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Nanjing, China Dr. Murat Kuzlu Research Associate, Virginia Tech - Advanced Research Institute
May 15, 2014
Assessment of Communication Technologies and Network Requirements for Major Smart
Grid Applications
US-China Workshop: Smart Grid Research Opportunity Identification
• Smart Grid (SG) • SG Network Architecture • Communication technologies for the SG
-Wired/Wireless • Comparison of communication technologies
-Wired/Wireless • Network requirements for major SG applications • OPNET Simulation Results • Summary
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Outline
Smart Grid (SG) Smart grid is the next-generation electric power system with communication technologies and advanced control methods.
Communication Technologies
Intelligent Algorithms
Power Grid
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Power Generation Power Transmission Grid Power Distribution Grid Power Consumption
Smart Meter Substation Substation Customer
Microgrid
Microgrid
Electric Vehicle
Solar Energy Wind Enegy
Non-renewable Energy
Power Grid
Neighbor Area Network (NAN) Home Area Network (HAN)
Wireless Backhaul
Base Station
Control Center
Wired Backhaul Network
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Smart Meter
Data Aggregation Point (DAP)
Concentrator Smart Home Device
Communication Grid
Smart Grid Source: ECE Dept., McGill University
SG Network Architecture
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Power Transmission/Generation Power Distribution Customer
Cap Banks Reclosers MetersSensorsSwithes Transformers StoragePMUs
WAN NAN/FAN HAN/BAN/IAN
Cellular, WiMAX, Fiber OpticPLC, DSL, Coaxial
Cable, Wireless Mesh Home Plug, ZigBee,
WiFi, Z-Wave
Authentication, Access Control, Integrity Protection, Encryption, Privacy
Smart Metering and Grid Applications Customer Applications
Power System Layer
Power Control Layer
Communication Layer
Security Layer
Application Layer
SG Multi-Layer Architecture
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Wired
• Fiber optic
• Digital subscriber line (DSL)
• Coaxial cable
• Power line communications
(PLC)
Communication Technologies for the SG
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Wireless
• Zigbee
• WiFi
• Z-Wave
• WiMAX
• Cellular
• Satellite
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Technology Standard/ Protocol
Max. Theoretical Data Rate
Coverage Range w/o a Repeater
Wired Communication Technologies Fiber-Optic PON 155Mbps -2.5Gbps up to 60 km
WDM 40 Gbps up to 100 km SONET/SDH 10 Gbps up to 100 km
DSL ADSL 1-8 Mbps up to 5 km HDSL 2 Mbps up to 3.6 km VDSL 15-100 Mbps up to 1.5 km
Coaxial Cable DOCSIS 172 Mbps up to 28 km PLC HomePlug 14-200 Mbps up to 200 m
Narrowband 10-500 kbps up to 3 km
Comparison of Communication Technologies - Wired
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Technology Standard/ Protocol Max. Theoretical Data Rate
Coverage Range
Wireless Communication Technologies ZigBee
ZigBee 250 kbps up to 100 m
ZigBee Pro 250 kbps up to 1,600 m
WiFi 802.11x 2-600 Mbps up to 100 m
Z-Wave Z-Wave 40 kbps up to 30 m
WiMAX
802.16 75 Mbps up to 50 km
Cellular
2G 14.4 kbps
up to 50 km 2.5G 144 kbps
3G 2 Mbps
3.5G 14 Mbps
4G 100 Mbps
Satellite Satellite Internet 1 Mbps 100-6,000 km
Comparison of Communication Technologies - Wireless
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9 SG Domain Interactions and SG Applications
• Home automation
• Building automation
• Meter reading • Pricing • Demand response • Dist. automation (DA) • Electric transportation
• Wide area control • Wide area protection • Wide area monitoring
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10 Networks System Requirements for HAN/BAN/IAN Applications
Application
Typical Data Size
(Bytes)
Typical Data Sampling Requirement
Latency
Relia-bility
Communication technologies
Home Automation 10-100
Once every configurable period (e.g., one minute, 15
minutes, etc.) Seconds > 98%
Wired: - PLC Wireless: - ZigBee - WiFi - Z-Wave
Building Automation > 100
Once every configurable period (e.g., one minute, 15
minutes, etc.) Seconds > 98%
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11 Networks System Requirements for NAN Applications
Application
Typical
Data Size
(Bytes) Typical Data Sampling
Requirement Latency
Reliability
1 Meter Reading 100 As needed (on demand) < 15 sec > 98%
2 Pricing 100 1 per device per broadcast event < 1 min > 98% 3 Demand Response 100 1 per device per broadcast event < 1 min > 99.5% 4a DA - Volt/VAR control 150-250 1 per device per hour < 5 sec > 99.5% 4b DA - Fault clearing, isolation,
restoration 25 1 per device per event < 5 sec
> 99.5%
5 Electric Transportation (Price info - Charge Status)
100-255 1-4 per PHEV per day < 15 sec > 98%
Communication Technologies: • Wired: DSL, Coaxial cable, PLC • Wireless: WiMAX, Wireless mesh, Cellular 11
12 Networks System Requirements for WAN Applications
Application
Typical
Data Size
(Bytes)
Typical Data Sampling
Requirement
Latency
Reliability
Communication Technologies
Wide-Area Protection Wired: - Fiber optic Wireless: - WiMAX - Cellular
Adaptive islanding
4-157
0.1 sec < 0.1 sec > 99.9% Predictive under frequency load shedding
0.1 sec < 0.1 sec > 99.9%
Wide-Area Control Voltage stability control
4-157
0.5 -5 sec < 5 sec > 99.9% FACTS and HVDC control 30 sec-2 min < 2 min > 99.9% Cascading failure control 0.5 – 5 sec < 5 sec > 99.9% Wide-Area Monitoring Power oscillation monitoring
>52
0.1 sec < 0.1 sec > 99.9% Voltage stability monitoring 0.5-5 sec < 5 sec > 99.9% PMU-based state estimation 0.1 sec < 0.1 sec > 99.9% PMU-assisted state estimation 30 sec-2 min < 2 min > 99.9% 12
• Single-storey house (1,600-square feet)
ZigBee WiFi
Home Energy Management (HEM) Architecture Setup in OPNET
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Latency, Reliability, Power Consumption and Cost Comparison
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Latency (msec)
Reliability Power Consumpti
on/unit
Costs
ZigBee 4.3 – 6.2 99.9% ~ 36mw Chip: ~$2.75-$3.5/unit Cable: $0 Access point/switch: $0
WiFi 0.9 – 1.6 100% ~210mw Chip: ~$8-$16/unit Cable: $0 Access point/switch: $20-$50
ZigBee vs WiFi
Backbone network: Fiber optic • Server (MDMS); • Backbone concentrator.
Smart meter network: WiMAX • 60 smart meters/5 groups • A local concentrator
The hybrid fiber-WiMAX scheme fully meets AMI reliability requirements specified by the IEEE Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability (IEEE Std 2030-2011). • No data drop • Latency < 1 sec
AMI Network Setup in OPNET (Hybrid Fiber-WiMAX)
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Ongoing Co-Simulation Research at ARI
What is co-simulation?
Impact of communication failures, data drops and communication delays on power system operation: • Home/building energy management • Distribution automation operation • Demand response implementation
Co-simulation research at ARI
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Power System Simulation - Matlab - RTDS - Opal-RT -PSCAD
Communication Simulation - OPNET - NS3
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• Communication networks are important components of the smart grid.
• Different wired (i.e., fiber optic, DSL, coaxial cable, and PLC), and wireless (i.e., ZigBee, WiFi, Z-Wave, WiMAX, cellular, and satellite) communication technologies can be used for smart grid applications.
• Network requirements can vary for various smart grid applications -- based on data rate, latency, reliability security, and coverage distance.
• Wireless technologies are recommended in most of the smart grid applications.
• Co-simulation research at ARI
Summary
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• Fiber-Optic Communication -Pros: High-speed data transfer for long distance -Cons : High upfront investment and maintenance costs
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
-Pros: Available to a large number of premises based on existing telephone services -Cons : Unreliable services for customers who are away from the provider
Communication Technologies for the SG- Wired - I
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• Coaxial Cable -Pros: Available to a large number of premises based on existing Coaxial cable networks -Cons : Sharing entire bandwidth along the line among many customers
• Power line communication (PLC)
-Pros: Cost effective -Cons : Inability to transmit signals cross a transformer(s), power line channel distortion, interference, noise, harsh conditions of the power line environment.
Communication Technologies for the SG- Wired - II
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• ZigBee -Pros: Cost-effective, low-power, high-efficiency and secure. -Cons : Short-range data transmission, and provides low data speed, sharing same channel spectrum with some protocols such as WiFi.
• WiFi -Pros: Reliable, secure and high-speed. -Cons : Short-range data transmission, higher cost and power than other short-range wireless technologies such as ZigBee and Z-Wave.
• Z-Wave -Pros: Reliable, low-power, low-cost . -Cons: Short-range communications and low data transmission rate.
Communication Technologies for the SG – Wireless - I
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• WiMAX -Pros: High speed, reliable and long distance. -Cons: High start-up costs, high power consumption, affected by bad weather conditions.
• Cellular -Pros: High-speed, low latency, secure and long distance, availability of existing cellular communication infrastructure. -Cons: High start-up costs, sharing cellular services with mobile users.
• Satellite Communication -Pros: Exiting communication infrastructure, fast installation. -Cons: High latency, high cost, low reliability, not guarantee service under bad weather conditions, e.g., heavy snow or rainfall.
Communication Technologies for the SG – Wireless - II
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