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Int. J. Int. J.Cur. Tr. Res (2014) 3 (2):59-69
ISSN:2278227822782278----8042804280428042
www.injctr.com
Corresponding author*
E.mail: [email protected]
Assessment of existing improved Assessment of existing improved Assessment of existing improved Assessment of existing improved cook stovescook stovescook stovescook stoves in in in in
KKKKenyaenyaenyaenya
Geoffrey Otieno AkothGeoffrey Otieno AkothGeoffrey Otieno AkothGeoffrey Otieno Akoth 1*1*1*1*, , , , TTTThomas F.N. Thoruwahomas F.N. Thoruwahomas F.N. Thoruwahomas F.N. Thoruwa2222, , , , R. KinyuaR. KinyuaR. KinyuaR. Kinyua3333 ,,,, R. R. R. R. AAAAtuya tuya tuya tuya GershomGershomGershomGershom4444
Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology 1,3,4, JomoKenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology P.O.Box 62000-00200 Nairobi, Kenya.
School of Pure and Applied Sciences 2, Pwani University P.O.Box 195-80108 Kilifi, Kenya. Received: 1 March 2014 Accepted: 22 April 2014/ Published online 28 April 2014.
© INJCTR – 2014
ABSTRACTABSTRACTABSTRACTABSTRACT
This study made to explore the use of ICS in different parts of Kenya- to identify the types of ICS used;
determine cooking practices of the people; ascertain the impact of the ICS on the peoples socio-economic well-
being; determine the general population’s awareness of the ICS; select some ICS and recommend further
laboratory experiments on their energy efficiency and emission controls. Total Project Area (TPA) included
three regions in Kenya namely Western Province (Kakamega area), Central Province (Nyeri area) and Nyanza
Province (Maseno area). Simple random sampling was used for the households in the TPA. Basically 36A of the
total households sampled were found to be using ICS with 2A in central province, 31A in Nyanza and 60A in
western Kenya and the ICS mainly being locally manufactured. Beside use of improved cooking stove, residents
of the three regions rely on the following stoves; ceramic jiko, charcoal stove, traditional three stone fires and
others Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) stoves. Those who knew about ICS basically got the information
through friends with only 7.14A learning about them through promotions by Non-Governmental Organizations
(NGOs). Majority of the ICS users were however satisfied with its performance. Individualsusing ICS realized
reduction in smoke emitted hence less respiratory problems. Economically, it has seen reduction in cooking
time, fuel used and convenience when in use due to its portability. Majority of the interviewees had medium
family size ranging from 3-6 members who could be described as living below the poverty level basing on their
living conditions.90A of the interviewed households in western had mud and pole walls with thatched roof 56A in
Central and 54A in Nyanza. It was also noted during the study that majority of the households collect fuel wood
for cooking with the number of collections reducing by half through the use of ICS. Laboratory tests on
emissions and efficiency is however necessary for these widely used stoves to determine their performance and
identify best performing models for distribution and promotion countrywide.
Keywords: Keywords: Keywords: Keywords: Assessment, cook stove, energy, Kenya.
IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction
Kenya aspires to be a middle income economy as
envisaged in Vision 2030. However, it is faced by an
enormous task of meeting energy needs due to the
high expectations in growth to power the economy.
The country therefore needs to come up with
strategies and investment plans to secure sustainable
supply of energy to meet the growing demand. The
energy sector is considered a key enabler to achieving
vision 2030. Biomass energy provides 68A of Kenya’s
national energy requirements and it is expected to
remain the main source of energy according to Study
on Energy demands in Kenya (2001). According to a
research carried out on biomass energy use in Kenya
prepared for International Institute for Environment
and Development (IIED) by Practical Action,
Eastern Africa Office (2010), in 2000, Kenya was
Geoffrey Otieno Akoth et al. Int. J. Cur. Tr. Res (2014) 3 (2):59-69
reported to use 34.3 million tonnes of biomass for fuel
of which 15.1 million tonnes was in form of fuel wood
while 16.5 million tonnes was wood for charcoal
processed in kilns with only 10A efficiency. Up to 43A
of the national consumption was from sustainable
supplies while 57A was from unsustainable supplies. Of
Kenya’s total land area of 57.6 million hectares, only
6A (3,456,000) is forest cover and is estimated to be
decreasing at the rate of 52,000 hectares (0.09A) per
year. In 1980, 94A of all the wood harvested in the
country was used for wood fuel, 4A for poles and 2A for
timber. By 1997, the proportions were estimated to be
90A wood fuel, 5A for industrial feedstock and another
5A for poles and posts (Practical Action, 2010).
Fuel wood, charcoal production and agriculture
contribute to woodland degradation and
deforestation. The wider consequences of
unsustainable extraction of biomass for energy
include deforestation, land degradation, reduction in
the ecological services of forests, woodlands and
bushes, increased soil erosion, loss of biodiversity,
loss of jobs, increased suffering especially for the
women as they search for household energy,
increased food insecurity as a result of limited
biomass for cooking and diversion of household
income to purchase wood fuel for energy
(Venkataraman et al., 2010). In line with these developments in the Kenyan energy sector, there has
been increased production and manufacture of
various types and designs of solid biofuel improved
cook stoves (ICS) in Kenya. These stoves are energy
saving and play an important role in controlling
environmental pollution by reduction in emissions.
According to World energy council (2005), improved
cook stove, instead of traditional biomass cook stove
can ensure efficiency in use of traditional fuels. A
variety of improved cook stoves are being promoted
in Kenya some being locally manufactured while
others are imported models. Some of these stoves are
portable as the ones used in homesteads while others
are fixed and employed for commercial use and in
large institutions. Most of these stoves are promoted
through Non-Governmental organizations and
through self-help community groups as in western
province. Most of these stoves however have not been
tested locally for performance, energy efficiency,
emission levels and controls. This therefore
necessitates the need to identify these stoves and
carry out laboratory experiments to ascertain their
performance before replicating their production and
promoting their use countrywide so as to achieve
their intended benefits (Venkataraman et al., 2010).
MethodologyMethodologyMethodologyMethodology
The government through institutions such Kenya
Industrial Research and Development Institute
(KIRDI) and the Ministry of Energy are promoting
the use of improved cook stoves technology. This
study focused on the regions where promotions have
been carried out determined as the Total Project
Area (TPA). Households were sampled using the
simple random sampling technique in these three
regions categorized as Western Kenya (Kakamega
area), Central Kenya (Nyeri area) and Nyanza
(Maseno area). A team of three researchers were
involved in this exercise that was done between
December 2013 and January 2014. Data was collected
by administering interviews using a structured
questionnaire, informal discussion with the
respondents and through observation. We were
devoted to seeking the respondents consent before
conducting the interviews (Fig. A).
Fig. A Fig. A Fig. A Fig. A ---- States of KenyaStates of KenyaStates of KenyaStates of Kenya
FindingsFindingsFindingsFindings
From the study it is important to note that
majority of the households sampled lived in houses
built of mud and pole walls and thatched roof with a
few having iron sheets. This was a pointer of the
61
Int. J. Cur. Tr. Res (2014) 3 (2): 59- 69
socio-economic status of these households most of
which had medium sized families (3
of the interviewed households in Western had mud
and pole walls with thatched roof. This compared to
56A in Central and 54A in Nyanza.
respondents who are actively involved in cooking in
Central were women. Nyanza had women percentage
of 92.3A and Western 73.5A. This indicates that mostly
women are involved in cooking, a cultural practice
common in most households.
Improved cook stoves (ICS) useImproved cook stoves (ICS) useImproved cook stoves (ICS) useImproved cook stoves (ICS) use
36A of the total households sampled were found to
be using ICS with 2A in Central province, 31A in
Nyanza and 60A in Western Kenya. Majority of the
ICS used in Western Kenya were the locally produced
Upesi stoves (Fig.2) an initiative by a self
in the region. In Central the ICS used was the Saw
Dust stove (Fig.4) with other models remaining
unknown to the general population.
summary above it was evident that the widely used
ICS was Upesi stove (21.3A), followed by Envirofit
stove (Fig.8) (14.8A) and the least used stoves in
households were the saw dust stoves (1.9A) which were
exclusively used in Central region.
Other stove models in use included JikoTosha
(Fig.11) (4.6A), KuniMbili stove (Fig.7)(3.7A), and Jiko
Bora stove (Fig.5)(2.8A). The average cost of locally
produced stoves was found to be ksh 200 while those
imported models cost an average of ksh 2,000. This
fact explained their limited use coupled by the fact
that they are not as readily available as the
produced ones. Majority of interviewees knew
improved cooking stoves through friends and
neighbors, NGOs, media adverts and other sources
also contributed some percentage.
Interviewees usually collect or purchase firewood
fuel wood four times a week on average, their
ntroduction to use of improved cooking stove have
seen the average number of collections or purchase of
fuel wood reduce by half, categorically twice a week.
Training and sharing of cooking techniques were
registered more in the Western region. Individuals
were taught how to use a lid cover while cooking
together with techniques such as chopping, splitting
wood fuel, and inserting and controlling fuel wood
sticks in stove chamber. These trainings were mostly
provided by the manufactures of the local stoves as a
way of promoting their sales and improving
awareness.
Geoffrey Otieno Akoth et al.
economic status of these households most of
d medium sized families (3-6members). 90A
of the interviewed households in Western had mud
and pole walls with thatched roof. This compared to
56A in Central and 54A in Nyanza. 62.5A of the
respondents who are actively involved in cooking in
omen. Nyanza had women percentage
of 92.3A and Western 73.5A. This indicates that mostly
women are involved in cooking, a cultural practice
Improved cook stoves (ICS) useImproved cook stoves (ICS) useImproved cook stoves (ICS) useImproved cook stoves (ICS) use
36A of the total households sampled were found to
be using ICS with 2A in Central province, 31A in
Nyanza and 60A in Western Kenya. Majority of the
ICS used in Western Kenya were the locally produced
Upesi stoves (Fig.2) an initiative by a self-help group
in the region. In Central the ICS used was the Saw
Dust stove (Fig.4) with other models remaining
unknown to the general population. From the case
summary above it was evident that the widely used
ICS was Upesi stove (21.3A), followed by Envirofit
ig.8) (14.8A) and the least used stoves in
households were the saw dust stoves (1.9A) which were
Other stove models in use included JikoTosha
(Fig.11) (4.6A), KuniMbili stove (Fig.7)(3.7A), and Jiko
Bora stove (Fig.5)(2.8A). The average cost of locally
produced stoves was found to be ksh 200 while those
imported models cost an average of ksh 2,000. This
fact explained their limited use coupled by the fact
that they are not as readily available as the locally
Majority of interviewees knew
improved cooking stoves through friends and
neighbors, NGOs, media adverts and other sources
Interviewees usually collect or purchase firewood
eek on average, their
ntroduction to use of improved cooking stove have
seen the average number of collections or purchase of
fuel wood reduce by half, categorically twice a week.
Training and sharing of cooking techniques were
rn region. Individuals
were taught how to use a lid cover while cooking
together with techniques such as chopping, splitting
wood fuel, and inserting and controlling fuel wood
sticks in stove chamber. These trainings were mostly
s of the local stoves as a
way of promoting their sales and improving
Satisfaction levels of the use of ICSSatisfaction levels of the use of ICSSatisfaction levels of the use of ICSSatisfaction levels of the use of ICS
Individuals were inspired into using the improved
cooking stove by the following factors; portability,
low fuel usage and less smoke emi
factors such as time saved, convenience and safety
while cooking were important. However, promotion
seems to have insignificantly contributed to favor
adoption of improved cooking stove.
percentage was not as high mainly due
majority of the households collect fuelwood for use
and do not have to purchase.
stove has been beneficial in numerous ways to its
users. Individuals have realized reduction in smoke
emitted, improved safety and less
problems. Economically, it has seen reduction in
cooking time, fuel used and lastly its convenience
when in use mainly due to its portability. However,
challenges in its use exist. They include; difficulty to
use the stove to cook on big pots a
chop fuel wood before use (Table 1
In addition to the ICS, 60.94A of the households
sampled used Three Stone fire,15.63A used charcoal
stoves 9.38A used Jua Kali Jiko
lining and 14A used other stoves mainly Liquefied
Petroleum Gas (LPG) stoves. LPG usage was highest
in Central Kenya at 32A followed by Western Kenya at
26A and lowest in Nyanza at 2A.
the traditional three stone fires is still most popular,
reasons given included; proper size for most pots,
easy to refuel, safe to use and the fact that one does
not need to purchase it (Chart 1
General rating and knowledge of ICSGeneral rating and knowledge of ICSGeneral rating and knowledge of ICSGeneral rating and knowledge of ICS
Majority of the respondents who were using
improved cooking stove experienced no significant
change in performance over time. A few were of the
opinion that it cooks faster. On general relative rating
of performance, improved cooking stove was better
off than the previously used stoves as discovere
majority of the households.
adopted use of improved cooking stove, the main
reason for non-use was either unavailability in market
or if available it was expensive to acquire.
was not convenient for most meals.
Satisfaction levels of the use of ICSSatisfaction levels of the use of ICSSatisfaction levels of the use of ICSSatisfaction levels of the use of ICS
Individuals were inspired into using the improved
cooking stove by the following factors; portability,
low fuel usage and less smoke emission. Additional
factors such as time saved, convenience and safety
while cooking were important. However, promotion
seems to have insignificantly contributed to favor
adoption of improved cooking stove. Money savings
percentage was not as high mainly due to the fact that
majority of the households collect fuelwood for use
and do not have to purchase. The improved cooking
stove has been beneficial in numerous ways to its
users. Individuals have realized reduction in smoke
emitted, improved safety and less respiratory
problems. Economically, it has seen reduction in
cooking time, fuel used and lastly its convenience
when in use mainly due to its portability. However,
challenges in its use exist. They include; difficulty to
use the stove to cook on big pots and the necessity to
chop fuel wood before use (Table 1-9).
In addition to the ICS, 60.94A of the households
sampled used Three Stone fire,15.63A used charcoal
stoves 9.38A used Jua Kali Jiko stove with ceramic
lining and 14A used other stoves mainly Liquefied
Petroleum Gas (LPG) stoves. LPG usage was highest
in Central Kenya at 32A followed by Western Kenya at
26A and lowest in Nyanza at 2A. Among all other stoves
fires is still most popular,
reasons given included; proper size for most pots,
easy to refuel, safe to use and the fact that one does
(Chart 1-5).
General rating and knowledge of ICSGeneral rating and knowledge of ICSGeneral rating and knowledge of ICSGeneral rating and knowledge of ICS
Majority of the respondents who were using
improved cooking stove experienced no significant
change in performance over time. A few were of the
On general relative rating
of performance, improved cooking stove was better
off than the previously used stoves as discovered in
. For those who had not
adopted use of improved cooking stove, the main
use was either unavailability in market
or if available it was expensive to acquire. Further it
was not convenient for most meals.
62
Geoffrey Otieno Akoth et al. Int. J. Cur. Tr. Res (2014) 3 (2):59-69
Table Table Table Table 1111 Households’ size and living conditionsHouseholds’ size and living conditionsHouseholds’ size and living conditionsHouseholds’ size and living conditions
Table Table Table Table 2222 Different ICS in useDifferent ICS in useDifferent ICS in useDifferent ICS in use
Case Case Case Case Processing SummaryProcessing SummaryProcessing SummaryProcessing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
The region * How many Envirofit
stoves do you have in your
household
16 14.8A 92 85.2A 108 100.0A
The region * How many Saw Dust
stoves do you have in your
household
2 1.9A 106 98.1A 108 100.0A
The region * How many Upesi
stoves do you have in your
household
23 21.3A 85 78.7A 108 100.0A
The region * How many Jiko Tosha
stoves do you have in your
household
5 4.6A 103 95.4A 108 100.0A
The region * How many Kuni Mbili
stoves do you have in your
household
4 3.7A 104 96.3A 108 100.0A
The region * How many Jiko Bora
stoves do you have in your
household
3 2.8A 105 97.2A 108 100.0A
The region
Central Nyanza Western
Count Count Count
Business size Small 0 0 0
Medium 1 1 2
Large/ Big 0 1 2
Main Interviewee Husband 6 1 9
Wife 15 24 39
Single/ N/A 3 2 4
House hold category - walls Mud and poles 0 15 14
Brick 16 11 33
2 0 0 3
Unburned brick with
mud 7 0 6
Other specify 0 0 0
House hold category - roof Thatched roof 0 1 0
Iron sheets 21 26 54
63
Geoffrey Otieno Akoth et al. Int. J. Cur. Tr. Res (2014) 3 (2):59-69
Table Table Table Table 3333 Fuel wood collection frequency before and after use of ICSFuel wood collection frequency before and after use of ICSFuel wood collection frequency before and after use of ICSFuel wood collection frequency before and after use of ICS
StatisticsStatisticsStatisticsStatistics
Since you started using the improved
cook stoves how many times in a week
do you go to collect or purchase fuel
wood for cooking? (Number of times)
How many times in a week did you use to
collect or purchase fuel wood before you
started using the improved cook stove
(number of times)
Mean
1.86
4.10
Median 1.00 4.00
Mode 1 4
Table Table Table Table 4444 TraiTraiTraiTraining received on the use of ICSning received on the use of ICSning received on the use of ICSning received on the use of ICS
Did you receive any training or
cooking technique when you started
using this improved cookstove?
The regionThe regionThe regionThe region
CentralCentralCentralCentral NyanzaNyanzaNyanzaNyanza WesternWesternWesternWestern
CountCountCountCount CountCountCountCount CountCountCountCount
TRAIN
ING
TRAIN
ING
TRAIN
ING
TRAIN
ING
Use a lid cover on pot 0 2 15
Use few fuel wood sticks in
stove chamber
0 2 11
Remove surplus wood once
food starts to boil
0 0 5
Use split fuel wood sticks in
stove chamber
0 2 9
None 3 2 21
Table Table Table Table 5555 A table of the main benefits of using improved cookA table of the main benefits of using improved cookA table of the main benefits of using improved cookA table of the main benefits of using improved cook----stovestovestovestove
Count
What is the main benefit to
you since you started using
this improved cook-stove
Convenience 21
Fast cooking 25
Less fuel used 23
Less respiratory problems 8
Less smoke 37
money/ time saving 18
Safety 16
Total 148
64
Int. J. Cur. Tr. Res (2014) 3 (2): 59- 69
Table Table Table Table 6666 ICS performance over timeICS performance over timeICS performance over timeICS performance over time
Stove's change on performance over timeStove's change on performance over timeStove's change on performance over timeStove's change on performance over time
Uses more fuel Count
Produces more
smoke
Count
Cooks slower Count
Unstable Count
Cooks faster Count
No change Count
Others - specify Count
Table Table Table Table 7777 LPG usage in homesteadsLPG usage in homesteadsLPG usage in homesteadsLPG usage in homesteads
How many LPG
stoves do you
have in your
household
1
The
region
Central 18
Nyanza 3
Western 16
Total 37
Table Table Table Table 8888 ICS overall rating compared to other stoves.ICS overall rating compared to other stoves.ICS overall rating compared to other stoves.ICS overall rating compared to other stoves.
Rate the
stoves
general
overall
performance
compared to
the previous
one?
Better
Count
Column
N A
Worse
Count
Column
N A
No
difference
Count
Column
N A
Geoffrey Otieno Akoth et al.
ICS performance over timeICS performance over timeICS performance over timeICS performance over time
Stove's change on performance over timeStove's change on performance over timeStove's change on performance over timeStove's change on performance over time
1
1
3
1
9
26
0
LPG usage in homesteadsLPG usage in homesteadsLPG usage in homesteadsLPG usage in homesteads
How many LPG
stoves do you
have in your
household
Total 2
0 18
0 3
1 17
1 38
ICS overall rating compared to other stoves.ICS overall rating compared to other stoves.ICS overall rating compared to other stoves.ICS overall rating compared to other stoves.
Count
Column 96.6A
Count
Column 3.4A
Count 0
Column .0A
Table Table Table Table 9999 Reasons for nonReasons for nonReasons for nonReasons for non
Rate the
stoves
general
overall
performance
compared to
the previous
one?
Better
Worse
No
difference
Chart Chart Chart Chart 1111 ICS distribution in numbersICS distribution in numbersICS distribution in numbersICS distribution in numbers
Chart Chart Chart Chart 2222 Sources of infSources of infSources of infSources of information on ICS as a ormation on ICS as a ormation on ICS as a ormation on ICS as a
percentagepercentagepercentagepercentage
2
36
ICS distribution
Reasons for nonReasons for nonReasons for nonReasons for non----use of ICSuse of ICSuse of ICSuse of ICS
Count
Column
N A 96.6A
Count
Column
N A 3.4A
Count 0
Column
N A .0A
ICS distribution in numbersICS distribution in numbersICS distribution in numbersICS distribution in numbers
ormation on ICS as a ormation on ICS as a ormation on ICS as a ormation on ICS as a
percentagepercentagepercentagepercentage
15
ICS distribution
central
nyanza
western
65
Geoffrey Otieno Akoth et al. Int. J. Cur. Tr. Res (2014) 3 (2):59-69
Chart Chart Chart Chart 3333 Inspiration to the use Inspiration to the use Inspiration to the use Inspiration to the use of ICSof ICSof ICSof ICS
Chart Chart Chart Chart 4444 Other stoves Other stoves Other stoves Other stoves usagesusagesusagesusages beside and in additionbeside and in additionbeside and in additionbeside and in addition
to ICSto ICSto ICSto ICS
Chart Chart Chart Chart 5555 Reasons for nonReasons for nonReasons for nonReasons for non----use of ICSuse of ICSuse of ICSuse of ICS
Figure Figure Figure Figure iiii Benefits of using improved Benefits of using improved Benefits of using improved Benefits of using improved cook stovecook stovecook stovecook stove
Figure Figure Figure Figure iiiiiiii. Constraint. Constraint. Constraint. Constraints in using improved cook stovess in using improved cook stovess in using improved cook stovess in using improved cook stoves
Figure Figure Figure Figure iiiiiiiiiiii. ICS stove performance over time. ICS stove performance over time. ICS stove performance over time. ICS stove performance over time
66
Int. J. Cur. Tr. Res (2014) 3 (2): 59- 69
FFFFigure 1 igure 1 igure 1 igure 1 Charcoal Stove, MasenoCharcoal Stove, MasenoCharcoal Stove, MasenoCharcoal Stove, Maseno
Figure2Figure2Figure2Figure2 Upesi Jiko, KakamegaUpesi Jiko, KakamegaUpesi Jiko, KakamegaUpesi Jiko, Kakamega
Figure 3 Three stone Fire, KakamegaFigure 3 Three stone Fire, KakamegaFigure 3 Three stone Fire, KakamegaFigure 3 Three stone Fire, Kakamega
Geoffrey Otieno Akoth et al.
Charcoal Stove, MasenoCharcoal Stove, MasenoCharcoal Stove, MasenoCharcoal Stove, Maseno
Upesi Jiko, KakamegaUpesi Jiko, KakamegaUpesi Jiko, KakamegaUpesi Jiko, Kakamega
Figure 3 Three stone Fire, KakamegaFigure 3 Three stone Fire, KakamegaFigure 3 Three stone Fire, KakamegaFigure 3 Three stone Fire, Kakamega
Figure 4.Saw Dust stove, NyeriFigure 4.Saw Dust stove, NyeriFigure 4.Saw Dust stove, NyeriFigure 4.Saw Dust stove, Nyeri
Figure 5.In Built Jiko Bora stove, KakamegaFigure 5.In Built Jiko Bora stove, KakamegaFigure 5.In Built Jiko Bora stove, KakamegaFigure 5.In Built Jiko Bora stove, Kakamega
Figure 6.Cooking without a lid, KakamegaFigure 6.Cooking without a lid, KakamegaFigure 6.Cooking without a lid, KakamegaFigure 6.Cooking without a lid, Kakamega
Figure 4.Saw Dust stove, NyeriFigure 4.Saw Dust stove, NyeriFigure 4.Saw Dust stove, NyeriFigure 4.Saw Dust stove, Nyeri
Figure 5.In Built Jiko Bora stove, KakamegaFigure 5.In Built Jiko Bora stove, KakamegaFigure 5.In Built Jiko Bora stove, KakamegaFigure 5.In Built Jiko Bora stove, Kakamega
Figure 6.Cooking without a lid, KakamegaFigure 6.Cooking without a lid, KakamegaFigure 6.Cooking without a lid, KakamegaFigure 6.Cooking without a lid, Kakamega
67
Figure 7.Cooking on KuniMbili stove with lid, Figure 7.Cooking on KuniMbili stove with lid, Figure 7.Cooking on KuniMbili stove with lid, Figure 7.Cooking on KuniMbili stove with lid,
KakamegaKakamegaKakamegaKakamega
Figure 8Figure 8Figure 8Figure 8 Envirofit Stove, Envirofit Stove, Envirofit Stove, Envirofit Stove, MasenoMasenoMasenoMaseno
Figure 9Figure 9Figure 9Figure 9 Smoke effects in a kitchenSmoke effects in a kitchenSmoke effects in a kitchenSmoke effects in a kitchen
68 Geoffrey Otieno Akoth et al. Int. J. Cur. Tr. Res (201
Figure 7.Cooking on KuniMbili stove with lid, Figure 7.Cooking on KuniMbili stove with lid, Figure 7.Cooking on KuniMbili stove with lid, Figure 7.Cooking on KuniMbili stove with lid,
MasenoMasenoMasenoMaseno
Smoke effects in a kitchenSmoke effects in a kitchenSmoke effects in a kitchenSmoke effects in a kitchen
Figure 10Figure 10Figure 10Figure 10 Use of split fuel woodUse of split fuel woodUse of split fuel woodUse of split fuel wood
Figure 11Figure 11Figure 11Figure 11 JikoTosha, KakamegaJikoTosha, KakamegaJikoTosha, KakamegaJikoTosha, Kakamega
DiscussionDiscussionDiscussionDiscussion
From the study it was evident that a variety of
ICS are in use in different parts of Kenya with specific
types commonly used in particular regions. This was
mainly contributed by the fact that some were locally
produced such as the Upesi stove in Western
region;others were distributed and promoted by
NGOs in those regions such as Envirofit stove in
Nyanza. These stoves are in use despite the fact that
they have not been tested in laboratories for energy
efficiency and emission controls.According to the
Indian National Initiative for Advanced Biomass
Int. J. Cur. Tr. Res (2014) 3 (2):59-69
Use of split fuel woodUse of split fuel woodUse of split fuel woodUse of split fuel wood
JikoTosha, KakamegaJikoTosha, KakamegaJikoTosha, KakamegaJikoTosha, Kakamega
From the study it was evident that a variety of
ICS are in use in different parts of Kenya with specific
types commonly used in particular regions. This was
mainly contributed by the fact that some were locally
produced such as the Upesi stove in Western
egion;others were distributed and promoted by
NGOs in those regions such as Envirofit stove in
Nyanza. These stoves are in use despite the fact that
they have not been tested in laboratories for energy
efficiency and emission controls.According to the
an National Initiative for Advanced Biomass
Int. J. Cur. Tr. Res (2014) 3 (2): 59- 69
Cookstoves (2010), a Cookstove's performance can
be characterized by three processes: combustion
efficiency: how much of the energy and carbon in the
fuel is converted to heat and carbon dioxide;
transfer efficiency: how much of the heat is absorbed
by the pot; and overall thermal efficiency: how much
energy in the fuel is absorbed by the pot. Emission
control is very important as there are severe health
impacts of indoor biomass use in traditional stoves
(Venkataraman et al., 2010). Theranges of health impacts from the air pollution include pneumonia and
low birth weight in children and chronic lung disease,
cataracts, and heart disease inwomen. Based on
available evidence for 2000, the World Health
Organization (WHO) estimated that about
420thousand premature deaths were caused annually
in India by household fuel air pollution (Ezzati
2004). From the study it was quite evident that
majority of the households prepare food in enclosed
areas (inside a house) due to wind effects on burning
fire and unfavorable weather outside (Fig.9).
However there were a few cases of people
preparing food outside especially during the day
(Fig.7). With the use of ICS, the number of times of
fuel wood collection reduced by half
implying a much more efficient combustion that
eventually reduces the emissions to the environment
and less forest cover destruction. According to the
report by Practical Action (2010), this would mean a
reduction in the number of fuel wood used as fuel to
7.55million tonnes from 15.1million tonnes and
consequently decreasing the rate of deforestation by
half. These among other benefits such as less
respiratory diseases from less smoke, less expenditure
on fuel wood and faster cooking tim
savings would see an improvement on the socio
economic wellbeing of most people and an
improvement of their livelihoods.
hindrances such as high cost of acquisition and
availability of ICS need to be addressed to ensure
access to the stoves. Stoves also need to be developed
for different applications and considering that most
rural families are medium (3-6 members) sized and
use big pots for cooking hence the need for stoves
with a larger cooking araea.18.92A of the non
actually had issues with the fact that the stoves are
not convenient for most meals since it was difficult to
cook with big pots on them. Training of the users on
the proper use of the ICS is also important to ensure
that the benefits are maximized.
Foundation testing protocols (2005) outlines the
various tests that can be used for stoves and the
Geoffrey Otieno Akoth et al.
Cookstoves (2010), a Cookstove's performance can
be characterized by three processes: combustion
efficiency: how much of the energy and carbon in the
fuel is converted to heat and carbon dioxide; heat
ficiency: how much of the heat is absorbed
by the pot; and overall thermal efficiency: how much
energy in the fuel is absorbed by the pot. Emission
control is very important as there are severe health
impacts of indoor biomass use in traditional stoves
Theranges of health
impacts from the air pollution include pneumonia and
low birth weight in children and chronic lung disease,
cataracts, and heart disease inwomen. Based on
available evidence for 2000, the World Health
ion (WHO) estimated that about
420thousand premature deaths were caused annually
in India by household fuel air pollution (Ezzati et al., 2004). From the study it was quite evident that
majority of the households prepare food in enclosed
use) due to wind effects on burning
fire and unfavorable weather outside (Fig.9).
However there were a few cases of people
preparing food outside especially during the day
(Fig.7). With the use of ICS, the number of times of
by half (Table.3),
implying a much more efficient combustion that
eventually reduces the emissions to the environment
and less forest cover destruction. According to the
(2010), this would mean a
ood used as fuel to
7.55million tonnes from 15.1million tonnes and
consequently decreasing the rate of deforestation by
half. These among other benefits such as less
respiratory diseases from less smoke, less expenditure
on fuel wood and faster cooking time hence time
savings would see an improvement on the socio-
economic wellbeing of most people and an
improvement of their livelihoods. However
indrances such as high cost of acquisition and
availability of ICS need to be addressed to ensure
Stoves also need to be developed
for different applications and considering that most
6 members) sized and
use big pots for cooking hence the need for stoves
with a larger cooking araea.18.92A of the non-users
ad issues with the fact that the stoves are
not convenient for most meals since it was difficult to
cook with big pots on them. Training of the users on
the proper use of the ICS is also important to ensure
that the benefits are maximized. The Shell
tion testing protocols (2005) outlines the
various tests that can be used for stoves and the
common one being Water Boiling Test (WBT). This
is critical before final assessment to ensure reliability,
accuracy and repeatability. From the research the
following ICS in use were recommended for lab tests:
a) Upesi stove, commonly used in Western Kenyab) Envirofit stove, commonly used in Nyanza and
Western Kenya c) Kuni Mbili stove, commonly used in Western
Kenya d) Jiko Tosha stove, commonly used in Western
Kenya and Central regionse) Jua Kali Jiko without liner, commonly used in
Nyanza and Nairobi regions ( outside TPA)f) Jiko Bora stove, commonly used in Western
Kenya.
ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion
From the study it was evident that ICS are not widely used in most parts of Kenya and more awareness needs to be created to promote its use. A majority (74A) of the interviewees were however willing to try the ICS given a chance. It will take concerted government effort together with local NGOs and self-help groups to increase the awareness and promote the use of ICS. Local manufactures should be encouraged to produce more ICS and the government should promote their production and importation through favorable tariff structures and or subsidies.
ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences Venkataraman, C., D. Sagar, G.Smith (2010). The benefits of clean combustion: The Indian National Initiative for Advanced Biomass Cookstoves.
Ezzati, M., A. Lopez, A. Rodgers and Comparative quantification of health risks: The global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva:Organization.
Practical Action East Africa Office (2010). BiomassEnergy use in Kenya. Prepared for International Institute for Environment Development.
Republic of Kenya (2001). StuDemand, supply and Policy. Strategy for Households, Small-scale Industries and Service, Establishments. Nairobi: Government Printer.
Shell Foundation Household Energy and Health Team, University of California- Berkeley Stove PerformancTesting Protocols (2005). University of California, Berkeley, 2004-5.
World Energy Council (2005). London: Renewable
Energy in South Asia. Country reports
common one being Water Boiling Test (WBT). This
is critical before final assessment to ensure reliability,
accuracy and repeatability. From the research the
ing ICS in use were recommended for lab tests:
Upesi stove, commonly used in Western Kenya Envirofit stove, commonly used in Nyanza and
Kuni Mbili stove, commonly used in Western
Jiko Tosha stove, commonly used in Western tral regions
Jua Kali Jiko without liner, commonly used in Nyanza and Nairobi regions ( outside TPA) Jiko Bora stove, commonly used in Western
From the study it was evident that ICS are not widely used in most parts of Kenya and more
areness needs to be created to promote its use. A majority (74A) of the interviewees were however willing to try the ICS given a chance. It will take concerted government effort together with local
help groups to increase the awareness omote the use of ICS. Local manufactures
should be encouraged to produce more ICS and the government should promote their production and importation through favorable tariff structures and or
Sagar, G. Habib, N. Lam and R. The benefits of clean combustion: The
Indian National Initiative for Advanced Biomass
Rodgers and C. Murray (2004). Comparative quantification of health risks: The global
disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva: World Health
Practical Action East Africa Office (2010). BiomassEnergy use in Kenya. Prepared for International Institute for Environment Development.
Republic of Kenya (2001). Study on Kenya’s Energy Demand, supply and Policy. Strategy for Households,
scale Industries and Service, Establishments. Nairobi: Government Printer.
Shell Foundation Household Energy and Health Team, Berkeley Stove Performance
Testing Protocols (2005). University of California,
World Energy Council (2005). London: Renewable
Energy in South Asia. Country reports- Bangladesh.
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