Upload
others
View
3
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
18-003
Assessing & Planning for
Active Assaults
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved.2
Introductory Video
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 3
Why civilians need
to be prepared
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Recent Active Assaults Trends
• 2000-2006- average of 6.4 incidents annually.
• 2007-2013- average of 16.4 incidents annually.
• 2014- 20 incidents.
• 2015- 20 incidents.
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 4Blair, Schweit
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Incidents Were Resolved By
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 5
Shooter's Inititive
90
Unarmed Citizen
37
Armed Citizen5
Police45
160 INCIDENTS BETWEEN 2000-2013
Shooter Initiative-56%
Police- 28%
Citizens- 26%
Blair, Schweit
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Incidents Were Resolved By
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 6
Shooter's Inititive16 suicide
Unarmed Citizens restrained attacker
6
Armed Citizenengaged in gunfire
with assailants2
Police14 killed by police12 apprehended
40 INCIDENTS BETWEEN 2014-2015
1 unarmed citizen killed in unsuccessful
attempt to stop attack.1 armed citizen killed in unsuccessful
attempt to stop the attack.Shooter Initiative-40%Police- 65%Citizens- 20%
Schweit
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Three Imperatives
• Since it is not possible to prevent all active assaults,civilians need to be trained to respond.
• Community entities must prepare for suchchallenges.
• Law enforcement officers must be equipped toassist community entities to respond to thesechallenges.
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 7
IMPACT
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved.8
Testimonial
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
The Bottom Line
• “Even when law enforcement was
present or able to respond within
minutes, civilians often had to
make life and death decisions,
and therefore, should be engaged
in training and discussions on
decisions they may need to make
and actions they may need to
take.”Blair, J. Pete, and Schweit, Katherine W. (2014)
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 9
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 10
Threat
Assessment
Why civilians need
to be prepared
18-003 Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved.
Pathway to Violence Video
11
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Pathway To Violence
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 12
RESOURCE E
Calhoun, Weston
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Warning Behaviors
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 13
• Pathway Warning Behavior
• Fixation Warning Behavior
• Identification Warning Behavior
• Leakage Warning Behavior
• Energy Burst Warning Behavior
• Novel Aggression Warning Behavior
• Last Resort Warning Behavior
• Directly Communicated Threat Warning Behavior
ASSESSMENTS B
Meloy, Hoffman, Guldimann, James
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Risk Factors
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 14
Violence preoccupation
Intent & threats
Others are concerned
Losses, recent, impending or significant stress
Entitlement & negative attitudes
Noncompliant or menacing behaviors
Capacity & actions preparatory for violence
Extreme moods
Real provocations or destabilizers
Irrational thinking
Substance abuse
Known history of violence, criminality, conflictASSESSMENTS C
White, Meloy
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Bottom Line
• Threat assessments provide a way to recognize and
possibly interdict emerging threats.
• Assessments provide a structured process designed
to identify and articulate threat indicators and
warning signs.
• Assessments are most effective when conducted by
an informed and experienced multidisciplinary team.
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 15
ASSESSMENTS A
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 16
Threat
Assessment
Why civilians need
to be prepared
Physical / Operational
Security Assessments
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Exterior Environment
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 17
• What is the exterior environmental design?
• In what type of setting is the entity located?
• What external environmental features would
allow an unmonitored approach?
• What features facilitate unimpeded access
into the structure?
ASSESSMENTS D
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Access Control
• Security locks, doors, “rat traps”- (two lockable security doors
separated by a vestibule requiring independent operation of
the interior door.)
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 18
• Remotely operated, card-accessed, keyed, or code
accessed doors.
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Facility Monitoring
• How is alarm monitored and reported, and
to whom?
• Are exterior and interior CCTV cameras,
recording and monitoring devices present?
• Are passive and active detectors used?
• Is an intrusion / emergency alarm system
used?
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 19
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Security Force
• Type of security force
• Number of personnel
• Armed/unarmed
• Scope of duties
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 20
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Response Force Assumptions
• Civilian security authority
• Authority to take law enforcement action
• Number of personnel available to respond
during peak times
• Number of personnel available to respond
during non-peak times
• Amount of time required to respond to scene of
disturbance
• Weapons possessed
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 21
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Levels of Physical Protection
• High Level of Security
• Moderate Level of Security
• Average Level of Security
• Minimal Level of Security
• Minimal or No Security
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 22
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Operational Security
• Identify operational vulnerabilities
• Develop Emergency Action Plan
• Train staff on EAP and procedures
• Involve all stakeholders in planning /
training
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 23
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Emergency Action Plan
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 24
• Written agreement with entities other than emergency
responders?
• Emergency needs coordinated with local (police, fire,
EMS)?
• Threat / security-related information from an external
source?
• Does the entity share threat / and security related
information?
• Are personnel trained on the plan?
• Is the plan practiced? If so, how often? In what ways?
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Staff Training
• Ensure facility has at least two evacuation
routes
– Display evacuation routes with current
location indicators
• Include local police EMS/Fire in training
exercises
• Encourage emergency responders to train for an
active shooter scenario at your location
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 25
RESOURCES C RESOURCES D
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Employee Screening
• Initial & periodic background
checks on all employees
• Establish Termination
Procedures (Human
Resources responsibility)
• Human resources support to
stressed employees
• Stress management services
available to employees
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 26
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Referral Sources
• Pennsylvania Office of Homeland Security717-346-4460.
• Pennsylvania State Police, Risk and VulnerabilityAssessment Team (RVAT) 717-346-2695.
• U.S. Department of Homeland Security NationalProtection & Programs Directorate, InfrastructureProtection:
• Western PA- Bob Winters [email protected]
• Central PA- Jim Cratty [email protected]
• Eastern PA- Rich [email protected]
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 27
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 28
Threat
Assessment
Countermeasures &
Preparation
Why civilians need
to be prepared
Physical / Operational
Security Assessments
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
“Low Hanging Fruit”
• Identify countermeasures and
improvements that can easily
be accomplished immediately.
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 29
• Identify countermeasures and improvements
that can be accomplished in the near future.
• Identify countermeasures and improvements
that can be accomplished in the long term.
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Culture of Security
• Be aware of your environment, its sights, smells,
sounds, activities, and conditions.
• Be aware of the people in your environment.
• Take note of the nearest exits in any facility.
• Be aware of potential warning signs and
behaviors of those in your environment.
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 30
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Components of an Emergency Action Plan
• A preferred method for reporting emergencies
• An evacuation policy and procedure
• Emergency escape procedures and route
assignments
• Contact information for individuals and their
responsibilities under the EAP
• Information concerning local medical centers
• An emergency notification system.
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 31
PREPAREDNESS B
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Components of Training Programs
• Develop a sense of situational awareness
• Recognize the sound of gunshots
• React quickly when gunshots occur
• 911 notification procedures
• React when law enforcement arrives
• Adopt the survival mindset
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 32
PREPAREDNESS C
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Emergency Casualty Care Staff Training
• Stop The Bleed (US DHS)
– Bleeding Control for the Injured
(B-Con) (NAEMT)
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 33
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Hemorrhage Control Kits
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 34
• Pressure Dressings (Israeli Bandage)
• Tourniquets
• Combat Gauze
• Chest Seals
PREPAREDNESS D
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Human Resources’ Responsibilities
• Conduct employee screening & background
checks.
• Create system to address potential violence.
• Provide counseling services to employees.
• Develop EAP addressing active assaults.
• Develop procedure for discharging employees.
• Develop provisions to assist people with
disabilities.
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 35
PREPAREDNESS E
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Facility Manager Responsibilities
• Institute access controls
• Distribute critical items to appropriate personnel
• Coordinate with security
• Assemble crisis kits
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 36
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Floor Plans / Response Information
• Floor plans & response information placed near
entrances for emergency responders.
• Emergency access device distributed to local
emergency services.
• DVD containing a video tour of the facility
provided to local emergency services.
• Designate individuals who can activate the
emergency notification system.
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 37
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Location Aids
• Laminated card identifying one’s current location
with building number / name, floor, and room
provided.
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 38
You are in the “Mellon Building”
First Floor, Suite C
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Door / Numbering or Labeling
• Number or label entrance doors
• Number or label interior doors from
outside and inside room.
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 39
Outside
Inside
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Manager / Supervisor Responsibilities
• Take immediate action
• Remain calm
• Lock and barricade doors
• Evacuate staff and customers via a preplanned
evacuation route to a safe area
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 40
PREPAREDNESS A
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Managing Consequences
• Accountability
• Rendering Aid
• Reunification
• Notifications
• Assessments
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 41
RESOURCES F
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 42
Civilian Response to
Active Assaults
Threat
Assessment
Countermeasures &
Preparation
Why civilians need
to be prepared
Physical / Operational
Security Assessments
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Only Seconds to Act
• Average police responsetime about 3-6 minutes.
– This does not include the timerequired to locate andneutralize the threat afterarrival (about 4 minutespossible).
• Civilians caught in an activeassault will need to takeappropriate actions.
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 43
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 44
ALICEElement Description Commonality
Alert Initial alert may be the sound of gunshots, PA announcement, etc.
Lockdown Indoor environments-close, lock and barricade doors when possible.Locate items in the environment that can be used as weapons todefend yourself. Identify possible escape routes.
CRASE-Deny;DHS-Hide
Inform Communicate real-time information on shooter location with cleardirect language. Inform employees, students, etc. of assault. Call 911.
Counter If actor is penetrating your defenses, or posing an imminent threat toyour safety, exercise your right to defend yourself. Commit toaggressively defending yourself.
CRASE-Defend; DHS-Fight
Escape Know your environment’s ingress and egress routes. Evacuate thearea, building or place as quickly as possible. Use items and zones ofcover. Encourage others to evacuate, but do not impede your escapewhen others hesitate. Leave personal belongings.
CRASE-Avoid;DHS-Run
SpecialNotes:
ALICE elements are not intended to be chronologically sequential.Any of the elements can be implemented at any time, as needed.
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Importance of Escape
• Escape enables individuals to survive an incident.
• Escape reduces the potential “victim pool.”
• Escape removes individuals from the scene who
could potentially be misidentified by police as
aggressors.
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 45
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 46
ALERRTCivilian Response to an Active Shooter Event
Element Description Commonality
Avoid Know your environment’s ingress and egress routes. Evacuate thearea, building or place as quickly as possible. Use items and zones ofcover. Encourage others to evacuate, but do not impede your escapewhen others hesitate. Leave personal belongings.
ALICE-Escape; DHS-Run
Deny Indoor environments-close, lock and barricade doors when possible.Locate items in the environment that can be used as weapons todefend yourself. Identify possible escape routes.
ALICE-Lockdown;DHS-Hide
Defend If actor is penetrating your defenses, or posing an imminent threat toyour safety, exercise your right to defend yourself. Commit toaggressively defending yourself.
ALICE-Counter; DHS-Fight
RESPONSE B
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 47
U.S. Department of Homeland SecurityElement Description Commonality
Run Know your environment’s ingress and egress routes. Evacuate thearea, building or place as quickly as possible. Use items and zones ofcover. Encourage others to evacuate, but do not impede your escapewhen others hesitate. Leave personal belongings.
ALICE-Escape;CRASE-Defend
Hide Indoor environment-close, lock and barricade doors when possible.Locate items in the environment that can be used as weapons todefend yourself. Identify possible escape routes.
ALICE-Lockdown;CRASE-Deny
Fight If actor is penetrating your defenses, or posing an imminent threat toyour safety, exercise your right to defend yourself. Commit toaggressively defending yourself.
ALICE-Counter;CRASE-Defend
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Comparison of Response Models
• Run
• Hide
• Fight
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 48
• Avoid
• Deny
• Defend
• Alert
• Lockdown
• Inform
• Counter
• Escape
DHSALERRTCRASE
ALICE
RESPONSE A
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Precautions for Armed Citizens
• Likelihood of Success
• Assumption of Risk
• Actions Justified
• Mistaken as Assailant
• Weapon Deployment
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 49
RESPONSE C
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 50
Civilian Response to
Active Assaults
Threat
Assessment
Countermeasures &
Preparation
Why civilians need
to be prepared
Police Response to
Active Assaults
Physical / Operational
Security Assessments
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
Police Responsibilities
• Stop the Killing– Locate and stop the threat.
– Officers will not stop to assist injured until the threat isstopped.
• Stop the Dying– Facilitate Rescue Team entry to treat and evacuate
injured.
• Secure the scene for processing
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 51
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
How to React When Police Arrive 1
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 52
• Be where you will be easily visible.
• Raise your hands, spread your fingers.
• Keep hands empty, visible at all times.
• Avoid making any quick movements toward officers.
• If armed, keep hands visible and advise officers that
they have a concealed weapon.
RESPONSE D
18-003
MPOETC — 2018 Assessing & Planning for Active Assaults
How to React When Police Arrive 2
Copyright © 2018 by the Pennsylvania Municipal Police Officers’
Education and Training Commission. All Rights Reserved. 53
• Remain calm, follow officers’ instructions.
• Avoid pointing, or screaming.
• Do not ask officers for help or direction when
evacuating.
• Do not get upset or argue with an officer.
• Do not resist, if handcuffed, searched.