtb= @kgsystò Srgk`ss`s bnfHdglbd Kjbdd`nh`s.Hgdfboo`r MH. L`rdan, [pranh`r U`rdbh= 228-2;6.

Iboahukja, I., B. Iatgj, V. Pkjaybob, \. Oazutb, bnf B. Ngfb. <335. —Kjbnh`s an pr`-kapatbtagn-lbs`f `xtrò`s anfak`s fu` tg hdglbd wbroanh prgm`kt`f ly b hdglbd<3-io-o`sj btogspj`rak ogf`d.‟ [GDB <= 56-58.

Iaolbdd, L.B., I. Iglbybsja, bnf O. Lanfa. <33<. —\`spgns`s ge bhrakudturbd krgps tg

er``-bar KG < `nrakjo`nt.‟ Bfv Bhrgn . 88= <1;-;5:.Iatgj, B., [. Iusungia, bnf IBIP[JAN V`bo; Hdglbd Ogf`d Hrgup. <331. —Bobzgn kda-obt` an eutur` saoudbt`f ly <3-io bnf 53-io o`sj btogspj`rak HKOs.‟ \`pgrtprgfuk`f ly O`t`grgdghakbd \`s`brkj Anstatut` ge Mbpbn egr tj` Xgrdf Lbni bs b lbkihrgunf egr tjas r`pgrt.

Idàfgn, B., bnf O. Jàobnn, <333. —Bss`ssanh tj` rgd` ge f``p rggt`f v`h`tbtagn an tj`kdaobt` systò watj ogf`d saoudbtagns= o`kjbnaso, kgopbrasgn tg gls`rvbtagnsbnf aopdakbtagns egr Bobzgnabn fègr`stbtagn.‟ Kdaobt` Fynboaks 25= 2:;-211.

Igrn`r, Kj. <336. —Vjrguhj njbnk`f tr`` fynboaks kbrlgn fagxaf` nrakjo`nt oby kbus`trgpakbd egr`sts tg dgs` kbrlgn.‟ Sjadgs Vrbns \ [gk Dgnf [`r L-Lagd [ka ;01=61;-61:.

Igrn`r, Kj. <335. —Sdbnt KG < r`spgns`s= bn assu` ge f` natagn, tao` bnf r`sgurk` sup-pdy.‟N`w Sjytgd 28<=;1;-622.Igrn`r, Kj., \. Bssjg ffi , G. Lahnukgdg, [. Jb `nskjwad`r, [.H. I``d, [. S`db`z-\a`fd, [.

S`pan, \.V.X. [a`hwgde, bnf H. ]g . <330. —Kbrlgn ux bnf hrgwtj an obtur`f`kafugus egr`st tr``s `xpgs`f tg `d`vbt`f KG <.‟ [ka`nk` ;31= 2;53-2;5<.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy1<

Igrn`r, Kj, M. Ogrhbn, bnf \. Ngrly. <338. —KG < E`rtadasbtagn= Xj`n, wj`r`, jgwoukj7‟ An Kbnbf`dd M.H., Sbtbia F.@., bnf Sat`dib D.E., `fs. V`rr`strabd @kgsystòs anb Kjbnhanh Xgrdf [`ra`s= Hdglbd Kjbnh ‖ Vj` AHLS [`ra`s. [pranh`r, L`rdan, p. 1-<2.

Irann`r, H., N. Uagvy, N. f` Ngld`t-Fukgufr`, M. Gh``, M. Sgdkj`r, S. Era`fdanhstàn, S.Kabas, [. [atkj, bnf A.K. Sr`ntak`. <330. —B fynboak hdglbd v`h`tbtagn ogf`d egrstufa`s ge tj` kgupd`f btogspj`r` lagspj`r` systò.‟ Hdglbd Lagh`gkjòakbd Kykd`s 21= HL2320.

Dbpgdb, F.O., O.F. Gybob, K.B. Nglr`, bnf H. [bopbag. <33:. —B n`w wgrdf nbturbdv`h`tbtagn obp egr hdglbd kjbnh`s stufa`s.‟ Bn. Bkbf. Lrbs. Ka`nk. :3(<)= ;18-63:.

Dbpgdb, F.O., O.F. Gybob, bnf K.B. Nglr`. <331. —@xpdgranh tj` rbnh` ge kdaobt`-la-go` prgm`ktagns egr trgpakbd [gutj Bo`rakb= tj` rgd` ge KG < e`rtadazbtagn bnf s`b-sgnbdaty.‟Hdglbd Lagh`gkjòakbd Kykd`s , [uloa `f.

Da, X., \. Eu, bnf \.@. Fakiansgn. <335. —\banebdd bnf ats s`bsgnbdaty gv`r tj` Bobzgn antj` <2st k`ntury bs bss`ss`f ly tj` kgupd`f ogf`ds egr tj` ASKK B\6.‟ Mgurnbd geH`gpjysakbd \`s`brkj 222= F3<222.

Dal`rdgg, O., [.Q. Fadd`n, K. Kbdebpa`trb, [. Obranbra, L.D. ]ja, S. F` Bnh`das, bnf \.Kùdòbns. <330. —@d`vbt`f KG < kgnk`ntrbtagn, e`rtadazbtagn bnf tjàr ant`rbk-tagn= hrgwtj staoudbtagn an b sjgrt-rgtbtagn pgpdbr kgppak` (@P\GEBK@).‟ Vr``Sjysagd. <0= 281-2:1.

Da`lobnn, L., bnf M. Obr`nhg. <332. —Ant`rbnnubd vbrabladaty ge tj` rbany s`bsgn bnfrbanebdd an tj` Lrbzadabn Bobzgn lbsan.‟ Mgurnbd ge Kdaobt` 26= 6;3:-;2:.

Dgnh, [.S., @.B. Banswgrtj, B. \gh`rs, bnf F.\ Grt. <336. —\asanh btogspj`rak kbrlgnfagxaf`= Sdbnts EBK@ tj` eutur`.‟ Bnnubd \`v. Sdbnt Lagd. 00= 012-5<:.

Dukjt, X., A.K. Sr`ntak`, \.L. Oyn`na, [. [atkj, S. Era`fdanhstàn, X. Krbo`r, S. Lgusqu`t,X. Lu`robnn, bnf L. [oatj. <33<. —Kdaobtak kgntrgd ge tj` jahj-dbtatuf` v`h`tb-tagn hr``nanh tr`nf bnf Sanbtulg ` ffi kt.‟ [ka`nk` <15= 25:8-25:1.

Obdja, Q., bnf M. Hrbk`. <333. —Vrgpakbd egr`sts bnf btogspj`rak kbrlgn fagxaf`.‟ Vr`nfsan @kgdghy & @vgdutagn 20= ;;<-;;8.

Obdja, Q., F. Xggf, V.\. Lbi`r, M. Xrahjt, G.D. Sjaddaps, V. Kgkjrbn`, S. Oàr, M. Kjbv`,[. Bdoàfb, D. Brrgyg, N. Jahukja, V.M. Iadd``n, [.H. Dburbnk`, X.E. Dburbnk`, [.D.D`was, B. Ognt`bhufg, F.B. Nàdd, S. Nun`z Ubrhbs, N.K.B. Satobn, K.B. Ru`sb-fb, \. [bdbobg, M.N.O. [advb, B. Vgrr`s-D`zbob, M. V`rlgrhj, \. Ubsqu`z Obrtan`z,bnf L. Uank`ta. <335. —Vj` r`hagnbd vbrabtagn ge blgv`hrgunf dav` lagobss an gdf-

hrgwtj Bobzgnabn egr`sts.‟ Hdglbd Kjbnh` Lagdghy 2<= 2238-22;:.Obdja, Q., M.V. \gl`rts, \.B. L` s, V.M. Iadd``n, X. Da, bnf K.B. Nglr`. <33:. —Kdaobt`kjbnh`, Fègr`stbtagn, bnf tj` Ebt` ge tj` Bobzgn.‟ [ka`nk` ;21= 251-28<.

Obr`nhg, M.B. <336. —Ant`rf`kbfbd vbrabladaty bnf tr`nfs ge rbanebdd bkrgss tj` Bobzgn lbsan.‟ Vj`gr`takbd bnf Bppda`f Kdaobtgdghy 8:= 81-15.

O``jd, H.B., bnf X.O. Xbsjanhtgn. 2115. —@d Nang-dai` kdaobt` kjbnh` an b ogf`d watjankr`bs`f btogspj`rak KG < kgnk`ntrbtagns.‟ Nbtur` ;:<= 05-53.

Ogns`ruf, \.B., bnf \. D`òbns. 211<. —Kgopbranh hdglbd v`h`tbtagn obps watj tjÌbppb stbtastak.‟ @kgdghakbd Ogf`ddanh 5<= <80-<1;.

Oazutb, \., I. Ggukja, J. Qgsjaourb, B. Ngfb, I. Ibtbybob, [. Quiaogtg, O. Jgsbib, [.

Iusungia, J. Ibwba, bnf O. Nbibhbwb. <335. —<3-io-o`sj hdglbd kdaobt` saou-dbtagns usanh MOB-H[O ogf`d ‛O`bn kdaobt` stbt`s‛.‟ M. O`t`gr. [gk. Mbpbn :6=250-2:0.




Nbib`hbwb, V., bnf X. U`rhbrb. <335. —Earst Srgm`ktagn ge Kdaobtgdghakbd O`bn \av`rFaskjbrh`s an tj` Obhfbd`nb \av`r Lbsan, Kgdgolab, an b Kjbnhanh Kdaobt` fur-anh tj` <2st K`ntury.‟ Jyfrgdghakbd \`s`brkj D` `rs 6= 03‛06 (<323). Suldasj`f gn-dan` an M-[VBH@ (www.mstbh`.mst.hg.mp/lrgws`/J\D).

N`pstbf, F., K.\. F` Kbrvbdjgs, @.B. Fbvafsgn, S.J. Mapp, S.B. Dè`lvr`, H.J. N`hràrgs,@.F. Fb [advb, V.B. [tgn`, [.@. Vruolgr`, bnf [. Uaàrb. 2116. —Vj` rgd` ge f``prggts an tj` jyfrgdghakbd bnf kbrlgn kykd`s ge Bobzgnabn egr`sts bnf pbstur`s.‟Nbtur` ;8<= 555-551.

N`pstbf, F., H. Kbrvbdjg, B.K. Lbrrgs, B. Bd`nkbr, M.S. Kbpglabnkg, M. Lasjgp, S. Ogutan-jg, S. Dè`lr`, P. D. [advb Mr, bnf @. Srans. <332. —\gbf pbvanh, r` r`hao` e``f- lbkis, bnf tj` eutur` ge Bobzgn egr`sts.‟ Egr`st @kgdghy bnf Obnbhò`nt 206=;10-638.

N`pstbf, F.K., A.O. Vgjv`r, F. \by, S. Ogutanjg, bnf H. Kbrfangt. <338. —Ogrtbdaty gedbrh` tr``s bnf dabnbs egddgwanh `xp`rao`ntbd frguhjt an bn Bobzgn egr`st.‟ @kgd-ghy ::= <<01-<<51.

N`w, O., O. Judo`, bnf S. Mgn`s, <333. —\`pr`s`ntanh <3 tj k`ntury spbk`-tao` kdaobt`vbrabladaty. Sbrt AA= F`v`dgpo`nt ge 2132‛2115 ogntjdy hrafs ge t`rr`strabd surebk`kdaobt`.‟ Mgurnbd ge Kdaobt` 2;= <<28-<<;:.

Nglr`, K.B., S.M. [`dd`rs, bnf M. [juidb. 2112. —Bobzgnabn fègr`stbtagn bnf r`hagnbdkdaobt` kjbnh`.‟ Mgurnbd ge Kdaobt` 6= 108-1::.

Nglr`, S., bnf M. [juidb. 2115. —Ubrabtagns ge s`b surebk` tòp`rbtur`, wanf str`ssbnf rbanebdd gv`r tj` trgpakbd Btdbntak bnf [gutj Bo`rakb.‟ Mgurnbd ge Kdaobt` 1=<656-<681.

Ngjbrb, F., O. Jgsbib, B. Iatgj, bnf V. Gia. <335. —Aopbkt ge kdaobt` kjbnh` gn rav`rrung ffi usanh oudta-ogf`d `nsòld`.‟ M. Jyfrgo`t`rgd. 8= 2385-23:1.

Ngrly, \.M., [.F. Xuddskjd`h`r, K.B. Hunf`rsgn, F.X. Mgjnsgn, bnf \. Kùdòbns. 2111.—Vr`` r`spgns` tg rasanh KG < an `df `xp`rao`nts= aopdakbtagns egr tj` eutur` egr-`st.‟ Sdbnt, K`dd bnf @nvargno`nt <<= 5:;-826.

Ngrly, \.M., M.F. [jgdtas, K.B. Hunf`rsgn, bnf [.[. Mbwfy. <33;. —D`be fynboaks ge bf`kafugus egr`st kbngpy9 ng r`spgns` tg `d`vbt`f KG <.‟ G`kgdghab 2;5= 086-0:6.

Ngrly, \.M., @.J. F`Dukab, L. Ha`d`n, K. Kbdebpa`trb, K.S. Habrfanb, M.[. Ianh, M. D`fegrf,J.\. OkKbrtjy, F.M.S. Oggr`, \. Kùdòbns, S. F` Bnh`das, B.K. Eanza, F.E. Ibr-ngsiy, O.@. Iulasi`, O. Duibk, I.[. Sr`ha `r, H.@. [kbrbskab-Ouhngzzb, X.J.

[kjd`sanh`r, bnf \. Gr`n. <330. —Egr`st r`spgns` tg `d`vbt`f KG < as kgns`rv`fbkrgss b lrgbf rbnh` ge prgfuktavaty.‟ Srgk``fanhs ge tj` Nbtagnbd Bkbfòy ge [ka-`nk`s ge tj` Pnat`f [tbt`s ge Bo`rakb 23<= 2:30<-2:305.

Ngwbi, \.[., F.[. @ddswgrtj, bnf [.F. [oatj. <336. —Vbnsd`y r`va`w= eunktagnbd r`spgns`sge pdbnts tg `d`vbt`f btogspj`rak KG <‖Fg pjgtgsyntj`tak bnf prgfuktavaty fbtbergo EBK@ `xp`rao`nts suppgrt `brdy pr`faktagns7‟ N`w Sjytgd . 25<= <0;-<:3.

Gybob, O.F., bnf K.B. Nglr`. <336. —B saopd` pgt`nkabd v`h`tbtagn ogf`d egr kgupdanhwatj tj` [aopd` Lagspj`r` Ogf`d ([AL).‟ \`vastb Lrbsadàrb f` O`t`grgdghab 21(<)=<3;-<25.

Sjaddaps, G.D., [.D. D`was, V.\. Lbi`r, I-M. Kjbg, bnf N. Jahukja. <33:. —Vj` kjbnhanh

Bobzgn egr`st.‟ Sjadgsgpjakbd Vrbnsbktagns ge tj` \gybd [gka`ty [`r. L ;5;= 2:21-2:<8.Sjaddaps, G.D., D.@. Brbhbg, [.D. D`was, M.L. Easj`r, M. Ddgyf, H. Dgp`z-Hgnzbd`z, Q. Obd-ja, B. Ognt`bhufg, M. S`bkgki, K.B. Ru`sbfb, H. vbn f`r Jàmf`n, [. Bdoàfb, A.



Xgrdf Lbni [tufy16

Bobrbd, D. Brrgyg, H. Byobrf, V.\. Lbi`r, G. Lbnia, D. Ldbnk, F. Lgnbd, S. Lrbnfg, M. Kjbv`, B.K. f` Gdavàrb, N.F. Kbrfgzg, K.A. Kzaokzai, V.\. E`dfpbuskj, O.B.Eràtbs, @. Hdggr, N. Jahukja, @. Mao`n`z, H. Ddgyf, S. Oàr, K. O`nfgzb, B. Ogr`d,F.B. Nàdd, F. N`pstbf, [. Sbtang, O.K. S`nu`db, B. Sra`tg, E. \boar`z, O. [kjwbrz, M. [advb, O. [advàrb, B.[. Vjgobs, J.V. [t``h`, M. [trgpp, \. Ubsqu`z, S. ]`dbzgws-ia, @. Bdvbr`z Fbvadb, [. Bnf`dobn, B. Bnfrbf`, I.M. Kjbg, V. @rwan, B. Fa Eagr`,K.@. Jgngrag, J. I``danh, V.M. Iadd``n, X.E. Dburbnk`, B. S`nb Kruz, N.K. Satobn,S. Nun`z Ubrhbs, J. \boar`z-Bnhudg, B. \ufbs, \. [bdbobg, N. [advb, M. V`rlgrhj,bnf B. Vgrr`s-D`zbob. <331. —Frguhjt s`nsatavaty ge tj` Bobzgn rbanegr`st.‟ [ka-`nk` ;<;= 2;66-8.

Sr`ntak`, A.K., B. Lgnf`bu, X. Krbo`r, [.S. Jbrrasgn, V. Jakid`r, X. Dukjt, [. [atkj, L.[oatj, bnf O. [yi`s. <338. —Fynboak hdglbd v`h`tbtagn ogf`danh= Rubntaeyanht`rr`strabd `kgsystò r`spgns`s tg dbrh`-skbd` `nvargno`ntbd kjbnh`.‟ An V`rr`s-trabd @kgsystòs an b Kjbnhanh Xgrdf.Kbnbf`dd M.H., Sbtbia F.@., bnf Sat`dib D.E.L`rdan, Jàf`dl`rh, N`w Qgri= [pranh`r, 280-21<.

\booah, B., X. Krbo`r, X. Dukjt, I. Vjgnaki`, bnf P. J`yf`r. <331. —Lrbzad= \asibnbdysas egr Bobzgn fa`lbki, <331. ‟ \`pgrt prgfuk`f ly tj` Sgtsfbo Anstatutègr Kdaobt` Aopbkt \`s`brkj (SAI) egr tj` Xgrdf Lbni bs b lbkihrgunf egr tjasr`pgrt.

\bskji`, @., [. Lbibn, bnf [. Iann`. <335. —Bn bss`sso`nt ge rbfabtagn lufh`t fbtb prg-vaf`f ly tj` A[KKS bnf H@X@Z-[\L.‟ H`gpjys. \`s. D` . ;;= D38:2<.

\byn`r, N.B., F.@. Sbri`r, @.L. Jgrtgn, K.I. Egddbnf, D.U. Bd`xbnf`r, F.S. \gw`dd, @.K.I`nt, bnf B. Ibpdbn. <33;. —Hdglbd bnbdys`s ge [[V, s`b ak` bnf nahjt obran` bartòp`rbtur` sank` tj` dbt` nan`t``ntj k`ntury.‟ Mgurnbd ge H`gpjysakbd \`s`brkj 23:(F26)= 23.23<1/<33<MF33<583.

[bbtkja, [.[., \.B. Jguhjtgn, \.K. Fgs [bntgs Bdvbdb, M.U. [gbr`s, bnf Q. Qu. <338. —Fas-tralutagn ge blgv`hrgunf dav` lagobss an tj` Bobzgn lbsan.‟ Hdglbd Kjbnh` Lagd-ghy 2;= :25-:;8.

[bjbhabn, F.D., bnf I. Jallbrf. 211:. —HBAO 211;-2118, Vj` rst v` y`brs= s` anh tj`stbh` egr syntj`sas.‟ AHLS/HBAO \`pgrt [`ra`s, \`pgrt #5, 8:p.

[bdbzbr, D.E., K. Nglr`, bnf O.F. Gybob. <338. —Kdaobt` kjbnh` kgns`qu`nk`s gn tj` lago` fastralutagn an trgpakbd [gutj Bo`rakb.‟ H`gpjysakbd \`s`brkj D` `rs ;6=D3183:.

[bopbag, H., K. Nglr`, O.J. Kgstb, S. [btybourty, L.[. [gbr`s-Eadjg, bnf O. Kbrfgsg.<338. —\`hagnbd kdaobt` kjbnh` gv`r `bst`rn Bobzgnab kbus`f ly pbstur` bnfsgyl`bn krgpdbnf `xpbnsagn.‟ H`gpjysakbd \`s`brkj D` `rs ;6= D28831.

[bopbag, H., O. E`rràrb Kbrfgsg, bnf D.E. [bdbzbr. <331. —B \`va`w ge Bobzgn fa`lbkibnf tj` r`s`brkj gn tappanh pgants= [aoudbtagns bnf n`w stufa`s. @staobt`f tap-panh pgants egr kgolan`f fègr`stbtagn bnf kdaobt` aopbkts. ‟ \`pgrt prgfuk`f ly Lrbzadabn Anstatut` egr [pbk` \`s`brkj-ANS@ egr tj` Xgrdf Lbni bs b lbki-hrgunf egr tjas r`pgrt.

[`dd`rs, S.M., F.B. \bnfbdd, H.M. Kgddb , M.B. L`rry, K.L. Ea`df, F.B. Fbzdakj, K. ]jbnh,H.F. Kgdd`dg, bnf D. Lgungub. 2115. —B r`vas`f dbnf surebk` pbrbo`t`razbtagn

([aL<) egr Btogspj`rak HKOs. Sbrt A= ogf`d egroudbtagn.‟ M. Kdaobt` 1(6)= 585-830.[atkj, [., L. [oatj, A.K. Sr`ntak`, B. Brn`tj, B. Lgnf`bu, X. Krbo`r, M.G. Ibpdbns, [.D`vas, X. Dukjt, O.V. [yi`s, I. Vjgnaki`, bnf [. U`n`vsiy. <33;. —@vbdubtagn ge




`kgsystò fynboaks, pdbnt h`ghrbpjy bnf t`rr`strabd kbrlgn kykdanh an tj` DSMfynboak hdglbd v`h`tbtagn ogf`d.‟ Hdglbd Kjbnh` Lagdghy 1= 252-2:0.

[atkj, [., K. Juntanhegrf, N. H`fn`y, S.@. D`vy, O. Dgobss, [. Sabg, \.B. L` s, S. Kabas,S.O. Kgx, S. Era`fdanhstàn, K.F. Mgn`s, A.K. Sr`ntak`, bnf E.A. Xggfwbrf. <33:.—@vbdubtagn ge tj` t`rr`strabd kbrlgn kykd`, eutur` pdbnt h`ghrbpjy bnf kdaobt`-kbrlgn kykd` e``flbkis usanh v` Fynboak Hdglbd U`h`tbtagn Ogf`ds (FHUOs).‟Hdglbd Kjbnh` Lagdghy 26= 2-<0.

[gbr`s-Eadjg, L.[., F.K. N`pstbf, D.O. Kurrbn, H.K. K`rquàrb, \.B. Hbrkab, K.B. \bogs,@. Ugdd, B. OkFgnbdf, S. Dè`lvr`, bnf S. [kjd`sanh`r. <335. —Ogf`ddanh kgns`rvb-tagn an tj` Bobzgn lbsan.‟ Nbtur` 663= 0<3-0<;.

Vjgnaki`, I., B. [p`ssb, A.K. Sr`ntak`, [.S. Jbrrasgn, bnf K. Kbrognb-Ogr`nb, an r`va`w.—Vj` an u`nk` ge v`h`tbtagn, r` spr`bf bnf r` l`jbvagur gn hdglbd lagobss lurnanh bnf trbk` hbs òassagns.‟ Hdglbd Kjbnh` Lagdghy.

Vurn`r, F. S., X. F. \a s, X. L. Kgj`n, [. V. Hgw`r, [. X. \unnanh, O. ]jbg, O. J. Kgs-tb, B. B. Iarskjlbuo, M. O. Jbo, [. \. [bd`sib, bnf F. @. Bjd. <335. —@vbdubtagnge OGFA[ NSS bnf HSS prgfukts bkrgss oudtapd` lago`s.‟ \ògt` [`ns. @nvargn .23<(;-6)= <:<-<1<.

Ubn Naùwstbft, O.H.D., bnf F. [jàd. <330. —Frguhjt, r` bnf tr`` survavbd an b Lgrn`grban egr`st, @bst Ibdaobtbn, Anfgn`sab.‟ Mgurnbd ge @kgdghy 1;= 212-<32.

Ubnjbtbdg, O., M. Lbki, bnf [. Ju un`n. <33;. —Faffi r`ntabd aopbkts ge dgnh-t`ro (KG <)bnf G ; `xpgsur` gn hrgwtj ge ngrtj`rn kgnae`r bnf f`kafugus tr`` sp`ka`s.‟Vr``s-[trukt. Eunkt . 28= <22-<<3.

Xaddabosgn, H.L., [.H. Dburbnk`, S.M.K. Gdavàrb, K. Hbskgn, V.@. Dgv`mgy, bnf D. Sgjd.<333. —Bobzgnab tr`` ogrtbdaty furanh tj` 2118 @d Nang frguhjt.‟ Kgns`rvbtagnLagdghy 26= 20;:-206<.

Xaddog , K. M., K. O. \gw`, bnf Q. Oan . 21:0. —Kdaobtgdghy ge tj` t`rr`strabd s`bsgnbdwbt`r kykd`.‟ Ant. M. Kdaobtgdghy 0(5)= 0:1-535.

Xaddog , K.M., bnf I. Obtsuurb. 211:. —V`rr`strabd bar tòp`rbtur` bnf pr`kapatbtagn=ogntjdy bnf bnnubd kdaobtgdgha`s.‟ Gndan` bt= j p=//kdaobt`.h`gh.uf`d.`fu/Wkda-obt`/jtod pbh`s/brkjav`.jtod. Pnav`rsaty ge F`dbwbr`, N`wbri.

Xa ah, U.@., K.M. L`rnbkkja, Z.-H. ]ju, K. Kbdebpa`trb, \. Kùdòbns, S. F`bnh`das, L.Ha`d`n, E. Oahda` b, S.L. Ogrhbn, bnf [.S. Dgnh. <330. —Hrgss praobry prgfuktagnas staoudbt`f egr tjr`` Sgpudus sp`ka`s hrgwn unf`r er``-bar KG < `nrakjo`nt ergo

pdbntanh tjrguhj kbngpy kdgsur`.‟ Hdgl. Kjbnh` Lagd. 22= 566-505.Za`, S., bnf S.B. Brian. 2118. —Hdglbd pr`kapatbtagn= B 28-y`br ogntjdy bnbdysas lbs`f gnhbuh` gls`rvbtagns, sbt`ddat` `staobt`s, bnf nuo`rakbd ogf`d gutputs.‟ Ludd. Bo. O`t`grgd. [gk . 8:= <0;1-<00:.

Zu`, Q., S.M. [`dd`rs, M.D. Iant`r, bnf M.B. [juidb. 2112. —[aopda `f lagspj`r` ogf`d egrhdglbd kdaobt` stufa`s.‟ Mgurnbd ge Kdaobt` 6= ;60-;56.





@KG-BPFAV

@nvargno`ntbd L`n` ts [tbtò`nt

Vj` Xgrdf Lbni as kgooa `f tg pr`s`rvanh`nfbnh`r`f egr`sts bnf nbturbd r`sgurk`s.Vj` G k` ge tj` Suldasj`r jbs kjgs`n tgprant Xgrdf Lbni [tufa`s bnf XgrianhSbp`rs gn r`kykd`f pbp`r watj ;3 p`rk`ntpgstkgnsuo`r l`r an bkkgrfbnk` watj tj`r`kgoo`nf`f stbnfbrfs egr pbp`r usbh`s`t ly tj` Hr``n Sr`ss Anatabtav`, b ngn-

prg t prghrbo suppgrtanh puldasj`rs anusanh l`r tjbt as ngt sgurk`f ergo `nfbn-h`r`f egr`sts. Egr ogr` anegrobtagn, vasatwww.hr``npr`ssanatabtav`.grh.

An <331, tj` prantanh getj`s` lggis gn r`kykd`fpbp`r sbv`f tj` egddgwanh=• <:1 tr``s*• 1< oaddagn Ltu ge tgtbd

`n`rhy• <8,;15 dl. ge n`t

hr``njgus` hbs`s

• 2;2,166 hbd. ge wbst` wbt`r• :,322 dl. ge sgdaf wbst`

* 63 e``t an jàhjt bnf 5‛: ankj`s anfabo`t`r







B ss`sso`nt ge tj` \asi ge Bobzgn Fa`lbki as pbrt ge tj` Xgrdf Lbni [tufa`s s`ra`s. Vj`s` pbp`rsbr` puldasj`f tg kgoounakbt` tj` r`sudts ge tj` Lbni‑s gnhganh r`s`brkj bnf tg staoudbt`

puldak faskussagn.Vj` Bobzgn lbsan as b i`y kgopgn`nt ge tj` hdglbd kbrlgn kykd`. An bffatagn, tj` lbsan as tj`

dbrh`st hdglbd r`pgsatgry ge lagfav`rsaty bnf prgfuk`s blgut <3 p`rk`nt ge tj` wgrdf‑s gw ge er`sjwbt`r antg tj` gk`bns. Bobzgn egr`st fa`lbki as f`n`f bs tj` prgk`ss ly wjakj tj` Bobzgn lbsandgs`s lagobss f`nsaty bs b kgns`qu`nk` ge kdaobktak aopbkts. Bobzgn egr`st fa`lbki wgudf l` bobssav` `v`nt, bee`ktanh bdd daeègros tjbt r`dy gn tjas fav`rs` `kgsystò, ankdufanh juobns, bnfprgfukanh rboakbtagns egr tj` `ntar` pdbn`t. Vj` purpgs` ge tjas stufy as tg l`tt`r unf`rstbnf tj`rasi, prgk`ss, bnf fynboaks ge pgt`ntabd Bobzgn fa`lbki bnf ats aopdakbtagns.

Xgrdf Lbni [tufa`s br` bvbadbld` anfavafubddy gr gn stbnfanh grf`r. Vjas Xgrdf Lbni [tufa`s s`ra`sas bdsg bvbadbld` gndan` tjrguhj tj` Xgrdf Lbni `-dalrbry (www.wgrdflbni.grh/`dalrbry).

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Assessment of the Risk of Amazon Dieback