ASMOSIA VII ASMOSIA VII

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B U L L E T I N D E C O R R E S P O N D A N C E H E L L É N I Q U E

ASMOSIA VI IActes du VIIe colloque international de l’ASMOSIA

Thasos 15-20 septembre 2003

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference ofAssociation for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity

Thassos 15-20 september, 2003

Études réunies par Yannis MANIATIS

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É C O L E F R A N Ç A I S E D ´ A T H È N E S

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Ce volume comprend les textes des communications d’ASMOSIA VII, 7e con-férence internationale de l’Association pour l’étude du marbre et des autres pierresdans l’Antiquité (Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Anti-quity), qui s’est tenue dans l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Les thèmes abordés dans cescommunications sont à la pointe du domaine interdisciplinaire où se rejoignent lascience, l’archéologie et l’histoire de l’art ; ils reflètent un large spectre de larecherche sur les pierres, depuis la carrière jusqu’au produit décoré dans son étatfinal. Les sujets plus particulièrement abordés sont les suivants : (1) Considérationsarchéologiques et emploi du marbre ; (2) Carrières, techniques d’extraction, géologie etpropriétés de la pierre ; (3) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : le marbre ;(4) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : autres pierres ; (5) Techniques etdéveloppements ; (6) Bases de données ; (7) Propriétés de la pierre – Vieillissement–Restauration et (8) Pigments et peintures sur marbre.

This book contains the papers submitted to ASMOSIA VII, which is the 7th In-ternational Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stonesin Antiquity. The conference was held in the island of Thassos, Greece. The sub-jects of the papers represent the state-of-the-art in the interdisciplinary field ofScience and Archaeology and Art-History and reflect a very broad range ofresearch and applications on stone, from the quarry to the final decorated object.In particular, the subjects cover: (1) Archaeological considerations and use of marble,(2) Quarries, Quarrying Techniques, Geology and Stone properties, (3) ProvenanceIdentification and Characterisation: Marble, (4) Provenance Identification andCharacterisation: Other stones, (5) Techniques and Developments, (6) Databases,(7) Stone Properties – Weathering – Restoration and (8) Pigments and paintings onmarble.

BULLETIN DE CORRESPONDANCE HELLÉNIQUE, SUPPLÉMENTS

41. Les Italiens dans le monde grec (IIe siècle av. J.-C.-Ier siècle ap. J.-C.). Circulation, dénomination, intégration. Actes de la Table ronde organisée à l’École Normale Supérieure,Paris, 14-16 mai 1998, édités par Claire HASENOHR et Christel MÜLLER (2002).

42. Recherches franco-albanaise I. L’Albanie dans l’Europe préhistorique, Actes du colloque de Lorient organisé par l’École française d’Athènes et l’Université de Bretagne-Sud, Lorient8-10 juin 2000, édités par Gilles TOUCHAIS et Josette RENARD (2002).

43. Le Néolithique de Chypre, Actes du colloque international organisé par le Département des Antiquités deChypre et l’École française d’Athènes, Nicosie 17-19 mai 2001, édités par Jean GUILAINE et Alain LE BRUN, avec la collaboration d’Odile DAUNE-LE BRUN (2003).

44. Les Messéniens de 370/369 au Ier siècle de notre ère. Monnayage et histoire, par Catherine GRANDJEAN (2002).

45. La sculpture architecturale byzantine dans le thème de Nikopolis du Xe au début du XIIIe siècle (Épire et Étolie-Acarnanie et Sud de l’Albanie), par Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2005).

46. Mythos. La préhistoire égéenne du XIXe au XXIe siècle après J.-C. Actes de la table ronde internationaled’Athènes (21-23 novembre 2002), édités par Pascal DARCQUE, Michael FOTIADIS et Olga POLYCHRONOPOULOU (2006).

47. Études d’archéologie délienne, par Philippe BRUNEAU, Recueil d’articles rassemblés et indexés par Jean-Charles MORETTI (2006).

48. La sculpture des Cyclades à l’époque archaïque. Histoire des ateliers, rayonnement des styles, Actes du colloque international, organisé par l’Éphorie desAntiquités préhistoriques et classiques des Cyclades et l’École française d’Athènes (7-9 septembre 1998), édités par Y. KOURAYOS et Fr. PROST (2008).

49. La Sculpture Byzantine VIIe – XIIe siècle, Actes du colloque international, organisé par la 2e Éphorie des Antiquités byzantines et l’École française d’Athènes (6-8 septembre 2000),édités par Charalambos PENNAS et Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2008).

50. La gigantomachie de Pergame ou l’image du monde, par Françoise-Hélène MASSA-PAIRAULT (2007).

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ASMOSIA VII


É C O L E F R A N Ç A I S E D ’ A T H È N E S

Directeur des publications : Dominique MulliezAdjointe aux publications : Catherine Aubert

Révision et mise au point des textes : Y. Maniatis

L’École française d’Athènes, qui a contribué à l’organisation de la rencontre ASMOSIA VII à Thasos, avec le centre Dimokritos, la18e éphorie des antiquités préhistoriques et classiques de Kavala et l’IGME, a pris en charge la totalité du coût de fabrication desactes dans sa collection, mais a autorisé à titre exceptionnel Yannis Maniatis à recourir aux normes éditoriales anglo-saxonnes.

Pré-presse et photogravure : EFA Velissarios Anagnostopoulos, Thymeli s.n.c.Coordination de la fabrication : EFA, Velissarios AnagnostopoulosImpression, reliure : Break In s.a.Conception graphique de la couverture : EFA, Velissarios Anagnostopoulos

Dépositaire : De Boccard Édition-Diffusion – 11, rue de Médicis, F – 75006 Paris, www.deboccard.com

© École française d’Athènes, 2009 – 6, rue Didotou, GR – 10680 Athènes, www.efa.gr

ISBN 978-2-86958-207-1

Reproduction et traduction, même partielles, interdites sans l’autorisation de l’éditeur pour tous pays, y compris les États-Unis.


BCHSupplément 51


ASMOSIA VIIActes du VIIe colloque international de l’ASMOSIA

Organisé par l'École française d'Athènes,

le National Center for Scientific Research “DIMOKRITOS”,

la 18e éphorie des antiquités préhistoriques et classiques (Kavala)

et l’Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration

Thasos, 15-20 septembre 2003

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference of

Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity

organized by the French School of Athens,

the National Center for Scientific Research “DIMOKRITOS”,

the 18th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities (Kavala)

and the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration

Thassos, september 15-20, 2003




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CONTENTS

Préface Yannis Maniatis .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. XIII-XVI

ABBREVIATIONS IN BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... XVII

SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY TALK

Ch. KOUKOULI-CHRYSANTHAKI and S. PAPADOPOULOS .................................................................................................................................................................................................1-18The island of Thassos and the Aegean in the Prehistory

PART I: ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS – USE OF MARBLE

Th. STEFANIDOU-TIVERIOU ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19-29Thassian marble: A connection between Thassos and Thessaloniki

E.J. WALTERS .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31-41Thassian Julius Caesar

G.E BORROMEO, J.J. HERRMANN, Jr. and N. HERZ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 43-51Macedonian workmanship on a Thassian marble Hadrian in Providence?

J. C. FANT .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53-57White marbles in the summer triclinium of the casa del Bracciale d’Oro, Pompeii

J.J. HERRMANN, Jr. and R.H. TYKOT ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 59-75Some products from the Dokimeion quarries: craters, tables, capitals and statues

P.A. BUTZ ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 77-87The Naxian Colossus at Delos: “Same Stone”

A. BETORI, M. GOMEZ SERITO and P. PENSABENE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 89-102Investigation of marbles and stones used in Augustean monuments of western alpine provinces (Italy)

F. BIANCHI and M. BRUNO .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 103-111Flavian amphitheatre: The Cavea and the Portico; Comments about the quality, quantity and the

working of its marbles

O. PALAGIA, Y. MANIATIS, E. DOTSIKA and D. KAVOUSSANAKI ........................................................................................................................................................... 113-132New investigations on the pedimental sculptures of the “Hieron” of Samothrace: A preliminary report

V. GAGGADIS-ROBIN, Y. MANIATIS, C. SINTÈS, D. KAVOUSSANAKI and E. DOTSIKA ...................................................................................... 133-146Provenance investigation of some marble sarcophagi from Arles with stable isotope and maximum

grain sizes analysis

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L. COOK and I. THOMAS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 147-157Faustino Corsi and the coloured marbles of Derbyshire

F. VAN KEUREN, L.P. GROMET and N. HERZ .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 159-174Three mythological sarcophagi at the RISD Museum: Marble provenances and iconography

PART II: QUARRIES, QUARRYING TECHNIQUES, GEOLOGY AND STONE PROPERTIES

J.A. HARRELL ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 175-186The Bokari granodiorite quarry in Egypt’s eastern desert

E. BLOXAM, P. STOREMYR and T. HELDAL .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 187-201Hard stone quarrying in the Egyptian old Kingdom (3rd Millennium BC): rethinking the social or-

ganization

T. ENDO and S. NISHIMOTO ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 203-210The ancient Egyptian quarry at Dibabiya

D. KLEMM and R. KLEMM ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 211-225Pharaonic limestone quarries in Wadi Nakhla and Deir Abu Hennis, Egypt

T. HELDAL, P. STOREMYR, E. BLOXAM, I. SHAW, R. LEE and A. SALEM ....................................................................................................................................... 227-241GPS and GIS methodology in the mapping of Chephren’s quarry, Upper Egypt: a significant tool for

documentation and interpretation of the site

P. STOREMYR, T. HELDAL, E. BLOXAM and J.A. HARRELL ................................................................................................................................................................................. 243-256New evidence of small-scale Roman basalt quarrying in Egypt: Widan el Faras in the northern Faiyum

desert and Tilal Sawda by El-Minya

P. STOREMYR and T. HELDAL .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 257-271Ancient stone quarries: Vulnerable archaeological sites threatened by modern development

P. HADJIDAKIS, D. MATARANGAS and M. VARTI-MATARANGAS .............................................................................................................................................................. 273-288Ancient quarries in Delos, Greece

M. WURCH-KOZELJ et T. KOZELJ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 289-307Quelques sarcophages rectangulaires d’époque impériale, des carrières thasiennes aux nécropoles de

Thasos

K. LASKARIDIS and V. PERDIKATSIS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 309-317Characterisation of the timeless white marble and quarrying activity in Thassos

PART III: PROVENANCE IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION (MARBLE)

F. GABELLONE, M.T. GIANNOTTA and A. ALESSIO ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 319-331The Torre Sgarrata wreck (South Italy): Marble artefacts in the cargo

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A. CALIA, M.T. GIANNOTTA, L. LAZZARINI and G. QUARTA ...................................................................................................................................................................... 333-342The Torre Sgarrata wreck: Characterization and provenance of white marble artefacts in the cargo

D. ATTANASIO, S. KANE and N. HERZ ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 343-356New isotopic and EPR data for 22 sculptures from the extramural sanctuary of Demeter and

Persephone at Cyrene

D. ATTANASIO, G. MESOLELLA, P. PENSABENE, R. PLATANIA and P. ROCCHI .................................................................................................................. 357-369EPR and Petrographic provenance of the architectural white marbles of three buildings at Villa Adriana

T. CRAMER, K. GERMANN and W.–D. HEILMEYER ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 371-383Marble objects from Asia Minor in the Berlin collection of classical antiquities: stone characteristics

and provenance

M. BRUNO, C. GORGONI and P. PALLANTE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 385-398On the provenance of white marbles used in the baths of Caracalla in Rome

M. FISCHER ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 399-412Marble from Pentelicon, Paros, Thasos and Proconnesus in ancient Israel: an attempt at a chronolog-

ical distinction

Y. MANIATIS, P. SOTIRAKOPOULOU, K. POLIKRETI, E. DOTSIKA and E. TZAVIDOPOULOS ........................................................................ 413-437The “Keros Hoard”: Provenance of the figurines and possible sources of marble in the Cyclades

Y. MANIATIS, S. PAPADOPOULOS, E. DOTSIKA, D. KAVOUSSANAKI and E. TZAVIDOPOULOS .............................................................. 439-449Provenance investigation of Neolithic marble vases from Limeraria, Thassos: Imported marble to

Thassos?

M. UNTERWURZACHER, H. STADLER and P. MIRWALD ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 451-458Provenance study of Roman marble artefacts of an excavation near Oberdrauburg (Carinthia, Austria)

L. LAZZARINI ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 459-484The distribution and re-use of the most important coloured marbles in the provinces of the Roman

Empire

M. MARIOTTINI, E. CURTI and E. MOSCETTI ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 485-493The taste of the marbles in Roman villae (Tiburtina-Nomentana)

L. LAZZARINI and S. CANCELLIERE .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 495-508Marmor Thessalicum (verde antico): Source, distribution and characterization

P. LAPUENTE, B. TURI and Ph. BLANC ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 509-522Marbles and coloured stones from the theatre of Caesaraugusta (Hispania): Preliminary study

R.H. TYKOT, G.E. BORROMEO, C. CORRADO-GOULET and K. SEVERSON ....................................................................................................................... 523-532Marble sculptures from the Rhode Island School of Design: Provenance studies using stable isotope

and other analysis

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J. J. HERRMANN, Jr., R. NEWMAN and A. VAN DEN HOEK ............................................................................................................................................................................... 533-545Identifying Dolomitic Marble 2000-2003: The Capitoline Museums, New York, and Somnus-

Hypnos in Urbisaglia

PART IV: PROVENANCE IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION (OTHER STONES)

R. BUGINI and L. FOLLI ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 547-557On tesserae of Roman mosaics in Lombardy (Italy)

E. Roffia, R. Bugini and L. Folli .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 559-570Stone materials of the Roman villas around lake Garda (Italy)

P. DEGRYSE, P. MUCHEZ, E. TROGH and M. WAELKENS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 571-580The natural building stones of Helenistic to Byzantine Sagalassos: Provenance determination through

stable isotope geochemistry

Ø.J. JANSEN, T. HELDAL, R.B. PEDERSEN, Y. RONEN and S.H.H. KALAND ...................................................................................................................... 581-595Provenance of soapstone used in medieval buildings in the Bergen region, Western Norway

B. MORONI, I. BORGIA, M. PETRELLI and P. LAPUENTE ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 597-613Archaeometry of chert tools: For a non-destructive geochemical approach

J. CASSAR .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 615-626Classifying Maltese prehistoric limestone megaliths by means of geochemical data

F. ANTONELLI, L. LAZZARINI, S. CANCELLIERE and A. SOLANO .............................................................................................................................................................. 627-643“Granito del Foro” and “Granito di Nicotera”: Archaeometric problems

O. ÖZBEK ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 645-656The prehistoric ground stone implements from Yartarla: The preliminary results of a geoarchaeolog-

ical study in Tekirdag region (Eastern Thrace)

S. CHLOUVERAKI and S. LUGLI ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 657-668Gypsum: A jewel in Minoan palatial architecture; Identification and characterization of its varieties

L. LAZZARINI and F. ATHANASIOU ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 669-676The discovery of the Greek origin of the “Breccia policroma della Vittoria”

PART V: TECHNIQUES AND DEVELOPMENTS

J. ZÖLDFÖLDI and Zs. KASZTOVSZKY .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 677-691Provenance study of Lapis Lazuli by non-destructive prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA)

F. BIRICOTTI and M. SEVERI ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 693-698A new non-destructive methodology for studying the internal structure of white marble of artistic and

archaeological interest

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PART VI: DATABASES

S. PIKE ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 699-708A stable isotope database for the ancient white marble quarries of Mount Pentelikon, Greece

G. KOKKOROU-ALEVRAS, E. POUPAKI, A. CHATZICONSTANTINOU and A. EFSTATHOPOULOS ......................................................... 709-718Corpus of ancient Greek quarries

B. SZÉKELY and J. ZÖLDFÖLDI ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 719-734Fractal analysis and quantitative fabric analysis database of West Anatolian white marbles

PART VII: STONE PROPERTIES – WEATHERING – RESTORATION

A.TSIKOURAS, K. MIHOPOULOS, K. HATZIPANAGIOTOU and N. NINIS .................................................................................................................................. 735-743Correlations of mineralogy and physical properties for stones used in the building and the restoration

of the Asklepieion at Epidauros

I. PAPAYIANNI and M. STEFANIDOU ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 745-752Study of the behaviour of Serpentinite stones used for the construction of ancient Dioklitianoupoli in

Northern Greece

M. GREENHALGH .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 753-764Where have all the columns gone? The loss and reuse of antiquities in the Eastern Mediterranean

K. KOUZELI, and E. ZGOULETA ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 765-776Gypsum at the Minoan site of Knossos: Types and deterioration

L. GIORDANI, M. ODDONE, and S. MELONI .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 777-786Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis of the marble façade of the Certosa di Pavia: Materials

provenancing and problematics related to decay

K. POLIKRETI, and Y. MANIATIS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 787-798Ionic and charge mobility on weathered marble surfaces, studied by EPR spectroscopy

PART VIII: PIGMENTS AND PAINTINGS ON MARBLE

B. BOURGEOIS and Ph. JOCKEY ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 799-809Polychrome Hellenistic sculpture in Delos: Research on surface treatments of ancient marble sculp-

ture - Part II

A. G. KARYDAS, H. BRECOULAKI, B. BOURGEOIS and Ph. JOCKEY .................................................................................................................................................... 811-829In-situ X-Ray Fluorescence analysis of raw pigments and traces of polychromy on Hellenistic sculpture

at the archaeological museum of Delos

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PRÉFACE

L’acronyme ASMOSIA désigne l’Association pour l’étude du marbre et autres pierres dans l’Antiquité(Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity), fondée lors d’un atelier de recherche

avancée de l’OTAN qui s’est tenu à l’hôtel Il Ciocco, à Lucca, en Italie, du 9 au 13 mai 1988. L’atelier

était intitulé : Le marbre en Grèce ancienne et à Rome : Géologie, carrières, commerce et artefacts. Il fut

suivi par une cinquantaine de participants qui représentaient de nombreuses professions : des physi-

ciens, travaillant dans le domaine de l’archéométrie, des archéologues, des historiens de l’art et des

conservateurs. Il fut organisé par Marc Waelkens et Norman Herz avec le but affiché d’encourager les

projets associant scientifiques, historiens de l’art et autres pour une meilleure compréhension des ques-

tions relevant de l’usage de la pierre par les Anciens. À la suite de cet atelier, une série de rencontres

fut programmée tous les deux ans et demi environ : la seconde rencontre eut lieu du 16 au 20 octobre

1990 à Louvain, en Belgique ; la troisième du 17 au 19 mai 1993 à Athènes, en Grèce ; la quatrième

du 9 au 13 octobre 1995 à Bordeaux, en France ; la cinquième du 11 au 15 juin 1998 à Boston, aux

États-Unis ; la sixième du 15 au 18 juin 2000 à Venise, en Italie ; la septième du 15 au 20 septembre

2003 à Liménas, sur l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Cette série de colloques fait partie intégrante de l’asso-

ciation ASMOSIA : ils ont pour objectif de promouvoir la collaboration entre les sciences, l’archéologie

et l’histoire de l’art pour une meilleure compréhension de l’exploitation, du transport, du traitement

et de l’emploi de la pierre brute dans l’Antiquité.

La publication des actes a été bien accueillie à la fois par les historiens de l’art, les archéologues et lacommunauté scientifique, comme par les corps de conservateurs; elle a contribué à susciter une coopé-

ration interdisciplinaire sans cesse élargie. Dans la mesure où, avant la création de l’association, cettecoopération était minimale, ce fut là, en fait, un progrès décisif. Pour la bonne organisation et la publi-

cation de ces rencontres, on a également eu la chance de bénéficier du soutien financier d’agences nationaleset internationales, comme la fondation Samuel H. Kress Foundation, l’OTAN, etc.

Le nombre de membres de l’association a plus que quadruplé, passant de 50 en 1988 à environ 250

aujourd’hui, représentant 25 pays. En dehors des actes de colloques, ASMOSIA publie également àraison de deux fois par an l’ASMOSIA Newsletter.

À ce jour, ce domaine de la recherche a fait preuve d’importantes avancées dans la mesure où les sourcesmatérielles dont on dispose pour l’usage du marbre et des autres pierres dans l’Antiquité ont été lar-gement étudiées et où les matériaux eux-mêmes ont fait l’objet de caractérisations géologiques et

physico-chimiques. Les bases de données avec leurs paramètres analytiques se sont développées et les

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caractéristiques de différents types de pierres brutes se sont accumulées. Bien des problèmes archéolo-giques ou relevant de l’histoire de l’art trouvent désormais une meilleure réponse et une meilleure explicationpar le recours aux analyses scientifiques et aux bases de données, qu’il s’agisse de la provenance, de l’iden-tification, de la diffusion, du traitement, des assemblages et de la préservation d’importants artefacts.

Le 7e colloque international de l’association ASMOSIA s’est tenu à Liménas, la ville principale et leport de l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Il a été organisé par le laboratoire d’archéométrie-NCSR « Demokritos »,l’École française d’Athènes, la 18e éphorie des antiquités préhistoriques et classiques, l’IGME (Institute

of Geology and Mineral Exploration). Le comité d’organisation, composé de Y. Maniatis, K. Polikreti,Z. Bonias, S. Papadopoulos, T. Kozelj, M. Wurch-Kozelj et M. Varti-Mataranga, tient à adresser ses

remerciements à la Municipalité de Thasos qui a mis à disposition la salle de conférences du « Kalogeriko »

et a tout mis en œuvre pour faciliter le bon déroulement du colloque, le ministère grec de la culture

et le ministère grec de l’Égée ainsi que l’Association des entreprises du marbre de Thrace et de Macédoine

pour leur soutien financier.

Ce volume réunit les contributions présentées au 7e colloque international de l’association ASMOSIA.

Les thèmes abordés dans ces communications sont à la pointe du domaine interdisciplinaire où se rejoi-

gnent les sciences, l’archéologie et l’histoire de l’art ; ils reflètent un large spectre de la recherche poursuivie

sur les pierres grâce à la coopération des sciences et des humanités. En particulier, les thèmes abordés

recouvrent presque tous les aspects qui concernent la pierre depuis la carrière jusqu’au produit décoré

dans son état final, sans exclure les questions du vieillissement et de la restauration.

Tous les textes soumis pour publication dans ces actes ont fait l’objet d’une révision attentive par un

ou plusieurs réviseurs, ce qui en garantit le haut niveau, le caractère innovant et la portée scientifique.

En la matière, nous exprimons nos sincères remerciements aux membres du comité exécutif de l’asso-

ciation ASMOSIA, N. Herz, L. Lazzarini, P. Storemyr, J.J. Herrmann Jr., Ph. Jockey, S. Kane, J. Harrell,

ainsi qu’aux members du comité scientifique du colloque qui ont apporté leur concours à la difficile

révision des textes présentés dans ce volume.

En outre, nous voulons remercier V. Zatta, secrétaire de l’Institute of Materials Science-NCSR

« Demokritos » pour son aide dans le traitement des actes et les étudiants-chercheurs du laboratoired’archéométrie-NCSR « Demokritos » D. Tambakopoulos et M. Maniati pour leur aide dans l’orga-

nisation et la relecture des épreuves.

Nous tenons aussi à exprimer notre plus profonde gratitude à l’École française d’Athènes et, en parti-

culier, à son directeur, le professeur D. Mulliez : l’École française d’Athènes, en effet, a supporté latotalité du coût de fabrication et du travail de publication des actes dans le Supplément 51 du Bulletinde Correspondance Hellénique. Nos remerciements vont également à Sandrine Huber, ancienne adjointeaux publications de l’École française d’Athènes, et à Catherine Aubert, qui lui a succédé à ce poste,

pour la part qu’elles ont prise dans l’élaboration de la publication.

Yannis Maniatis

Président de l’association ASMOSIA

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PREFACE

ASMOSIA stands for the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity and was

founded at a NATO sponsored Advanced Research Workshop held at Il Ciocco, Lucca, Italy, 9-13 May,

1988. The Workshop was entitled, “Marble in Ancient Greece and Rome: Geology, Quarries, Commerce,

Artifacts” and was attended by fifty persons representing many varied professions: physical scientists

working in Archaeometry, archaeologists, art historians, and conservators. It was organized by Marc

Waelkens and Norman Herz with the avowed goal of encouraging collaborative projects among sci-

entists, art historians and others in order to better understand the problems associated with ancient

man’s use of stone. Following that a series of meetings were held scheduled approximately every two

and a half year: the second meeting was held October 16-20, 1990 in Leuven, Belgium; the third May

17-19, 1993, in Athens, Greece; the fourth October 9-13, 1995 in Bordeaux, France; the fifth June

11-15, 1998, in Boston, USA; the sixth June 15-18, 2000 in Venice, Italy; and the seventh in September

15-20, 2003 at Limenas on the Island of Thassos, Greece. These series of conferences form an integral

part of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones Used in Antiquity (ASMOSIA) and

their aim is to promote the combined scientific, archaeological and art-historical research for a better

understanding of the exploration, transportation, treatment and use of stone raw materials in Antiquity.

The publications of the proceedings have been well received by both the art historical, archaeological,

and scientific, as well as museum communities and have helped to inspire an ever increasing interdis-

ciplinary cooperation. Since previous to ASMOSIA, such cooperation was minimal, this has indeed

been a great accomplishment. We have also been fortunate in receiving financial support for our meetingsand publications from national and international agencies, such as the Samuel H. Kress Foundation,

NATO etc.

Membership in ASMOSIA has grown over four-fold, from under 50 in 1988 to about 250 now andrepresenting 25 countries. Publications apart from the conference proceedings include the currently

twice-yearly ASMOSIA Newsletter.

Today, the field has witnessed important advances as the raw material sources for marble and otherstones used in Antiquity have been studied to a great extend and the materials have been characterised

geologically and physicochemically. The databases with analytical parameters have been expanding andexperience with the characteristics of different types of raw stone materials has been accumulating. Many

archaeological and art-historical problems can now be better resolved and explained using the advancedscientific methods and databases. Such problems may be related to provenance, identification, movement,

treatment, assemblages and preservation of important artifacts.

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The 7th International ASMOSIA Conference was held at Limenas, the main town and harbour of theisland of Thassos, Greece. It was organized by the Laboratory of Archaeometry-NCSR “Demokritos”,the French School at Athens, the 18th Ephoreia of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities and the Institute

of Geology and Mineral Exploration. The Organizing Committee, Y. Maniatis, K. Polikreti, Z. Bonias,S. Papadopoulos, T. Kozelj, M. Wurch-Kozelj and M. Varti-Mataranga would like to thank and

acknowledge the Municipal Authorities of Thassos for providing the Conference building “Kalogeriko”

and all the necessary facilities in order to make this Conference possible, the financial support of the

Greek Ministry of Culture, the financial support of the Greek Ministry of the Aegean and the financial

support of the Association of Marble Enterprises of Macedonia and Thrace.

This book contains the papers submitted to the 7th International ASMOSIA Conference. The sub-

jects of the papers represent the state-of-the art in the field and reflect a very broad range of research

and applications carried out in cooperation between the sciences and the humanities. In particular, the

subjects cover almost everything on stone from the quarry to the final decorated object, including even

aspects of weathering and restoration.

All the papers submitted for publication in these proceedings went under a peer reviewing process by

one or more reviewers. This guarantees that the papers published in this volume are of high standards,

innovative and scientifically sound.

For this, we expresses his sincere thanks to the Executive Committee of ASMOSIA, N. Herz, L. Lazzarini,

P. Storemyr, J.J. Herrmann Jr., Ph. Jockey, S. Kane, J. Harrell, and the Scientific Committee of the

Conference and also to other professional colleagues who helped with the difficult task of reviewing

the papers presented in this volume.

In addition, we want to thank Mrs V. Zatta, the Secretary of the Institute of Materials Science of NCSR“Demokritos” for her help in processing the proceedings and the research students of the Laboratory

of Archaeometry-NCSR “Demokritos” Mr. D. Tambakopoulos and Mrs. M. Maniati for their help inorganising and proof readings of the papers.

We also expresses his deepest gratitude to the French School at Athens and particularly to its Directorprof. D. Mulliez for undertaking the full cost and effort of publication of the proceedings as Supplement 51

of the Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique. Thanks are also due to Mrs. S. Huber, former publicationofficer of the French School, and Mrs. C. Aubert, present publication officer, for organizing the pub-

lication.

Yannis Maniatis

Current President of ASMOSIA

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“GRANITO DEL FORO ” AND “GRANITO DI NICOTERA”:ARCHAEOMETRIC PROBLEMS

F. ANTONELLI1, L. LAZZARINI1, S. CANCELLIERE1 and A. SOLANO2

1. Laboratorio di Analisi dei Materiali Antichi - DSA - Università Iuav di Venezia, Venezia 2. Museo Archeologico di Nicotera, Nicotera (VV )

ABSTRACT

Granitoid rocks were among the most frequently used stone materials for columns and pillars during theRoman period; when employed in Rome and the Mediterranean Provinces they were mainly quarried inEgypt, in Asia Minor and in Italy. Some of these rocks show very similar macroscopic features so it is often verydifficult to tell them apart with the naked eye. This is the case with the "Granito del Foro” (or Marmor Clau-dianum), from the Gebel Fatireh, in the Eastern Egyptian Desert, and the “Granito di Nicotera” (Calabria,Italy), both exploited from the 1st century AD onwards. Both feature medium grain size and white-greyishcolour with black patches. In order to obtain a certain microscopic and geochemical discrimination of theserocks, and to provide the first known petrographic classification of the "Granito di Nicotera", a comprehensivemineralogical, petrographic and geochemical investigation was performed on several samples from the quarry.The results were compared with the corresponding data known for Marmor Claudianum in the literature.They indicate that a good differentiation between the "Granito del Foro” and "Granito di Nicotera" is possiblebased on mineralogical composition (i.e. significant presence of hornblende in the first and of muscovite in thesecond) and geochemical characters (i.e. peraluminous index and trace elements).

KEYWORDS: GRANITO DI NICOTERA, ANCIENT QUARRIES, PETROGRAPHY, GEOCHEMISTRY,MARMOR CLAUDIANUM, DIFFERENTIATION.

INTRODUCTION

In Roman times, granites and, more in general, granitoid rocks, were widely used in theMediterranean area for ornamental purposes and especially, given their intrinsic good phys-ical and mechanical characteristics, for columns and pillars. Starting from the 1st century

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628 F. ANTONELLI, L. LAZZARINI, S. CANCELLIERE and A. SOLANO

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A.D. the main source areas of granitoid rocks were Egypt (Assuan and the Eastern Desert),Asia Minor (North-Western Turkey) and Italy (the Islands of Elba, Giglio and Sardinia andNicotera) (fig. 1). There were also some extraction sites of local relevance such as Galicia inSpain and Felsberg in Germany.

Some of these rocks show very similar macroscopic features and therefore they are not easilydistinguishable with the naked eye. For example it is worth quoting cases like the so-called“Syenite of Assuan” and some varieties of “Sardinian granite” (GALETTI et al. 1992) or Elbanand Mysian granites (DE VECCHI et al. 2000). Here, we focus on the case of “Granito del Foro”,better known as Marmor Claudianum, and “Granito di Nicotera”. The first comes from theEastern Egyptian Desert, while the latter was extracted, starting from the 1st century A.D., inthe vicinity of the small town of Nicotera in Calabria (Italy). These two rocks aremacroscopically very similar and can easily be mistaken even by experts. The holotypestypically have a common medium grain-size (1.4-2 mm) and their colour is a mix of white andgrey with black spots (fig. 2).

In order to differentiate these two lithotypes and to give essential information and a correct

GS - Granito Sardo from SardiniaGG - Granito del Giglio from Giglio islandGE - Granitello Antico from Elba islandMT - Marmo TroadenseMM - Marmo MisioGC - Granito della ColonnaGVFB - Granito Verde Fiorito di BigioGBN - Granito Bianco e NeroGFw - Granite of W. FawakhirS - SieniteD - Diorite

GSGG

GE

Granito di Nicotera

MMMT

CAIRO

Granito del Foro

HURGADA

QENA

GCGVFB

GBN

GFw

ASWANSD

Fig. 1. — Map of the main Romansources of granitoid rocks.


“GRANITO DEL FORO ” AND “GRANITO DI NICOTERA”: ARCHAEOMETRIC PROBLEMS 629

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petrographic classification to the Italian one, we have undertaken a complete mineralogical-petrographic and geochemical study of several quarry samples. The results are presented hereand compared with published data for Marmor Claudianum in order to enable positive discri-mination of the two lithotypes.

GEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDS

(I) GRANITO DEL FORO

It outcrops on the Mons Claudianus, now the Gebel Fatireh, in the Eastern Desert, a wide re-gion between the Nile and the Red Sea where magmatic and metamorphic rocks ofProterozoic age are abundant (fig. 3). We know quite a lot about this lithotype because of theseveral archaeological and scientific expeditions to the area (PEACOCK and MAXFIELD 1997,p. 336). Quarries are located within a 1.3 km radius of the Roman station in Wadi Umm Hus-sein, at or near wadi level. About 130 loci, exploited from the 1st century to the beginning ofthe 3rd century A.D., have been recognized within this area.

Fig. 2. — Macroscopic aspect of the “Granito del Foro” and “Granito di Nicotera”; main visible minerals: black =biotite/hornblende; white = plagioclase and feldspar.Fig. 3. — Location of the Mons Claudianus in the Eastern Egyptian Desert.

EGYPTIAN EASTERN DESERT

Mons Ophyates

EGYPT

LIB

YA

SUDAN

JORD

ON

ISR

AE

L

SAUDIARABIA

Red Sea

Nile River

enlarged area

Mediterranean Sea

2 3



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Huge monolithic columns of Marmor Claudianum are widespread in all the Mediterraneanprovinces and especially in Rome, such as those of Trajan’s Forum and the Pantheon. Thiskind of material was also used for tubs and the bowls of fountains, like that found at Ostia,nowadays located on the road of “Fori Imperiali”, and as slabs for facing and flooring (for ex-ample at “Villa Adriana”).

(II) GRANITO DI NICOTERA

For this granite the situation is quite different since we know very little of it. The existence ofa Roman quarry active from the 1st to the 4th century A.D. was first discovered in the earlyseventies and then confirmed in the eighties by one of the present authors (SOLANO 1985a, b,p. 47). Nevertheless, the remarkable similarity of this Italian granite to the more famousEgyptian one has never been noticed.

The granite of Nicotera pertains to the peraluminous Hercynic granitoids of the so-calledCalabrian Arc, outcropping in the Nicotera region. Two petrographically, mineralogically andchemically distinct granitoid suites, related in time and partly also in space, are present in thisarea (ROTTURA et al. 1989, 1990), namely: (i) a calc-alkaline suite (mainly corresponding tothe “Tonalites of Ioppolo”; Fig. 4) and (ii) a strongly peraluminous suite (including “Tonalitesand granodiorites of Capo Vaticano”; Fig. 4).

THE NICOTERA GRANITE QUARRY

The Roman quarry, locally called “Petti Agnone”, was opened at 60 m above sea level on theSW slope of the Poro Massif, just above the ancient Roman harbour of Nicotera. The quarryis now a very difficult place to reach since it has been almost entirely covered by a landslide.Despite this, it is still possible to observe many unfinished column shafts and squared blockson site (fig. 5) as well as large and small deposits of debris. The extension of the quarrying areacan be estimated as about 2500 m2 while the largest extracted and visible monoliths arecolumns with a length of 5.5 m, and a diameter of 0.7 m.

The quarry was partly excavated in the seventies by a team of archaeologists (SOLANO 1985a,b) which re-opened about 200 m2 of the original area. In sector A, delimited by a 3.80 m longwall, the team discovered: 6 semi-finished columns with upper shaft, having length and di-ameter varying respectively from 2 to 5.30 m and 0.37 to 5.73 m; 1 parallelepipedal blockmeasuring 1.82 × 0.27 m; 1 roughcast lintel, 1.77 × 0.40 m; 1 roughed-out basin, maximumdiameter = 0.75 m, mouth = 0.65 m, rim = 0.10 m; height = 0.26 m, depth = 0.15 m.

In sector B, 15 semi-drafted artefacts were discovered including: 4 fragments of column shafts(2 of which with upper scape); 10 parallelepipedal blocks with a length varying from 2.26to 1.30 m; 1 basin having its center shaped with a rough concentric circle (Ø: 0.54 m) andmeasuring: maximum diameter = 1.92 m, mouth = 1.52 m, rim = 0.40 m, height = 0.35 m;depth = 0.25 m.



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Fig. 5. — Different views of the Roman quarry of Nicotera showing a part of a quarry front with close pa-rallel grooves and many abandoned column shafts.

N

Torre di Ioppolo

S. Maria

CapoVaticano

Parghella

Nicotera Marina

BriaticoHEADLAND OF CAPO VATICANO

quarry

Fig. 4. — Location of the Roman quarry of Nicotera in the late-Hercynian granitoids of Capo Vaticano(Southern Calabrian Arc) (from ROTTURA et al. 1991, modified). Legend: 1 = kinzigitic gneiss; 2 =tonalites of Ioppolo; 3 = quartz-diorites & tonalites of S. Maria; 4 = tonalites of Briatico; 5 = tonalites &granodiorites (a) of Capo Vaticano; 6 = two micas granodiorites; 7 = Miocenic-Quaternary deposits; 8 =faults.



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Sector C contains 5 fragments of column shafts with upper scape with lengths varying from2.45 to 1.34 m; 1 parallelepipedal block of a lintel measuring 2.30 × 0.36 m; 8 semi-finishedquadrangular crustae measuring 1.40 × 0.70 × 0.45 m.

From the finds it has been possible to date the beginning of the quarry activity to the 1st cen-tury A.D.; it is very likely that the exploitation continued to some extent in the followingcenturies, and came to an end in the 4th century, probably in 369 when a strong earthquake(mentioned by the writer Orosius) caused the harbour and the residential area of Nicotera tobe abandoned.

SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODS

Eighteen samples from different sectors of the Nicotera quarry, including also unfinishedcolumn shafts and squared blocks found in the quarry and still preserved there, were taken fortheir petrographic and geochemical characterization. Care was taken to sample rock in a freshstate and in its most representative facies.

Petrographic analysis on thin sections was carried out under the polarizing microscope andmodal mineralogy evaluated by means of a point counter with at least 1800 points countedper section (integrated area ca. 200 mm2). All the samples have also been subjected to quanti-tative chemical analysis by XRF: the whole-rock analyses for major, minor and trace elementcontents were carried out on beads prepared by melting powdered samples with lithiumtetraborate (Li2B4O7). Intensities were calibrated according to FALCONE et al. (1998): preci-sion of the method = between 1% and 5% for major and minor elements, better than 20% fortraces.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The petrographic study of the “Granito del Foro” and of the “Granito di Nicotera” shows thatboth rocks may be classified as tonalites (fig. 6) or, in some cases, as tonalite gneiss (with slightfoliation). The modal mineralogical data (Table 1) matches well with the chemical resultsgiven by the classification diagram of DE LA ROCHE et al. (1980) (fig. 7 and Table 2 ).

According to the compositional fields defined by ROTTURA et al. (1989) for calc-alkaline andperaluminous granitoids of the southern Calabrian Arc, the “Granito di Nicotera” belongs tothe calc-alkaline suite (fig. 8). Nevertheless, two samples showed a peraluminous affinity; be-sides, most of the analyzed samples present a Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O) ratio ≥ 1 and containtwo micas and Al-silicates, like the typical peraluminous granitoids of the region. The Romanquarry was probably opened in an area characterized by the contemporaneous outcropping ofboth geological suites.



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This study

Alkali Feldspar Plagioclase10/90% 35/65% 65/35% 90/10%

Alkali-FeldsparQuartz Syenite

Alkali-FeldsparSyenite

Monzonite MonzodioriteMonzogabbro

QuartzMonzodiorite/Monzogabbro

DioriteGabbroAnorthosite

Quartz DioriteQuartz GabbroQuartz Anorthosite

Tonalite

Granodiorite

Quartz Monzonite

Brown & Harrel, 1995

Greenburg, 1981:mean of 4 samples

Kraus & Roder, 1962

Galetti et al., 1992

GRANITO DEL FORO

GRANITO DI NICOTERA Quartz

5%

20%

60%

90%

Quartz-richGranitoids

Alka

li-Fe

ldsp

ar G

rani

te

Syenite

Granite

Quartz Syenite

Quartzolite

Fig. 6. — Petrographic classification of "Granito di Nicotera" and "Granito del Foro" following the QAPmodal diagram (STRECKEISEN, 1973, 1976).

Fig. 7. — Petrochemical classification of the analysed samples according to DE LA ROCHE et al. (1980).



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Fig. 8. — SiO2 variation dia-grams showing the fields de-fined by ROTTURA et al. (1989)for calc-alkaline and peralumi-nous granitoids of the southernCalabrian Arc.

However, the distinction between “Granito del Foro” and “Granito di Nicotera” is reachedwithout difficulty by the study in thin section (fig. 9 and Table 1) due to the constant and sig-nificant presence of hornblende in the first one (figs 9a-c) and of muscovite (figs 9d-f),sillimanite (figs 9f-g) and allanite (fig. 9h) in the tonalites from Nicotera (where hornblendeis absent or very rare). The distinction is also confirmed by textural features. In fact, MarmorClaudianum shows an isogranular hypidiomorphic texture, whereas the “Granito of Nicotera”features a heterogranular hypidiomorphic texture, sometimes pseudoporphyric, characterizedby consertal quartz (fig. 9i) and reabsorption phenomena affecting most of the crystals.

Besides petrography, the chemical composition of the major, and above all, trace elements,also guarantees good distinction between the two granitoid rocks. In particular the peralumi-nous index [Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O)] and the Sr and Ba (± Zr and Ni) contents are themore discriminating chemical parameters (fig. 10 and Table 2).

Ongoing aspects of this research will include a check of the effective use of the “Granito diNicotera” in Italian Roman monuments in order to identify it with certitude and verify pos-sible confusion with the more famous Egyptian lithotype. In fact, though huge monolithic



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Fig. 9. — Comparison between the mineralogical and petrographic features of the two granites. Photomicrographs (a), (c),(e), (f ): plane polarized light; photomicrographs (b), (d), (g), (h) (i): crossed polarized light.

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i



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columns like those of Trajan’s Forum could not have been quarried at Nicotera, and are defi-nitely made of Marmor Claudianum, the granite of Nicotera may well have been used formedium and small-sized shafts. We suspect a significant extra-regional distribution of suchcolumns, and some exports to Rome, where a medium-size column, probably made of ourstone, is present in the garden of the National Archaeological Museum (fig. 11). Regional exa-mples are also known: for example the columns re-used in front of the church of S.EufemiaVetere (fig. 12a) and in the old cathedral of Mileto (Vibo Valentia), now in the local museum(fig. 12b). In fact, petrographic (in the case of S. Eufemia Vetere) and petrochemical (in thecase of Mileto) investigations show the latter to be made of a tonalite with compositional andtextural features very similar to those described for the “Granito di Nicotera”: heterogranularhypidiomorphic texture, lack of hornblende, presence of consertal quartz, muscovite and sil-limanite; peraluminous index > 1, major and trace elements contents (cfr. fig. 10 and Table 2).

On the contrary, the petrographic and chemical analysis of the columns of the Roman theatreof Teano (Caserta) (fig. 13) - that might have been made of “Granito di Nicotera” - showedthat they originated from Mons Claudianus (cfr. fig. 10).

Table 1: Modal mineralogy - average values for the quarry samples.

(%) “GRANITO DEL FORO” “GRANITO DI NICOTERA”

Plagioclase 53.8 51.6oligoclase oligoclase

Quartz 26.2 29.1

K-Feldspar perthite, 2.1 2.5microcline ± orthose

Horneblende 8.2 absent or < 0.5

Biotite 8.8 12.0

Muscovite absent 1.2

Accessories 0.9 3.6

sphene + apatite + ore minerals allanite + sillimanite + sphene +apatite + ore min.

Number of thin-sections 6 18

Number of points counted 2000 1800



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Fig. 10. — Comparison between the chemical compositions of the “Granito del Foro” and “Granito diNicotera” using major and minor elements. Data for “Granito del Foro” are from GALETTI et al. (1992)and BROWN and HARRELL (1995). Samples from granitoid columns from the theatre of Teano and thecathedral of Mileto are also plotted.Fig. 11. — Rome, National Archaeological Museum: medium-size column most probably made of"Granito di Nicotera".

10 11



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Table 2. Chemical data for “Granito di Nicotera” (present study), “Granito del Foro” (# LG3from Galetti et al. 1992; # MC1, MC2 from Brown and Harrel 1995) and granitoid columnsfrom the theatre of Teano and the cathedral of Mileto. PA.I. = Peraluminous Index.

Sample Granito di Nicotera

% w 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

SiO2 62,23 62,89 61,51 67,90 60,71 63,10 72,81 61,35 62,15 68,33 61,64 66,11

TiO2 0,63 0,63 0,71 0,42 0,74 0,65 0,43 0,69 0,67 0,50 0,73 0,54

Al2O3 18,16 18,50 18,63 16,87 18,88 18,06 13,63 18,80 18,61 16,26 18,68 16,51

Fe2O3 5,17 4,89 5,35 3,18 5,37 4,88 3,34 5,47 5,27 3,63 5,35 4,64

MnO 0,09 0,08 0,09 0,06 0,09 0,09 0,06 0,11 0,09 0,06 0,09 0,06

MgO 2,42 2,32 2,55 1,40 2,52 2,26 1,56 2,52 2,50 1,59 2,55 2,09

CaO 5,29 5,27 5,39 5,08 5,47 5,20 4,07 4,89 4,93 4,49 5,22 4,60

Na2O 3,24 3,05 3,13 3,37 3,43 3,28 2,44 3,26 2,99 2,98 3,31 3,29

K2O 2,24 2,02 2,25 1,42 2,37 2,15 1,40 2,48 2,39 1,85 2,02 1,85

Fig. 12. — (a): S. Eufemia Vetere (Calabria), open area in front of the church of the same name:fragment of an ancient column of “Granito di Nicotera” (h: 113 cm; d: 34 cm); (b): Museum of Mileto(Cosenza): the column made of “Granito di Nicotera” considered in this study is the first one on theright (h = 295 cm; d = 40 cm).



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Granito del Foro Column from the MiletoTheatre of Teano Cathedral

13 14 15 LG3 MC1 MC2 T1 T3 T4 MIL1

71,03 62,98 61,51 65,68 62,90 65,90 66,35 65,13 64,39 62,310,27 0,61 0,66 0,57 0,59 0,62 0,60 0,68 0,51 0,49

16,05 18,73 18,92 16,21 15,70 16,10 16,07 16,60 16,69 19,722,26 4,52 5,16 3,82 3,91 3,70 4,10 4,27 4,22 3,900,04 0,08 0,09 0,07 0,07 0,07 0,06 0,06 0,07 0,070,92 2,11 2,28 2,07 2,02 1,91 1,90 2,04 2,15 1,834,59 5,42 5,31 4,79 4,89 4,47 4,51 4,45 4,31 6,273,32 3,30 3,42 4,39 3,97 4,84 4,50 4,56 3,82 3,661,29 1,91 2,28 1,65 1,57 1,77 1,55 1,82 3,29 1,58

Fig. 13. — Teano (Caserta), open air deposit of the Roman theatre: the columns made of “Granitodel Foro” considered in this study.



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Table 2 (cont/ed)

Sample Granito di Nicotera

% w 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

P2O5 0,30 0,16 0,18 0,15 0,20 0,17 0,11 0,19 0,22 0,14 0,22 0,12

L.O.I. 0,13 0,32 0,48 0,33 0,46 0,32 0,41 0,66 0,36 0,30 0,50 0,26

Total 99,90 100,14 100,29 100,18 100,23 100,14 100,27 100,41 100,18 100,13 100,31 100,07

PA. I. 1,69 1,79 1,73 1,71 1,68 1,70 1,72 1,77 1,81 1,74 1,77 1,69

ppm

Ba 669 743 794 453 915 708 518 894 742 639 789 647

Cr 17 15 23 <10 15 18 10 21 22 10 21 16

Cu 46 <10 15 <10 14 <10 <10 10 <10 <10 <10 <10

Ni <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10

Pb <10 <10 <10 11 11 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 12 84

Rb 73 73 81 56 87 96 51 92 86 69 77 63

Sr 293 295 294 281 298 280 225 276 286 276 298 268

V 113 99 109 61 94 98 64 108 101 69 95 93

Y 39 25 39 28 24 24 33 32 29 27 28 30

Zn 85 83 84 55 86 82 55 121 88 63 104 72

Zr 125 121 140 135 130 136 95 142 115 115 111 139



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Granito del Foro Column from the MiletoTheatre of Teano Cathedral

13 14 15 LG3 MC1 MC2 T1 T3 T4 MIL1

0,08 0,15 0,21 0,19 0,18 0,18 0,20 0,22 0,24 0,160,87 0,19 0,16 0,59 0,60 0,75 0,13 0,16 0,15 0,26

100,72 100,01 99,99 100,03 96,40 100,31 99,96 99,97 99,85 100,261,74 1,76 1,72 0,91 0,92 0,89 0,93 0,95 0,94 1,03

405 678 653 431 330 350 354 490 1277 587

<10 15 15 32 20 40 21 25 25 12

<10 <10 <10 28 _ _ 24 12 10 <10

<10 <10 <10 21 _ _ 18 17 13 <10

13 <10 12 1 _ _ <10 <10 24 <10

44 66 93 23 60 50 34 37 116 160

293 304 282 620 780 640 602 637 700 368

47 90 95 85 _ _ 84 79 88 77

28 27 28 12 <10 <10 32 36 31 75

41 75 93 48 _ _ 66 70 53 102

103 111 128 184 300 310 91 116 129 1



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BIBLIOGRAPHY

BROWN, M.V., and HARRELL, J.A., 1995, “Topographical and petrological survey of ancient Romanquarries in the Eastern Desert of Egypt”, in Y. MANIATIS, N. HERZ and Y. BASIAKOS (eds),ASMOSIA III, The Study of Marble and Other Stones Used in Antiquity – Transactions ofthe 3rd International Symposium of the Association for the Study of Marble and OtherStones in Antiquity, Archetype Publications, London, pp. 221-234.

DE LA ROCHE, H., LETERRIER, J., GRANDE CLAUDE, P., and MARCHAL, M., 1980, “A classification ofvolcanic and plutonic rocks using R1-R2 diagrams and major element analyses – its rela-tionships and current nomenclature”, Chemical Geology, 29, pp. 183-210.

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BCHSupplément 51


ASMOSIA VI IActes du VIIe colloque international de l’ASMOSIA

Thasos 15-20 septembre 2003

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference ofAssociation for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity

Thassos 15-20 september, 2003


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É C O L E F R A N Ç A I S E D ´ A T H È N E SA

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Ce volume comprend les textes des communications d’ASMOSIA VII, 7e con-férence internationale de l’Association pour l’étude du marbre et des autres pierresdans l’Antiquité (Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Anti-quity), qui s’est tenue dans l’île de Thasos, en Grèce. Les thèmes abordés dans cescommunications sont à la pointe du domaine interdisciplinaire où se rejoignent lascience, l’archéologie et l’histoire de l’art ; ils reflètent un large spectre de larecherche sur les pierres, depuis la carrière jusqu’au produit décoré dans son étatfinal. Les sujets plus particulièrement abordés sont les suivants : (1) Considérationsarchéologiques et emploi du marbre ; (2) Carrières, techniques d’extraction, géologie etpropriétés de la pierre ; (3) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : le marbre ;(4) Identification de provenance et caractérisation : autres pierres ; (5) Techniques etdéveloppements ; (6) Bases de données ; (7) Propriétés de la pierre – Vieillissement–Restauration et (8) Pigments et peintures sur marbre.

This book contains the papers submitted to ASMOSIA VII, which is the 7th In-ternational Conference of the Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stonesin Antiquity. The conference was held in the island of Thassos, Greece. The sub-jects of the papers represent the state-of-the-art in the interdisciplinary field ofScience and Archaeology and Art-History and reflect a very broad range ofresearch and applications on stone, from the quarry to the final decorated object.In particular, the subjects cover: (1) Archaeological considerations and use of marble,(2) Quarries, Quarrying Techniques, Geology and Stone properties, (3) ProvenanceIdentification and Characterisation: Marble, (4) Provenance Identification andCharacterisation: Other stones, (5) Techniques and Developments, (6) Databases,(7) Stone Properties – Weathering – Restoration and (8) Pigments and paintings onmarble.

BULLETIN DE CORRESPONDANCE HELLÉNIQUE, SUPPLÉMENTS

41. Les Italiens dans le monde grec (IIe siècle av. J.-C.-Ier siècle ap. J.-C.). Circulation, dénomination, intégration. Actes de la Table ronde organisée à l’École Normale Supérieure,Paris, 14-16 mai 1998, édités par Claire HASENOHR et Christel MÜLLER (2002).

42. Recherches franco-albanaise I. L’Albanie dans l’Europe préhistorique, Actes du colloque de Lorient organisé par l’École française d’Athènes et l’Université de Bretagne-Sud, Lorient8-10 juin 2000, édités par Gilles TOUCHAIS et Josette RENARD (2002).

43. Le Néolithique de Chypre, Actes du colloque international organisé par le Département des Antiquités deChypre et l’École française d’Athènes, Nicosie 17-19 mai 2001, édités par Jean GUILAINE et Alain LE BRUN, avec la collaboration d’Odile DAUNE-LE BRUN (2003).

44. Les Messéniens de 370/369 au Ier siècle de notre ère. Monnayage et histoire, par Catherine GRANDJEAN (2002).

45. La sculpture architecturale byzantine dans le thème de Nikopolis du Xe au début du XIIIe siècle (Épire et Étolie-Acarnanie et Sud de l’Albanie), par Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2005).

46. Mythos. La préhistoire égéenne du XIXe au XXIe siècle après J.-C. Actes de la table ronde internationaled’Athènes (21-23 novembre 2002), édités par Pascal DARCQUE, Michael FOTIADIS et Olga POLYCHRONOPOULOU (2006).

47. Études d’archéologie délienne, par Philippe BRUNEAU, Recueil d’articles rassemblés et indexés par Jean-Charles MORETTI (2006).

48. La sculpture des Cyclades à l’époque archaïque. Histoire des ateliers, rayonnement des styles, Actes du colloque international, organisé par l’Éphorie desAntiquités préhistoriques et classiques des Cyclades et l’École française d’Athènes (7-9 septembre 1998), édités par Y. KOURAYOS et Fr. PROST (2008).

49. La Sculpture Byzantine VIIe – XIIe siècle, Actes du colloque international, organisé par la 2e Éphorie des Antiquités byzantines et l’École française d’Athènes (6-8 septembre 2000),édités par Charalambos PENNAS et Catherine VANDERHEYDE (2008).

50. La gigantomachie de Pergame ou l’image du monde, par Françoise-Hélène MASSA-PAIRAULT (2007).

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