Aspects of DevelopmentAspects of Development

“Children are not miniature adults.” (p. 30) Think Differently

See the World Differently

Live by Different Moral and Ethical Principles

Issues of Development Issues of Development

Does Cognitive Development Fall Within the Domain of the Classroom Teacher?

Piaget: How Cognitive Piaget: How Cognitive Development OccursDevelopment Occurs Schemes Adaptation

– Assimilation– Accommodation

Equilibration Contructivism

Piaget: Stages of DevelopmentPiaget: Stages of Development

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to Age 2) Reflexes Motor Activity Trial and Error Development of Object Permanence

Piaget: Stages of DevelopmentPiaget: Stages of DevelopmentPreoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7) Symbols and Language Inability to Understand Conservation

“It’s the same.” “This one has more.”

Piaget: Stages of DevelopmentPiaget: Stages of DevelopmentPreoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7)

Why can’t the child understand conservation?

Illogical Thinking– Centration– Focus on States – Lack of Reversibility

Piaget: Stages of DevelopmentPiaget: Stages of DevelopmentPreoperational Stage (Ages 2 to 7) Other Examples of Illogical Thinking

– Egocentrism– Artificialism and Animism– Problems in Classification

Piaget: Stages of DevelopmentPiaget: Stages of DevelopmentConcrete Operational (Ages 7 to 11)

Class Inclusion is no longer a problem in Concrete Operations.

Piaget: Stages of DevelopmentPiaget: Stages of Development

Concrete Operational (Ages 7 to 11) Reversibility De-centered Thought Not as Egocentric Seriation

Bob is taller than Phil. Phil is taller than Joe. Is Bob taller than Joe?

Bob is taller than Phil. Joe is shorter than Phil. Who is taller?

Piaget: Stages of DevelopmentPiaget: Stages of Development

Concrete Operational (Ages 7 to 11)

Limitations Unable to Deal with Abstractions Limited Deductive Reasoning Capability

Piaget: Stages of DevelopmentPiaget: Stages of Development

Formal Operational Stage (Age 11 to Adult) Hypothetical Situations Able to Test Hypotheses Internally Enhanced Problem Solving Ability

Whelks are more colorful than periwinkles. Whelks are less colorful than abalones. Therefore:

Formal Operations

Worms move slower than lice and worms are smaller than mice. Worms move faster than mice and worms are larger than lice. Therefore:

Formal Operations

Piaget: Criticisms and Revisions:Piaget: Criticisms and Revisions:The American QuestionThe American Question Tasks Can be Taught Earlier Exceptions to Egocentricity Development Depends on Task Development Influenced by Experience

Vygotsky: View of Cognitive Vygotsky: View of Cognitive DevelopmentDevelopment Assumptions

– Learning is a Social Process– Zone of Proximal Development

Means of Learning– Private Speech– Scaffolding

Issues of Development Issues of Development

Does Psychosocial Development Fall Within the Domain of the Classroom Teacher?

Erikson: Stages of Psychosocial Erikson: Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentDevelopmentTrust Versus Mistrust (Birth to 18 Months)Autonomy Versus Doubt (18 Months to 3

Years)Initiative Versus Guilt (3 to 6 Years)Industry Versus Inferiority (6 to 12 Years)

Erikson: Stages of Psychosocial Erikson: Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentDevelopmentIdentity Versus Role Confusion (12 to 18

Years)Intimacy Versus Isolation (Young Adult)Generativity Versus Self-Absorption

(Middle Adult)Integrity Versus Despair (Late Adult)

Issues of Development Issues of Development

Does Moral Development Fall Within the Domain of the Classroom Teacher?

Theories of Moral DevelopmentTheories of Moral Development

Piaget– Heteronomous Morality (Younger)– Autonomous Morality (Older)

Theories of Moral DevelopmentTheories of Moral Development Kohlberg

– Preconventional Punishment and Obedience Orientation Instrumental Relativist Orientation

– Conventional “Good Boy-Good Girl” Orientation Law and Order Orientation

– Postconventional Social Contract Orientation Universal Ethical Principle Orientation

Theories of Moral DevelopmentTheories of Moral Development Moral Dilemma

One of your brightest middle school students spills her purse which contains a non-prescription pain reliever product. You believe her when she tells you that her mother sent her to the store to buy them yesterday, but she forgot they were still in her purse. However, possession of the pill violates your school's zero-tolerance drug policy which you voted for. Would you report the incident?

Theories of Moral DevelopmentTheories of Moral Development Kohlberg

– Present moral reasoning that is just above the child’s current level to facilitate development

– Moral reasoning is not the same thing as moral behavior.

– Most people show reasoning from more than one stage.

– A word about the 10 commandments (p. 54).