Assessment by: Barrio, J. & Tirira, D. - corbidi.org · Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Chordata Mammalia Cetartiodactyla Cervidae Taxon Name: Pudu mephistophiles (de Winton,

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T18847A8647714

Pudu mephistophiles, Northern Pudu

Assessment by: Barrio, J. & Tirira, D.

View on www.iucnredlist.org

Citation: Barrio, J. & Tirira, D. 2008. Pudu mephistophiles. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species2008: e.T18847A8647714. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T18847A8647714.en

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Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Animalia Chordata Mammalia Cetartiodactyla Cervidae

Taxon Name: Pudu mephistophiles (de Winton, 1896)

Common Name(s):

• English: Northern Pudu• French: Poudou Du Nord, Pudu Du Nord• Spanish: Ciervo Enamo, Pudu Norteño, Sachacabra, Venadito De Los Páramos, Venado Conejo

Assessment Information

Red List Category & Criteria: Vulnerable C2a(i) ver 3.1

Year Published: 2008

Date Assessed: June 30, 2008

Justification:

This species is considered to be Vulnerable in light of an ongoing decline, and because remaining small

populations are fragmented into numerous subpopulations in the high Andes - where no subpopulation

exceeds 1,000 mature individuals. This species occurs in very low densities throughout its range, is

poorly known and more information is necessary in order to quantitatively measure threats and rates of

decline due to hunting and habitat conversion – and thus if it might also qualify for population reduction

threat criteria, however, insufficient information is currently available. Indirect estimates based on past

distribution and habitat loss would consider the species is in a notable decline due to habitat reduction

and expanding human settlements. Although humans rarely hunt the species today, it was intensively

persecuted in the middle part of the century.

Previously Published Red List Assessments

1996 – Lower Risk/near threatened (LR/nt)

1994 – Indeterminate (I)





1965 – Status inadequately known-survey required or data sought

Geographic Range

Range Description:

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Pudu mephistophiles – published in 2008.http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T18847A8647714.en

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http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/categories-and-criteria

This species occupies a discontinuous and probably fragmented range through the montane forests and

their limit with the humid grasslands of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Exact range is

unknown and distributional gaps between records are unresolved. The only known natural gap is the

Maranon dry forest lying in between the Ecuadorian population and the Peruvian population south of

the Maranon. The current extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated to be 90,000-130,000 km² and is split

between two populations; the southern population

30,000-35,000 km² and the northern population 60,000-95,000 km².

Country Occurrence:

Native: Colombia; Ecuador; Peru


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Distribution Map


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PopulationPopulations in central Peru clearly isolated from populations in Peruvian northern Andes, Ecuador and

Colombia. There are new records in the former larger gap between populations; however, the gap still

covers the breadth of the Maranon dry forest (Barrio, in prep.). Given the habitat type covering the gap,

there is no expectation that an individual will ever appear there, besides accidentally.

Current Population Trend: Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information)

This species inhabits elfin, cloud and montane forests throughout its distribution, and in humid

grasslands above the tree-line mainly by the northern population, between 2,000 and 4,000 m. It

moves in the undergrowth when it is inside forest. The small size makes the species difficult to detect.

Systems: Terrestrial

Threats (see Appendix for additional information)

Northern pudu was intensively exploited by local people from the 1950s to early 1980s (Hershkovitz

1982). However, nowadays habitat conversion and predation by domestic dogs are worse threats.

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information)

This species is listed on CITES Appendix II.

Recommended conservation actions include: undertake comprehensive status surveys and develop

research program to determine ecology, habitat requirements, population biology, and extent of threats;

strengthen existing protected areas management where necessary; in areas where subsistence hunting

proves to be a serious threat, seek alternative subsistence schemes or more sustainable harvesting

methods; develop conservation education programs and increase law enforcement if necessary. The

species occurs in several protected areas across its range; some of these are without management plans

and many receive insufficient resources to enable adequate protection.

Credits

Assessor(s): Barrio, J. & Tirira, D.

Reviewer(s): Black, P. & Gonzalez, S. (Deer Red List Authority)


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BibliographyBarnett, A. A. 1999. Small Mammals of the Cajas Plateau, Southern Ecaudor: Ecology and NaturalHistory. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 42(4): 161-217.

Eisenberg, J.F. 1989. Mammals of the Neotropics. The Northern Neotropics. The University of ChicagoPress, Chicago, USA and London, UK.

Grimwood, I. R. 1969. Notes on the distribution and status of some Peruvian mammals, 1968. New YorkZoological Society Special Publication 21: 83.

Hershkovitz, P. 1982. Neotropical deer (Cervidae) part I, Pudus, Genus Pudu Gray. Fieldiana: Zoology 11:1-86.

IUCN. 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org.(Accessed: 5 October 2008).

Pacheco, V. 2002. Protección de la biodiversidad en bosques montanos fragmentados y propuesta paraconservar el bosque de Carpish, Huanuco. Informe final. CONCYTEC, proyecto 078, Lima, Perú.

Tirira, D.G. 2007. Guía de Campo de los Mamíferos del Ecuador. Ediciones Murciélago Blanco.Publicación especial sobre los mamíferos del Ecuador 6, Quito, Ecuador.

CitationBarrio, J. & Tirira, D. 2008. Pudu mephistophiles. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008:e.T18847A8647714. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T18847A8647714.en

DisclaimerTo make use of this information, please check the Terms of Use.

External ResourcesFor Images and External Links to Additional Information, please see the Red List website.


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Appendix

Habitats(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Habitat Season SuitabilityMajorImportance?

1. Forest -> 1.9. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane - Suitable -

3. Shrubland -> 3.7. Shrubland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude - Marginal -

4. Grassland -> 4.7. Grassland - Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude - Suitable -

Use and Trade(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

End Use Local National International

Pets/display animals, horticulture Yes Yes No

Sport hunting/specimen collecting Yes No No

Threats(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score

1. Residential & commercial development -> 1.1.Housing & urban areas

Ongoing - - -

Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion

1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.1. Shiftingagriculture

Past,unlikely toreturn

- - -



2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holderfarming

Ongoing - - -



2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual &perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.3. Agro-industryfarming

Ongoing - - -



2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming& ranching -> 2.3.1. Nomadic grazing

Ongoing - - -



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http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes




2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming& ranching -> 2.3.2. Small-holder grazing, ranching orfarming

Ongoing - - -



2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming& ranching -> 2.3.3. Agro-industry grazing, ranchingor farming

Future - - -



5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trappingterrestrial animals -> 5.1.1. Intentional use (species isthe target)

Ongoing - - -

Stresses: 2. Species Stresses -> 2.1. Species mortality

5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trappingterrestrial animals -> 5.1.2. Unintentional effects(species is not the target)

Ongoing - - -


5. Biological resource use -> 5.1. Hunting & trappingterrestrial animals -> 5.1.3. Persecution/control

Ongoing - - -


5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & woodharvesting -> 5.3.5. MotivationUnknown/Unrecorded

Ongoing - - -

Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

7. Natural system modifications -> 7.1. Fire & firesuppression -> 7.1.3. Trend Unknown/Unrecorded

Ongoing - - -


9. Pollution -> 9.2. Industrial & military effluents ->9.2.3. Type Unknown/Unrecorded

Ongoing - - -


9. Pollution -> 9.3. Agricultural & forestry effluents ->9.3.4. Type Unknown/Unrecorded

Ongoing - - -


Conservation Actions in Place(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions in Place

In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management

Conservation sites identified: Yes, over entire range

In-Place Education

Included in international legislation: Yes

Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes


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Conservation Actions Needed(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions Needed

1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection

1. Land/water protection -> 1.2. Resource & habitat protection

2. Land/water management -> 2.1. Site/area management

2. Land/water management -> 2.3. Habitat & natural process restoration

3. Species management -> 3.2. Species recovery

4. Education & awareness -> 4.1. Formal education

4. Education & awareness -> 4.3. Awareness & communications

5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.1. International level

5. Law & policy -> 5.1. Legislation -> 5.1.3. Sub-national level

5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.2. National level

5. Law & policy -> 5.4. Compliance and enforcement -> 5.4.3. Sub-national level

6. Livelihood, economic & other incentives -> 6.1. Linked enterprises & livelihood alternatives

Research Needed(http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Research Needed

1. Research -> 1.1. Taxonomy

1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends

1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology

1. Research -> 1.5. Threats

1. Research -> 1.6. Actions

2. Conservation Planning -> 2.1. Species Action/Recovery Plan

2. Conservation Planning -> 2.2. Area-based Management Plan

3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends

Additional Data Fields

Distribution

Lower elevation limit (m): 1700

Upper elevation limit (m): 4000


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Population

Population severely fragmented: No


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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T18847A8647714

The IUCN Red List Partnership

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species

Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership. The IUCN

Red List Partners are: BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation

International; Microsoft; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas

A&M University; Wildscreen; and Zoological Society of London.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™


10




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http://www.uniroma1.it/



http://www.wildscreen.org/

http://www.zsl.org/

Documents

Assessment by: Barrio, J. & Tirira, D. - corbidi.org · Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Animalia Chordata Mammalia Cetartiodactyla Cervidae Taxon Name: Pudu mephistophiles (de Winton,