(ASM-PACE) EXPLOITATION MINIERE ARTISANALE DANS LA … · artisanal and small-scale mining in protected areas and critical ecosystems programme (asm-pace) juin report 2013 working

ARTISANAL AND SMALL-SCALE MINING IN PROTECTED AREAS AND CRITICAL ECOSYSTEMS PROGRAMME (ASM-PACE)

JUINREPORT

2013

WORKING TOGETHER TOWARDS RESPONSIBLEARTISANAL AND SMALL SCALE MINING

EXPLOITATION MINIERE ARTISANALE DANS LA RESERVE NATURELLE D’ITOMBWE, REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO Rapport d’activités et recommandations mises à jour

JUIN 2013

Préparé pour ASM/PACE par Ruby Weinberg, Alain Chishugi, Estelle Levin et Gary Beynon avec contributions par Juan Sève, Dr. Léonard Mubalama, René Ngongo et Blaise Mudodosi

Le Projet ASMPACE est un programme commun du WWFCARPO et du cabinetconseil Estelle Levin Ltd. L’objectif du Projet ASMPACE est d’aborder les problèmes liés à l’impact de l’exploitation minière artisanale sur l’environnement, tout en tirant parti de son potentiel économique, social et de responsabilisation dans les écosystèmes les plus importants de la planète. Ce Projet porte exclusivement sur les exploitants miniers artisanaux situés à l’intérieur et autour d’aires protégées et d’écosystèmes critiques. www.asmpace.org

Estelle Levin Ltd. est un cabinetconseil en développement international qui offre des services de recherche, d’analyse et de conseils concernant la gouvernance des ressources naturelles et les chaînes d’approvisionnements durables. Il aide ses divers clients et leurs parties prenantes à se créer un futur durable en leur offrant des conseils sur la manière de mobiliser les ressources naturelles en vue de leur développement et leurs ambitions commerciales, tout en garantissant une certaine responsabilisation et une protection écologique. www.estellelevin.com.

Le WWF oeuvre pour mettre un frein à la dégradation de l’environnement naturel de la planète et construire un avenir où les humains viventen harmonie avec la nature, en conservant la diversité biologique mondiale, en assurant une utilisation soutenable des ressources naturelles renouvelables et en faisant la promotion de la réduction de la pollution et du gaspillage

Auteurs: Ce rapport a été rédigé par Ruby Weinberg, Alain Chishugi et Gary Beynon, en collaboration avec Estelle Levin et avec des contributions de Juan Sève, Dr Léonard Mubalama, René Ngongo et !"#$%&'()*+*+%$,'-.#//0+12&'%1$&34$56)&'#'747'1+38)&'/#0'9):;'<&$3:&0=>'?"#$3'@2$%2)=$>'A#0;'Beynon et Estelle Levin. Le rapport a été réalisé à distance et inclut des entretiens sélectifs réalisés sur place à Bukavu en RDC, ainsi que des consultations avec les parties prenantes à partir du RoyaumeUni. Le chapitre sur Itombwe, les conclusions et les recommandations sont basés sur la recherche de terrain dans l’est et l’ouest de la Réserve Naturelle d’Itombwe. Alain Chishugi et une équipe de chercheurs ont effectué les recherches sur le terrain. La méthodologie de terrain a été 1+38)&'/#0'?"#$3'@2$%2)=$>'"&'B0'-&+3#0*'():#"#C#'&4'9):;'<&$3:&0=,

Remerciements: Les auteurs aimeraient remercier tous ceux et celles qui ont facilité la recherche sur le terrain et, notamment, Kirsten Hund, Christine Tam, Timothé Mukeng, Cyril Pélissier, Aurélie Shapiro, Leo Bottrill, Juan Sève, le Dr Leonard K. Mubalama et Blaise Mudodosi du WWF, le CENADEP Bukavu, Mweze Rugomba, Faustin Batechi, Onésiphore Bitomwa, l’équipe de l’ICCN à Bukavu, l’équipe du département minier du SudKivu ainsi qu’AnneGaëlle Javelle du WRI, Thalia Liokatis du FFI, Asher Anne Smith, Caren Holzman, Mia Choinière et l’IPIS. Nous souhaiterions également remercier tout particulièrement Lionel Itongwa, Benjamin Wilondja et Richard Asumani pour leur travail de terrain, ainsi que John et Terese Hart pour leur relecture de la première version *)'0#//+04,'D353>'3+)%'#$C&0$+3%'0&C&01$&0'"&%'2#:$4#34%'*&'"#'9B@'6)$'3+)%'+34'#11+0*7'*)'4&C/%'&4'nous ont aidé à comprendre la situation à Itombwe et en RDC en général.

Décharge de Responsabilité: Ce rapport a été préparé à partir de sources et de données que la %+1$747'D%4&""&'-&E$3'-4*,'F)=&'5#:"&%>'C#$%'*+34'&""&'3&'/&)4'=#0#34$0'3$'".&G#14$4)*&'3$'".&G2#)%4$E$47,'H"'&%4'I+)03$'J'*&%'53%'$3I+0C#4$E&%'&4'3&'*+$4'/#%'K40&'$34&0/0747'1+CC&'+II0#34')3&'6)&"1+36)&'adhésion, représentation ou garantie quelle que soit leur nature. Les auteurs n’acceptent aucune responsabilité pour une quelconque conséquence quelle qu’elle soit suite à la poursuite d’une quelconque recommandation offerte dans le présent rapport, séparément ou ensemble. Les opinions et les renseignements du rapport sont fournis à la date de délivrance de ce dernier et sont susceptibles *.K40&'C+*$57%'%#3%'/07#E$%,

Concernant le Rapport: Les auteurs incluront les réactions des parties prenantes congolaises et internationales, des milieux de l’exploitation minière et de la protection de la nature suite à un atelier qui a eu lieu le 21 septembre 2012 à Bukavu au cours duquel ont été restitués les résultats du présent rapport. Il y a eu en tout deux ateliers dont l’un a été tenu à Bukavu le 21 septembre 2012 et l’autre à L$3%2#%#'"&'MN'*71&C:0&'MNOM,'@&'0#//+04'3&'*&E0#$4'/#%'K40&'*$%40$:)7'%#3%'".#)4+0$%#4$+3'&G/0&%%&'d’Estelle Levin Ltd et du WWFCARPO.

Ce recherche a été complété avec le soutien généreux du CARPE (Central African Regional Program for the Environment Programme Régional de l’Afrique Centrale pour l’Environnement)

Photo de couverture : Lavage du sable aurifère © Estelle Levin Limited et WWF, 2013. Produite par A. Chishugi.

Publié en Juin 2013 par le WWFWorld Wide Fund for Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund) et Estelle Levin Ltd. P+)4&'0&/0+*)14$+3>'CKC&'/#04$&""&>'*+$4'mentionner le titre et le crédit des éditeurs mentionnés cidessus comme étant les propriétaires des droits d’auteur.

© Estelle Levin Limited &4 WWF, 2013

Ce rapport est établi à partir de sources F)=7&%'5#:"&%'/#0'?Q(RS?@D>'C#$%'?Q(RPACE n’est pas responsable de leur exactitude ou exhaustivité. Ce rapport est fourni à titre informatif. WWF et Estelle Levin Ltd n’acceptent aucune responsabilité individuelle ou commune quant aux conséquences des recommandations formulées dans ce rapport. Les opinions et informations fournies sont valables à la date d’émission du rapport et %+34'%)F&44&%'J'C+*$51#4$+3'%#3%'/07#E$%,

Pour plus d’information, visitez www.asmpace.org, ou contactez:

Jonathan Hobbs International Network Coordinator (Extractive Sector) WWF International Tel: +254 20 3877355, 3872630/1 [email protected]

Estelle Levin Technical Director, ASMPACE Director, Estelle Levin Limited UK

Tel : +447876743587 [email protected]

Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group

!"

TABLE DES MATIÈRES ACRONYMES .................................................................................................................................................. 5!

DÉFINITIONS ET EXPRESSIONS CLÉS ........................................................................................................................ 7!

RÉSUMÉ ANALYTIQUE ....................................................................................................................................... 11!

1! INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 16!

1.1! Une intervention faisable en RNI ?.............................................................................................................. 17!

1.2! Méthodologies ................................................................................................................................... 17!

1.3! Grandes lignes du rapport ....................................................................................................................... 18!

1.4! Remarque sur les exploitations minières de grande échelle dans les aires protégées et les écosystèmes critiques de la RDC .......... 18!

2! CONSERVATION ET GOUVERNANCE MINIERE EN RDC .............................................................................................. 19!

2.1! Aires protégées en RDC ......................................................................................................................... 20!#$!$!! %&'(')('*+,"-.)/01'23)('2&"-+"1)"4+,('2&"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"#!!#$!$#! 63243)//+"704'2&)1"-+"1.893':;+"<+&(3)1+"=2;3"1.>&*'32&&+/+&("?<876>@"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"#!!#$!$A! 893'5)"B'2-'*+3,'(C"<211)D23)('*+"E32;="?8B<E@"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"##!#$!$F! 70;&'2&"-+"5223-'&)('2&"+&(3+"1+"E2;*+3&+/+&("-+"1)"7G<"+("1+,"234)&',)('2&,"-+"52&,+3*)('2&"=2;3"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+,"E3)&-,"H'&4+,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"##!#$!$I! 8==325J+"-;"52&,23(';/"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"-;"<2&42"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"##!

2.2! Gouvernance du secteur d’exploitation minière artisanale ................................................................................... 23!#$#$!! KD,()51+,"'&,('(;('2&&+1,"L"1)"4+,('2&"-;",+5(+;3"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"#A!#$#$#! >9923(,")5(;+1,"-+"=30*+&('2&"-+,"52&91'(,"52&421)',"9'&)&50,"=)3"1)"*+&(+"-+,"/'&+3)',"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"#F!

3! RESERVE NATURELLE D’ITOMBWE ................................................................................................................. 29!

3.1! Profil de conservation ........................................................................................................................... 29!

3.2! Proposition de classement de la Réserve d’Itombwe .......................................................................................... 30!

3.3! La délimitation de la RNI à l’avenir: Problèmes et opportunités .............................................................................. 31!A$A$!! O)",(3)(04'+"P"<O%6"Q"?<2&,+&(+/+&("O'D3+R"%&923/0"+("630)1)D1+@"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"A#!

4! PROFIL DES EXPLOITANTS MINIERS ARTISANAUX EN RNI ........................................................................................ 33!

4.1! Une note sur l’exploitation industrielle ......................................................................................................... 33!

4.2! Histoire de l’exploitation minière à Itombwe ................................................................................................... 34!

4.3! Exploitation minière artisanale ................................................................................................................. 34!F$A$!! O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"AI!

4.4! Secteur d’Itombwe ............................................................................................................................... 37!F$F$!! S2('*)('2&,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"AT!

#"

4.5! Chefferie de Basile .............................................................................................................................. 38!F$I$!! S2('*)('2&,"-+"1.+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"AU!

4.6! Groupes vulnérables ............................................................................................................................. 38!F$V$!! O+,"9+//+,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"AU!F$V$#! O+,"+&9)&(,"+("1+,"=+3,2&&+,"W40+,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"AU!F$V$A! 62=;1)('2&,");5J(2(2&+,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"AX!

4.7! Gouvernance des sites miniers .................................................................................................................. 39!F$T$!! 8-/'&',(3)('2&"104)1+"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FY!F$T$#! 8-/'&',(3)('2&"52;(;/'N3+"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FY!

4.8! Procédures d’accès aux sites ................................................................................................................... 40!F$U$!! <2&91'(,R"'&93)5('2&,"+("30,21;('2&,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FA!

5! LA CHAINE D’APPROVISIONNEMENT DE L’EMA EN RNI ............................................................................................ 44!

5.1! Exploitation minière ............................................................................................................................. 46!I$!$!! >M=12'()('2&",2;(+33)'&+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FV!I$!$#! >M=12'()('2&")11;*')1+"-+"1.23"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FV!I$!$A! >M=12'()('2&")11;*')1+"-;",)D1+"+("-+"3+Z+(,"/'&'+3,"?=2;3"1.23"+("1)"5),,'(03'(+@"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FV!

5.2! Broyage .......................................................................................................................................... 46!I$#$!! <),,'(03'(+"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FV!I$#$#! K3"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FT!

5.3! Lavage ............................................................................................................................................ 47!I$A$!! <),,'(03'(+"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FT!I$A$#! K3"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FT!

5.4! Autres niveaux de la chaine d’approvisionnement de l’EMA .................................................................................. 48!I$F$!! O+,"(3)&,=23(+;3,"+(");(3+,"92;3&',,+;3,"-+",+3*'5+,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FU!I$F$#! 85J)("$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"FU!I$F$A! [0425')&(,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"IY!

6! L’EMA ET L’IMPACT DES POPULATIONS SUR L’INTÉGRITÉ ÉCOLOGIQUE DE LA RÉSERVE ....................................................... 65!

6.1! Autres sources de revenu en RNI ............................................................................................................... 67!V$!$!! <J),,+"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"VT!V$!$#! O+"D3)52&&)4+"-+"1.'*2'3+"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"VT!V$!$A! 632-;5('2&"-+"5J)3D2&"-+"D2',"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"VU!V$!$F! \('1',)('2&"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"923+,('N3+,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"VU!V$!$I! 843'5;1(;3+"+(";('1',)('2&,"923+,('N3+,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"VU!

6.2! L’Exploitation minière industrielle en RNI ...................................................................................................... 69!V$#$!! 7+52//)&-)('2&,",;3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"'&-;,(3'+11+"+&"7[%"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"TY!

7! PROPOSER UNE STRATEGIE DE CONSERVATION QUI TIENT COMPTE DU SECTEUR MINIER DANS LA RNI ...................................... 72!

7.1! Des types et classifications d’interventions avec le secteur d’EMA en RNI .................................................................. 73!T$!$!! E+,('2&"-+"1)"70,+3*+"]"%&5'(+3R"'&91;+&5+3"+(")==1':;+3"1+,"&23/+,"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"TF!

7.2! Autres questions à considérer .................................................................................................................. 76!T$#$!! 62=;1)('2&,");(25J(2&+,"+("1)"52&,+3*)('2&"$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$"TV!

A"

8! CONCLUSIONS ET POINTS CRITIQUES EXAMINES PENDANT L’ATELIER D’ASM-PACE A BUKAVU ET A KINSHASA ............................ 77!

8.1! Discussion ........................................................................................................................................ 78!

BIBLIOGRAPHIE .............................................................................................................................................. 79!

ANNEXE A: ! CALENDRIER DE RECHERCHE ET PARTIES PRENANTES CONSULTÉES ................................................................. 84!

ANNEXE B: ! AUTRES INITIATIVES DE CONSERVATION EN RDC ....................................................................................... 85!

ANNEXE C: ! CAMPAGNES D’INFORMATION SUR LES AUTRES SOURCES DE REVENUS DANS LA RNI .............................................. 86!

ANNEXE D: ! INDICATEURS SUGGÉRÉS D’UNE INTERVENTION TECHNIQUE D’EMA RÉUSSIE ........................................................ 87!

ANNEXE E : ! RAPPORT DE L’ATELIER D’ASM-PACE À BUKAVU, OCTOBRE 2012 .................................................................... 88!""" "

F"

" "

I"

"

ACRONYMES 8B<E" Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group

8<6H" 85('2&"52//;&);()'3+"=2;3"1)"=32/2('2&"-+"1)",)&(0"+&"/'1'+;"3;3)1"

8GE" 8-/'&',(3)(+;3"G'3+5(+;3"E0&03)1"

8>\G%"?\H8%G@" 84+&5+"-+,">()(,^\&',"=2;3"1+"-0*+12==+/+&("'&(+3&)('2&)1""

8_GO" 811')&5+"-+,"9235+,"-0/253)(':;+,"=2;3"1)"1'D03)('2&"-;"<2&42^`)a3+"

8[86%" 84+&5+"[)('2&)1+"=2;3"1)"632/2('2&"-+,"%&*+,(',,+/+&(,"

866" 811')&5+"=;D1':;+^=3'*0+"=2;3"1+"52//+35+"3+,=2&,)D1+"-+,"/'&+3)',""

87S^_OK" 811')&5+"=2;3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"3+,=2&,)D1+"+("1.K34)&',)('2&"-.05J)&4+"0:;'()D1+""

8HS^68<>" O+"=32Z+(",;3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"+("L"=+('(+"05J+11+"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+("1+,"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,""

BE7" Bundesanstallt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe"?%&,('(;("90-03)1")11+/)&-"-+,",5'+&5+,"-+"1)"(+33+"+("-+,"7+,,2;35+,"[)(;3+11+,@"

BS"?bB@" B)&:;+"/2&-')1+"

<8S%" <)-),(3+"S'&'+3"

<876>" Central African Regional Program for the Environment

<><" <J)c&+,"-.05J)&4+"5+3('9'0+,"

<_H" Conflict Free Smelter Programme

<O%6" <2&,+&(+/+&("1'D3+R"'&923/0"+("=30)1)D1+"

<[d%" <2/'(0"&)('2&)1"-;"d'*;"

<2<2H'" <2/'(0"-+"5223-'&)('2&"-;",'(+""

<H6G" <2/'(0"-+",;'*'"-;"6325+,,;,"-+"G;3D)&"

GE" G0104;0"E0&03)1"

>%>" e(;-+"-.'/=)5("+&*'32&&+/+&()1"

>%>H" e(;-+"-.'/=)5("+&*'32&&+/+&()1",(3)(04':;+"

>S8" >M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+""

>S%" >M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-.05J+11+"'&-;,(3'+11+"

>\" e()(,^\&',"-.8/03':;+"

_GO7" _235+,"-0/253)(':;+,"-+"1'D03)('2&"-;"7f)&-)"

__%" _);&+"+("9123+"'&(+3&)('2&)1+""

_[O" _235+,"&)('2&)1+,"-+"1'D03)('2&"

E><8S%[>H" E0&03)1+"-+,"5)33'N3+,"+("-+,"/'&+,"

E+H%" Global e-Sustainability Initiative

E%<" E32;=+"'&(+3&)('2&)1"-+"53',+""

E%`" Gesellschaft für Internazionale Zusammenarbeit"?8&5'+&&+/+&("Eg`@"84+&5+")11+/)&-+"-+"522=03)('2&"'&(+3&)('2&)1+"

EgS" E32;=+"(J0/)(':;+"/'&+,"

%<<[" %&,('(;("52&421)',"=2;3"1)"<2&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"[)(;3+"

%GG" %&'(')('*+"-+"-')/)&("+("-0*+12==+/+&(""

%hE" %&,('(;("h)&+"E22-)11"

V"

%g_" International Task Force

%g7%" O.234)&',)('2&"'&(+3&)('2&)1+"-+"1.0()'&""

'gH<'" ITRI Tin Supply Chain Initiative

S><[g" S'&',(N3+"-+"1.>&*'32&&+/+&(R"<2&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"[)(;3+"+("g2;3',/+"

SEO" S'&'N3+"-+,"E3)&-,Ô)5,"

S%B8" H25'0(0"/'&'N3+"-+"B)if)&4)"

K<G>" K34)&',)('2&"-+"522=03)('2&"+("-+"-0*+12==+/+&("052&2/':;+,"

Kd%SK" K99'5+"-+,"/'&+,"-.23"-+"d'12"S2(2"

K[E" K34)&',)('2&"&2&"42;*+3&+/+&()1+"

K[\" K34)&',)('2&"-+,"[)('2&,"\&'+,"

KH<" K34)&',)('2&"-+"1)",25'0(0"5'*'1+"

6GE" 630,'-+&("G0104;0"E0&03)1"

6E>" 61)&"-+"4+,('2&"+&*'32&&+/+&()1+"

6[\>" 63243)//+"-+,"[)('2&,"\&'+,"=2;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("

67>68[j"B)&:;+"S2&-')1+"

632Z+("-+"30J)D'1'()('2&"-;"30,+);"-+,"=)35,"&)('2&);M"

7G<" 70=;D1':;+"G0/253)(':;+"-;"<2&42"

7Sg" O+"=3243)//+"=2;3"1)"*+&(+"3+,=2&,)D1+"-+,"/'&+3)',"

7[%" 70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+"

7\"" 72C);/+^\&'"

H8>HH<8S" H+3*'5+"-.8,,',()&5+"+("-.>&5)-3+/+&("-;"H/)11"H5)1+"S'&'&4"

H8d%S8" H25'0(0");3'9N3+"-;"d'*;"+("-;"S)&'+/)"

H%E" HC,(N/+"-.'&923/)('2&"40243)=J':;+"

HKS%[d%" H25'0(0"/'&'N3+"+("'&-;,(3'+11+");"d'*;"

g%<" Tantalum-Niobium International Study Centre

\%<[" \&'2&"'&(+3&)('2&)1+"=2;3"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"&)(;3+"

\[>H<K" United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

b<H" Wildlife Conservation Society

bb_" World Wide Fund for Nature

bb_"<876K" World Wide Fund for Nature Central Africa Regional Programme Office

bb_"7G<" World Wide Fund for Nature, République Démocratique du Congo

`>8" `2&+"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"

" "

T"

DÉFINITIONS ET EXPRESSIONS CLÉS !g+3/+ G09'&'('2&"

Ag,"

O+,"/'&+3)',"-+"52&91'(R"1+,"Ag,R"92&("30903+&5+");"()&()1+"?+M(3)'("-;"/'&+3)'"-+"521()&@R");"(;&4,(N&+"?+M(3)'("-;"/'&+3)'"-+"f2193)/@"+("L"1.0()'&"?+M(3)'("-;"/'&+3)'"-+"5),,'(03'(+@$"<+,"/0();M"&2&^9+33+;M",2&("40&03)1+/+&("&2//0,"P"/'&+3)',"),,25'0,"L"1.0()'&"Q$"<+,"/'&+3)',",2&("),,25'0,");"52&91'("+&"7G<"+(",2&("1+",;Z+("-+"1)"104',1)('2&");M">()(,^\&',R"5.+,(^L^-'3+"1)",+5('2&"!IY#"-;"P"G2--^_3)&i"85($"Q"

85('*'(0">M(3)Z;-'5')'3+

g2;(+")5('*'(0"052&2/':;+"+(",25')1+":;'"=+;("k(3+"304'+"=)3"-+,"'&,('(;('2&,"+("-+,",(3;5(;3+,":;'"2;(3+=),,+&("1.>()($""

8/)14)/)('2& 63250-0"-.+M(3)5('2&"-+"1.23"52&(+&;"-)&,"1+,"/'&+3)',"=)3"1.;('1',)('2&"-;"/+35;3+":;'"(3)&,923/+"5+,"/'&+3)',"+&")/)14)/+R":;'"+,("+&,;'(+"-052/=2,0"+(":;'"1)',,+")==)3)c(3+"1.23$"

>M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+("/'&+;3,

G)&,"1+"5)-3+"-;"=30,+&("3)==23(R"1.+M=3+,,'2&"l/'&+;3."9)'("30903+&5+"L"(2;(+"=+3,2&&+":;'"=)3('5'=+");M")5('*'(0,"-.;&+"+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"+("-+"=+('(+"05J+11+$!"g2;(+92',R";&+"'/=23()&(+"-',('&5('2&"3+,(+"L"9)'3+"+&(3+"5+,"-+;M"+M=3+,,'2&,$"G)&,"1+"52&(+M(+")93'5)'&R"l/'&+;3."9)'("40&03)1+/+&("30903+&5+");"-0(+&(+;3"104'('/+"-.;&+"52&5+,,'2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"2;");"/)c(3+^/'&+;3"?52&(3+/)c(3+@"-.;&+"+M=12'()('2&R")123,":;+"1m+M=12'()&("/'&'+3")3(',)&)1"9)'("(C=':;+/+&("30903+&5+"L"1)"=+3,2&&+":;'"9)'("1+"(3)*)'1"/)&;+1"=2;3"305;=03+3"1+"/'&+3)'"+(":;'"+,(R"2;"D'+&"+/=12C0"=)3"1+"l/'&+;3.R"2;":;'"(3)*)'11+"-+"/)&'N3+"'&923/+11+"+&":;)1'(0"'&-'*'-;+11+"2;");",+'&"-.;&"=+('("432;=+$"

>M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"P">S8"Q"?5+",'41+",+"309N3+");,,'");M"'&-'*'-;,":;'"92&("1.+M=12'()('2&")3(',)&)1+@

>M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"2n"1+,"'&-'*'-;,"2;"=+('(,"432;=+,"-+"=+3,2&&+,"'&923/+1,"2;",+/'^'&923/+1,";('1',+&("-+,"2;('1,"3;-'/+&()'3+,"(+1,":;+"-+,"='25J+,"+("-+,"=+11+,"2;"-+,")==)3+'1,",'/=1+,"L"-+,"9'&,"-+",;D,',()&5+$"O23,:;.;&"/'&+;3";('1',+";&+"/05)&',)('2&"=1;,")*)&50+R"1+,");(+;3,"1+",'4&)1+32&($"%1"+M',(+":;)(3+"(C=+,"=3'&5'=);M"-.>S8"]"L’EMA permanente":;'"+,("=3)(':;0+"L"(+/=,"=1+'&",;3"(2;(+";&+")&&0+$"%1",.)4'(")123,",2;*+&("-.;&+")5('*'(0"052&2/':;+"=3'&5'=)1+":;'"=+;("k(3+")552/=)4&0+"-.)43'5;1(;3+R"-.01+*)4+"+(");(3+,")5('*'(0,$#">M+/=1+"]"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+":;'",+"=3)(':;+",;3"1+,"D23-,"-;"6)35"[)('2&)1"-+"H)=2");"O'D+3')"+,(";&+"+M=12'()('2&"=+3/)&+&(+"+&"5+",+&,":;.+11+"92&5('2&&+"(2;(");"12&4"-+"1.)&&0+"+(":;.+11+"3+=30,+&(+"1.255;=)('2&"=3'&5'=)1+"-+"1)"/)Z23'(0"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$"" L’EMA saisonnière":;'"+,("=3)(':;0+"123,"-+"=03'2-+,",=05'9':;+,"L"5);,+"-+"1.)1(+3&)&5+",)',2&&'N3+"-.)5('*'(0,"2;"-+"1)"/'43)('2&",)',2&&'N3+"-+"=+3,2&&+,"-)&,"-+,"o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p1"?+&"+99+(R"5+3()'&,",'(+,"-+"1.>S8"-2;D1+&("1+;3,"=2=;1)('2&,"123,"-+,"*)5)&5+,"-+"[2p1@$"L’EMA du type « ruée-vers-l ‘or »":;'"52&5+3&+"1)"/'43)('2&"+&"/),,+"-.+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+("L"=+('(+"05J+11+"*+3,";&",'(+"-.>S8"-2&("'1,"=+&,+&(":;.'1"2993+"1+,"2==23(;&'(0,"-+"3+*+&;,R"+&",+"D),)&(",;3"-+,"4',+/+&(,"&2;*+11+/+&("-052;*+3(,R"-0=),,)&("43)&-+/+&("1+;3,"3+*+&;,")5(;+1,$F">M+/=1+"]"L"S)-)4),5)3R"1+,"/'43)('2&,"+&"/),,+",2&("5J2,+"52;3)&(+"-)&,"1+"/'1'+;"-+"1.>S8$"G+,"-'o)'&+,"-+"/'11'+3,"-+"=+3,2&&+,"L"1)"92',"=+;*+&(",+"3;+3"*+3,";&",'(+",=05'9':;+",;3"1)",+;1+"D),+"-.;&+"3;/+;3",+12&"1):;+11+"-+"1.23"2;"-+,",)=J'3,"2&("0(0"&2;*+11+/+&("

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1 Définition de l’ARM-FLO 2 Hruschka, et Echavarria, 2011 3 Hruschka, et Echavarria, 2011 4 Hruschka, et Echavarria, 2011

U"

-052;*+3(,$"L’EMA du type « réaction-choc »":;'"52&5+3&+"1.>S8"30=2&-)&(");"D+,2'&"-+",;3/2&(+3"1)"=);*3+(0",;'(+"L";&+"=+3(+"-.+/=12'"-)&,";&");(3+",+5(+;3R"L"-+,"52&91'(,"2;"L";&+"5)(),(32=J+"&)(;3+11+$I"">M+/=1+"]"G)&,"1+,",'(;)('2&,"-.+992&-3+/+&("052&2/':;+"-.;&"e()("2;"-+"-0=1)5+/+&("'&)((+&-;"-+"=+3,2&&+,"-q"L";&+"4;+33+"5'*'1+R"'1")33'*+":;+"1+,"4+&,",+"(2;3&+&("*+3,"1.>S8"5)3"+11+"=+3/+("-+",+"9)'3+"-+"1.)34+&(",;3^1+^5J)/="+("+,("9)5'1+/+&(")55+,,'D1+$">11+"=+3/+(");M"4+&,"-+"4)4&+3"1+;3"*'+"-)&,"1+,",'(;)('2&,"-0,+,=030+,"2n"1+,"2=('2&,R",.'1"C"+&")R",2&("+&"&2/D3+"3+,(3+'&($"

>S8"'&923/+11+

O.>S8"'&923/+11+"+,(";&"(C=+"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"+("L"=+('(+"05J+11+":;'"&+",+"52&923/+"=),");"5)-3+"Z;-'5')'3+"&)('2&)1"?);,,'")==+10+"+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+M(3)^Z;3'-':;+r"*2'3"H'+4+1"+("s+'4)R"#YYX@$"O.>S8"'&923/+11+"=+;("9)'3+")==+1"L";&",C,(N/+"-+"-32'(,"-+"=32=3'0(0R"/)',"5+,"-32'(,"&+",2&("=),"3+52&&;,"=)3"1)"12'"-;"=)C,$"O23,:;+"5+,"=3)(':;+,"'&923/+11+,",2&("1'0+,");M")5(+,"53'/'&+1,"2;"'1104);MR"5+5'"+,(")==+10"P"+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"'1104)1+"Q$""

_23/)1',)('2&"+("104)1',)('2&

H+12&"1+"Alliance for Responsible Mining"?87S@R"2&"52&,'-N3+",2;*+&(":;+"1+,"/2(,"l104)1',)('2&."+("l923/)1',)('2&. =+;*+&("k(3+";('1',0,"-+"9)t2&"'&(+35J)&4+)D1+R"/)',"'1",.)4'("+&"9)'("-+"52&5+=(,"-'9903+&(,$"O)"104)1',)('2&"&.+,(":;.;&"010/+&("-;"=325+,,;,"-+"923/)1',)('2&R":;'"+,(";&"52&5+=("=1;,"40&03)1$"O)"923/)1',)('2&"+,(";&"=325+,,;,":;'"5J+35J+"L"'&(043+3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"+("L"=+('(+"05J+11+"?>S8@"-)&,"1.052&2/'+"923/+11+$"O)"923/)1',)('2&"&+"=+;("k(3+"30;,,'+":;.L"1)"52&-'('2&":;.'1"C")'(";&"+9923("-+"5223-'&)('2&"-+,"=3243)//+,"+("-+,"=21'(':;+,"=;D1':;+,"=2;3"(3)'(+3"-+,"-'9903+&(,"),=+5(,"-+"1.>S8"-+"/)&'N3+",'/;1()&0+"+("'&(0430+$"O)"923/)1',)('2&"+,("-2&5";&"=32Z+("L"12&4"(+3/+R":;'"&05+,,'(+"1+,"+9923(,"-+,">S8R"-+"1.e()(R"-+"1)",25'0(0"5'*'1+"+("-+,"52/=)4&'+,"/'&'N3+,$""O)"104)1',)('2&R"-.);(3+"=)3(R"9)'("30903+&5+");M"=3250-;3+,":;+"-2'*+&("3+,=+5(+3"1+,"=+('(,"/'&+;3,"=2;3":;.'1,",2'+&("3+52&&;,"=)3"1.e()("+(":;.'1,"=;',,+&("2D(+&'3";&"=+3/',"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+$""

E',+/+&( \&"+&,+/D1+"923/0"-.;&"2;"=1;,'+;3,"30,+3*2'3,"325J+;M"-.23'4'&+",0-'/+&()'3+$"

d'5J+1+ \&+"*'+'11+"='N5+"-+,")&&0+,"TY"-+"!"O'i;()":;'"+,(";('1',0+"-+"/)&'N3+"52&*+&('2&&+11+"=)3"1+,"23=)'11+;3,"=2;3"/+,;3+3"1.23"+&"7G<$"\&"d'5J+1+"+,("0:;'*)1+&("L"!"43)//+"-.23$"

O)*)4+"-.23 <2&5+&(3)('2&"-+"1.23"=)3"1.+);"+("5+3()'&+,"/0(J2-+,"43)*'/0(3':;+,R"=)3"+M+/=1+"L"1.)'-+"-.;&+"D)(0+"2;"-.;&+"D2c(+"5J'&2',+$"

S'&+3)',"-.+M(3)5('2&"-+"52//+35+"0:;'()D1+"?PFairtrade-Fairmined"/'&+3)1,Q@

%1,"92&("30903+&5+");M"/'&+3)',"-2&("1.+M(3)5('2&"+("1+"52//+35+",2&("52&923/+,");M"&23/+,"-.234)&',/+,"-+"5+3('9'5)('2&"'&(+3&)('2&)1+"(+11+,"1+,"Fairtrade Labelling Organisations"?_OK@"+("l’Alliance for Responsible Mining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airtrade"+("Fairmined"Q"52&923/+,"-+"5+,"),,25')('2&,")4300+,"-2'*+&("0()D1'3"-+,"3+1)('2&,"52//+35')1+,",()D1+,"+("L"12&4"(+3/+")*+5"+11+,R"+("=)C+3";&"=3'M"/'&'/;/"+("Z;,(+$"O+,"=)'+/+&(,"=+3/+((+&("-.'&*+,('3"-)&,"-+,"=32Z+(,"52//;&);()'3+,"+(",+3*+&("L")/01'23+3"1+,"2=03)('2&,"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+$"O+"=32-;'("9'&'")5J+(0"=)3"1+,"52&,2//)(+;3,"=+;(")'&,'"3+5+*2'3"1+"1)D+1"P">M(3)5('2&"+("<2//+35+"e:;'()D1+"Q$"

S'&+3)'"/0()11':;+ 725J+"2;"43)*'+3":;'"52&('+&("-+"1.23"?2;"-.);(3+"/'&+3)',@"+&":;)&('(0",;99',)&(+"=2;3"9)'3+"1.2DZ+("-.;&+"+M(3)5('2&$"

6;D1'5)('2&"L"1.K99'5'+1

8&&2&5+"1+"51),,+/+&("+(j2;"-051),,+/+&("-.;&",'(+"52//+")'3+"=32(040+$"

7+Z+(,"/'&'+3, S)(03');Mj-05J+(,"/'&'+3,":;'"3+,(+&(")=3N,"1)"5J)c&+"-.+M(3)5('2&$"H'(+,"-.811')&5+" O+,",'(+,"8`>",2&("1+,",+;1,"L")55;+'11'3"1+,"+,=N5+,"-+"/)//'9N3+,R"-.2',+);MR"-.)/=J'D'+&,R"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""5 Hruschka, et Echavarria, 2011

X"

=2;3"`032">M('&5('2&"?8`>@"

-+"3+=('1+,R"-+"52&'9N3+,"+("-+"523);M"J+3/0(':;+,"+&"*2'+"-+"-',=)3'('2&"2;"43)*+/+&("L"3',:;+"-+"-',=)3'('2&$"

H(3)(04'+"-+"=32(+5('2&"-+"1)"&)(;3+",+&,'D1+");M"D+,2'&,"-.+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"

%1",.)4'("-+"=3+&-3+"1+, +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+&"52&,'-03)('2&"123,"-+"1)"=1)&'9'5)('2&"+("-+,"-',5;,,'2&,",;3"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,$"

Remarque sur les écosystèmes critiques O+," );(+;3," -;" 3)==23(" 3+52&&)',,+&(" :;.+&" 9)'(" 5+3()'&+," )'3+," =32(040+," &.2993+&(" :;.;&+" 9)'D1+" *)1+;3" -+"52&,+3*)('2&"=)3" 3)==23(" L" 5+3()'&+," )'3+,"&2&"=32(040+,R":;'" +11+,R" 2993+&(";&+"43)&-+"*)1+;3"-+" 52&,+3*)('2&$"O.2DZ+5('9" 9'&)1" -;" 632Z+(" d’ASM-PACE" +,(" -+" *2'3" 52//+&(" '1" ,+3)'(" =2,,'D1+" -.23'+&(+3" 1+" ()&-+/"52&,+3*)('2&j-0*+12==+/+&(" +&4+&-30"=)3" 1.>S8"-)&," 1+," ,'(+," L"J);(+"*)1+;3"-+" 52&,+3*)('2&$"<.+,("=2;3" 5+,"3)',2&,":;+"&2,"5J+35J+;3,"2&("1'/'(0"1+;3"(3)*)'1"-+"3+5J+35J+");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+("1+,"052,C,(N/+,":;+"&2;,"Z;4'2&,"P"53'(':;+,"Q$"O)"-09'&'('2&"-+,")'3+,"=32(040+,":;+"&2;,")-2=(2&,"+,("5+11+"-+"1.\%<[V":;'"9)'("30903+&5+"L"l;&"+,=)5+"40243)=J':;+"51)'3+/+&("-09'&'R"3+52&&;R"52&,)530"+("4030"=)3"(2;("/2C+&" +99'5)5+R" Z;3'-':;+" 2;" );(3+R" )9'&" -.),,;3+3" L" 12&4" (+3/+" 1)" 52&,+3*)('2&" -+" 1)" &)(;3+" )'&,'" :;+" 1+,",+3*'5+,"052",C,(0/':;+,"+("1+,"*)1+;3,"5;1(;3+11+,":;'"1;'",2&("),,25'0+,.$"%1"+M',(+");Z2;3-.J;'"-'9903+&(+,"&2('2&,"=2;3" 51),,+3" 1+," 052,C,(N/+," 53'(':;+," -+" 1)" =1)&N(+$" <+=+&-)&(" +&" *;+" -.0()D1'3" -+," =)3)/N(3+," -+" 3+5J+35J+"3)',2&&)D1+,R"*;"1+,"52&(3)'&(+,"-+"1.0(;-+R"1+"632Z+("d’ASM-PACE"-09'&'("1+,"052,C,(N/+,"52//+"0()&("l=32(040,."2;"l53'(':;+,."+("-2&5"01'4'D1+,"=2;3"9)'3+"=)3('+"-+"1.0(;-+R",;3"1)"D),+"-+,"53'(N3+,",;'*)&(,"]""O8"6O\H"u8\g>"67%K7%ge"]"H'(+,"-+"1.811')&5+"923"`032">M('&5('2&"?8`>@"

O.>S8",+"(32;*+"-)&,";&",'(+"-+"`>8R",;3",)"932&('N3+"2;"+&")/2&($"%1"&.+M',(+":;+"IUT",'(+,"-+"`>8"-)&,"1+"/2&-+$"K&"&+"(32;*+"-)&,"5+,",'(+,":;+"-+,"+,=N5+,"-+"/)//'9N3+,R"-.2',+);MR"-.)/=J'D'+&,R"-+"3+=('1+,R"-+"52&'9N3+,"+("-+"523);M"52&,(3;5(+;3,"-+"305'9,"+&"-)&4+3"2;"+&"-)&4+3"53'(':;+"-.+M('&5('2&$"

G>"u8\g>"67%K7%ge"]"8'3+,"632(040+,"

O.>S8",+"(32;*+"-)&,";&+")'3+"=32(040+R",;3",)"932&('N3+"2;"+&")/2&($"<+,")'3+,",2&("51),,0+,"<)(0423'+"%"L"s%",+12&"1+,"-09'&'('2&,"-+"1.\&'2&"%&(+3&)('2&)1+"-+"1)"<2&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"[)(;3+"?\%<[@"2;"'&51;+&("-+,",'(+,"78SH87$"6)3"+M+/=1+"]""70,+3*+"&)(;3+11+"'&(043)1+"?<)(0423'+"%8"-+"1.\%<[@"]";&+"o2&+"-0*2;0+"=3'&5'=)1+/+&("L"1)",);*+4)3-+"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&R"1)"3+5J+35J+",5'+&('9':;+"+("1+",;'*'"+("2n"1.'/=)5("-+"1.J2//+",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("+,("1'/'(0");()&(":;+"=2,,'D1+$""6)35"&)('2&)1"?<)(0423'+"%%"-+"1.\%<[@"]"1)34+"o2&+"&)(;3+11+"2;"=325J+"/',+"-+"5v(0"=2;3"=32(04+3"-+,"=325+,,;,"052124':;+,"-+"43)&-+"05J+11+")'&,'":;+"1+,"+,=N5+,"+("1+,"052,C,(N/+,"5)3)5(03',(':;+,"-+"5+((+"o2&+R"1+,:;+1,"2993+&(";&+"D),+"052124':;+/+&("+("5;1(;3+11+/+&("52/=)('D1+")*+5"-+,"2==23(;&'(0,",='3'(;+11+,R",5'+&('9':;+,R"0-;5)('*+,R"-+"12','3,"+("(2;3',(':;+,$""S2&;/+&("2;"010/+&("&)(;3+1"?<)(0423'+"%%%"-+"1.\%<[@"]"+11+"=23(+"40&03)1+/+&(",;3";&"010/+&("&)(;3+1",=05'9':;+R"-+"(+11+"/)&'N3+":;+"1)"4+,('2&"=3)(':;0+"*',+"=3'&5'=)1+/+&("L"52&,+3*+3"5+("010/+&($""8'3+"-+"4+,('2&"-+,"J)D'()(,"2;"-+,"+,=N5+,"?<)(0423'+"%s"-+"1.\%<[@"]"5+((+"5)(0423'+"*',+"L"=32(04+3"1+,"052,C,(N/+,"+("1+,"J)D'()(,R"52&Z2'&(+/+&(")*+5"1+,"*)1+;3,"5;1(;3+11+,"),,25'0+,"+("1+,"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""6 IUCN, 2008

!Y"

,C,(N/+,"(3)-'('2&&+1,"-+"4+,('2&"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,$"<+,")'3+,",2&("40&03)1+/+&("*),(+,")*+5";&+"43)&-+"=)3('+"-)&,";&"0()("&)(;3+1R"1+;3,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,"0()&(",2;/',+,"L";&+"4+,('2&"-;3)D1+$"O.;('1',)('2&"9)'D1+"+("&2&"'&-;,(3'+11+"-+"5+,"3+,,2;35+,"52/=)('D1+")*+5"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+"1)"&)(;3+R"+,("1.;&"-+,"=3'&5'=);M"2DZ+5('9,"-+"5+((+"5)(0423'+$""H'(+,"78SH87":;'"92&("=)3('+"-.;&+"1',(+"-+"o2&+,"J;/'-+,"-.'/=23()&5+"'&(+3&)('2&)1+$""

G>"67%K7%ge"SKw>[[>"]"e52,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,"

O+",'(+"+&":;+,('2&"&+",+"(32;*+"=),"L"1.'&(03'+;3"-.;&+")'3+"=32(040+"/)',"-)&,";&"=)C,)4+"=3'23'()'3+"-;"bb_$"s2'3"1)"_'4;3+"!"=2;3";&+"5)3(+"-+,"1'+;M"=3'23'()'3+,"-;"bb_$"

G>"67%K7%ge"[K7S8O>"]"e52,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,"

O+",'(+"+&":;+,('2&"&.+,("&'";&+")'3+"=32(040+"&'";&"=)C,)4+"=3'23'()'3+"-;"bb_R"/)',"1.;&+"-+,"e52304'2&,"=3'23'()'3+,"E12D)1"#YY"-053'(+,"=)3"K1,2&"x"G'&+3,(+'&R"#YY#$"

[K["eO%E%BO>" O.052,C,(N/+"+&":;+,('2&"&+",+"(32;*+"=),"-)&,";&+")'3+"=32(040+R"&.+,("=),";&"=)C,)4+"=3'23'()'3+"-;"bb_"&'"1.;&+"-+,"e52304'2&,"=3'23'()'3+,"E12D)1"#YY$"

""

"

"_'4;3+"!]"O+,"AI"1'+;M"=3'23'()'3+,"-;"bb_"?bb_R"#Y!!@"" "

!!"

RÉSUMÉ ANALYTIQUE "O)" 70=;D1':;+" G0/253)(':;+" -;" <2&42" ?7G<@" +,(" 52&&;+" =2;3" ,+," 43)&-+," 30,+3*+," -+" &2/D3+;M"/'&03);M")11)&("-+"1.;3)&';/"L"1.23R"+&"=),,)&("=)3"1+,"-')/)&(,"+("1)"5),,'(03'(+$"O)"7G<"52/=(+"VV"/'11'2&,"-.J)D'()&(,T"+(":;+1:;+,^;&,"-+,",'(+,"052124':;+,"1+,"=1;,"'/=23()&(,"-+"1)"=1)&N(+$">&"-0='("-+,"85523-,"-+"H;&"<'(C",'4&0,"+&"#YY#R"D+);52;="-.+&-32'(,"-)&,"1.+,("-;"=)C,R"C"52/=3',"-+,")'3+,"=32(040+,R"3+,(+&("=+;",q3,",;'(+"L"1)"=30,+&5+"-+"432;=+,")3/0,"+(");M"*'21)('2&,"52&('&;+,"-+,"-32'(,"-+"1.J2//+":;.'1,"52//+((+&($U""<+"3)==23("+,(";&+"0(;-+"+M=123)(2'3+",;3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+"?7[%@R";&"052,C,(N/+"53'(':;+X"-)&,"1+"H;-^d'*;$"O+,"2DZ+5('9,"-;"=30,+&("3)==23(",2&("]"?!@"-.2993'3";&+"/+'11+;3+"52/=30J+&,'2&"-+" 1.>S8"-)&," 1)"7[%R"+&" '-+&('9')&(",+,"5);,+,R"5)3)5(03',(':;+,"+(" '/=)5(,r" ?#@"-.'-+&('9'+3" 1+,"1+t2&,"('30+,"-.+9923(,"=3050-+&(,");",+'&"-+"1)"7[%"+("-)&,"-.);(3+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+("052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,R"+&"*;+" -.)D23-+3" 1+," -09'," +(" -+" ('3+3" =)3('" -+," 2==23(;&'(0," ),,25'0+," );M" +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);Mr" +(" ?A@"-.'-+&('9'+3" -+," 2==23(;&'(0," -.0(;-+," -+" 5)," +(" -+" =3243)//+," +&" ,2;('+&" 2;" +&" =)3(+&)3')(" )*+5" -+,"234)&',)('2&,"52&421)',+,R"+&"*;+"-.)D23-+3"1+,"=32D1N/+,",;3"1+"(+33)'&$"""O+"=30,+&("3)==23(")"0(0"52//)&-'(0"=)3"1+"Central African Regional Programme for the Environment"?<876>@"=2;3"*)1'-+3"1+,"30,;1()(,"-;"3)==23("#Y!!!Y"-.>,(+11+"O+*'&"O(-$"+("-;"bb_R",;3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&," 1+," )'3+," =32(040+," +(" 1+," 052,C,(N/+," 53'(':;+," ?6>S8^86><"r"ASM-PACE" +&" )&41)',@" -+" 1)" 70=;D1':;+"G0/253)(':;+"-;"<2&42R"+&"30)1',)&(";&+"0(;-+"-+"(+33)'&",;3"1.+M=12'()('2&")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+" -+" Z;'&" L" Z;'11+(" #Y!#$" O.2DZ+5('9" -;" =30,+&(" 3)==23(" +,(" -+" 923/;1+3" -+," ,(3)(04'+," -+" 52&,+3*)('2&"*')D1+,"-)&," 1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+":;'"=3+&&+&(" 1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+&"52&,'-03)('2&$!!"<+" 3)==23("=+3/+(" 04)1+/+&(" -+" =2;3,;'*3+" =1;," +&" -0()'1" 1+," 3+5J+35J+," -;"bb_^<876K" +(" -;" 5)D'&+(^52&,+'1" >,(+11+"O+*'&" O(-$" =)3" 3)==23(" );" =32Z+(" ASM-PACER" :;'" 5J+35J+" L" (32;*+3" ;&" 0:;'1'D3+" +&(3+" 1+" =2(+&('+1",25'2052&2/':;+" -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+R" +(" 1.'/=)5(" -+" 5+1;'^5'" ,;3" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" );" ,+'&" -+,"052,C,(N/+,"1+,"=1;,"'/=23()&(,"-+"1)"=1)&N(+$!#"""70;,,'3" L" 0()D1'3" 1.J)3/2&'+" +&(3+" 52&,+3*)('2&" +(" -0*+12==+/+&(" -)&," 1)" 4+,('2&" -+," 3+,,2;35+," &)(;3+11+,"-.%(2/Df+"+("-+"1.+&,+/D1+"-+"1)"7G<"&.+,("=),")',0$"G.;&"=2'&("-+"*;+"=21'(':;+R"1)"7G<"+,("1.;&"-+,"=)C,"1+,"=1;,"-'99'5'1+,");"/2&-+"=2;3"30)1',+3";&"=32Z+("-+"5+"(C=+$"%1"9);("52//+&5+3"L"=+('(+"05J+11+"+("-+"9)t2&",'/=1+R"+("-+"1L" )*)&5+3" 1+&(+/+&(" /)'," ,q3+/+&($" 8'&,'R" =1)&'9'+3" ;&+" '&(+3*+&('2&" =)3" 3)==23(" L" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1)"7[%"-2'("k(3+"52&,'-030"-)&,"1+"5)-3+"=1;,"1)34+"-+"1)"104)1'(0R"-+"1)",05;3'(0R"-+,"'&(03k(,"-)&,"1.>S8"+(");(3+,")5('*'(0,")C)&("1'+;"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+$"O+,"30,;1()(,"'&'(');M",;3"1)"7[%"&+",2&("D),0,":;+",;3";&+"0(;-+"+M=123)(2'3+"3)='-+"-+"(+33)'&"+(";&"+M)/+&"-+"1)"-25;/+&()('2&")5(;+11+$"""G)&," 1+" D;(" -+" 52&,21'-+3" 1+," 30,;1()(," -+" 5+((+" +&:;k(+R" 1+"bb_" )" (+&;" L" 234)&',+3" -+;M" )(+1'+3," 2n" 0()'+&("52&*'0," -+," =)3('5'=)&(," ',,;," -+" =1;,'+;3," -2/)'&+,R" &2()//+&(" 1+,"/'&+,R" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(R" 1)" ,25'0(0" 5'*'1+")'&,'" :;+"-+,"=+3,2&&+," 3+,,2;35+," ?+M=+3(," +&":;+,('2&,"-+" 923k(,R" +&*'32&&+/+&(R" -32'(,"-+," 52//;&);(0,@R"+(5$" <+;M^5'" 2&(" =3'," )5('*+/+&(" =)3(" );M" (3)*);M" -+" 3+,('(;('2&" -+," 30,;1()(," -+" 1.+&:;k(+" ,;3" 1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&,"1)"7[%"(2;("+&")==23()&("1+;3"52&(3'D;('2&"+&"=+3,=+5('*+"-+"1.)(+1'+3"-+"d'&,J),)"+("5+R"+&"*;+"-+"1)"52&,21'-)('2&"-;"3)==23("9'&)1$"O+"=3+/'+3")(+1'+3",.+,("-032;10"L"B;i)*;"1+"#!",+=(+/D3+"#Y!#"r"1+"-+;M'N/+")"+;"1'+;"L"d'&,J),)"1+"#Y"-05+/D3+"#Y!#$" Conservation et gouvernance minière en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

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""7UNDESA, 2010 8Groupe d’experts du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU, 2010 9 Voir la section sur les définitions pour une explication de « l’écosystème critique » 10 Ce rapport a été produit grâce au soutien financier généreux d’Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group (ABCG) dans le cadre de l’obligation du WWF envers le Groupe de formuler une stratégie de conservation qui prenne l’exploitation minière en considération 11 Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group, 2011 12 Estelle Levin Ltd, 2012

!#"

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

! O+"<2-+"S'&'+3":;'"&.+,("=),"+&")5523-")*+5" 1+"<2-+"_23+,('+3"&'" 1+"<2-+"_2&5'+3R" 5+":;'"+&(3)c&+"-+,"52&91'(,"-+"-32'(,"r!A"

! G+,"/)&-)(," '&5+3()'&," +(" 52&(3)-'5(2'3+," +&(3+" 1+,"S'&',(N3+," -+" 1.>&*'32&&+/+&(" +(" -+,"S'&+," );M"&'*+);M"&)('2&);M"+("-+,"=32*'&5+,"r!F"

! %1" &.+M',(+" =)," -+" ,C,(N/+" )-0:;)(" :;'" =+3/+((+" -+" 4)3)&('3" 1+," -32'(," -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$!I"

La Réserve Naturelle d’Itombwe O)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+"+,(";&+")'3+"=32(040+"=32=2,0+!V":;'"9)'("=)3('+"-;"S),,'9"-.%(2/Df+$"<+"-+3&'+3"52/=3+&-" 1)"=1;,"43)&-+" ,;39)5+"-+" 923k(," '&'&(+332/=;+"-+" 1.893':;+$!T"H)"-01'/'()('2&")" +&523+"D+,2'&"-.k(3+")==32;*0+"-09'&'('*+/+&("=)3" 1.e()($">11+"J0D+34+"-'*+3,"432;=+,");(25J(2&+,"+("-'*+3,+,"+(J&'+,R"C"52/=3'," 1+,"(3'D;,"B),J'R"7+4)R"B)*'3)R"B)9;1''3;R"B)&C'&-;"+("B+/D+$!U""O+" 432;=+" -+" =32(+5('2&" -+" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" :;'" (3)*)'11+" ,;3" 1)" 7[%" )" +&()/0" -+," -',5;,,'2&," )*+5" 1+,"52//;&);(0,"125)1+,"+("1+"42;*+3&+/+&("52&421)',",;3"1)"/)&'N3+"-+"-09'&'3"1+,"1'/'(+,"-+"1)"70,+3*+$"%1",.)4'("1L"-.;&"=325+,,;,"12&4"+("52/=1+M+"-q"+&"=)3('+");M"-'9903+&(,"=2'&(,"-+"*;+",;3"1)"/)&'N3+"-2&("1)"(+33+"-+*3)'("k(3+";('1',0+R"1)"/)&'N3+"-2&("1+,"52&5+,,'2&,"/'&'N3+,"-+"43)&-+"05J+11+"-+*3)'+&("(3)'(+3"1+,"1'/'(+,"=32=2,0+,R")'&,'":;+" 1+," 52&&)',,)&5+," 1'/'(0+," -+," 3+,,2;35+," &)(;3+11+,R" 1.0(+&-;+" +(" 1+," =+3,=+5('*+," -+," +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M":;'"*'*+&("+("(3)*)'11+&("-)&,"1)"70,+3*+$"""70,;1()(" -+" 5+," -0D)(,R" 1+," )5('*'(0," -+" o2&)4+" =)3('5'=)('9" 2&(" 0(0" '&'('0+," =)3" 1.%<<[" L" B;i)*;R" 1+" bb_R" +("-.);(3+,"234)&',)('2&,"-+" 52&,+3*)('2&" 125)1+," +(" '&(+3&)('2&)1+,R" )'&,'":;+":;+1:;+,");(3+,"234)&',)('2&,"-+" 1)",25'0(0"5'*'1+$!X"O)"70,+3*+"-+*3)"k(3+"-'*',0+"+&"(32',"o2&+,"]""

! \&+"o2&+"L";,)4+"/;1('=1+"-)&,"1):;+11+" 1+,"=2=;1)('2&,"=+;*+&("+M(3)'3+"-+,"3+,,2;35+,",=05'9':;+,"+("52&*+&;+," );"=30)1)D1+R" +(" 30521(+3" 5+11+,^5'" -.;&+"/)&'N3+" );,,'" -;3)D1+":;+"=2,,'D1+$"O+," 3+,,2;35+,";('1',0+," )'&,'" =+;*+&(" '&51;3+" 1+" D2'," +(" );(3+," =32-;'(," 923+,('+3,R" 1.+);R" 1+" =2',,2&" +(" 1)" *')&-+" -+"D32;,,+$"O)"o2&+";,)4+"/;1('=1+"9+3)"1.2DZ+("-.;&"/2-+"-+"4+,('2&"-)&,"1.2;('1"Z;3'-':;+")/+&-0"=23()&("530)('2&" -+" 1)"7[%" +(" :;'" -0(+3/'&+3)" 1+,"/2-)1'(0," =3)(':;+,$" >&" -0='(" -+" 5+," -09',R" ,'" 1)" ,05;3'(0" 1+"=+3/+(R"1)"7[%",+3)";&+"2==23(;&'(0"-+",+"1)&5+3"-)&,"1)"923/;1)('2&"-.;&+",(3)(04'+"52//;&+R"-;+"L"1)"/)&'N3+" =3)4/)(':;+" -2&(" 1)" -01'/'()('2&" =32=2,0+" -+" 1)" o2&+" )" 0(0" 299'5'+11+/+&(" 0()D1'+" ?*2'3" 1+"<J)='(3+"A"=2;3"=1;,"-+"-0()'1,",;3" 1+"51),,+/+&("=32=2,0"-+" 1)"70,+3*+@$"g2;("+&4)4+/+&("9;(;3"-)&,"5+((+" o2&+" &05+,,'(+3)" -+" 3+52&&)c(3+" :;+" 1)" 52&9')&5+" +,(" ;&" 9)5(+;3" 53'(':;+" +(" :;.+11+" -+/)&-+3)"D+);52;=" -+" (3)*)'1" +&(3+" 1+," 234)&',)('2&," -+" 52&,+3*)('2&R" 1+" 42;*+3&+/+&(" +(" 1+," 52//;&);(0,"125)1+,R")'&,'":;.;&+"43)&-+"(3)&,=)3+&5+"-)&,"1+"=325+,,;,"-+"=1)&'9'5)('2&"=)3('5'=)('*+"-;"-0D;("L"1)"9'&$"

! \&+" o2&+" '&(+3/0-')'3+" 2n" 1+," )5('*'(0,"-+"-0*+12==+/+&("=+;*+&(" k(3+"/',+," +&" *)1+;3" +(" );" ,+'&"-+"1):;+11+" 1+," 52//;&);(0," 125)1+," +(" 1+," =+;=1+," );(25J(2&+," =+;*+&(" )/01'23+3" 1+;3," ,2;35+," -+"3+*+&;,"r"1+,")5('*'(0,"(2;3',(':;+,"=2;3"*','(+3"1+,"423'11+,"-+,"=1)'&+,"-+"1.>,("?Gorilla beringei graueri@"-+*32&("k(3+"234)&',0+,"L"1.'&(03'+;3"-+"5+((+"o2&+$"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""13Bawa et Hayes, 2010 14Bawa et Hayes, 2010 15World Bank, 2008 16 La RNI fait référence à cette partie du massif qui va faire l’objet d’une publication à l’Officiel après amendement de l’arrêté existant et créant la réserve. Les frontières de la réserve n’étant pas encore connues, à ce stade on ne connaît pas ses coordonnées géographiques 17Muhigwa, op cit., 2008 18Mubalama, 2009 19DeJong, 2011

!A"

! \&+" o2&+" -+" 52&,+3*)('2&" '&(043)1+" :;'" &+" =+;(" k(3+" ;('1',0+" +&" );5;&+" /)&'N3+" +(" :;'" 9)'(" 1.2DZ+("-.)5523-,",;3"1)"3041+/+&()('2&"3+1)('*+"L"1)",(3'5(+"=32(+5('2&"-+"5+((+"o2&+$"

Les exploitants miniers artisanaux O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+",.+,("30*010+"k(3+";&+",2;35+"'&(043)1+"-+"3+*+&;,"=2;3"&2/D3+"-+"=2=;1)('2&,":;'"*'*+&("-)&," 1+,"=)3('+,"+,("+("2;+,("-+" 1)"70,+3*+$"G)&,"-+"&2/D3+;M"5),R" 1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+,(" 1)"seule"/)&'N3+"-.0*'(+3"1)"=);=03',)('2&$"85(;+11+/+&(R"1.>S8"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"+,("'1104)1+$"<.+,("1L";&+"-+,"&2/D3+;,+,":;+,('2&,":;'"-+*3)'+&("k(3+"'&51;,+,"-)&,";&+"D2&&+",(3)(04'+"-+"4+,('2&"-+"1)"70,+3*+$"O)"5),,'(03'(+R"1+"521()&"+("1.23R" ,2&(" 1+,"=3'&5'=);M"/'&+3)'," +M=12'(0,"-+"/)&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+"-)&," 1)"70,+3*+$#Y"[2," 3+5J+35J+,"-+" (+33)'&"-)&,"1+,",'(+,"-.>S8");",+'&"-;",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+"+("1)"5J+99+3'+"-+"B),'1+"/2&(3+&(":;+"5+",2&( 1)"5),,'(03'(+"+("1.23":;'"92&("1.2DZ+("-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"5+,"o2&+,$""O)"-0/243)=J'+R" 1+,"/'&+3)'," +M=12'(0,R" 1.05J+11+" )'&,'" :;+" 1+,"/0(J2-+,"-+," +M=12'()('2&,"/'&'N3+," )3(',)&)1+,"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+"L"1.+,("+("1)"5J+99+3'+"-+"B),'1+"L"1.2;+,(",2&("-'9903+&(,$"O+,",'(+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"0(;-'0,"L"%(2/Df+",2&("1+,",'(+,"-+"S'i'R"-.8=)&4)R"-+"S)i+&-)R"-+"g;1)/D2R"-+"g;/;&4;"+("-+"H)f+"?04)1+/+&("52&&;" ,2;," 1+" &2/" -+" d)(2(+1)@$" y" %(2/Df+R" 1)" /)Z23'(0" -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" +,(" =),,0+" -+"1.+M=12'()('2&"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"L"5+11+"-+"1.23"z",);9"-)&,"1+",'(+"-.8=)&4)"2n";&"=+('("432;=+"-+"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"52&('&;+"1.+M=12'()('2&",2;(+33)'&+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"z",;'(+"L"1)"D)',,+"-;"=3'M"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+",;3"1+,"/)35J0,$" O)" =2=;1)('2&"/'&'N3+" +,(" =1;," =+('(+" L" %(2/Df+" :;.L" B),'1+R" +(" 1+," ,'(+,"/'&'+3," &.C" ,2&(" =)," );,,'"=+3/)&+&(,":;.L"B),'1+"=2;3"5+":;'"+,("-+,",'(+,",2;(+33)'&,$"O.+M=12'()('2&"-+"1.23"52&5+3&+"=3'&5'=)1+/+&("1.23")11;*')1" :;'" ,+" (32;*+" -)&," 1+," 3'*'N3+," +(" 1+," 52;3," -.+);$" G)&," 1.+&,+/D1+R" 1+," +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," )3(',)&);M"*'+&&+&("-+"1)"(3'D;"-+,"B),J',$""G)&," 1)"5J+99+3'+"-+"B),'1+"L" 1.2;+,(R"&2;,")*2&,"0(;-'0" 1+,",'(+,"-+"`2/D+R"O;4;&-;R"Sf)(+&-+"+("df)f+&4)$"G)&," 5+((+" =)3('+" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+R" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" =3)(':;+&(" =3'&5'=)1+/+&(" 1.+M=12'()('2&",2;(+33)'&+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+R",);9"-)&,"1+,"-+;M",'(+,"-+"Sf)(+&-+"+("df)f+&4)"2n"'1,"+M=12'(+&("1.23")11;*')1$""O)"&)(;3+"'&923/+11+"-+"1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("/'&'N3+"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"=329'(+"L"-+"&2/D3+;M")5(+;3,$"%1"+,(")D,21;/+&("53;5')1"-+"D'+&"52/=3+&-3+"1+,"'&(03k(,"-+"5J)5;&"-)&,"5+((+"5J)c&+"=2;3"'&5'(+3");"5J)&4+/+&("?*2'3" <J$I" =2;3" =1;," -.'&923/)('2&," ,;3" 1)" 5J)c&+" -.)==32*','2&&+/+&(" -+" 1.>S8" -)&," 1)" 7[%" +(" 1+," '/=)5(,"3+,=+5('9,@$"%1"+,("04)1+/+&("53;5')1"-+"52/=3+&-3+"1+,"32;)4+,"'&(+3&+,"+("1+,"-C&)/':;+,"-+"5J)&4+/+&("-+"5+((+"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&(R"+("&2()//+&("1+,"'&(03k(,"=21'(':;+,"+("052&2/':;+,"'&*+,(',$"<.+,(",+;1+/+&(")123,":;.'1" ,+3)" =2,,'D1+" -+" 30923/+3" +&" )*)&t)&(" L" =+('(," =),$" >&" D3+9R" '1" +,(" '/=23()&(" -+" 52/=3+&-3+" -)&," :;+11+"/+,;3+"-)&,"1):;+11+"(2;,"5+,"'&(03k(,"=2;33)'+&("+&(3)*+3";&+":;+152&:;+"'&(+3*+&('2&$""L’EMA et l’impact des populations sur l’intégrité écologique de la Reserve O.'/=)5("-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("-+"1)"70,+3*+R"-)&,"1)"o2&+":;+"&2;,")*2&,"0(;-'0+R"0()'("+&")==)3+&5+" 1'/'(0R"=3'&5'=)1+/+&("43W5+");" 9)'(":;+" 1+,"=2=;1)('2&,"/'&'N3+," ,2&("=+;"&2/D3+;,+,$"G+"=1;,R"1.+M=12'()('2&",2;(+33)'&+R"(+11+":;.+11+"+,("=3)(':;0+"=)3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"+/=k5J+":;+"1)"923k("+(" 1+,",21,",2'+&("-'3+5(+/+&("+&-2//)40,R"/k/+"-;3)&("1+,"J);(+,",)',2&,$"<+1)"-'(R" 1+,"&'*+);M"-+"D3;'("+(" 1)"=30-)('2&",;3"1)"9);&+"+("1)"9123+");(2;3"-+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,"+("-+,"*'11)4+,"=2;3",;D*+&'3");M"D+,2'&,"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"'/=1':;+":;.'1"+M',(+"+&523+"-+,"+/=k5J+/+&(,"L"1.'&(043'(0"L"12&4"(+3/+"-+"1)"70,+3*+R":;)&(");" -0=1)5+/+&(" -C&)/':;+" -+," =2=;1)('2&,$" %1" 9);(" &2(+3R" /)1J+;3+;,+/+&(R" :;+" /k/+" ,'" 1+," )5('*'(0," -+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"0()'+&("/'&'/',0+,"=+&-)&(" 1)"=03'2-+"-+"5+((+"3+5J+35J+R" '1"+,("=2,,'D1+":;+" 1+,"52&,0:;+&5+," +&*'32&&+/+&()1+," -+" 12&4;+^-;30+" ,2'+&(" =1;," '/=23()&(+," :;+" 5+11+," :;+" &2(3+" 0:;'=+" )"2D,+3*0+,$"G+"=1;,R"5+,"52&,0:;+&5+,"=2;33)'+&(",.)443)*+3"L"1.)*+&'3$"O+,"'/=)5(,"-+,"=2=;1)('2&,"-+"1.>S8",2&("-0()'110,"-)&,"1+"<J$"F"-;"3)==23($""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""20Muhigwa, op sit. 2008. La RNI contient également des dépôts de tourmaline, béryllium et monazite

!F"

Proposer une stratégie de conservation qui tient compte du secteur minier artisanal dans la RNI %1" +,(" (3N," =32D)D1+" :;+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" (+11+" :;.+11+" +,(" =3)(':;0+" -)&," 1)" 7[%" =;',,+" 52&('&;+3" -+"40&03)('2&"+&"40&03)('2&R"5)3"+11+"+,("=+3t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o2&+"-+"52&,+3*)('2&"'&(043)1+"&.+,("=),")99+5(0+"{"<+1)"+,(";&+":;+,('2&"53'(':;+":;'"-2'("k(3+"+M)/'&0+"=)3"1+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,R"C"52/=3',"1+,")4+&5+,"-;"42;*+3&+/+&(R"/)',");,,'"=)3"1+,"52//;&);(0,"/'&'N3+,$"""8*2'3"3+52;3,");M"+M=;1,'2&,"92350+,"2;",'/=1+/+&("'4&23+3"1+"=32D1N/+"&+",2&("=),"-+,",21;('2&,"52&,(3;5('*+,R"3)',2&"=2;3"1):;+11+"1+,"52//;&);(0,"-+,"/'1'+;M"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"+("-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-+"1)"304'2&"2&("D+,2'&"-+"(3)*)'11+3"+&,+/D1+"=2;3"52&(3v1+3" 1)",'(;)('2&$"<+1)"-+/)&-+3)"-+"30-;'3+" 1.+/=3+'&(+"052124':;+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+("-+",.),,;3+3":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"=2;332&("(3)*)'11+3"+&"(2;(+",05;3'(0R"-)&,"-+,"52&-'('2&,"-.JC4'N&+")55+=()D1+,R"(2;("+&"3+,=+5()&("1+,"&23/+,"+&*'32&&+/+&()1+,"+("=2;3"-+,"3+*+&;,":;'" 1+;3"=+3/+((32&("-+",;D*+&'3"L" 1+;3,"D+,2'&,"+("L"5+;M"-+" 1+;3,"9)/'11+,$"O+"=3243)//+"-.ASM-PACE )"-+,"3+52//)&-)('2&,":;'" ,2&("-',5;(0+," +&"=1;,"-+"-0()'1" 5'^-+,,2;,R"/)'," '1" 9);("&2(+3":;+" 1+" 30,;1()("-+" 1.)(+1'+3"-.ASM-PACE +("-+"bb_"L"d'&,J),)"+&"-05+/D3+"#Y!#")"=23(0",;3";&+"-',5;,,'2&"(3N,"-'9903+&(+$""Des types et classifications d’interventions avec le secteur d’EMA en RNI. O+," :;+,('2&," +(" (JN/+," ,;'*)&(," 3+=30,+&(+&(" ;&" 5)-3+" -.)==325J+" -+" 1.>S8" :;+" 1+," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," -+,"/'1'+;M" -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" +(" -+" 1)" 52&,+3*)('2&" +,,)'+&(" -.'&91;+&5+3$" [2;," 1+," )*2&," -'*',0," +&" (32',")==325J+,"?-',5;(0,"+&"=1;,"-+"-0()'1"-)&,"1+"523=,"-;"3)==23(@]""

! Inciter : \&+" '&(+3*+&('2&" =+;(" ,+3*'3" -.'&5'()('2&" =2;3" :;+" 1+," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," /2-'9'+&(" 2;"(3)&,923/+&("1+;3"52/=23(+/+&($"<+5'"=+;("'/=1':;+3"-.+&52;3)4+3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"L":;'((+3" -+," ,'(+," /'&'+3," ,=05'9':;+," :;'" 2&(" ;&" '/=)5(" '/=23()&(" ,;3" 1)" 30,',()&5+" 052124':;+" -+" 1)"o2&+$#!"%1"9);(")123,"=2;*2'3",.),,;3+3"-+"3+&-3+"1+",'(+"-+"3+/=1)5+/+&("(3N,")((3)C)&(R"+&",.),,;3)&(":;+R"9'&)&5'N3+/+&(R"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"C"(32;*+&("1+;3"52/=(+$##"

! Influencer :"%1"+,("-'99'5'1+"-+"9)'3+"=3243+,,+3"1+,"5J2,+,",;'(+"L";&+"'&(+3*+&('2&",'"1.2&"&+"D0&09'5'+"=),"-.)D23-"-;" ,2;('+&"-+," 52//;&);(0," 125)1+,$"KD(+&'3" ;&" (+1" ,2;('+&"=+;(" ,+" 9)'3+" +&"-+/)&-)&(" );M"5J+9," -+," *'11)4+," ?:;'" 2&(" 0(0" '-+&('9'0," -)&," 1+," -+;M" ,+5(+;3," =+&-)&(" 5+((+" 0(;-+@" -+" -2&&+3" 1+;3"2='&'2&",;3";&+"(+11+"'&(+3*+&('2&R"=;',"+&"2D(+&)&("1+;3"522=03)('2&$"g2;(+92',R"'1"+,("'/=23()&("-+"&+"=),"2;D1'+3":;+"(2;("30,;1()("*2;1;"-0=+&-3)"-+"1)"D2&&+"*212&(0"-+,"52//;&);(0,"/k/+,$"

! Appliquer les normes ]" >&" (J023'+R" 1)" =;D1'5)('2&" +(" 1.)==1'5)('2&" -.;&" =1;," 43)&-" &2/D3+" -+"3N41+/+&()('2&,"=+3/+((3)'+&("-+"/+((3+"9'&");M"'/=)5(,"-+"1.>S8"+(");(3+,")5('*'(0,"J;/)'&+,",;3"5+("052,C,(N/+" 53'(':;+$" 8*+5" 1+," :;+,('2&," -+" 5)=)5'(0" -;" 42;*+3&+/+&(R" -+" ,;=30/)('+" -;" -32'(" +(" -+"J'03)35J',)('2&" -+," +M=12'()('2&," '&-;,(3'+11+," +&" 7G<R" '1" +,(" 52&,+'110" -+" 52/D'&+3" 1.)==325J+" -.;&+")==1'5)('2&"923(+"-+"1)"104)1'(0")*+5"1+,"(+5J&':;+,"=1;,"104N3+,"-+"1.'&5'()('2&"+("-+"1.'&91;+&5+$"G+"=1;,"+("=2;3"k(3+"=1;,"30)1',(+R";&+"(+11+")==325J+"=+3/+((3)"=32D)D1+/+&("-.0*'(+3"1)"&2&^522=03)('2&"-+"1)"=)3("-+,"52//;&);(0,"(2;5J0+,$"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""21 Il faudrait plus de recherche pour déterminer quels sites peuvent être fermés et lesquelles peuvent être laissés ouverts 22 Voir l’Annexe D pour des suggestions détaillées sur les interventions techniques d’EMA réussies

!I"

Gestion de la Réserve 62;3" ;&" =3+/'+3" =),R" +(" )*)&(" :;+" (2;(+," );(3+," '&(+3*+&('2&," =;',,+&(" 30;,,'3R" 1)" 70,+3*+" )" D+,2'&" -.k(3+" );"/'&'/;/" -01'/'(0+" +(R" -)&," 1.'-0)1R" 4030+" +99'5)5+/+&($" <+((+" -01'/'()('2&" -2'(" k(3+" =)3('5'=)('*+|+&" -.);(3+,"(+3/+,R"1+,"52//;&);(0,|C"52/=3',"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M|-2'*+&("52/=3+&-3+"5+":;'",+"=),,+"+(")*2'3"1.255),'2&"-+"-2&&+3"1+;3"=2'&("-+"*;+$"%1"+,(");,,'"'/=03)('9":;+"1+,"52//;&);(0,"Z2;',,+&("-+"D0&09'5+,"z052&2/':;+,R"052124':;+,"+(",25');M|)9'&"-+"522=03+3")*+5"5+"=325+,,;,$"H'R"L"1)"9'&"-+"5+"=325+,,;,R"1+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"=3+&&+&("1)"-05','2&"-+"5+,,+3"1.>S8"+("-+"9)'3+";&+"(3)&,'('2&");M"/2C+&,"-+",;D,',()&5+")1(+3&)('9,R")123," 5+" =32Z+(" -+*3)" k(3+" D'+&" 234)&',0" +(" 1+," 1+)-+3," -+*32&(" 3+,=+5(+3" 1+;3," +&4)4+/+&(," +&*+3," 1+,"52//;&);(0,R"5.+,(^L^-'3+"1+;3"92;3&'3"-+,"/2C+&,")1(+3&)('9"-+",;D*+&'3"L"1+;3,"D+,2'&,$"""[2;," 29932&," 5'^-+,,2;," -+," ,;44+,('2&," =2;3" '&51;3+" -)&," 1+" =1)&" -+" 4+,('2&" -.+&,+/D1+" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+"-+,":;+,('2&,",=05'9':;+,"L"1.>S8"?-0()'110+,"-)&,"1+"3)==23(@"]"

! e()D1'3"-+,"D)33'N3+,"40243)=J':;+,"+(",05;3'()'3+,"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"! <1),,+3"1+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,"-.)=3N,"1+;3"'/=23()&5+",25'2052&2/':;+");",+'&"-+"1)"70,+3*+"! 8/01'23+3"+(j2;"/+((3+"+&"};*3+"-+,"=3250-;3+,"3+1)('*+,");M"/2-+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"-+,"(+33+,"+("L"1+;3");(23',)('2&"L" 1.05J+11+"52;(;/'N3+R"+&"*;+"-+"403+3" 1.)55N,");M"(+33+,"+("-+"=32/2;*2'3"-+,"/+'11+;3+,"=3)(':;+,"

Points critiques examinés pendant l’atelier d’ASM-PACE à Bukavu et à Kinshasa O+,"+M=+3(,"+("1+,"(+5J&'5'+&,")'&,'":;+"1+"42;*+3&+/+&("L"d'&,J),)",2;('+&&+&(";&)&'/+/+&("1)"=2,'('2&",+12&"1):;+11+" ;&+" 30,+3*+" &+" =+;(" =)," )55;+'11'3" -+," )5('*'(0," -.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+$" <+1)" 3+=30,+&(+" ;&+"*'21)('2&"-+"1)"12'R"L"1+;3")*',$"<+=+&-)&(R"'1"C")";&"3',:;+":;+"1+,"+9923(,"92;3&',"Z;,:;.L"=30,+&("-)&,"1+"=325+,,;,"-+"o2&)4+"=)3('5'=)('9"+&"52;3,"+("D),0",;3"1+"=3+,53'("-+"1.)3('51+"I"-;"7N41+/+&("/'&'+3",2'+&("'&;('1+,R"-;"9)'(":;+"5+,"+9923(,"=2;33)'+&("+&(3)c&+3";&"3+(2;3"L"1)"5),+"-+"-0=)3("=2;3",+&,'D'1',+3"-+"&2;*+);"1+,"52//;&);(0,",;3"&2;*+11+" 51),,'9'5)('2&" :;.2&" =2;33)" )-2=(+3" =2;3" 1)" 70,+3*+" [)(;3+11+" -.%(2/Df+$" 8" 5+(" +99+(R" 1+,"3+52//)&-)('2&,"92&-0+,",;3"&2,"-2&&0+,"-+"D),+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1)"7[%",2&(")99+5(0+,"=)3"5+((+"30)1'(0$""O+,"30)5('2&,"*',"L"*',"-;"3)==23("-+"(+33)'&"=30,+&(0")*)'+&("3+&52&(30"1)",)(',9)5('2&"-+,"=)3('5'=)&(,"+("=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+," L" 1.)(+1'+3" -+" B;i)*;" -)&," 1)" /+,;3+" 2n" 5+" 3)==23(" ,;,5'()'(" =1;,'+;3," =2'&(," 52/=10/+&()'3+," +("52&*+34+&(,$" 8;" 5+&(3+" -+" 1+;3," =30255;=)('2&," ,;34',,)'(" 1+" D+,2'&" -+" ,)*2'3" -)*)&()4+" ,;3" 1)" *'+" ,25'2^052&2/':;+" -+," 52//;&);(0," +(" 1+;3" 3)==23(" )*+5" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(R" )*+5" 1)" =+3,=+5('*+" -+" ,2;J)'(+3" 1)"-;=1'5)('2&"-+"1)"/k/+"0(;-+"-)&,"1+"3+,(+"-+,"5J+99+3'+,":;'"52;*3+&("1)"7[%$"O)"=30,+&()('2&"-;"3)==23(")*+5"1+,"3+52//)&-)('2&,"-+" 1.)(+1'+3" -+"B;i)*;" );M"=)3('+," =3+&)&(+," +(" 1+," );(23'(0," -)&," 1.)(+1'+3" -+"d'&,J),)" )*)'("3+(+&;"1+;3")((+&('2&"(2;("+&")&53)&("1)"=30255;=)('2&",;3"1+"3+,=+5("-+,"(+M(+,"104);M"+("1.)==1'5)('2&",(3'5(+"-+,"12'," 304',,)&(" 1+" ,+5(+;3" /'&'+3" +(" +&*'32&&+/+&()1R" +(" +&" /k/+" (+/=," 0()&(" 52&,5'+&(" -+," -09'," :;+" 1+,")-/'&',(3)('2&," /'&'N3+," +(" +&*'32&&+/+&()1+," )9932&(+&($" G+," 2='&'2&," -'*+3,+," +(" -+," =30255;=)('2&,"=+3('&+&(+,",2&("3+,(0+,"+&",;,=+&,"+&")((+&(+"-+"30=2&,+,"91+M'D1+,"*',^L^*',"-+"1)",'(;)('2&")5(;+11+",;3"(+33)'&$"O+,"3+52//)&-)('2&,",=05'9':;+,":;'"2&("0(0"9)'(+,"L"d'&,J),)"+("L"B;i)*;",2&("-',5;(0+,"+&"=1;,"-+"-0()'1"-)&,"1+"3)==23($"" "

!V"

1 INTRODUCTION "O)" 70=;D1':;+" G0/253)(':;+" -;" <2&42" ?7G<@" +,(" 52&&;+" =2;3" ,+," 43)&-+," 30,+3*+," -+" &2/D3+;M"/'&03);M")11)&("-+"1.;3)&';/"L"1.23R"+&"=),,)&("=)3"1+,"-')/)&(,"+("1)"5),,'(03'(+$"O)"7G<"52/=(+"VV"/'11'2&,"-.J)D'()&(,#A"+(":;+1:;+,^;&,"-+,",'(+,"052124':;+,"1+,"=1;,"'/=23()&(,"-+"1)"=1)&N(+$">&"-0='("-+,"85523-,"-+"H;&"<'(C",'4&0,"+&" #YY#R" D+);52;=" -.+&-32'(," -)&," 1.+,(" -;" =)C,R" C" 52/=3'," -+," )'3+," =32(040+,R" 3+,(+&(" =+;" ,q3," ,;'(+" L" 1)"=30,+&5+"-+"432;=+,")3/0,"+(");M"*'21)('2&,"52&('&;+,"-+,"-32'(,"-+"1.J2//+":;.'1,"52//+((+&($#F""O+,"2D,+3*)(+;3,"+M(+3&+,"z"+("1+,"=+3,2&&+,":;'"(3)*)'11+&(",;3"1+"(+33)'&"z"-2'*+&("=3+&-3+"+&"52/=(+"1+"52&(+M(+"-)&," 1+:;+1" (3)*)'11+&(" 1+,"=+3,2&&+," '/=1':;0+,"-)&," 1+" ,+5(+;3"-+," +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," )3(',)&);M$"O.+,("-+" 1)"7G<R";&+"304'2&")99+5(0+"=)3"-+"&2/D3+;M"52&91'(,"D3;();M"-+=;',"=1;,"-+"!V")&,"|"+("-)&,"1):;+11+R",+12&"1.K99'5+"-+," [)('2&," \&'+," =2;3" 1)" <223-'&)('2&" -+," 899)'3+," u;/)&'()'3+," ?\[" K<u8@R" +&*'32&" -+;M" /'11'2&,"-.J)D'()&(,"2&("0(0"-0=1)50,"L"5);,+"-+,"52&91'(,"-;3)&("1+,"(32',"-+3&'N3+,")&&0+,"|"1)"/)Z23'(0"-+,"J)D'()&(,"9)'("(2;("=2;3",;3*'*3+#I$"O+"51),,+/+&("'&+99'5)5+"2;"'&52/=1+("-+,"+,=)5+,"-+"52&,+3*)('2&R")")/2'&-3'"+&523+"=1;,"1.'&(043'(0"-+"5+,"=2'&(,"5J);-,"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"923/+11+/+&("l=32(040,.$"G;"=2'&("-+"*;+"-+,"234)&',)('2&,"-+"1)" =32(+5('2&" -+" 1)" &)(;3+R" 1.%&,('(;(" <2&421)'," =2;3" 1)" <2&,+3*)('2&" -+" 1)" [)(;3+" ?%<<[@" +,(" 52&932&(0" L"-.0&23/+," -09'," =2;3" 3+/=1'3" ,2&"/)&-)(" +(" 9)'3+" 3+,=+5(+3" 1)" 12'" -)&," 5+" *),(+" =)C," -.'/=23()&5+" 052124':;+"53;5')1+$"O+"52&(+M(+"-)&,"1+:;+1"5+,"-09',"-2'*+&("k(3+"52/=3',"52&5+3&+R"+&(3+");(3+,R"1)"9)'D1+"'&93),(3;5(;3+"-;"=)C,R"1)"42;*+3&)&5+"'&(+3&+"-09'5'+&(+R"1+,"2D,()51+,"52&,'-03)D1+,"-+"1)"52//;&'5)('2&R"+("1+"9)'(":;+"1+,"4)3-+,"/+((+&(" ,2;*+&(" 1+;3" *'+" +&" -)&4+3" L" 5);,+" -+" 1.'&,05;3'(0" :;'" =+3-;3+" -)&," 1+," &2/D3+;,+," )'3+," =32(040+,R"&2()//+&("-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+"?7[%@":;'"9)'("1.2DZ+("-+"1)"=30,+&(+"0(;-+$""%1"C")"+;";&+"532',,)&5+"'/=23()&(+"-)&,"1+,",+5(+;3,"/'&'+3,"923/+1,"?=3'&5'=)1+/+&("1.+M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+@"+("'&923/+1,"?=3'&5'=)1+/+&("1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+@"-;"=)C,R"+("L"1.J+;3+":;.'1"+,(R"2&",)'(":;+"&2/D3+"-+,"4',+/+&(,"-+"/'&+3)',"+M=12'(0,",+"(32;*+&("-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+("1+,"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,"-;"=)C,$"O+"=30,+&(" 3)==23(")"0(0"52//)&-'(0"=)3" 1+"Central African Regional Programme for the Environment" ?<876>@"=2;3" *)1'-+3" 1+," 30,;1()(," -;" 3)==23(" -+" #Y!!#V" -.>,(+11+" O+*'&" O(-$" +(" -;" bb_R" ,;3" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+" -)&," 1+," )'3+," =32(040+," +(" 1+," 052,C,(N/+," 53'(':;+," ?6>S8^86><"r" ASM-PACE" +&" )&41)',@" -+" 1)"70=;D1':;+" G0/253)(':;+" -;" <2&42R" +&" 30)1',)&(" ;&+" 0(;-+" -+" (+33)'&" ,;3" 1.+M=12'()('2&" )3(',)&)1+" -)&," 1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+"-+"Z;'&"L"Z;'11+("#Y!#$"O.2DZ+5('9"-;"=30,+&("3)==23("+,("-+"923/;1+3"-+,",(3)(04'+,"-+"52&,+3*)('2&"*')D1+,"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+":;'"=3+&&+&("1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+&"52&,'-03)('2&$#T"<+"3)==23("=+3/+("04)1+/+&("-+"=2;3,;'*3+"=1;,"+&"-0()'1"1+,"3+5J+35J+,"-;"bb_^<876K"+("-;"5)D'&+(^52&,+'1">,(+11+" O+*'&" O(-$" =)3" 3)==23(" );" =32Z+(" 6>S8^86><R" :;'" 5J+35J+" L" (32;*+3" ;&" 0:;'1'D3+" +&(3+" 1+" =2(+&('+1",25'2052&2/':;+" -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+R" +(" 1.'/=)5(" -+" 5+1;'^5'" ,;3" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" );" ,+'&" -+,"052,C,(N/+,"1+,"=1;,"'/=23()&(,"-+"1)"=1)&N(+$#U"H.'&,53'*)&("-)&,"1+,"2DZ+5('9,"-;"632Z+("d’ASM-PACER"1)"=30,+&(+"0(;-+"+M=123)(2'3+",;3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1)"7[%")"=2;3"2DZ+5('9,"]""

! G.2993'3" ;&+" /+'11+;3+" 52/=30J+&,'2&" -+" 1.>S8" -)&," 1)" 7[%R" +&" '-+&('9')&(" ,+," 5);,+,R" ,+,"5)3)5(03',(':;+,"+(",+,"'/=)5(,"r"

! G.'-+&('9'+3" 1+," 1+t2&," ('30+,"-.+9923(,"=3050-+&(,"-)&," 1)"7[%"+(" );(3+,")'3+,"=32(040+," +(" 052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,R"+&"*;+"-.)D23-+3"1+,"-09',"+("-+"('3+3"=)3('"-+,"2==23(;&'(0,"),,25'0+,");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"r"+("

! G.'-+&('9'+3"-+,"2==23(;&'(0,"-.0(;-+,"-+"5),"+("-+"=3243)//+,"+&",2;('+&"2;"+&"=)3(+&)3')(")*+5"-+,"234)&',)('2&,"52&421)',+,"+&"*;+"-.)D23-+3"1+,"=32D1N/+,",;3"1+"(+33)'&$"

"70)1',+3" ;&+" 0(;-+" +M=123)(2'3+" ,;3" 1+, +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -)&," (2;(+," 1+," )'3+," =32(040+," +(" 1+,"052,C,(N/+," 53'(':;+," -+" 1)" 7G<" &05+,,'(+3)'(" -.'/=23()&(+," 3+,,2;35+," 9'&)&5'N3+,$" <.+,(" =2;3:;2'" 1.0:;'=+",5'+&('9':;+" )" -05'-0" -+" =23(+3" ,2&" )((+&('2&" ,;3" 1)" 70,+3*+" [)(;3+11+" -.%(2/Df+R" +(" ,=05'9':;+/+&(" ,;3" -+;M"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""23UNDESA, 2010 24Groupe d’experts du Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU, 2010 25 UN OCHA, 2012 26 Ce rapport a été produit grâce au soutien financier généreux d’Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group (ABCG) dans le cadre de l’obligation du WWF envers le Groupe de formuler une stratégie de conservation qui prenne l’exploitation minière en considération 27 Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group, 2011 28 Estelle Levin LTD, 2012

!T"

,+5(+;3,"-)&,"1)"7[%R"1+",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+"+("1)"5J+99+3'+"-+"B),'1+"?*2'3"<J$"A^T@$"O)"7[%"+,("&2&",+;1+/+&(";&+")'3+"&)(;3+11+"+&"52;3,"-+"-01'/'()('2&"=)3('5'=)('*+"?)'3+"=32(040+R"/)',"&2&^-01'/'(0+@R"+11+"3+&9+3/+"04)1+/+&("-+,"'&(03k(,"/'&'+3,"-+"43)&-+"+("=+('(+"05J+11+,$"%1"C")"1'+;"-+"&2(+3":;+"1+"=30,+&("3)==23("+,(";&+"+&:;k(+"'&'(')1+",;3"1)":;+,('2&"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+("1+,"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,"-+"1)"7G<R"+(":;.'1"-+*3)'("k(3+"*;"52//+"un point d’entrée dans le débat +&(3+"1+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,R"+&"*;+"-+"9)t2&&+3";&+",(3)(04'+" -+" 52&,+3*)('2&" :;'" =3+&&+" +&" 52/=(+" 1.>S8" );" ,+'&" -+" 1)" 7[%" +(" -)&," 1+," )'3+," =32(040+," +(" 1+,"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,"-+" 1.+&,+/D1+"-+" 1)"7G<$"G+"=1;,R" '1"+,(" '/=23()&("-+"&2(+3":;+" 1)"7[%"+,(")99+5(0+");,,'"D'+&"=)3"1+,"+M=12'()('2&,"/'&'N3+,")3(',)&)1+,":;+"=)3"1+,"+M=12'()('2&,"'&-;,(3'+11+,$"

1.1 Une intervention faisable en RNI ? 70;,,'3" L" 0()D1'3" 1.J)3/2&'+" +&(3+" 52&,+3*)('2&" +(" -0*+12==+/+&(" -)&," 1)" 4+,('2&" -+," 3+,,2;35+," &)(;3+11+,"-.%(2/Df+"+("-+"1.+&,+/D1+"-+"1)"7G<"&.+,("=),")',0$"G.;&"=2'&("-+"*;+"=21'(':;+R"1)"7G<"+,("1.;&"-+,"=)C,"1+,"=1;,"-'99'5'1+,");"/2&-+"=2;3"30)1',+3";&"=32Z+("-+"5+"(C=+$"%1"9);("52//+&5+3"L"=+('(+"05J+11+"+("-+"9)t2&",'/=1+R"+("-+"1L" )*)&5+3" 1+&(+/+&(" /)'," ,q3+/+&($" 8'&,'R" =1)&'9'+3" ;&+" '&(+3*+&('2&" =)3" 3)==23(" L" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1)"7[%"-2'("k(3+"52&,'-030"-)&,"1+"5)-3+"=1;,"1)34+"-+"1)"104)1'(0R"-+"1)",05;3'(0R"-+,"'&(03k(,"-)&,"1.>S8"+(");(3+,")5('*'(0,")C)&("1'+;"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+$""~;+,('2&,"L"52&,'-03+3"-)&,"1)"52&5+=('2&"-.;&+"'&(+3*+&('2&"]""

! G.;&"=2'&("-+"*;+"124',(':;+R"+,(^'1"9)',)D1+"-.'&(+3*+&'3");=3N,"-+,"52//;&);(0,"5'D10+,"{"H'"5+"&.+,("=),"1+"5),R"52//+&("3+&-3+";&+"(+11+"'&(+3*+&('2&"9)',)D1+"{"

! O)",05;3'(0"-'99N3+^(^+11+",+12&"1+,"-'9903+&(+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"{"6)3"+M+/=1+R"1+,"5J+35J+;3,"=+;*+&(^'1,"+&(3+3" -)&," 1+," -'9903+&(+," o2&+," -+" 1)" 70,+3*+" {" O+," 52//;&);(0," /'&'N3+," =+;*+&(" 30=2&-3+" );M":;+,('2&,"-+,"5J+35J+;3,",)&,"52/=32/+((3+"1+;3",05;3'(0"{"~;+1"+,("1+"3v1+"-+,"432;=+,")3/0,"-)&,"1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-+,"/'&+3)',"{"~;+1,",2&("1+,"'&(03k(,"-)&,"1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("{"~;+1"'/=)5("1.+/D)342"/'&'+3"-)&,"1.+,("-+"1)"7G<")z(^'1"+;",;3"1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-+"1.>S8"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"{""

! ~;'" -2'(" :;'((+3" 1.)'3+" =32(040+" {" H.)4'(^'1" ,+;1+/+&(" -+," +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" {"Kn" ,+3)^(^'1"&05+,,)'3+"-+"9)'3+"-0/0&)4+3"5J):;+"432;=+":;'"-0=+&-"-+"1.052&2/'+"/'&'N3+"+(":;'"/+("1)"=3+,,'2&",;3" 1.052,C,(N/+" {" >&" 3)==23(" )*+5" 5+1)R" 1)" :;+,('2&" +,(" -+" ,)*2'3" :;'" -.);(3+" -+*3)'(" =)3('5'=+3" L" 1)"52&5+=('2&"+("1)"/',+"+&"};*3+"-+"1.'&(+3*+&('2&R"+(":;'"-.);(3+"-+*3)'("k(3+"52&,;1(0$"

! ~;+11+,",2&("1+,");(3+,")5('*'(0,"&;','D1+,"L"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("(+11+,":;+"1)"5J),,+R"1)"=k5J+"+("1.)43'5;1(;3+":;'",+"=),,+&("+&"=)3)11N1+")*+5"1.>S8R"+("52//+&("1+,"30,2;-3+"{"

! O+," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," ,+" ,+&(+&(^+11+," 2D1'40+," -+" =3+&-3+" =)3(" L" 5+((+" '&(+3*+&('2&" {" <2//+&("+&52;3)4+3" 1+,"4+&,"L"=3+&-3+" ,2'&"-+" 1+;3"+&*'32&&+/+&("&)(;3+1")123,":;.'1,"2&("-.);(3+,"=32D1N/+,"=1;," '//0-')(," L" 3041+3" {" O+," =2=;1)('2&," 2&(" D+,2'&" -+" *2'3" 1+," D'+&9)'(," -+" 1+;3" 5J)&4+/+&(" -+"52/=23(+/+&("+("-+"3+,,+&('3":;.+11+,"2&("Z2;0";&"3v1+"-0(+3/'&)&("-)&,"5+"5J)&4+/+&($#X"

! <2//+&(" 1.>S8"+(" 1)">S%"?-)&,"5+"5),^5'" 1)",25'0(0"Banro Mining Corporation@",+"5J+*);5J+&(^+11+,"+M)5(+/+&("{"G)&,":;+11+"/+,;3+"1)",25'0(0"Banro"3+=30,+&(+^(^+11+";&+"=1;,"43)&-+"/+&)5+"L"1.'&(043'(0"-+"1.)'3+"=32(040+":;+"1.>S8"{""

! O+,"30,;1()(,"-+"1.0(;-+"2&(^'1,"0(0"3+,('(;0,"L"(2;(+,"1+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"'/=1':;0+,"{"O.255),'2&",.+,(^+11+"=30,+&(0+"{"

1.2 Méthodologies O)"3+5J+35J+R"1.)&)1C,+"+("1+"52/=(+^3+&-;"-+,"30,;1()(,"-+"1)"30*','2&"-.;&+"=3+/'N3+"=J),+"?-25;/+&()'3+@"2&("52//+&50"+&" Z;'&"#Y!!$"G+,")/01'23)('2&,"2&("0(0")==23(0+,"+&"25(2D3+"#Y!!",;'(+"L";&+"30;&'2&")*+5"l’Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group ?8B<E@":;'",.+,(" (+&;+"L"b),J'&4(2&"G$<$R"+(" ,;'(+"L";&+"0*)1;)('2&"=)3"-+,"=)'3,"-'3'40,"=)3"h2J&"+("g+3+,+"u)3(R")'&,'":;+"1+,"/+/D3+,"-;"bb_"+&"7G<$"\&+"-+;M'N/+"=J),+"-+"3+5J+35J+")"-0D;(0"+&"Z;'&"#Y!#R"123,:;+"1+"5)D'&+(^52&,+'1">,(+11+"O+*'&"O(-$"+("1+"bb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c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-.>S8R"-)&,"1.+,("+("1.2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+"?*2'3"1.8&&+M+"B"=2;3";&+"1',(+"-+,"/0(J2-+,"-+"3+5J+35J+"+("1+,"(C=+,"-+"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"52&,;1(0,@$"O)"3+5J+35J+"L"-',()&5+")"=23(0",;3"1.0*)1;)('2&" -+" 1)" -25;/+&()('2&" =+3('&+&(+R" C" 52/=3'," 1+," =;D1'5)('2&,R" 1+," ,()(',(':;+,R" 1+," 52&(3'D;('2&,R" 1+,"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""29 Mubalama, 2009

!U"

3)==23(," -+" 52&,;1()('2&R" 1+," )3('51+," ,5'+&('9':;+,R" +(" 1+," =;D1'5)('2&," +(" ,()(',(':;+,R" -;" 42;*+3&+/+&(R" -+,")4+&5+,"-+"-0*+12==+/+&("+("-+,"K[ER")'&,'":;+" 1+," 52-+,"+(" 1+," 12',"-+" 1.e()(" 52&421)',$"G+,"+&(3+('+&," ,+/'^",(3;5(;30," +(" +&" =+3,2&&+" )'&,'" :;+" -+," +&(3+('+&," (010=J2&':;+," )*+5" -+," '&923/)(+;3," 510," 52&421)'," 2&("04)1+/+&("0(0"30)1',0,$"O.)==325J+",5'+&('9':;+":;'")"0(0",;'*'+")"0(0"-',5;(0+")*+5"1+"bb_"+&"7G<"+(" 1+"bb_^<876KR":;'"2&("92;3&'";&",2;('+&"52&('&;"-+"1+;3,"D;3+);M",;3"1+"(+33)'&R")9'&"-+"&2;,")'-+3"L"+&(3+3"+&"52&()5(")*+5"1+,"=)3('+,"'&(03+,,0+,"=+3('&+&(+,$""G)&," 1+" D;(" -+" 52&,21'-+3" 1+," 30,;1()(," -+" 5+((+" +&:;k(+R" 1+"bb_" )" (+&;" L" 234)&',+3" -+;M" )(+1'+3," 2n" 0()'+&("52&*'0,"-+,"=)3('5'=)&(,"',,;,"-+"=1;,'+;3,"-2/)'&+,R"&2()//+&("1+,"/'&+,R"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("+("1)",25'0(0"5'*'1+")'&,'" :;+" -+," =+3,2&&+," 3+,,2;35+," ?+M=+3(," +&" :;+,('2&," -+" 923k(,R" +&*'32&&+/+&(R" -32'(," -+," 52//;&);(0,R"+(5$@" <+;M^5'" 2&(" =3'," )5('*+/+&(" =)3(" );M" (3)*);M" -+" 3+,('(;('2&" -+," 30,;1()(," -+" 1.+&:;k(+" ,;3" 1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&,"1)"7[%"(2;("+&")==23()&("1+;3"52&(3'D;('2&"+&"=+3,=+5('*+"-+"1.)(+1'+3"-+"d'&,J),)"+("5+R"+&"*;+"-+"1)"52&,21'-)('2&"-;"3)==23("9'&)1$"O+"=3+/'+3")(+1'+3",.+,("-032;10"L"B;i)*;"1+"##",+=(+/D3+"#Y!#"r"1+"-+;M'N/+")"+;"1'+;"L"d'&,J),)"1+"#Y"-05+/D3+"#Y!#$"""O+"3)==23(")"0(0"+&523+"30*',0"=)3"1+,");(+;3,"+&"'&51;)&("1+,"30=2&,+,"-+,"=)3('5'=)&(,"-+,"-+;M")(+1'+3,$""O'/'()('2&,"-+"1)"3+5J+35J+$""O.)==325J+",5'+&('9':;+")-2=(0+")"+&"9)'("0(0"'&91;+&50+"=)3"1.',21+/+&("-+,",'(+,"-+"1.0(;-+"+("1)"1'/'(+"-+"(+/=,"+("-+," 3+,,2;35+,"-',=2&'D1+,$"<.+,("=2;3"5+," 3)',2&,":;+" 1)"*','(+"-+" (2;," 1+, +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+" 1)"70,+3*+"&.)"=),"0(0"=2,,'D1+$"G+"=1;,R" 1+"*2C)4+"-+"3+5J+35J+")"-q"k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k(,"9'&)&5'+3,"/+&)50,$">&9'&R"'1"9);("52/=3+&-3+":;+"1+,"-2&&0+,"3+5;+'11'+,",;3"=1)5+"+("-)&,"1)"-25;/+&()('2&"&+",2&(":;.;&"51'5J0"'&,()&()&0"(+/=23+1"+("&+"=+;*+&(",+"3)==23(+3":;.);"/2/+&("2n"+11+,"2&("0(0"3+5;+'11'+,$"O+,")5('*'(0,"3+1)('*+,");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+("1+,"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,"+&"7G<",2&(R"L"5+("04)3-R",2;*+&("(3N,"-C&)/':;+,"�""g2;(+" '&(+3*+&('2&"L" 1.)*+&'3" 3+1)('*+");M":;+,('2&,"-.>S8"+(j2;"-+"52&,+3*)('2&"-)&," 1)"70,+3*+"-+*3)"=),,+3"=)3"1+"-09'"&2&"/2'&,",'4&'9'5)('9"-;"=32D1N/+"-+"1.)55+,,'D'1'(0"-+"1)"70,+3*+$"O+,"-'*+3,",+5(+;3,"L"1.'&(03'+;3"-+"1)"70,+3*+"&+",2&(")55+,,'D1+,":;.L"='+-R",2;*+&(");"-0(3'/+&("-+"1)",q3+(0"=+3,2&&+11+"-;"5J+35J+;3$"%1"&.C")"=),"-+",21;('2&"9)5'1+"L"5+"=32D1N/+$"[2;,"3+52//)&-2&,"-.+99+5(;+3";&+"(3N,",03'+;,+"=1)&'9'5)('2&"+("*03'9'5)('2&")*)&("-.+&*2C+3";&+"=+3,2&&+"2;";&"432;=+",;3"1+"(+33)'&$"%1"*);("/'+;M"(3)*)'11+3")*+5"-+,"=+3,2&&+,",;3"=1)5+"+&":;'"2&")"52&9')&5+"+("+&*2C+3"-+,"051)'3+;3,",;3"1+,"5J+/'&,"=2;3",.),,;3+3"-+"1)",q3+(0"-+,"o2&+,"*','(0+,$"

1.3 Grandes lignes du rapport 8"=)3("1+"52&(+M(+"-+"1)"42;*+3&)&5+"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"+("-+"1.+M=12'()('2&")3(',)&)1+"+&"7G<"=30,+&(0"+&"<J$"#R"1+"=30,+&(" 3)==23(" 92;3&'(";&+"*;+"-+, +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+" 1)"7[%",=05'9':;+/+&($"g2;(");" 12&4"-;"3)==23(R"1+,");(+;3,"=3+&&+&("+&"52&,'-03)('2&"1+,"'&(+3*+&('2&,":;'"2&("0(0"(+&(0+,"?2;"923(;'(+/+&("30;,,'+,@"+&"*;+"-.)D23-+3" 1)":;+,('2&"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"5+("052,C,(N/+"53'(':;+R")9'&"-+"3+5;+'11'3" 1+,"1+t2&," ('30+," -+" (+11+," '&(+3*+&('2&,R" +(" -.+M=123+3" 1+," 2==23(;&'(0," -.+M=12'()('2&" -+," ,;55N," +M',()&(,$" O)"52&51;,'2&" =32=2,+" -+," 2=('2&," =2;3" 403+3" 1)" ,'(;)('2&" 52/=1+M+" :;+" 3+=30,+&(+&(" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"1)"7[%R"+(",+"3)==23(+");M"2DZ+5('9,"-;"632Z+("ASM-PACE$"

1.4 Remarque sur les exploitations minières de grande échelle dans les aires protégées et les écosystèmes critiques de la RDC

B'+&" :;.'1" +M',(+" -+," =3+;*+," :;+" -+," =+3/'," -.+M=123)('2&" +(" -.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+" )'+&(" 0(0" )((3'D;0," L" -+,",25'0(0,"-+"=32,=+5('2&R"-.+M=123)('2&"+("-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&," 1+,"052,C,(N/+,"=32(040,"+("53'(':;+,"-+" 1)"7G<R";&+"+&:;k(+"-0()'110+",;3"1+",;Z+(")"0(0"/+&0+"=)3)11N1+/+&("-)&,"1+"5)-3+"-+"1)"=30,+&(+"0(;-+$"\&");(3+"3)==23("-;"bb_AY"+("-.);(3+,"=)3('5'=)&(,"-+" l’Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group" ?8B<E@"2&("/+&0"-+,"3+5J+35J+,",;3"1)":;+,('2&$A!"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""30 Voir Hollesen, 2012 31 Voir également Hollesen, 2012

!X"

2 CONSERVATION ET GOUVERNANCE MINIERE EN RDC "O+",+5(+;3"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"+&"7G<"+,("304'"=)3"1+"/'&',(N3+"-+"1.>&*'32&&+/+&(R"<2&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"[)(;3+"+("g2;3',/+R"+("1.%&,('(;("<2&421)',"=2;3"1)"<2&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"[)(;3+"?%<<[@$"O.%<<[""+,("4030"=)3"1+"S'&',(N3+":;'"+,("3+,=2&,)D1+"-+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"-;"=)C,RA#"52&923/0/+&(");"=3+,53'("-;"G053+("[�!Yj!I"-;"!Y")*3'1"#Y!Y":;'"-09'&'(",2&"2DZ+5('9",25')1"+("9'M+",+,",()(;(,$""O)"104',1)('2&"=2,(5212&')1+",;3"L"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+"1)"&)(;3+"+&"7G<"+,("D),0+",;3"1)"O2'"3+1)('*+"L"1)"<2&,+3*)('2&"-+" 1)" &)(;3+" -;" ##" )2q(" !XVXR" 1):;+11+" ,+3(" -+" 4;'-+" =2;3" '&-':;+3" 52//+&(" 403+3" 1+," 30,+3*+," &)(;3+11+,"'&(043)1+,"+("1.%<<[$"G.;&"=2'&("-+"*;+"J',(23':;+R"5+((+"12'")"(2;Z2;3,"0(0"'&(+3=30(0+"-+"/)&'N3+"40&03)1+"+("'&51;("1+,"'&(+3-'5('2&,"52&(3+"1+,")5('*'(0,"'&52/=)('D1+,")*+5"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+"1)"&)(;3+$">&")2q("#YY#R"1+"<2-+"_23+,('+3"+,("-+*+&;"12'"+(")"=+3/',"-.0()D1'3"-+,"_23k(,"51),,0+,R"-2&&)&(")'&,'");"S'&',(3+"-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(";&"5+3()'&"=2;*2'3"-+"4+,('2&$" >&" =1;," -+" 5+," (+M(+," 104',1)('9," 92&-)(+;3,R" 1+," )5('*'(0," :;'" 2&(" ;&" '/=)5(" &04)('9" ,;3" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" ,2&(",2;/',+,"L"=1;,'+;3,"52&*+&('2&,"'&(+3&)('2&)1+,"-2&("1)"7G<"+,(",'4&)()'3+R")'&,'":;.L"-.);(3+,")5(+,"Z;3'-':;+,$"<211+5('*+/+&(R" 5+," (+M(+," =+;*+&(" k(3+" '&(+3=30(0," -.;&+" (+11+" /)&'N3+" :;.2&" =+;(" 52/=3+&-3+" :;.);5;&+"52&5+,,'2&"/'&'N3+"&+"-2'("k(3+",'(;0+"-)&,";&+")'3+"=32(040+$""O+,"<2&*+&('2&,"'&(+3&)('2&)1+,"=+3('&+&(+,"'&51;+&("]"

! 7)/,)3"?!XXF@"]"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+,"o2&+,"J;/'-+,"'/=23()&(+,"r"! <%g>H"?!XTV@"]"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"9);&+"+("1)"9123+",);*)4+"+&"-)&4+3"-.+M('&5('2&"r"! O)"<2&*+&('2&",;3"1)"-'*+3,'(0"D'2124':;+"?!XXF@"r"! O)"<2&*+&('2&",;3"1+"=)(3'/2'&+"/2&-')1"?!XTI@"r"O)"=32(+5('2&"-+,",'(+,"-;"=)(3'/2'&+"/2&-')1"?-2&("I"

+&"7G<@"r"! O)"<2&*+&('2&")93'5)'&+",;3"1)"&)(;3+"+("1)"52&,+3*)('2&"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,"?!XTV@$"! O)"O2'"&�"!!jYYX"=23()&("63'&5'=+,"92&-)/+&();M"3+1)('9,"L" 1)"=32(+5('2&"-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(":;'")"0(0"

=32/;14;0+" 1+" X" Z;'11+(" #Y!!R" 1):;+11+" '&(+3-'(" 1+," )5('*'(0," &;','D1+," L" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" +(" 52;*3+" -+"/)&'N3+" +M=1'5'(+" 1+," )'3+," =32(040+,R" ,=05'9'+" :;+" 1+," )5('*'(0," :;'" &;'3)'+&(" L" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" +(" :;'",+3)'+&(" ,'(;0+," -)&," 1+," )'3+," =32(040+," &+" -+*3)'+&(" D0&09'5'+3" -.);5;&" -32'($" <+((+" 12'" )" 04)1+/+&("0()D1'"1+,"52&-'('2&,",;'*)&(+,"]"

! O+"=3'&5'=+",+12&"1+:;+1"P":;'"=211;+"=)'+"Q"?83('51+"!#@"r"! O.2D1'4)('2&"-+",2;/+((3+";&+">%>H"?83('51+"#!@"r"! O.2D1'4)('2&"-.+99+5(;+3"-+,");-'(,"+&*'32&&+/+&();M"?83('51+"#A@"r"! O)"=)3('5'=)('2&"-;"=;D1'5"?83('51+"#F@"r"+("! O)"530)('2&"-+"92&-,"=2;3"1+,"'&(+3*+&('2&,"052124':;+,"?83('51+"#I@$"

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

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""32Conformément à la loi n° 11/009 du 9 juillet 2011 portant principes fondamentaux relatifs à la protection de l’environnement 33 Bawa et Hayes, 2010, voir la section sur ‘la gouvernance du secteur de l’EMA

#Y"

=)3" 1+,"-'9903+&(,"&'*+);M"-+"42;*+3&+/+&("*',^L^*'," 1)"42;*+3&)&5+"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,"+&"3+,=+5()&(" 1+,"12',"+&*'32&&+/+&()1+,$"AF""Sk/+",'"1+,"2D,()51+,"'-+&('9'0,"5'^-+,,;,"3+=30,+&(+&("-+,"43)&-,"-09',R"'1"+,("51)'3":;.'1"+M',(+";&+"923(+"*212&(0");",+'&"-+,"-'*+3,"/'&',(N3+,"-;"42;*+3&+/+&("-.)/01'23+3"1)"4+,('2&"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"-;"=)C,R"D'+&":;+"5+("2DZ+5('9",2'("52&(3)'&("=)3";&+"'&93),(3;5(;3+"9)'D1+"+(";&"/)&:;+"-+"92&-,R";&"-2/)'&+",;3"1+:;+1"1+,"-2&)(+;3,"=2;33)'+&("52&5+&(3+3"1+;3,"+9923(,$""

2.1 Aires protégées en RDC !O+"42;*+3&+/+&("-+"1)"7G<")"299'5'+11+/+&("=;D1'0"1.0()D1',,+/+&("-+"FT")'3+,"=32(040+,"?,2'("!!�"-;"=)C,"2;"=1;,"-+" #IY"YYY"i/�@R" C" 52/=3'," ,+=(" =)35,"&)('2&);M$AI" 62;3" 1+"/2/+&(R" 1.%<<["+(" );(3+," =)3(+&)'3+," (+1," :;+" 1+"bb_"7G<"};*3+&("L"1.0*)1;)('2&R"1)"52&,21'-)('2&"+("1)"=1)&'9'5)('2&"-+"1.+M=)&,'2&"-;"30,+);"=2;3")((+'&-3+"!T�"-;" (+33'(2'3+" &)('2&)1$AV" %1" ,.)4'(" 1L" -.;&" 010/+&(" 53;5')1" -+" 1)" ,(3)(04'+" -+"bb_^7G<" ,;3" 1.+&,+/D1+" -+," )'3+,"=32(040+,R":;'"+,("/',"+&"};*3+"-)&,"1+,"=)C,)4+,"=3'23'()'3+,"+("=)3"1.'&(+3/0-')'3+"-+"=3243)//+,"&)('2&);MR"(+1,":;+"1+"63243)//+"-.8==;'");"70,+);"-+,"8'3+,"632(040+,"?68786@$"<+=+&-)&(R"-)&,";&"3)==23("305+&(R" 1+"6[\>" )" )99'3/0" :;+" 1)" 7G<" ,2;993)'(" -.;&" P"/)&:;+" -+" =3243)//+" 52/=30J+&,'9" -+" 4+,('2&" 92&5'N3+" :;'"=+3/+((3)'("-.0()D1'3";&"5)-3+",=)(')1"=2;3"23'+&(+3"+("3041+/+&(+3" 1+,")5('*'(0,"-+"-0*+12==+/+&($"O+"=32D1N/+")==)3)',,)'("51)'3+/+&("-)&,"1)"930:;+&5+"-+,"5),"-.;('1',)('2&,"52&(3)-'5(2'3+,"+("'&52/=)('D1+,R"(+1":;+"1.25(32'"-+" 52&5+,,'2&," /'&'N3+," );" ,+'&" -.)'3+," =32(040+,$"Q" AT" 89'&" -+" &+" =)," D12:;+3" ,;3" ;&" (+1" =32D1N/+R" '1" +,("3+52//)&-0" -+" /+((3+" +&" };*3+" ;&" =3243)//+" 52/=30J+&,'9" -+" 4+,('2&" 92&5'N3+" :;'" 9),,+" =)3('5'=+3" +("52&(3'D;+3"1+,")-/'&',(3)('2&,"510,$"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""34 UNEP, 2011 35 Observatoire des forêts d’Afrique centrale, 2008. C’étaient les chiffres les plus sûrs à ce moment-là, bien qu’ils fassent partie d’un travail de mise à jour continuel 36 Pélissier, communication personnelle avec Weinberg, 2011 37 UNEP, 2011, p. 58

#!"

"_'4;3+"#]"<)3(+",)(+11'(+"-+"1)"7G<":;'"'&-':;+"1+,")'3+,"-+"52&,+3*)('2&"-;"=)C,"+("1+,",'(+,"-.0(;-+"8B<E""

"#$#$ %&'(')('*+,!-.)/01'23)('2&!-+!1)!4+,('2&!-+!1)!52&,+3*)('2&!!\&" 5+3()'&" &2/D3+" -+" =3243)//+," 2&(" 0(0" 52&t;," =2;3" )/01'23+3" 1.+99'5)5'(0" -+" 1)" 52&,+3*)('2&" );M" &'*+);M"304'2&)1R" &)('2&)1" +(" 125)1" +&" 7G<$" O+," '&'(')('*+," 0&;/030+," 5'^-+,,2;," ,2&(" 1'0+," L" 1)" 70,+3*+" &)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+$"62;3";&"()D1+);",C&2=(':;+"-.'&'(')('*+,"-+"=32(+5('2&"-+"1)"&)(;3+":;'"&+",2&("=),"-',5;(0+,"-)&,"1+"=30,+&("3)==23(R"*2'3"1.8&&+M+"B$""

"#$#" 63243)//+!704'2&)1!-+!1.893':;+!<+&(3)1+!=2;3!1.>&*'32&&+/+&(!?<876>@!O+"<876>"+,(";&"52&,23(';/"9'&)&50"=)3"\H8%G"+("};*3+"L"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+"1)"923k("-;"B),,'&"-;"<2&42":;'",+"(32;*+" +&" 43)&-+" =)3('+" +&" 7G<R" /)'," 04)1+/+&(" );" <)/+32;&R" );" <2&42^B3)oo)*'11+R" +&" 70=;D1':;+"<+&(3)93'5)'&+R" );" E)D2&R" +&" E;'&0+" e:;)(23')1+R" );" B;3;&-'R" L" H)2" g2/0" +(" 63'&5'=+R" +(" );" 7f)&-)$" O+"52&,23(';/"=23(+",2&")((+&('2&"=3'&5'=)1+/+&(",;3"1)"P"30-;5('2&"-;"();M"-+"-043)-)('2&"-+"1)"923k("+("-+"=+3(+"-+"-'*+3,'(0" D'2124':;+" +&" ,2;(+&)&(" 1)" 5)=)5'(0" )553;+" -+" 4+,('2&" -+," 3+,,2;35+," &)(;3+11+," 125)1+,R" &)('2&)1+," +("304'2&)1+,$"QAU"O+"<876>"+,("4030"L"=)3('3"-+",2&",'N4+",25')1"L"d'&,J),)$"y"=)3('3"-+"#YYVR"1.\&'2&"%&(+3&)('2&)1+"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""38IUCN, 2011

##"

=2;3"1)"<2&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"[)(;3+"?\%<[@")"3+Z2'&("1.0:;'=+"-+"4+,('2&"-;"<876>$"O+"=3243)//+"+,("-0,23/)',"-)&,",)",+52&-+"=J),+"+(R"-+=;',"#YYVR")"=23(0",2&")((+&('2&",;3"1.)/01'23)('2&"-+"1)"42;*+3&)&5+"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,"+&"2993)&("-+,"=+('(+,"D2;3,+,");M"&'*+);M"&)('2&)1"+("304'2&)1R"=)3"1.'&(+3/0-')'3+"-+"=2'&(,"925);M"+(")*+5"=2;3"2DZ+5('9"1.)5JN*+/+&("-.;&"P"=3243)//+"-+"=21'(':;+,j104',1)('2&"-;3)D1+$"QAX""\&" 30,;1()(" '/=23()&(" -+" 1.)==325J+" -;" <876>" +,(" -+" =2;*2'3" -09'&'3" -+" /)&'N3+" =1;(v(" =305',+" 1+," o2&+,"-.+M(3)5('2&"-)&,"5J):;+"(C=+"-+"=)C,)4+R"C"52/=3',"1+"=)C,)4+"-+"(C=+"!Y"-2&("9)'("=)3('+"1)"7[%$FY""

"#$#A 893'5)!B'2-'*+3,'(C!<211)D23)('*+!E32;=!?8B<E@!O.8B<E" +,(" ;&" 52&,23(';/" 52/=2,0" -+" ,+=(" K[E" '&(+3&)('2&)1+," -+" 52&,+3*)('2&" ?-2&("WWF, Conservation International, World Resources Institute, Wildlife Conservation Society, Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), African Wildlife Foundation +( Nature Conservancy@":;'"4N3+&("-+,"=3243)//+,"D),0,"+&"893':;+$"O+"E32;=+"=23(+",2&")((+&('2&",;3"P"1+,":;+,('2&,"-+"52&,+3*)('2&")93'5)'&+"0/+34+&(+,"+("L"J);(+"=3'23'(0$"QF!"O.;&+"-+,":;+,('2&,":;+"1+"E32;=+")D23-+",.)==+11+"P">M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+("-'*+3,'(0"D'2124':;+"+&"7G<"z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

"#$#F 70;&'2&!-+!5223-'&)('2&!+&(3+!1+!E2;*+3&+/+&(!-+!1)!7G<!+(!1+,!234)&',)('2&,!-+!52&,+3*)('2&!=2;3!1)!=32(+5('2&!-+,!E3)&-,!H'&4+,!!

>&(3+"1+,"T"+("!V"90*3'+3"#Y!!R"1.%<<[")"'&'('0";&"923;/",;3"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"?:;'")"0(0"9)5'1'(0"=)3"1+"Jane Goodall Institute@" +&(3+" =1;,'+;3," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," -;" 42;*+3&+/+&(" +(" -'*+3,+," 234)&',)('2&," =3'&5'=)1+," -+"52&,+3*)('2&":;'"(3)*)'11+&("-)&,":;)(3+"=32*'&5+,"-;"<2&42"-+"1.>,(R"1+,:;+11+,"52;*3+&("1)"o2&+"-+"-',(3'D;('2&"-+," 43)&-," ,'&4+,$FA"O+,"=)3('5'=)&(," 2&("-',5;(0" 1)"/)&'N3+" 1)"=1;," +99'5)5+"-+" ,;3*+'11+3" 1+"&2/D3+" )5(;+1"-+,"43)&-,",'&4+,$"O)",(3)(04'+"'&51;)'("+&(3+");(3+,"-+"=23(+3"1.)((+&('2&",;3"1)"30-;5('2&"-+,"/+&)5+,"/)Z+;3+,"+("-+,"='3+,"=3)(':;+,"r"-.'-+&('9'+3"1+,"/2C+&,"-+"52&(3v1+"=2,,'D1+,"+(":;'"2&("1+"=1;,"-+"5J)&5+"-.k(3+"+99'5)5+,"r"+("-+"-0*+12==+3" -+," /+'11+;3+," *2'+," -+" 52//;&'5)('2&" +&(3+" 1+," 234)&',)('2&," +&" *;+" -.'-+&('9'+3" 1+," =32D1N/+,"=2(+&('+1,"+&(3+" 1+,"=32()42&',(+,"-+" 1)"=32(+5('2&"-+,"43)&-,",'&4+,"+("5+;M"-+" 1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"avant -.)((3'D;+3" -+," 52&5+,,'2&,$" O+" 432;=+" )" -;" /)1" L" (32;*+3" 1+" /+'11+;3" /2C+&" =2;3" =+3/+((3+" );M"'&,('(;('2&,"=+3('&+&(+,"?K[ER")-/'&',(3)('2&,R"+(5$@"-+"3+,(+3"+&"52&()5(R"'&923/0+,"+("5223-2&&0+,$FF"g2;(+92',R"5+" 923;/" +,(" ;&+" D2&&+" '&-'5)('2&" :;+" 1+," 234)&',)('2&," -+" 52&,+3*)('2&" +(" 1+" 42;*+3&+/+&(" +,,)'+&(" -+"5211)D23+3",;3"1+"(+33)'&$FI""

"#$#I 8==325J+!-;!52&,23(';/!-)&,!1+,!)'3+,!=32(040+,!-;!<2&42!\&"52&,23(';/"-+":;+1:;+,"234)&',)('2&,"(3)*)'11+"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"-+"1)"7G<R"&2()//+&("1+"b<HR"Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, 1+ Jane Goodall InstituteR"1+"Fauna and Flora International ?__%@R"1.%<<["+("1+,"K[E"-+"52&,+3*)('2&",;3"=1)5+$"<J):;+")&&0+R"1.%<<["-',(3'D;+";&"=3243)//+"-.234)&',)('2&":;'"30,;/+"1+,")5('*'(0,"+(" 1+,"5'D1+,"-+*)&("k(3+")D23-0+,",;3" 1+" (+33)'&$"<J):;+"=)3(+&)'3+" '-+&('9'+" 1+,")5('*'(0,":;.'1")'/+3)'("=2;3,;'*3+"+(" 1+," 52&(3'D;('2&," 9'&)&5'N3+,":;.'1" )'/+3)'(" 9)'3+$"y"=)3('3"-+"#Y!!R"O+,"234)&',)('2&,"/+/D3+," ,+",2&("30;&'+,"Z;,:;.L"-+;M"92',"=)3")&$"O23,"-+"5+,"30;&'2&,R")==+10+,"<2<2H'"?<2/'(0"-+"<223-'&)('2&"-;"H'(+@R"1+,"=)3('5'=)&(,"-',5;(+&("-+"1+;3,")5('*'(0,R"1)"/',+"+&"};*3+"-+"5+11+,^5'R"1+;3,");(+;3,"+("1+,"=32Z+(,"30)1',0,"Z;,:;+^1L$" <+," 30;&'2&," =+3/+((+&(" );M" 234)&',)('2&," =)3(+&)'3+,"-.'-+&('9'+3" 1+," =32D1N/+," L" ,'4&)1+3" 123," -+" =32Z+(,"9;(;3,$""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""39IUCN, 2011 40 Les auteurs n’ont pas eu accès au plan d’aménagement du CARPE et recommandent vivement de l’examiner afin de voir s’il existe des chevauchements entre les ZEAs et les aires protégées 41ABCG Charter, n.d. 42 Africa Biodiversity Collaborative Group, 2010 43Liokatis, communication personnelle avec Weinberg 2011 44Lukuru Foundation, 2011 45Liokatis, communication personnelle avec Weinberg 2011

#A"

2.2 Gouvernance du secteur d’exploitation minière artisanale "O+" <2-+" S'&'+3" -+" #YY#" -053'(" 1.+M=12'()('2&" )3(',)&)1+" 52//+" P"g2;(+" )5('*'(0" =)3" 1):;+11+" ;&+" =+3,2&&+"=JC,':;+"-+"&)('2&)1'(0" 52&421)',+" ,+" 1'*3+R" -)&,";&+" o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�"YYTj#YY#$FT"O+"<2-+"S'&'+3"'&51;(";&+"51);,+",=05'9')&(":;.'1"-2'("k(3+"30*',0");"D2;("-+"-'M")&,R",2'("+&"#Y!#$"O)"30*','2&"+,(")5(;+11+/+&("+&"=J),+"-+"52&,;1()('2&":;'",+"52&51;3)"=)3"1)"530)('2&"-.;&"432;=+"-+"(3)*)'1"/'&',(03'+1"2=03)&(",2;,"1.);(23'(0"-+"1.8,,+/D10+"[)('2&)1+"-+"1)"7G<R")*)&("-.+&*2C+3"-+,")/+&-+/+&(," =2;3" 3)('9'5)('2&" );" <2&,+'1" -+,"/'&',(3+,$" <+" =325+,,;," +,(" ,;==2,0" k(3+" (+3/'&0" +&" -05+/D3+"#Y!#$"G+,"2D,+3*)(+;3,"2&(")*)&50":;+"1+,")/+&-+/+&(,"'&51;32&("1+"9)'(":;+"1+"42;*+3&+/+&("-+"1)"7G<"=2;33)");4/+&(+3"1+,"'/=v(,"+("/+((3+"+&"};*3+";&",+;'1"-+"AI�"/'&'/;/"-+"=)3('5'=)('2&"-;"42;*+3&+/+&("-)&,"(2;("&2;*+);"=32Z+("-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+$FU""H;'(+");"=),,)4+"-;"<2-+"S'&'+3"-+"#YY#R" 1+"42;*+3&+/+&("-+" 1)"7G<")"52&('&;0"L" 30*',+3" 1)"/)&'N3+"-2&(" '1",.+&4)4+");=3N,"-;",+5(+;3"/'&'+3R"+&"=23()&(",2&")((+&('2&"=3+,:;+"+M51;,'*+/+&(",;3"1.+M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+"+("1+,"/'&+3)',"-+"52&91'($FX"<.+,("1+"/'&',(N3+":;'"52&(3v1+"1.25(32'"-+"-32'(,"/'&'+3,"+(":;'"+,("-2&5"3+,=2&,)D1+"-+"530+3" 1+," o2&+," -.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+" ?`>8@R" -.);(23',+3" 1+," /)35J)&-," L" )5J+(+3" -+," =32-;'(,"-.+M=12'()('2&," /'&'N3+," )3(',)&)1+," +(" -+" -01'*3+3" -+," =+3/'," =2;3" 1+" (3)'(+/+&(" -+," =32-;'(,$" O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"+,("'1104)1+"+&"7G<"123,:;.+11+",.+M+35+"+&"-+J23,"-.;&+"`>8"r"(2;(+92',R"L"=)3('3"-+"#Y!YR",+;1+,"VX"`>8"2&("299'5'+11+/+&("0(0"25(32C0+,"=)3"1+"E2;*+3&+/+&("-+"1)"7G<"-)&,"(2;(+,"1+,"=32*'&5+,R",);9");"[23-^d'*;R"-+=;',":;+"1)"12'")"0(0")-2=(0+"+&"#YY#$IY""O+"H+3*'5+"-.),,',()&5+"+("-.+&5)-3+/+&("-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"+("L"=+('(+"05J+11+"?H8>HH<8S@"+("1+"<)-),(3+"/'&'+3"?<8S%@" 92&("=)3('+"-.;&"432;=+"-+"523=,"299'5'+1,":;'"-0=+&-+&("-'3+5(+/+&("-;"S'&',(N3+"-+,"S'&+,$" O+" <8S%" 4N3+" 1.)((3'D;('2&" -+," (+33+," =2;3" 1+," )5('*'(0," /'&'N3+,$" ~;)&(" );" H8>HH<8SR" '1" )" 0(0"299'5'+11+/+&("5300"=2;3")/01'23+3"1.234)&',)('2&"-+,"=3)(':;+,"-+"1.>S8"+("=2;3",.),,;3+3":;+"1+"42;*+3&+/+&(");3)" )55N," );M" D0&09'5+," -+" 1)" =32-;5('2&" )3(',)&)1+$" O+" H8>HH<8S" =2;33)'(" k(3+" ;&" =)3(+&)'3+" 510" -)&," 1)"(+&()('*+" -+" 30,21;('2&" -+," '/=)5(," &04)('9," -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" ,;3" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" -)&," 1+,"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,$""G.);(3+," 523=," -'3'4+)&(," =+3('&+&(," '&51;+&(" (2;(+," 1+," ,25'0(0," -.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-;" 42;*+3&+/+&(" (+11+,":;+" 1.K99'5+" -.K3" -+" d'12" S2(2" ?Kd%SK@R" 1)" E0&03)1+" -+," <)33'N3+," +(" -+," S'&+," ?E><8S%[>H@R" 1)" H25'0(0"8;3'9N3+" -+"d'*;^S)&'+/)" ?H8d%S8@R" +(" 1)" H25'0(0"S'&'N3+" -+"B)if)&4)" ?S%B8@R" :;'" 4N3+&(" -+," 52&5+,,'2&,",=05'9':;+,"=2;3"1+"52/=(+"-+"1.e()("+(":;'R"+&":;)1'(0"-+"l=32=3'0()'3+,.R"=+;*+&(")*2'3"-+,"3+1)('2&,"-'3+5(+,")*+5"1+, +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR" 5+,"-+3&'+3,"-+*)&(")123," 1+;3"=)C+3"-+," l3+-+*)&5+,."=2;3")*2'3" 1+"=3'*'1N4+"-.+M=12'(+3" 1+;3," (+33+,$" O+," );(+;3," &.2&(" =;" 0()D1'3" ,'" 5+1)" &+" ,.)==1':;)'(" :;.);M" (+33+," +&" -+J23," -+," )'3+,"=32(040+,"2;",'"1+,",25'0(0,"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-;"42;*+3&+/+&("=2;*)'+&("+&523+"3+*+&-':;+3"1+,"/'&+3)',",+"(32;*)&(" -)&," 1+," )&5'+&&+," 52&5+,,'2&," +(" :;'" );Z2;3-.J;'" ,2&(" -)&," -+," )'3+," =32(040+," ?(+11+," :;+" 1+,"52&5+,,'2&,"-+"HKS%[d%");",+'&"-;"6)35"[)('2&)1"-+"d)J;o'^B'+4)@$""

"#"#$ KD,()51+,!'&,('(;('2&&+1,!L!1)!4+,('2&!-;!,+5(+;3!-+!1.+M=12'()('2&!/'&'N3+!)3(',)&)1+!O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+R"123,:;.+11+"52&5+3&+"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+&"=)3('5;1'+3R"+,("(3N,"-'99'5'1+"L"403+3R"L"=1;,"923(+"3)',2&"123,:;+"1+,")5('*'(0,"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"2&("1'+;"-;3)&("-+,",'(;)('2&,"53'(':;+,"52/=1+M+,R" -)&," ;&"/'1'+;" -+" =);*3+(0" 40&03)1',0+R" +(" 123,:;+" 1+," 2=('2&," *')D1+," -+" ,2;35+," -+" 3+*+&;," ,2&("

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""46 Ministre de l’environnement, nature et forets, 2006 47Ministère des Mines RDC, 2003 48 Metalbulletin.com, 2012 49 Ikoli, 2012 50 SAESSCAM, 2010

#F"

1'/'(0+,$" O)" 9)'D1+" 5)=)5'(0" -+," '&,('(;('2&," -+" 1)" 7G<" L" 42;*+3&+3" 1+" ,+5(+;3" /'&'+3" )3(',)&)1" 3+=30,+&(+" ;&"2D,()51+"/)Z+;3"=2;3"1+"-0*+12==+/+&("=2(+&('+1"-;",+5(+;3$""G)&," 1+;3," 3)==23(," 67KS%[>H" +(" P"Growth with GovernanceRQ" 68<g" +(" 1)" B)&:;+" /2&-')1+" &2(+&(" -+"&2/D3+;M"05)3(,"+("9)'D1+,,+,"-)&,"1+"5)-3+"'&,('(;('2&&+1")5(;+1R")'&,'":;.;&+"9)'D1+"5)=)5'(0"-.)==1'5)('2&"-+"1)"12'$" \&+" +&:;k(+" ,;3" 1+," /05)&',/+," -+" (3)&,=)3+&5+" +(" -+" 3+,=2&,)D'1'(0" )" 30*010" 1)" 9)'D1+" -',=2&'D'1'(0" -+,"-2&&0+,R" ;&+" 43)&-+"-0=+&-)&5+" +&*+3," 1+,"K[ER"-+," 3+=23()4+,"/0-')(':;+,"&2&"=32='5+," );M"-0D)(,R" +(" ;&"=;D1'5"/)1" '&923/0$"y" 1.0=2:;+R" 1+,"D;3+);M"-;"<)-),(3+"/'&'+3"&.+M',()'+&("=),");"&'*+);"=32*'&5')1R"=+&-)&(":;+"1)"=30,+&5+"+("1)"5)=)5'(0"-;"H8>HH<8S"0()'+&("(32="1'/'(0+,"=2;3"92;3&'3";&",2;('+&"(+5J&':;+"+("124',(':;+")-0:;)(");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$"O)"5)=)5'(0"+("1)"3+,=2&,)D'1'(0"-;"42;*+3&+/+&("=2;3"5+":;'"+,("-+"=+35+*2'3"-+," '/=v(,"+("-+,"=301N*+/+&(,"/'&'+3," )" 04)1+/+&(" 9)'(" 1.2DZ+("-+" 53'(':;+,$">&"2;(3+R" 1+" 3)==23("-;"67KS%[>H" -053'(" -+," =32D1N/+," (+5J&':;+," +(" 124',(':;+," L" =3+,:;+" (2;," 1+," &'*+);M" -+" 1)" 42;*+3&)&5+R" :;'"+&(3)*+&("1)"5)=)5'(0"'&,('(;('2&&+11+"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"/'&'+3$"<+3()'&+,"-+"5+,"1'/'()('2&,"'&51;+&("]""

! O+"<2-+"S'&'+3":;'"&.+,("=),"+&")5523-")*+5" 1+"<2-+"_23+,('+3"&'" 1+"<2-+"_2&5'+3R" 5+":;'"+&(3)c&+"-+,"52&91'(,"-+"-32'(,"rI!"

! G+,"/)&-)(," '&5+3()'&," +(" 52&(3)-'5(2'3+," +&(3+" 1+,"S'&',(N3+," -+" 1.>&*'32&&+/+&(" +(" -+,"S'&+," );M"&'*+);M"&)('2&);M"+("-+,"=32*'&5+,"rI#"

! O+," )4+&(," -;" H8>HH<8S" L" B;i)*;" &.2&(" =)," 0(0" =)C0," =+&-)&(" =1;," -.;&+" )&&0+" r" 1.'&,('(;('2&"3+&9+3/+"P";&+"5233;=('2&"D'+&"0()D1'+"Q"rIA"

! %1"&.+M',(+");5;&",C,(N/+")-0:;)(":;'"=+3/+((+"-+"4)3)&('3"1+,"-32'(,"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$"IF"

"g2;(+92'," -+," '&-'5)('2&," /2&(3+&(" :;+" 1)" ,'(;)('2&" ,.)/01'23+R" 43W5+" );M" +9923(," 52&5+3(0," -;" 42;*+3&+/+&("52&421)'," +(" -+," D)'11+;3," -+" 92&-,$" O+" =3243)//+" 'gH<'" ?International Tin Supply Chain Initiative@IIR" :;'" )"52//+&50",2&"2=03)('2&"+&"#Y!YR"&05+,,'(+"1)"/',+"+&"};*3+"-+",C,(N/+,"-+"5J)c&+,"-+"-0(+&('2&"52&5+3&)&("1+,"9'1'N3+,"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-;"521()&R"-+"5),,'(03'(+"+("-+" 1)"f2193)/'(+"+&"=32*+&)&5+"-+" 1.+,("-+" 1)"7G<" r"5+"=3243)//+"*2'("-0ZL";&+"5)=)5'(0")/01'230+"-+,")4+&(,"-;"H8>HH<8S"+(");(3+,")4+&(,"-;"42;*+3&+/+&(R")'&,'":;.;&"5+3()'&",+&,"-+"1.23-3+");",+'&"-+,"+M=12'()('2&,"/'&'N3+,")3(',)&)1+,R"L"(3)*+3,",2&"=3243)//+"-.0(':;+()4+"+("-+"52&(3v1+"-+,"/'&+3)',$IV""

"#"#" >9923(,!)5(;+1,!-+!=30*+&('2&!-+,!52&91'(,!52&421)',!9'&)&50,!=)3!1)!*+&(+!-+,!/'&+3)',!!G+=;',"1+,")&&0+,"!XXYR"1.),,25')('2&"-+,"/'&+3)',");"52&91'("+&"7G<")")(('30"1.)((+&('2&"+("1+"3+4)3-",53;()(+;3"-+"1.K[\"+("-+"1)",25'0(0"5'*'1+"234)&',0+R"/)',"04)1+/+&("-;",+5(+;3"-+"1.'&-;,(3'+"+("-+"42;*+3&+/+&(,"0(3)&4+3,R",;3" 1.+M(3)5('2&"+(" 1.052&2/'+"=21'(':;+"-;"52//+35+"/'&03)1"-)&," 1)"704'2&"-+,"E3)&-,"O)5,$"O+,"3)==23(,"-;"432;=+"-.+M=+3(,");"<2&,+'1"-+",05;3'(0"-+"1.K[\"2&("+M=2,0"+&"-0()'1"1)"/'1'()3',)('2&"-+,"5J)c&+,"52//+35')1+,"-+"1)"304'2&"-+=;',"#YY!$IT"O.'&-;,(3'+")"0(0"=+3,;)-0+"-+"5J+35J+3"-.);(3+,"/2C+&,"-.+99+5(;+3"1.+M(3)5('2&"-)&,"1)" 304'2&" -+" /)&'N3+" 3+,=2&,)D1+R" ;&+" ,'(;)('2&" (J023':;+/+&(" =2,,'D1+" 43W5+" );M" '&'(')('*+," -+" 5J)c&+" -+"-0(+&('2&"+("-+"4+,('2&"-+,"3',:;+,"(+11+,":;+"1+"E;'-+"-+"1.K34)&',)('2&"=2;3"1)"<22=03)('2&"+("1+"G0*+12==+/+&(">52&2/':;+,"?K<G>@",;3"1+"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+"=2;3"-+,"5J)c&+,"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("3+,=2&,)D1+,"+&"/'&+3)',"=32*+&)&(" -+" o2&+," -+" 52&91'(" 2;" L" J);(" 3',:;+R" 1+," <J)c&+," -.>5J)&4+," <+3('9'0+," ?<><@" -+" 1.%&,('(;(" 90-03)1")11+/)&-" -+," ,5'+&5+," -+" 1)" (+33+" +(" -+," 3+,,2;35+," &)(;3+11+," ?BE7@R" 1.'gH<'" +(" 1+"S05)&',/+" -+" 5+3('9'5)('2&"304'2&)1"-+"1)"<2&903+&5+"'&(+3&)('2&)1+"-+"1)"704'2&"-+,"E3)&-,"O)5,"?%<EO7^7<S@$IU"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""51 Bawa et Hayes, 2010 52 Bawa et Hayes, 2010 53Bawa et Hayes, 2010, p.38. 54World Bank, 2008 55 L’iTSCi est une initiative conjointe entre l’ITRI et le Tantalum-Niobium International Study Centre (TIC) qui aide les sociétés en amont (des exploitations minières aux fonderies), ainsi que les individus (comme les exploitants miniers artisanaux) de toutes les échelles d’exploitation minière et de tous les niveaux de la chaîne d’approvisionnement des exploitations aux fonderies, « à établir les actions, les structures et les processus requis pour se conformer aux [cinq étapes] du Guide de l’OCDE sur le devoir de diligence. L’iTSCi, qui couvre les petites, moyennes et grandes entreprises, les coopératives et les sites d’exploitations minières artisanales, a été conçue pour être utilisée par l’industrie sous la surveillance des agents du gouvernement qui jouent des rôles clairs. » iTSCi, 2011a 56ITRI Ltd., 2011 57 United Nations Security Council, 2001-2012 58Il est important de noter qu’il existe d’autres initiatives de transparence quant aux chaînes d’approvisionnement des minerais du conflit qui n’ont pas été mentionnées dans le présent rapport, comme par exemple celles qui sont dirigées par l’Organisation "

#I"

"O+" #!" Z;'11+(" #Y!YR" 1+"630,'-+&(" -+,"e()(,^\&',R"B)3)5i"KD)/)R" )" ,'4&0" 1)" 12'"G2--^_3)&i"-+"70923/+"-+"b)11"H(3++("+("-+"1)"-09+&,+"-;"52&,2//)(+;3"?)==+10"1)"P"O2'"G2--^_3)&iR"H+5('2&"!IY#"Q@R":;'"-+/)&-+");M",25'0(0,"-.'/=23()('2&"-+"/)35J)&-',+,"52&(+&)&("-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+R"-;"521()&"?5212/D'(+^()&()1'(+@R"-+"1)"f2193)/'(+"2;"-+"1.23"-+"1)"7G<"2;"-+"=)C,"*2','&,R"-+"-051)3+3":;+"1+;3,"/'&+3)',"&.2&("=),"0(0"'/=1':;0,"-)&,"-+,"52&91'(,")3/0,"+("-+"=32;*+3":;+"1+;3,")5J)(,"-+"/'&+3)',"&.2&("=),"52&(3'D;0");"9'&)&5+/+&("-+,"432;=+,")3/0,$IX"O.'&5+3('(;-+"52&5+3&)&("1+,"'/=1'5)('2&,"+("1+,"3N41+,"-+"1)"<2//',,'2&"-.>5J)&4+"+("-+,"H05;3'(0,"?<>H@"2&("+&"9)'("3+()3-0"1)"/',+"+&"*'4;+;3"-+"1)"O2'"G2--^_3)&i":;'"0()'("=30*;+"=2;3")*3'1"#Y!!$"O+,"3N41+,"-+"1)"H><"2&("0(0"=;D1'0+,"1+"##")2q("#Y!#"+("'&51;+&("1+,"=2'&(,",;'*)&(,"]"52&923/0/+&("L"1)"O2'"G2--^_3)&iR"1+,",25'0(0,"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+",2&("-',=+&,0+,"-+"3+&-3+"52/=(+"-+"1+;3,"/05)&',/+,"-+"*03'9'5)('2&"=30)1)D1+"/)',R"-.)=3N,"1)"H+5('2&"!IYF"-+"5+((+"O2'R"-2'*+&("3+&-3+"52/=(+"-+"5+":;.+11+,"=)'+&(");M"42;*+3&+/+&(,"0(3)&4+3,"r"1+,"7N41+,",('=;1+&(":;+"1+"E;'-+"-+"1.K<G>",;3"1+"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+"-+*3)'(",+3*'3"-+"-'3+5('*+");M",25'0(0,"=2;3":;+"5+11+,^5'"=;',,+&(",+"52&923/+3"L"1)"H+5('2&"!IY#"r"1+,"-0()'11)&(,"P":;'"),,25'+&("1+;3"=32=3+"/)3:;+"L"-+,"=32-;'(,"9)D3':;0,"=)3"-+,"('+3,"Q"&.2&("=),"D+,2'&"-.+&"3+&-3+"52/=(+"L"1)"H><R"5+":;'"*+;("-'3+":;+",'";&+",25'0(0"&.)"=),"-.'&91;+&5+",;3"1)"/)&'N3+"-2&(";&"('+3,")" 9)D3':;0",+,"=32-;'(,R"5+((+",25'0(0"&.)"=),"D+,2'&"-.+&"3+&-3+"52/=(+"r"-)&," 1+"5),"2nR")=3N,")*2'3"=3)(':;0"1)"*03'9'5)('2&"=30)1)D1+"=+&-)&("-+;M")&,R";&+",25'0(0"&+"=+;("=),"-0(+3/'&+3")*+5"5+3('(;-+"1)",2;35+"-+",+,"/'&+3)',R")123,"5+,"/'&+3)',"=+;*+&("k(3+"=1)50,"-)&,"1)"5)(0423'+"P"52&91'("&2&"-0(+3/'&0"Q");"1'+;"-+"1)"5)(0423'+"P"/'&+3)',"-+"52&91'("QR"(+1":;+"1.)"=32=2,0"1)"<>H$VY"""O+, +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M"-)&," 1+," 632*'&5+," -;" [23-^d'*;R" -;" H;-^d'*;" +(" -+" S)&'+/)" 2&(" 0(0"=)3('5;1'N3+/+&("(2;5J0,"=)3"5+((+"12'$"H+;1,"1)"5),,'(03'(+R"1+"521()&"+("1)"f2193)/'(+"+&"=32*+&)&5+"-+"1)"632*'&5+"-;"d)()&4)R"1L"2n"1.'gH<'"+,("+&"=1+'&+"=J),+"+M=03'/+&()1+R"=+;*+&("k(3+"*+&-;,");"=3'M"-;"/)35J0");M"92&-+3'+,"52&5+3&0+,$"O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+,");(3+,"=32*'&5+,"*+&-+&("1+;3"5),,'(03'(+R"521()&"+("f2193)/'(+");"/)35J0"&2'3$"Om23R"=)3"52&(3+R" ,+"*+&-"+&523+"-+" 9)t2&" 104)1+"-)&," 1+,"/)35J0,"+;32=0+&,"+("),')(':;+,R" 5)3"/k/+" ,m'1" +,(" *+&-;" '1104)1+/+&(" )*)&(" -m)((+'&-3+" 1+," /)35J0," 104'('/+,R"1+" =325+,,;," -+" *03'9'5)('2&" -+" 1)"=32*+&)&5+"-+"1m23"&m+,("=),"+&"=1)5+"+("1m23"+,("9)5'1+/+&("(3)&,=23(0"+(",23('"+&"52&(3+D)&-+$ ""O+," '&'(')('*+," '&(+3&+," 1)&50+," =)3" 1+" 42;*+3&+/+&(" -+" 1)" 7G<" '&51;+&(" 1)" 305+&(+" '&(+3-'5('2&" 3+1)('*+" L"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&,"1+,"632*'&5+,"-;"[23-^d'*;R"-;"H;-^d'*;"+("-+"S)&'+/)"1L"2nR"+&",+=(+/D3+"#Y!YR"1+"630,'-+&(" -+" 1)" 7G<" )*)'(" '&(+3-'(" 1+," +M=12'()('2&," /'&'N3+," '&923/+11+," +(" 1+," )5('*'(0," 52//+35')1+," -+,"&0425')&(,"+("-+,"52/=(2'3,"-)&,"5+,"632*'&5+,":;'",2&("3'5J+,"+&"23R"+&"f2193)/'(+R"+&"5),,'(03'(+"+("+&"521()&R"+&"30=2&,+");"-0(2;3&+/+&("-.;&")*'2&^5)342"(3)&,=23()&("-+,"/'&+3)',R"+&")2q("#Y!Y"L"b)1'i)1+");"[23-^d'*;R"=)3"-+," /'1'()&(,$V!" <+((+" 52;3(+" '&(+3-'5('2&" &.)" -;30" :;+" Z;,:;.+&" /)3," #Y!!$" O.'/=)5(" -+" 1.'&(+3-'5('2&" 0()'("'//0-')("]"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+("1+,"52/=(2'3,",+",2&("(32;*0,",2;-)'&"'&5)=)D1+,"-+"*+&-3+"1+;3,"=32-;'(,"+(",)&,"92&-,"=2;3"52&('&;+3"1+;3"+M=12'()('2&$""Les initiatives relatives aux minerais de conflit: Une opportunité pour la conservation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gH<'"+("1+"<><"3+=30,+&(+&("-+;M"2==23(;&'(0,"510,$""Le Guide de l’OCDE sur le devoir de diligence" ]" ,2&" D;(" +,(" -.+&52;3)4+3" P"1+," 5J)c&+," /2&-')1+,"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&(" -+"/'&+3)'," :;'" ,2&(" 3+,=2&,)D1+," =2;3" :;+" 1+," ,25'0(0," =;',,+&(" 3+,=+5(+3" 1+," -32'(," -+"1.J2//+"+("0*'(+3"-+"52&(3'D;+3");"52&91'("=)3"1+;3,"-05','2&,"+("1+;3,"=3)(':;+,"3+1)('*+,"L"1.)5J)("-+"/'&+3)',"+("-+"/0();M$"QV#"O+"E;'-+"52;*3+"1+,"5J)c&+,"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-+"5),,'(03'(+R"-+"521()&R"-+"f2193)/'(+"+("-.23$"%1"52&('+&(";&"5)-3+"-+"(3)*)'1"L"5'&:"0()=+,":;+"1+,",25'0(0,"+&")/2&(VA");,,'"D'+&":;.+&")*)1VF"=+;*+&("'&51;3+"-)&,"1+;3",C,(N/+"-+"4+,('2&"-+,"5J)c&+,"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("P":;'"=+3/+((32&(");M";('1',)(+;3,"+&")*)1"?=)3"+M+/=1+"1+,",25'0(0,"-.01+5(32&':;+@"-+"3+5J+35J+3"-+," 92;3&',,+;3,"-)&," 1+,"o2&+,")99+5(0+,"=)3" 1+,"52&91'(," ?&2()//+&("""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""pour la Coopération et le Développement Économiques (OCDE), le Responsible Jewellery Council, le World Gold Council et la London Bullion Marketing Association. 59US Department of State, 2011 60 Voir RJC et LBMA, 2012 pour plus de renseignements sur les Règles 61 Democratic Republic of Congo, 2010 62 OECD 2011, p. 52 63 La section de la chaîne d’approvisionnement des minerais qui va du site minier à la fonderie (ou au raffineur pour l’or) 64 La section de la chaîne d’approvisionnement des minerais qui va de la fonderie (ou du raffineur) à l’utilisateur final

#V"

-)&," 1)"704'2&"-+,"E3)&-,"O)5,"-.893':;+@R",)5J)&(":;+" 1+"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+");3)"0(0"+99+5(;0R"52&923/0/+&(");M"3+52//)&-)('2&,"-0*+12==0+,"L"(3)*+3,";&"=325+,,;,"L"=1;,'+;3,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,$"QVI""O+,"5'&:"0()=+,"52/=3+&&+&("]VV"

! O)"530)('2&"-.;&",C,(N/+"-+"4+,('2&"-;"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+"?1+"E;'-+"2993+";&"/2-N1+"-+"=21'(':;+"L"5+((+"9'&@"r"

! O.0*)1;)('2&"-+,"3',:;+,"=2;3"(2;("52&91'(R"(3)*)'1"92350"2;")D;,"-+,"-32'(,"-+"1.J2//+":;'")"0(0",'4&)10"r"! O)"*03'9'5)('2&"52/=()D1+"=)3"-+,"('+3,"'&-0=+&-)&(,"r"+("! O+"52/=(+"3+&-;")&&;+1",;3"1+"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+"-+"1)",25'0(0$"

"O+"E;'-+"-+"1.K<G>",;3"1+"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+")"0(0")==32;*0"=)3"1+"E32;=+"-.>M=+3(,"-+"1.K[\",;3"1)"7G<"+("=)3"1)" H><R" +(" )" 0(0" J)3/2&',0$" H)"/',+" +&"};*3+" ,+" 9)'(" =)3" 1.'&(+3/0-')'3+"-+"/05)&',/+," (+1," :;+" 1+" =32Z+(" -+,"Chaines d’Echanges Certifiées"-;"BE7R"+("1+",C,(N/+"'gH<'"-+"1.%g7%"+("-;"g%<$""Le projet des Chaînes d’Echange Certifiées (CEC) du BGR +,(" ;&"/05)&',/+" 304'2&)1" :;'" =+3/+(" -+"52&(3v1+3" +(" 5+3('9'+3" 1.23'4'&+" +(" 1+" 30,;1()(" ,25')1" +(" +&*'32&&+/+&()1" -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" +(" -;" 52//+35+" -+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,"?C"52/=3',"1.23@R");",+'&"-+"1)"704'2&"-+,"E3)&-,"O)5,$"%1"2=N3+");"7f)&-)"-+=;',"#YYU"+("+&"7G<"?H;-^d'*;@"-+=;',"#YYXR"+("*',+"L"52/D)((3+"1.+M=12'()('2&"'1104)1+"-+,"/'&+3)',"=)3"1.);4/+&()('2&"-+"1)"(3)&,=)3+&5+R" 1)" (3)t)D'1'(0R" 1+" 3+&-+/+&(" 0(J':;+" +(" 1+" =2(+&('+1" -+" -0*+12==+/+&(" -+" 1)" =32-;5('2&" +(" -;"52//+35+"-+,"/'&+3)',$"y"5+((+" 9'&R" 1)"5)=)5'(0"-+," '&,('(;('2&,"3+,=2&,)D1+,"-+" 1)"42;*+3&)&5+"-;",+5(+;3"-+,"/'&+3)',"+,(")/01'230+R"52&-;',)&(")'&,'"L"1.)/01'23)('2&"-+"1)"3N41+/+&()('2&"-;",+5(+;3")3(',)&)1R"+("1+,"3+5+((+,"-+"1.e()("-+,"&)('2&,"+&"*2'+"-+"-0*+12==+/+&(",2&(")553;+,$"O+"<><"*',+"1+",+5(+;3"-+"1.>S8"+("5J+35J+"L")D23-+3"1+," :;+,('2&," Z;3'-':;+," +(" -+" (3)&,=)3+&5+" -)&," 1+," +M=12'()('2&,"/'&'N3+," )3(',)&)1+,R" (2;(" +&" =32(04+)&(" 1+,"2;*3'+3,R"1+,"52//;&);(0,"+("1.+&*'32&&+/+&($VT""O+,"52&-'('2&,"052124':;+,"-;"/05)&',/+"<><",2&("'&-':;0+,"-)&,"1+"63'&5'=+"&�I"-+,"[23/+,"<><"+("'&51;+&("]"O.+M',(+&5+"-25;/+&()'3+"-.;&+"e(;-+"-.'/=)5("+&*'32&&+/+&()1" ?>%>@"=2;3",+3*'3"-+"D),+");"61)&"-+"4+,('2&"+&*'32&&+/+&()1+"?6E>@"30)1',(+"r"=)3"l30)1',(+.R"&2;,"+&(+&-2&,"-+,")5('2&,":;'",2&("9)',)D1+,"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+,"53+;,+;3,R"=)3"+M+/=1+";&+"G051)3)('2&"-.'/=)5("+&*'32&&+/+&()1VU"r"g3)'(+3"1+,",;D,()&5+,"-)&4+3+;,+,"+("1+,"-05J+(,"-+"/)&'N3+")==32=3'0+"r"63',+"+&"52&,'-03)('2&"+("=3',+"-+"-',=2,'('2&,"=2;3"1)"9+3/+(;3+"-+"1)"/'&+"+("1)"3+,();3)('2&"-+,",'(+,$"g)D1+"!]"<2&-'('2&,"+&*'32&&+/+&()1+,"-;"/05)&',/+"<><""O+"=32Z+("-+,"<><"+("1+"E;'-+"-+"1.K<G>",;3"1+"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+"2&("0(0"'&51;,"-)&,"1+"S05)&',/+"704'2&)1"-+"<+3('9'5)('2&"?S7<@"-+"1)"<%7EOR"5+":;'"*+;("-'3+":;+R";&+"92',":;+"1+"S7<");3)"0(0"/',"+&"};*3+R"1+,"-'3+5('*+,"-;"=32Z+("-+,"<><")'&,'":;+"1+"E;'-+"-+"1.K<G>",;3"1+"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+",+32&(")==1'5)D1+,"-)&,"(2;(+"1)"704'2&"-+,"E3)&-,"O)5,$VX" L’iTSCi70"+,(";&+"'&'(')('*+"52&Z2'&(+"+&(3+"1.%g7%"+("1+"Tantalum-Niobium International Study Centre"?g%<@":;'")'-+" 1+," ,25'0(0," +&" )/2&(" ?-+," +M=12'()('2&," /'&'N3+," );M" 92&-+3'+,@R" )'&,'" :;+" 1+," '&-'*'-;," ?52//+" 1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M@"-+" (2;(+," 1+,"05J+11+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+("-+" (2;," 1+,"&'*+);M"-+" 1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-+,"+M=12'()('2&,");M"92&-+3'+,R"P"L"0()D1'3"1+,")5('2&,R"1+,",(3;5(;3+,"+("1+,"=325+,,;,"3+:;',"=2;3",+"52&923/+3");M"�5'&:"0()=+,�"-;"E;'-+"-+"1.K<G>",;3"1+"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+$"O.'gH<'":;'"52;*3+"1+,"=+('(+,R"/2C+&&+,"+("43)&-+,"+&(3+=3',+,R" 1+,"522=03)('*+,"+(" 1+,",'(+,"-.+M=12'()('2&,"/'&'N3+,")3(',)&)1+,R")"0(0"52&t;+"=2;3"k(3+";('1',0+"=)3"1.'&-;,(3'+",2;,"1)",;3*+'11)&5+"-+,")4+&(,"-;"42;*+3&+/+&(":;'"Z2;+&("-+,"3v1+,"51)'3,"QT!"L"5+(" 04)3-$" >11+" ,+" 52&923/+" );" E;'-+" -+" 1.K<G>" ,;3" 1+" -+*2'3" -+" -'1'4+&5+" +(" P"=3+&-" +&" 52/=(+" 1+,"3+52//)&-)('2&," -;"<2&,+'1" -+" ,05;3'(0" -+" 1.K[\R" &2()//+&(" -;" 432;=+" -.+M=+3(," -+,"[)('2&,"\&'+," ,;3" 1)"7G<R")9'&"-.'&51;3+"-)&,"1+,"=325+,,;,"-+"-'1'4+&5+"3)',2&&)D1+"1+,"30,+);M"53'/'&+1,R"1+,"432;=+,")3/0,R"1+"&2&^3+,=+5("-+,"4+1,"-+"D'+&,"+("-+,"'&(+3-'5('2&,"-+"*2C)4+3")==1'5)D1+,"L"-+,"'&-'*'-;,"+("-+,"+&('(0,",)&5('2&&0,$"QT#"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""65 UN International Telecommunication Union & Estelle Levin Ltd., 2012. 66 Voir OCDE, 2011 pour plus de renseignements sur le Guide 67 BGR, 2010 68 Un outil que le BGR a dirigé au Chili et mis en œuvre au Rwanda. Voir Ehlers, 2010 pour plus de renseignements 69 BGR, 2012 70iTSCi, 2011a 71 iTSCi, 2011a 72 iTSCi, 2011a

#T"

O.'gH<'"52;*3+"1)"5),,'(03'(+R"1+"521()&"+("1)"f2193)/'(+"/)',"=),"1.23R"+("(3)'(+"1+"E;'-+"-+"1.K<G>",;3"1+"-+*2'3"-+"-'1'4+&5+"52//+"1.;&"-+",+,"-25;/+&(,"&23/)('9,$""O.'gH<'"52/=3+&-"(32',"010/+&(,"=3'&5'=);M"]"?!@" 1+",;'*'"+(" 1+"-0=',()4+"-+,"52-+,^D)33+,"+("-+,"-25;/+&(,":;'",+3*+&("L" 3+/=1'3" 1)"D),+"-+"-2&&0+,"-+" 1.'gH<'R" ?#@" 1.0*)1;)('2&"+(" 1)"4+,('2&"-+," 3',:;+,R" +(" ?A@" 1.);-'("=)3"-+,"('+3,$"O.'gH<'"+,("/',+"+&"};*3+",;3"=1)5+"=)3"1+"=+3,2&&+1"-+"1.'gH<'R")*+5"1+",2;('+&"-+"68<gR"Channel Research"?,2&"0*)1;)(+;3"-+"3',:;+,@R"1+,"92&5('2&&)'3+,"-+"1.8-/'&',(3)('2&R"+("1+,"52/'(0,"-+"=)3('+,"'&(03+,,0+,"125)1+,R"+&"5211)D23)('2&")*+5"1+,"-'*+3,"2=03)(+;3,"-+"1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&($""O.'gH<'"52&('+&(";&+"52&-'('2&",+12&"1):;+11+");5;&",'(+"/'&'+3");",+'&"-.;&+")'3+"=32(040+"&+"=+;("9)'3+"=)3('+"-+"1.'&'(')('*+$TA" <+" :;'" ,'4&'9'+" :;+" 1+," /'&+3)'," +&" =32*+&)&5+" -+," )'3+," =32(040+," -0,'4&0+," &+" =+;*+&(" k(3+"0(':;+(0$"G)&,";&"52&(+M(+"-.0(':;+()4+"40&03)1"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+R"-+"1)"f2193)/'(+"+("-;"521()&"+&"7G<")*)&("1+;3"+M=23()('2&" 104)1+" +(" 1+;3" )5:;','('2&" =)3" 1+," =3'&5'=)1+," 92&-+3'+," );(2;3" -;"/2&-+R" +(" -)&," 1+" 52&(+M(+" -+" 1)"43)&-+" 5)/=)4&+" -+" 923/)1',)('2&" -+," 5J)c&+," -.)==32*','2&&+/+&(" -+," /'&+3)'," =)3" 1+," -2&)(+;3," +(" 1+"E2;*+3&+/+&("-+" 1)"7G<"-+"/)&'N3+"=1;,"40&03)1+R" 1+,"/'&+3)',"&2&"0(':;+(0,",2&("-0,23/)',"=1;,"-'99'5'1+,"L"52//+35')1',+3"+("=+3-+&("-+"1+;3"*)1+;3$"<+5'"=+3/+("-.+&52;3)4+3"1+,"2=03)(+;3,"-+"1)"5J)c&+"L"&+"=1;,"2D(+&'3"1+;3,"/'&+3)',"-+"/'&+," ,'(;0+,"-)&,"-+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"z"*;":;+" 1+,"/'&+3)',"&.C" ,2&("=),"P"0(':;+(0,"Q"z"+("=+3/+("04)1+/+&("-+"-',,;)-+3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,")3(',)&);M"-.C"+M=12'(+3"1+,"/'&+3)',R",2;1)4+)&(")'&,'"z"2&"1.+,=N3+"z"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"-+"1)"=3+,,'2&"+M+350+"=)3"1)"=30,+&5+"J;/)'&+$""Hiérarchisation des donateurs quant à la formalisation et la réglementation du secteur de l’EMA G)&,"1+"5)-3+"-+,"+9923(,"=2;3"403+3"1.+M=12'()('2&"'1104)1+"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,"+&"=32*+&)&5+"-+"1)"704'2&"-+,"E3)&-,"O)5,"+("-+"1)"7G<"+&"=)3('5;1'+3R"+("=2;3"1+,"3)',2&,"3+1)('*+,");"52&91'("+("L"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"-053'(+,"5'^-+,,;,R" 5+3()'&," D)'11+;3," 5J+35J+&(" L" )/01'23+3" 1+," &'*+);M" -+" 923/)1',)('2&" +(" -+" =329+,,'2&&)1',/+" -)&," 1+",+5(+;3"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$"g32',"'&'(')('*+,"+&"=)3('5;1'+3"/03'(+&("-.k(3+"&2(0+,$""Le projet d’assistance technique au Ministère des Mines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�IY"/'11'2&,"+(" 1+"G_%G"+&523+"�FY"/'11'2&," );" =32Z+($TV" <+," 92&-," -+*)'+&(" k(3+"/'," L" 1)" -',=2,'('2&" -;"E2;*+3&+/+&(" -+" 1)" 7G<" =)3" 1)" B)&:;+"S2&-')1+"+&"9'&"25(2D3+"#Y!!$TT"O.2DZ+5('9"-+"5+"=32Z+("-+"=1;,'+;3,"/'11'2&,"+,("-.)D23-+3"5+3()'&+,"-+,":;+,('2&,"510,"-;",+5(+;3"-+"1.>S8"+&"7G<R"-2&("]""

! O.)/01'23)('2&"-+,"),=+5(,"-+"1)"4+,('2&"+&*'32&&+/+&()1+"+(",25')1+"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"+("-+"1)"104',1)('2&"-;",+5(+;3"/'&'+3"-)&,",2&"+&,+/D1+"rTU"

! O.),,;3)&5+":;+" 1+," 3+5+((+,"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"52&(3'D;+&(");"-0*+12==+/+&(" 125)1"+("304'2&)1"r"

! O)"30-)5('2&"-.;&+"0(;-+"-.'/=)5("+&*'32&&+/+&()1")==3292&-'+",;3"1+",+5(+;3"/'&'+3r"+("! O.+M05;('2&" -+" =32Z+(," ='12(+" 2993)&(" P";&+" ),,',()&5+" (+5J&':;+" =2;3" )D23-+3" 1+," =325+,,;," -+"923/)1',)('2&"Q"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$"TX"

"e()D1'+"+&"90*3'+3"#YYXR"l’International!Task!Force"?%g_@"+,("J0D+340+"L"1.K99'5+"-;"7+=30,+&()&(",=05')1"-+"1.\>"?>\H7@" L" B3;M+11+,$" <.+,(" ;&" 432;=+" -+" (3)*)'1" '&923/+1" :;'" 52/=3+&-" -+," 42;*+3&+/+&(," +(" -+," '&,('(;('2&,"/;1('1)(03)1+,"-+"-0*+12==+/+&($"H2&"2DZ+5('9"+,("-+"5223-2&&+3"+("-.J)3/2&',+3"1+,")5('*'(0,"+&(3+"1+,"'&'(')('*+,"'&(+3&)('2&)1+," +(" &)('2&)1+,R" :;'" )D23-+&(" 1+," :;+,('2&," -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" +(" -;" 52//+35+" '1104'('/+," -+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+," -)&," 1)"704'2&"-+,"E3)&-,"O)5,$" O.%g_" +,(" +&" 0(32'(+" 1')',2&" )*+5" 1+"E32;=+"gJ0/)(':;+"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""73iTSCi, 2011a 74Pour plus de détails, voir World Bank 2010a et b 75PACT, 2010.p. 8 76World Bank, 2010a 77Mabiola, Paul, conversation avec Levin, 20 septembre 2011. 78World Bank, 2010b 79World Bank, 2010b, p.38

#U"

S'&+,"?EgS@"L"d'&,J),)$"O+"EgS"+,(";&"432;=+"-+"(3)*)'1":;'"5223-2&&+"1+,"+9923(,"+&(3+"1+"E2;*+3&+/+&("-+"1)"7G<" +(" 1+," =)3(+&)'3+," '&(+3&)('2&);M" :;'" (+&(+&(" -.)D23-+3" 1.+M=12'()('2&" +(" 1+" 52//+35+" '1104'('/+," -+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,"-)&,"1.+,("-+"1)"7G<$"<+"432;=+"+,("52^=30,'-0"=)3"1+"E2;*+3&+/+&("-+"1)"7G<"+("1)"B)&:;+"S2&-')1+$"y"5+",()-+R"'1",+3)'(",2;J)'()D1+"-.2D(+&'3";&+"/',+"L"Z2;3"-+,")5('*'(0,"-;"432;=+"+("-+",)*2'3"52//+&("'1")"1.'&(+&('2&"-+",2;(+&'3"1)"4+,('2&"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,$""O+" 42;*+3&+/+&(" -+," >\" ,2;('+&(" 1+," '&'(')('*+," 3+,=2&,)D1+," -+" 3+5J+35J+" -+" 92;3&',,+;3," -)&," 1.+,($" O+"=3243)//+"=2;3" 1)"*+&(+"3+,=2&,)D1+"-+,"/'&+3)'," ?7Sg@"-+"#Y!Y"+,("P";&"=3243)//+"-+"5223-'&)('2&"+("-+"/',+"+&"};*3+"-)&,"1)"704'2&"-+,"E3)&-,"O)5,"-+"!Y"/'11'2&,"-.\HG"�"�-2&(�"U"/'11'2&,"-2'*+&(",+3*'3"L"530+3";&+"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("+M=03'/+&()1+"1'D3+"-+"(2;("52&91'(R"L"=32/2;*2'3"1+"52&(3v1+"-;",+5(+;3"=)3"1+,"5'*'1,"L"(3)*+3,"1)"30923/+"-+"1)"3041+/+&()('2&R"+("L"),,;3+3"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+,"=2=;1)('2&,"*;1&03)D1+,$"Q"O)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&(" -+" /'&+3)'," :;'" );3)" 0(0" *)1'-0+" ,+3)" 52&923/+" );" E;'-+" -+" 1.K<G>" ,;3" 1+" -+*2'3" -+"-'1'4+&5+$UY"O+,")5('*'(0," '&51;+&(" 1)" 52&,(3;5('2&"-.;&"DW('/+&(")-/'&',(3)('9R"-.;&"5+&(3+"52//+35')1" +("-.;&+"32;(+R"+("1)"30&2*)('2&"-.;&"5+&(3+"52//+35')1$">&"=)3)11N1+");"=3243)//+"7Sg",+"(32;*+"1.'&'(')('*+"-+"1.811')&5+"=;D1':;+^=3'*0+" =2;3" 1+" 52//+35+" 3+,=2&,)D1+" -+,"/'&+3)'," ?866@" :;'" )" 0(0" 1)&50+" +&" &2*+/D3+" #Y!!$" <+((+"'&'(')('*+")"=2;3"D;("-+",2;(+&'3"1+,"2DZ+5('9,"-+"1)"H+5('2&"!IY#"-+"1)"O2'"G2--^_3)&iR"+("52/=3+&-")5(;+11+/+&("-+,"),,25')('2&,");(2/2D'1+,"52(0+,"L"1.'&(+3&)('2&)1+R":;)(3+"),,25')('2&,"'&-;,(3'+11+,"+(",'M"K[E$"P">11+"5J+35J+"L" 30=2&-3+" -+" /)&'N3+" =3)(':;+" );M" -09'," :;+" 3+=30,+&(+&(" 1+," /'&+3)'," -+" 52&91'("Q" +&" P",2;(+&)&(" -+,"=3243)//+," +M=03'/+&();M" -+" 5J)c&+," -.)==32*','2&&+/+&(" -2&(" 2&" =+;(" (3)5+3" 1.23'4'&+" +(" :;'" ,2&(" *)1'-0,$"O.'&'(')('*+"-+"1)"668",+3*'3)"04)1+/+&("-+"=1)(+^923/+"=2;3"5+;M":;'"5J+35J+&("-+,"'&923/)('2&,"+("-+,"/)&'N3+,"-.'&(+3*+&'3"=2;3"1+"52//+35+"3+,=2&,)D1+"-+,"/'&+3)',$"QU!""G.);(3+," '&'(')('*+," =+3('&+&(+," '&51;+&(" 1.%&'(')('*+" -+" -')/)&(" +(" -0*+12==+/+&(" ?%GG@R" :;'" };*3+" L" 1)"923/)1',)('2&"-+,"+M=12'()('2&,"-+"/'&+,")3(',)&)1+,"-+"-')/)&("-)&,"1)"632*'&5+"-;"d),)a"K3'+&()1"+("-;"d),)a"K55'-+&()1"-+"1)"7G<$"""" "

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""80 Voir US Institute for Peace, 2011 81 Voir Otero et Hormats, 2011

#X"

3 RESERVE NATURELLE D’ITOMBWE

"_'4;3+"A]"<)3(+"-+"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+"

3.1 Profil de conservation O)"-01'/'()('2&"+M)5(+"-+"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+"-2'("+&523+"9)'3+"1.2DZ+("-.;&")5523-$"8;,,'R");M"9'&,"-;"=30,+&(" 3)==23(R" 1+,");(+;3,";('1',+&(^'1," 1+,"-2&&0+,"-;"-+3&'+3" ,50&)3'2"=32=2,0":;'"+,(" 1+" 93;'("-.;&" (3N,"432,"(3)*)'1"-+"&0425')('2&,")*+5"1.+&,+/D1+"-+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,$""O)" 923k(" +(" 1+," /2&()4&+," ,'(;0+," -)&," 1)" 70,+3*+" =32=2,0+" ,2&(" -+," J)D'()(," 53;5');M" =2;3" 1+," &2/D3+;,+,"+,=N5+,"+&-0/':;+,"+("+&"*2'+"-+"-',=)3'('2&$"G+"=1;,R"1+,"3+,,2;35+,"-+"1)"7[%",+3*+&("-+",2;35+"-+"3+*+&;,");M"=2=;1)('2&,":;'"*'*+&("L"1.'&(03'+;3"+(");(2;3"-+"5+11+^5'$U#"O)"7[%"+,(",'(;0+"-)&,"1)"632*'&5+"-;"H;-^d'*;"+&(+"TIY"+("A"FTI"/"-.)1('(;-+"L"1)"1'/'(+"-+"1)"932&('N3+",;-"-+"1)"923k("0:;)(23')1+$"

"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""82Muhigwa, op sit., 2008

AY"

O)"7[%"+,(";&",'(+"-+"l’Alliance for Zéro Extinction"+("+,("1.;&+"-+,"o2&+,"1+,"=1;,"'/=23()&(+,"-;"E3)D+&"81D+3('&"=2;3" ,+," +,=N5+," +&-0/':;+,$UA" >&" +99+(R" ,;3" 1+," FA" +,=N5+," +&-0/':;+," -;" E3)D+&" 81D+3('&R" AI" *'*+&(" L"%(2/Df+$UF" O+," +,=N5+," 5'D1+," -+" 1)" 52&,+3*)('2&" :;'" *'*+&(" -)&," 1)" o2&+" ,2&(" 1+" 5J'/=)&o0" ?Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii 2;"marungensis@R"1+"423'11+"-+,"=1)'&+,"-+"1.>,("?Gorilla beringei graueri@"+("1)"5J2;+((+"&2//0+"=J2-'1+" -+" 63'424'&+" ?Phodilus prigogineiR" :;'" +,(" +&-0/':;+" L" 1)" 923k(" -.%(2/Df+@$" O+"S),,'9" -.%(2/Df+" +,("52&,'-030"52//+";&"-+,"J)D'()(,"1+,"=1;,"'/=23()&(,"-;"52&('&+&(")93'5)'&"L"5);,+"-+,"-'*+3,+,"+,=N5+,"-.2',+);M":;.'1" J0D+34+$UI" 6)3/'" 5+," 2',+);M" 3+/)3:;)D1+,R" 2&" (32;*+" 1+" /)3('&+(" -+" H5J2;(+-+&" ?Schoutedenapus schoutedeniR":;.2&"&+"(32;*+":;+"-)&,"5+((+"30,+3*+@R"+("1.+&42;1+*+&("-+"63'424'&+"?Caprimulgus prigoginei)$UV"""O)"30,+3*+")D3'(+"04)1+/+&(";&"43)&-"&2/D3+"-.+,=N5+,"*040()1+,"]"IVI"+,=N5+,"923+,('N3+,"2&("0(0"+&3+4',(30+,R"C"52/=3'," -+," +,=N5+," -+" D)/D2;R" -+" ,2;:;0" ?Parinari excelsa@" +(" -+" Carapa grandifoliaR" +&(3+" );(3+,.87" O+,"/2&()4&+,"-.%(2/Df+"L" +11+," ,+;1+," ,+3*+&("-.J)D'()("L"IY�"-+,"+,=N5+,"-+"/2&()4&+"-.893':;+R" +("L"XF�"-+,"+,=N5+,"-+"=1)&(+,")93'5)'&+,"-+"J);(+")1('(;-+"?:;'",2&("=3'&5'=)1+/+&("+&-0/':;+,"-)&,"1+"E3)D+&"81D+3('&@"z"-2&("UX�",2&("+&-0/':;+,"-)&,"1)"7[%$UU"

3.2 Proposition de classement de la Réserve d’Itombwe >&"25(2D3+"#YYVR"1+"/'&',(N3+"52&421)',"-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("?S><[g@")"0/',";&"-053+(UX",+12&"1+:;+1"-+,"=)3('+,"-;" S),,'9" -.%(2/Df+" -+*3)'+&(" k(3+" 51),,0+," 52//+" )'3+," =32(040+,$" O+" /'&',(N3+" )" +&,;'(+" +99+5(;0" ;&"51),,+/+&(" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+" =)3" =;D1'5)('2&" );" h2;3&)1" K99'5'+1R" :;'" &.)" =)," 0(0" D'+&" 3+t;" =)3" 1+," 52//;&);(0,"*'*)&("-)&,"1+,"o2&+,"(2;5J0+,R"&'"=)3"5+3()'&+,"234)&',)('2&,"-+"1)",25'0(0"5'*'1+$XY"O+"=32D1N/+"=3'&5'=)1"+&(3+"1+"42;*+3&+/+&("+(" 1+,"52//;&);(0," 125)1+,",+/D1)'(",+"(32;*+3"-)&," 1+" 9)'(":;+" 1+"-053+("-051)3)'("+&52;3)4+3" 1)"=)3('5'=)('2&"-+,"52//;&);(0,"-)&,"(2;,"1+,"),=+5(,"-+"1)"4+,('2&"-+"1)"o2&+"=32(040+$"G'*+3,+,"=)3('+,"*2;1)'+&(")*2'3" 1+;3"/2(" L" -'3+" ,;3" 1)" -01'/'()('2&" -+" 1)" 30,+3*+" +(" 5+1)" &.)" =)," 0(0" 1+" 5)," -;3)&(" 1+" =325+,,;," '&'(')1" -+"51),,+/+&($X!"""70,;1()(" -+" 5+," -0D)(,R" 1+," )5('*'(0," -+" o2&)4+" =)3('5'=)('9" 2&(" 0(0" '&'('0+," =)3" 1.%<<[" L" B;i)*;R" 1+" bb_R" +("-.);(3+,"234)&',)('2&,"-+"52&,+3*)('2&" 125)1+,"+(" '&(+3&)('2&)1+,R" +(":;+1:;+,");(3+,"234)&',)('2&,"-+" 1)" ,25'0(0"5'*'1+$X#"O)"70,+3*+"-+*)'("k(3+"-'*',0+"+&"(32',"o2&+,"?[$B$"1)"30=)3('('2&"+&"o2&+,"+,("+&523+"+&"-',5;,,'2&@"]""

! \&+"o2&+"L";,)4+"/;1('=1+"-)&,"1):;+11+" 1+,"=2=;1)('2&,"=+;*+&("+M(3)'3+"-+,"3+,,2;35+,",=05'9':;+,"+("52&*+&;+," );"=30)1)D1+R" +(" 30521(+3" 5+11+,^5'" -.;&+"/)&'N3+" );,,'" -;3)D1+":;+"=2,,'D1+$"O+," 3+,,2;35+,";('1',0+," )'&,'" =+;*+&(" '&51;3+" 1+" D2'," +(" );(3+," =32-;'(," 923+,('+3,R" 1.+);R" 1+" =2',,2&" +(" 1)" *')&-+" -+"D32;,,+$"O)"o2&+";,)4+"/;1('=1+"9+3)"1.2DZ+("-.;&"/2-+"-+"4+,('2&"-)&,"1.2;('1"Z;3'-':;+")/+&-+"=23()&("530)('2&"-+"1)"7[%"+(":;'"-0(+3/'&+3)"1+,"/2-)1'(0,"=3)(':;+,"-.;('1',)('2&"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,$""

"! \&+" o2&+" '&(+3/0-')'3+" 2n" 1+," )5('*'(0,"-+"-0*+12==+/+&("=+;*+&(" k(3+"/',+," +&" *)1+;3" +(" );" ,+'&"-+"1):;+11+" 1+," 52//;&);(0," 125)1+," +(" 1+," =+;=1+," );(25J(2&+," =+;*+&(" )/01'23+3" 1+;3," ,2;35+," -+"3+*+&;,"r" 1+," )5('*'(0," (2;3',(':;+,"=2;3" *2'3" 1+," 423'11+," -+," =1)'&+," -+" 1.>,(" -+*32&(" k(3+" 234)&',0+," L"1.'&(03'+;3"-+"5+((+"o2&+$"

"! \&+" o2&+" -+" 52&,+3*)('2&" '&(043)1+" :;'" &+" =+;(" k(3+" ;('1',0+" +&" );5;&+" /)&'N3+" +(" :;'" 9)'(" 1.2DZ+("

-.)5523-,",;3"1)"3041+/+&()('2&"3+1)('*+"L"1)",(3'5(+"=32(+5('2&"-+"5+((+"o2&+$"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""83 IUCN, 2010 84Ilambu, op sit., 1999 85 Prigogine, 1985; Collar & Stuart, 1988, in Muhigwa op sit., 2008 86Ilambu op sit., 1999 87 Voir Ilambu op sit. 1999 pour plus d’espèces en RNI 88 Muhigwa, op sit., 2008 89 N"038/CAB/MIN/ECN-EF/2006 90 Pour un rapport complet sur le processus de publication à l’Officiel de la Réserve Naturelle d’Itombwe, voir DeJong, 2011 91 DeJong, 2011 92 DeJong, 2011

A!"

"_'4;3+"F]"O+",50&)3'2"1+"=1;,"305+&("?#Y!A@"-+"30=)3('('2&"+&"o2&+,"-+"1)"7[%""O)"9'&)1',)('2&"-;"=325+,,;,"-+"-01'/'()('2&")"0(0"3+()3-0+"=2;3";&"5+3()'&"&2/D3+"-+"3)',2&,R"+&(3+");(3+,"]""

! O+"D+,2'&"-+"(3)*)'11+3"L"=)3('3"-+"-2&&0+,"H%E"52/=1N(+,",;3"1)"70,+3*+"]"H;3";&"(2()1"-+"IV",+4/+&(,"'-+&('9'0,R"#T"2&("0(0"-25;/+&(0,"?AA#RY!"i/@"L"5+"Z2;3"+("!X"3+,(+&("L"-25;/+&(+3"-+"9)t2&"=)3('5'=)('*+"?!I!R#T"i/@$"5+":;'"&05+,,'(+3)"=1;,"-+"(3)*)'1",;3"1+"(+33)'&"=2;3"1+:;+1"1+,"(+5J&'5'+&,"-+*32&("/)35J+3"-)&,"1+,"!X",+5('2&,"3+,()&(+,$"O+"(3)*)'1",;3"1+"(+33)'&"-+/)&-+";&"'/=23()&("(3)*)'1"-+"=1)&'9'5)('2&$"

! O+"/)&:;+"-+"52&&)',,)&5+,")==3292&-'+,"-+" 1)"40243)=J'+"J;/)'&+"+("=JC,':;+"-+" 1)"70,+3*+"r" ,)&,"5+11+,^5'" 1+," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," -;" /'1'+;" -+" 1)" 52&,+3*)('2&" &+" ,2&(" =)," +&" /+,;3+" -+" =32=2,+3" ;&",50&)3'2"-+"30=)3('('2&"+&"o2&+,"=2;3"1)"70,+3*+$XA"

! O)" -'99'5;1(0" -+" 52//;&':;+3" )*+5" 1+," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," :;'" ,.'&:;'N(+&(" -+" 1)" -01'/'()('2&" -+" 1)"70,+3*+"r"g+3)J"G+h2&4R"52&,;1()&("-+"bb_"+&"7G<R"9)'("3+/)3:;+3":;.'1"3+,(+"L"0()D1'3";&"/05)&',/+"-+"52//;&'5)('2&"+99'5)5+"=2;3"1+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,R"+("=1;,"=)3('5;1'N3+/+&("+&(3+"5+;M":;'",.255;=+&("-+"1)"-01'/'()('2&"+("1+,"52//;&);(0,"-+"1)"70,+3*+$XF"

! O+" 9)'(" :;+" 1+," =2=;1)('2&," -.%(2/Df+" &+" =)31+&(" =)," -.;&+" ,+;1+" *2'M" 3+&-" -'99'5'1+" 1)" (W5J+" -+"3),,+/D1+3"+("30=2&-3+");M"D+,2'&,"+("-+"30,2;-3+"1+,"-'9903+&-,"-+,"-'*+3,+,"52//;&);(0,":;'"30,'-+&("-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"=32=2,0+$XI"

"O+," 52//;&);(0," :;'" *'*+&(" -)&," 1)" 7[%" ,.'&:;'N(+&(" -+," :;+,('2&," -+" =32(+5('2&" -+" 1)" &)(;3+$XV" >11+,",.'&:;'N(+&("04)1+/+&("-+"1+;3",05;3'(0"+("-+"/)'&(+&'3";&"&'*+);"-+"*'+"-0=),,)&("1)",'/=1+",;D,',()&5+$"G.)=3N,"G+h2&4R"5+3()'&,",2&("1),"-+"1)"52//;&);(0"052124':;+R"-q");"3+()3-"-)&,"1+"=325+,,;,"-+"-01'/'()('2&R"/)',",2&("=3k(,"L"9'&)1',+3"1)"-01'/'()('2&"+("1)"4+,('2&"-+"1)"70,+3*+R"L"52&-'('2&":;+"1+"(2;(",+"9),,+"-+"/)&'N3+")==32=3'0+"+(",2'("=32=3+/+&("=1)&'9'0$XT""

3.3 La délimitation de la RNI à l’avenir: Problèmes et opportunités O+,"-',5;,,'2&,"3+1)('*+,");M"-'9903+&(,",50&)3'2,"-;"o2&)4+"-+"1)"7[%"2&("+M=12'(0"1)"=2,,'D'1'(0"-+"-0*+12==+3";&"/05)&',/+"+99'5)5+"=2;3";&"/2-+"-+"4+,('2&"1'0"L"1m+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+$"<m+,("Z;,(+/+&("52/=(+"(+&;"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""93 DeJong, 2011 94 DeJong, 2011 95 DeJong, 2011 96 DeJong, 2011 97 DeJong, 2011

A#"

-+" 1m+M',(+&5+"-;" 52&(+&;"-+" 1m83('51+" I"-;"7N41+/+&("/'&'+3" ?#YYA@" ,;3" 1+," o2&+,"+/='0()&(" ,;3"-+," o2&+,"-+"70,+3*+":;'",('=;1+"&2()//+&("mG+,"-32'(,"/'&'+3,"2;"-+"5)33'N3+,"=+;*+&("k(3+"25(32C0,",;3"-+,"=03'/N(3+,":;'"+/='N(+&(",;3"-+,"o2&+,"-+"30,+3*+$"g2;(+92',R" 1+,"=1)&,"+&*'32&&+/+&();M"=2;3"1+,"2=03)('2&,"+&"*+3(;"-+"(+1,"-32'(,"-2'*+&("&2(+3"1.+M',(+&5+"-+"5+,"o2&+,"-+"30,+3*+R"3+52&&)c(3+"1+;3"3)',2&"-.k(3+R"+("52/=3+&-3+"-+,"/+,;3+,")-0:;)(+,"=2;3")((0&;+3"1+,"+99+(,"&;','D1+,"-+,"2=03)('2&,",;3"1)"o2&+"-+"30,+3*+"52&5+3&0+")'&,'":;+",;3"1.2DZ+5('9"+&"3)',2&"-;:;+1"1)"o2&+"-+"30,+3*+")"0(0"0()D1'+m$XU""<+((+" 9)t2&"-+"*2'3"-)&," 1+"=325+,,;,"-+" 1)"-01'/'()('2&"+&" 52;3,"-+" 1)"7[%")" 0(0" 305+//+&(" ,2;(+&;+"=)3" 1+,"52&51;,'2&,"-+," (3)*);M"-+" 1)" H25'0(0" 5'*'1+" ,;3" 1)" 30*','2&"-;"<2-+"/'&'+3" +(" 1'D+110+" 52//+" ,;'(" ]" P"\&" 52-+"/'&'+3"'&5'()('9"+(")((3)5('9"-+,"'&*+,(',,+/+&(,R"4)3)&(',,)&("1)",2;*+3)'&+(0"&)('2&)1+"+("=32/2;*)&("1+,"'&(03k(,"-+" 1.>()(" +("-+," 52//;&);(0," 125)1+," r" 92&-0" ,;3" 1)" (3)&,=)3+&5+R" 1)" 3+5+*)D'1'(0" ,25')1+" +(" 1)"=)3('5'=)('2&"-+,"52//;&);(0," 125)1+," -)&," 1)" 4+,('2&" -+," 3+,,2;35+," /'&'N3+," r" +(" 9)*23',)&(" 1+" -0*+12==+/+&(" -;3)D1+" -+" 1)"70=;D1':;+"G0/253)(':;+"-;"<2&42"Q$"XX""

A#A#$ O)!,(3)(04'+!P!<O%6!Q!?<2&,+&(+/+&(!O'D3+R!%&923/0!+(!630)1)D1+@!%1",'+-"-+"&2(+3":;+"-+,"*2'M"-+"=1;,"+&"=1;,",m01N*+&("=2;3"*2'3"1m0/+34+&5+"-m;&"52-+"/'&'+3"=3+&)&("+&"52/=(+"1+,"=3'&5'=+,"+&*'32&&+/+&();M";&'*+3,+11+/+&("3+52&&;,R"&2()//+&("^?'@"1+"=3'&5'=+"-+"-0*+12==+/+&("-;3)D1+"r" ?''@" 1+" =3'&5'=+" -.'&923/)('2&" +(" -+" =)3('5'=)('2&" -;" =;D1'5" );" =325+,,;," -+" =3',+" +(" ?'''@" 1+" =3'&5'=+" <O%6"?<2&,+&(+/+&("O'D3+R"%&923/0"+("630)1)D1+@$"" "

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""98 Le Président de la République, 2003: p.5 99 Le Président de la République, 2003: p.5

AA"

4 PROFIL DES EXPLOITANTS MINIERS ARTISANAUX EN RNI

"_'4;3+"I]"O+,",'(+,"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&")3(',)&)1+"+&:;k(0,"=+&-)&("5+"=32Z+(""O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+",.+,("30*010+"k(3+";&+",2;35+"'&(043)1+"-+"3+*+&;,"=2;3"&2/D3+"-+"=2=;1)('2&,":;'"*'*+&("-)&," 1+,"=)3('+,"+,("+("2;+,("-+" 1)"70,+3*+$"G)&,"-+"&2/D3+;M"5),R" 1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+,(" 1)"seule"/)&'N3+"-.0*'(+3"1)"=);=03',)('2&$"85(;+11+/+&(R"1.>S8"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"+,("'1104)1+$"<.+,("1L";&+"-+,"&2/D3+;,+,":;+,('2&,":;'"-+*3)'+&("k(3+"'&51;,+,"-)&,";&+"D2&&+",(3)(04'+"-+"4+,('2&"-+"1)"70,+3*+$"O)"5),,'(03'(+R"1+"521()&"+(R"-)&,";&+"/2'&-3+"/+,;3+R"1.23R",2&("1+,"=3'&5'=);M"/'&+3)',"+M=12'(0,"-+"/)&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+$!YY"[2,"3+5J+35J+,"-+"(+33)'&"-)&,"1+,",'(+,"-.>S8");",+'&"-;",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+"+("1)"5J+99+3'+"-+"B),'1+"/2&(3+&(":;+"5+",2&( la cassitérite et l’or qui font l’objet d’exploitation minière artisanale dans ces zones. Pendant cette phase"-+"3+5J+35J+R"'1"&.C")*)'("=),";&"/2C+&"-.0()D1'3";&+"=32=23('2&"+&"(+3/+,"-+"=2;35+&()4+"-+"1)"=32-;5('2&"-+,">S8"-+"5),,'(03'(+"+("-.23$"O)"3)',2&"=2;3"5+1)"+,(":;+"5+"=32Z+("&.)"=),";('1',0";&+")==325J+":;)&('()('*+$">&"=1;,R"1+,"-2&&0+,"+,('/)('*+,",;3"1+,"=32-;5('2&,"-.23"&+",2&("=),"-',=2&'D1+,$""S;J'4f)"op cit"?#YYU@"&2(+":;+"5+3()'&,"4',+/+&(,"/'&'+3,"'/=23()&(,",+"(32;*+&("+&"-+J23,"-;"=03'/N(3+"-+"1)"7[%$R" !Y!" !Y#"K&" 3+/)3:;+" );,,'" :;.+&*'32&" TY�"-+," ,'(+," );3'9N3+," ,+" (32;*+&(" -)&," 1.+,(" -+" 1)"7[%R" )123," :;+"1.2;+,("52/=23(+"UY�"-+,",'(+,",()&&'9N3+,$"""

4.1 Une note sur l’exploitation industrielle O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"&+"-2'("=),"k(3+"52&92&-;+")*+5"1.+M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+R":;'"+11+R"+,("+99+5(;0+"104'('/+/+&(" =)3" -+," 43)&-+," ,25'0(0," -.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" =329+,,'2&&+11+," +&" *;+" -+" 9)'3+" -+," D0&09'5+,$"O.+M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+"+,("5)3)5(03',0+"=)3";&"&'*+);"01+*0"-+"/05)&',)('2&"+("-+"5)='()1',)('2&R"+(";&+"9)'D1+"'&(+&,'(0"2;*3'N3+$"""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""100 Muhigwa, op sit., 2008. La RNI contient également des dépôts de tourmaline, béryllium et monazite 101Muhigwa, op sit., 2008 102Muhigwa, op sit., 2008

AF"

4.2 Histoire de l’exploitation minière à Itombwe103 O+,"=2=;1)('2&,"=3)(':;+&(" 1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&," 1)"o2&+"=32=2,0+"-+" 1)"7[%"-+=;'," 1+,")&&0+,"!X#YR"=)3)11N1+/+&("L"1)"S'&'N3+"-+,"E3)&-,Ô)5,"?SEO@R";&+",25'0(0"-.+M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+$!YF"O.+M=12'()('2&")3(',)&)1+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+",.+,("=3)(':;0+");",'(+")3(',)&)1"-.8=)&4)"+("=1;,'+;3,");(3+,",'(+,");(2;3"-+"S'i'R"-)&,"1.+,("-+"5+":;'"+,(");Z2;3-.J;'" 1)"7[%$"O)"5),,'(03'(+")"04)1+/+&("0(0"+M=12'(0+");M",'(+,"-+"`2/D+R"O;4;&-;"+("S'o)"-)&,"1)"=)3('+"K;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+$"O)"5),,'(03'(+"0()'("+M=12'(0+"=3'&5'=)1+/+&("+&",2;(+33)'&$""<.+,("+&"!XVA":;.2&")"52//+&50"L"*2'3"-+,"5J)&4+/+&(,"-)&,"1)"4+,('2&"-+,"2=03)('2&,"/'&'N3+,$"O+,"B+14+,"2&("30-;'("1+,"2=03)('2&,"/'&'N3+,"+(",+",2&("9)'("3+/=1)5+3"=)3"-+,"52&421)',":;'"0()'+&(")123,",;=+3*',0,"L"=)3('3"-+"1)"D),+"-+"Sf+&4)$">&"!XVFR"1+"42;*+3&+/+&(")"&)('2&)1',0"1+",+5(+;3"-+,"+M=12'()('2&,"/'&'N3+,"-+"43)&-+"05J+11+"-)&," 1+," =32*'&5+," -+," d'*;" +(" -+" S)&'+/)$!YI" O+," ,25'0(0," /'&'N3+," =3'&5'=)1+," :;'" +M=12'()'+&(" -)&," 1+,"=32*'&5+,"-;"d'*;R",2'("<KB>OS%[R"d%[K7>g%[R"d\[G8S%[>HR"S%[>7E8"+("SEOR"2&("0(0"52&,21'-0+,"=)3"-053+(" -;" 42;*+3&+/+&(" +&" !XTVR" 923/)&(" )'&,'" 1)" H25'0(0"S'&'N3+" +(" %&-;,(3'+11+" -;"d'*;" ?HKS%[d%@"-2&(" 1)"=)3('5'=)('2&"-;"42;*+3&+/+&("/2&()'("L"#U�$!YV"HKS%[d%"0()'(" 1+"=32=3'0()'3+"-+" 52&5+,,'2&,"/'&'N3+,"-)&,"-'*+3,+,"=)3('+,"-;"H;-^d'*;R"C"52/=3',"-)&,"1+,",'(+,"-+"gf)&4'o)R"B'2&4)"?-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"O;1'&4;@R")'&,'":;+"-+"[o2*;"+("KD)C+"?-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"b)1'i)1+@R"=3N,"-+"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+$!YT""7+52&&)',,)&(":;+"1.>S8"&.)11)'("=),"-',=)3)c(3+R!YU"1)"HKS%[d%")");(23',0"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"L"53+;,+3" -)&," 5+3()'&+," =)3('+," -+" ,+," 52&5+,,'2&,R" 1L" 2n" 1.+M=12'()('2&" '&-;,(3'+11+" &.0()'(" =)," *')D1+$!YX" G)&,"5+3()'&,"5),R"1)"HKS%[d%")"92;3&'"-+"1.+);");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$"H'&2&R"-+"/)&'N3+"40&03)1+R"'1"&.C")"=),"+;"-+",2;('+&")5('9"-+"5+":;'R"-)&,"1.+&,+/D1+R",.)*03)'("k(3+";&+")5('*'(0"'1104)1+$!!Y""O)"53',+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"-+"!XUI")"+;";&"+99+("-0*),()(+;3",;3"1)"HKS%[d%$"O)",25'0(0")"=;"(+&'3"1+"52;="Z;,:;.+&"!XXVR" 1.)&&0+" 2n" +11+" )" -q" *+&-3+" ,+," FI" 52&5+,,'2&," ?3+52;*3)&(" =1;," -.;&"/'11'2&" -.J+5()3+,@!!!" L" 1)" ,25'0(0"/'&'N3+"5)&)-'+&&+"Banro Congo Mining.!!#"H;'(+");"3+&*+3,+/+&("-;"-'5()(+;3"h2,+=J"S2D;(;"1)"/k/+")&&0+R"O);3+&("G0,'30"d)D'1)")";&+"92',"-+"=1;,"+,,)C0"-+"&)('2&)1',+3"1+",+5(+;3"/'&'+3$"B)&32")"+&4)40"-+,"=2;3,;'(+,"52&(3+" 1+" 42;*+3&+/+&(" 52&421)'," +(" )" )'&,'" =;" 3+=3+&-3+" 1)" =32=3'0(0" -+," 52&5+,,'2&," );3'9N3+," -+" gf)&4'o)R"d)/'(;4)R"O;4;,Jf)"+("[)/2C)"+&"#YY#"?1+"42;*+3&+/+&(")C)&("4)4&0"1+,"52&5+,,'2&,",()&&'9N3+,@"]"(2;(+,"5+,"52&5+,,'2&,",+"(32;*+&("L"=32M'/'(0"-+,"1'/'(+,"=32=2,0+,"-+"1)"70,+3*+"&)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+$!!A"""

4.3 Exploitation minière artisanale O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-+" 1.23"+("-+" 1)"5),,'(03'(+"0()'("-0ZL"+&"=1)5+"D'+&")*)&(" 1+,"+M=12'()('2&,">S%$"[2/D3+"-+"5+;M":;'",+",2&("1)&50,"-)&,"1.>S8"1.2&("9)'(",2;,"1)"=32(+5('2&"+(")*+5"1+",2;('+&"-+"/'1'5+,")3/0+,R"C"52/=3',"1+,"S;1+1+^S)'"S)'$!!F"O)"9+3/+(;3+"-+,")5('*'(0,"/'&'N3+,"D+14+,"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+"+&"!XVI")"0(0";&+"255),'2&"=2;3"1+,"=2=;1)('2&,"-+"1)"304'2&"-+",.);(2&2/',+3$"O.>S8")"52&('&;0"Z;,:;+"-)&,"1+,")&&0+,"!XTY"-)&," 1)"304'2&"-+"S;1+1+R"+(",.+,("30=)&-;+"-)&,"-.);(3+,"o2&+,"2n",+" (32;*)'+&("-+,"52&5+,,'2&,"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+" )11;*')1+" )D)&-2&&0+,R" )'&,'" :;+" -)&," -+," o2&+," ',210+," 2n" '1" 0()'(" -'99'5'1+" -+" /+&+3" -+," 2=03)('2&,"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"=1;,"43)&-+,$!!I"O.>S8"-)&,"5+((+"o2&+"0()'("+("+,("(2;Z2;3,"5)3)5(03',0+"=)3";&"/)&:;+"-+"-0*+12==+/+&("r" 1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+M=12'(+&("-+," o2&+,":;'"2&("-0ZL" 9)'(" 1.2DZ+("-.+M=12'()('2&,"-)&,"1+"=),,0$ "

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""103 Cette interprétation provient d’un entretien avec un ancien employé de MGL, juillet 2012 104Muhigwa op sit., 2008 105 Ancien géologue de SOMINKI, communication personnelle avec Chishugi, août 2011 106 Ancien géologue de SOMINKI se référant à « l’Encyclopédie minière du Congo Belge ». International Alert, 2010 107 Ancien géologue de SOMINKI, communication personnelle avec Chishugi, août 2011. Après que le KBNP a été agrandi en 1975, le secteur des plaines de ce parc coïncidaient avec les concessions de Lilungu and d’Obaye de la SOMINKI qui existaient déjà 108 Cette interprétation provient d’un entretien avec un ancien employé de MDL, juillet 2012 109 Cette interprétation provient d’un entretien avec un ancien employé de MDL, juillet 2012 110 Ancien géologue de SOMINKI, communication personnelle avec Chishugi, août 2011 111 Wells, 2011 112 Ancien géologue de SOMINKI, communication personnelle avec Chishugi, août 2011 113 Mubalama, communication personnelle avec Chishugi, août 2011 114 Les Mulele Mai-Mai sont un groupe de rebelles congolais qui s’est soulevé durant la crise politique dans les années 1960. Il a été créé par Pierre Mulele qui soutenait l’idéologie fédéraliste du Premier Ministre de l’époque qui était Patrice Lumumba. Les milices Mai-Mai qui œuvrent en RDC aujourd’hui descendent des Mulele Mai-Mai 115 Résumé d’entretien avec un ancien géologue de la SOMINKI, communication personnelle avec Chishugi, août, 2011

AI"

O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"-)&,"1)"325J+"-;3+",+"=3)(':;)'("-)&,"1+,",'(+,"-.8=)&4)"+("-+"S'i'"-)&,"1.+,("-.%(2/Df+R")'&,'":;+"-)&,"1+,",'(+,"-+"`2/D+R"O;4;&-;"+("S'o)"-)&,"1.2;+,($"G;"9)'("-+,"5J)&4+/+&(,"-)&,"1)"4+,('2&"/'&'N3+"L"=)3('3"-+"!XVAR"1+"=+3,2&&+1"52&421)',")"52//+&50"L"52&(3v1+3"1)"D),+"-+"S'i'$"O)"9+3/+(;3+"-+,")5('*'(0," /'&'N3+," D+14+," -)&," 1+" ,+5(+;3" -.%(2/Df+" )" =+3/'," );M" 5J+9," 52&421)'," -+" 52//+&5+3" L" 403+3" 1+, +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"'1104);M"-+"1)"304'2&$!!V""O+," )5('*'(0," -.>S8" &.2&(" Z)/)'," *3)'/+&(" 0(0" -'3'40+," -)&," 1)" =)'M" )D,21;+$" G+" !XVI" L" !XUYR" 1+," +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"2&("0(0"/)1(3)'(0,"+("1+;3,"/'&+3)',"+("/)(03'+1"52&9',:;0,"=)3"1.e()(":;'"5J+35J)'("L"'&(+3-'3+"1.>S8$!!T"O)"923k("-.%(2/Df+")",+3*'"-+"D),+");M"3+D+11+,":;'"2&("+,,)C0"-+"-0,()D'1',+3"1+"304'/+"-+"S2D;(;$"O+,")&&0+,"!XXY"2&("0(0"/)3:;0+,"=)3"1)"30D+11'2&"-+"1.8_GO"?1.811')&5+"-+,"_235+,"G0/253)(':;+,"=2;3"1)"O'D03)('2&"-;"<2&42^`)a3+@" +("=)3" 1+," 52&91'(," +&(3+" 1+," 52//;&);(0,"-2&(" 1+,"D+11'403)&(,")*)'+&(" 5300"-+,"D),+,"-)&," 1)"304'2&"-.%(2/Df+$!!U"[2/D3+"-+"432;=+,")3/0,":;'",+",2&(",2;1+*0,"-)&,"1+"H;-^d'*;",+",2&("5)5J0,"-)&,"1)"923k("-.%(2/Df+R" (2;(" 52//+" 1.2&(" 9)'(R" =1;," 305+//+&(R" 1+," d)=2=2"S)'^S)'R" 1+," _GO7" ?_235+,"G0/253)(':;+," -+"O'D03)('2&"-;"7f)&-)@"+&"=32*+&)&5+"-;"7f)&-)R"1+,"_[O"?_235+,"[)('2&)1+,"-+"O'D03)('2&@"+&"=32*+&)&5+"-;"B;3;&-'R"+("-+,"432;=+,"=1;,");",;-"-+"1)"30,+3*+"(+1,":;+"1+,"[4;/'&)"L"S'&+/Df+$!!X""

F#A#$ O+,!+M=12'()&(,!/'&'+3,!)3(',)&);M !O)"-0/243)=J'+R" 1+,"/'&+3)'," +M=12'(0,R" 1.05J+11+" )'&,'" :;+" 1+,"/0(J2-+,"-+," +M=12'()('2&,"/'&'N3+," )3(',)&)1+,"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+"L"1.+,("+("1)"5J+99+3'+"-+"B),'1+"L"1.2;+,(",2&("-'9903+&(,$"O+,",'(+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"0(;-'0,"L"%(2/Df+",2&("1+,",'(+,"-+"S'i'R"-.8=)&4)R"-+"S)i+&-)R"-+"g;1)/D2R"-+"g;/;&4;"+("-+"H)f+"?04)1+/+&("52&&;" ,2;," 1+" &2/" -+" d)(2(+1)@$" y" %(2/Df+R" 1)" /)Z23'(0" -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" +,(" =),,0+" -+"1.+M=12'()('2&"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"L"5+11+"-+"1.23"z",);9"-)&,"1+",'(+"-.8=)&4)"2n";&"=+('("432;=+"-+"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"52&('&;+"1.+M=12'()('2&",2;(+33)'&+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"z",;'(+"L"1)"D)',,+"-;"=3'M"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+",;3"1+,"/)35J0,$" O)" =2=;1)('2&"/'&'N3+" +,(" =1;," =+('(+" L" %(2/Df+" :;.L" B),'1+R" +(" 1+," ,'(+,"/'&'+3," &.C" ,2&(" =)," );,,'"=+3/)&+&(,":;.L"B),'1+"=2;3"5+":;'"+,("-+,",'(+,",2;(+33)'&,$"O.+M=12'()('2&"-+"1.23"52&5+3&+"=3'&5'=)1+/+&("1.23")11;*')1" :;'" ,+" (32;*+" -)&," 1+," 3'*'N3+," +(" 1+," 52;3," -.+);$" G)&," 1.+&,+/D1+R" 1+," +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," )3(',)&);M"*'+&&+&("-+"1)"(3'D;"-+,"B),J'$""G)&," 1)"5J+99+3'+"-+"B),'1+"L" 1.2;+,(R"&2;,")*2&,"0(;-'0" 1+,",'(+,"-+"`2/D+R"O;4;&-;R"Sf)(+&-+"+("df)f+&4)$"G)&," 5+((+" =)3('+" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+R" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" =3)(':;+&(" =3'&5'=)1+/+&(" 1.+M=12'()('2&",2;(+33)'&+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+R",);9"-)&,"1+,"-+;M",'(+,"-+"Sf)(+&-+"+("df)f+&4)"2n"'1,"+M=12'(+&("1.23")11;*')1$""O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"=30,+&(+" (2;("-+"/k/+":;+1:;+,",'/'1)3'(0,"-)&," 1+,"-+;M",+5(+;3,R"52//+" 1+"9)'(":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M",2&("=3'&5'=)1+/+&("-+,"J2//+,"-+"&)('2&)1'(0"52&421)',+"W40,"-+"!I"L"IY" )&,$" g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v1+,"+("-+,"3+,=2&,)D'1'(0,"-+,"52//;&);(0,"/'&'N3+," -)&," 1+" ,+5(+;3" -.%(2/Df+$" O+," 9+//+," ,2&(" /2'&," '/=1':;0+," -)&," 1.>S8" :;+" 1+," J2//+," :;'"=3)(':;+&("1.+M=12'()('2&",)',2&&'N3+R"=3'&5'=)1+/+&("-;3)&("1)",)',2&"-+,"=1;'+,"?123,:;.'1,"=+;*+&(";('1',+3"(2;(+"1.+);":;.'1,"(32;*+&(@$"

""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""116 Cette interprétation provient d’un entretien avec un ancien employé de MDL, juillet 2012 117 Cette interprétation provient d’un entretien avec un ancien employé de MDL, juillet 2012 118 Cette interprétation provient d’un entretien avec un ancien employé de MDL, juillet 2012 119 Cette interprétation provient d’un entretien avec un ancien employé de MDL, juillet 2012 120 Les renseignements suivants proviennent d’entretiens qualitatifs et de groupes de discussion réalisés en juillet 2012 au sein du secteur d’Itombwe et de la chefferie de Basile

AV"

Janvier!à!févrierPluies!légères,!percées!de!soleil

Tous!les!hommes!travaillent!à!l'EMA!intensive.!L'exploitation!de!l'étain!continue!tout!au!long!de!l'année.!Les!hommes!réparent!les!

puits!et!les!canaux.

Les!femmes sèment!les!graines!de!haricots!et!les!pommes!de!terre.!Les!

récoltes!se!feront!en!juin.!Mars!à!mai

Pluies!légèresPour!les!hommes,!les!activités!

des!exploitants!miniers!artisanaux ralentissent!dû!à!la!baisse!du!niveau!des!eaux.!L'exploitation!de!l'étain!(cassitérite)!continue.

Les!femmes s'occupent!des!récoltes!dans!les!champs.

Juin!à!aoûtSaison!sèche

Les!hommes pratiquent!l'agriculture!sur!brûlis.!Les!

exploitants!miniers!artisanauxmigrants!rentrent!chez!eux.!L'EMA!de!l'étain!(cassitérite)!continue.Les!femmes s'occupent!du!

ménage!et!de!ramasser!du!bois.!En!août,!elles!commencent!à!

brûler!les!champs!pour!déblayer!les!débris!de!végétation.

Septembre!à!décembreSaison!des!pluies

Les!hommes!reprennent!l'EMA!à!plein!temps.!Les!travailleurs!immigrés!reviennent!pour!exploiter!les!minerais!d'or!et!

d'étain!(cassitérite).!En!septembre!les!femmes

commencent!à!planter!les!semis.!Toutes!s'occupent!des!activités!agricoles!alors!que!les!hommes!passent!tout!leur!temps!à!l'EMA.!Certaines!femmes!s'occupent!

également!de!transporter!le!sable!et!de!recueillir!l'argent!lorsqu'il!y!a!

un!pic!des!activités!d'EMA.

"

AT"

"

4.4 Secteur d’Itombwe y"1.+,(R"1+,"B),J'"=3)(':;+&("1.>S8"-+=;',";&"5+3()'&"(+/=,$"g3)-'('2&&+11+/+&(R"1+,"B),J'"92&("-;"52//+35+"+("=3)(':;+&(" 1)"/'43)('2&"052&2/':;+$"%1," '//'43+&("-)&," 1+",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+"=)35+":;+" 1+,",21,"-+" 1+;3"304'2&",2&(" (32="=);*3+,"+(" 52&('+&&+&("=+;"-+" 3+,,2;35+,"/'&03)1+,$!#!"O+,"B),J'"0/'43+&("-)&," 1)" 304'2&"-.%(2/Df+"123,:;+",2&",+5(+;3"/'&'+3"52&&)c(";&"+,,23$"8;"-0D;("-+,")&&0+,"!XUYR"5.+,(";&+"3;0+"*+3," 1.23":;'")")/+&0"1)"(3'D;"L"%(2/Df+$"y"5+"Z2;3R"1+,"B),J'"52&('&;+&("-.0/'43+3"-)&,"1+,",'(+,"-.+M=12'()('2&");3'9N3+$"705+//+&(R"&2;,")*2&," (32;*0" ,'M" +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" &2;*+11+/+&(" +&3+4',(30," -)&," 1+" ,'(+" -+" 1)"/'&+" -+" H)f+R" +(":;)(3+"-)&,"5+1;'"-+"g;1)/D2$"O+"(3)&,=23("?);,,'"1;53)('9":;+"1.+M=12'()('2&@"-+",)5,"-+"5),,'(03'(+"-+"1)"*'11+"-+"S'i'" L" 5+11+" -.\*'3)" 2;"-+"d)o'D)" ?5+&(3+"-+" (3)&,'(" -+"=32-;'(,"/'&'+3," *+3,"B;i)*;@" +,(" 04)1+/+&(" 1.;&+"-+,"3)',2&," =2;3" 1+,:;+11+," 5+3()'&," (C=+," -m+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" 0/'43+&(" L" %(2/Df+" 123,:;+" 1+" ,+5(+;3"/'&'+3"C"52&&)c(";&"+,,23$"<+"432;=+"4)4&+"+&*'32&"TY�"=)3",)5"-+"IYi4$"B+);52;="-+,"B),J'",+"1'*3)'+&("L"5+((+")5('*'(0"=+&-)&("1+"D22/"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+$"O+,"B),J'",.255;=)&("-;"(3)&,=23("-+,"=32-;'(,"/'&'+3,",2&("+&"40&03)1";&" 432;=+" -'99N3+&(" -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" :;'" ,.+&" ('+&&+&(" L" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+$" <+" 432;=+"-.2=03)(+;3,"-+"1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&(",+3)"-053'("=1;,"+&"-0()'1"-)&,"1+,"=)4+,":;'",;'*+&($"""O+," B),J'" =3)(':;+&(" 1.>S8" 1+" 12&4" -+," *'11)4+," )43'521+,$!##" B'+&" :;+" 1)" =32-;5('2&" /'&'N3+" -)&," 1)" o2&+"-.%(2/Df+"&+",2'("=),"(3N,"01+*0+R"'1,"5J2',',,+&("-+"3+,(+3"-)&,"5+",+5(+;3"=)35+":;.+11+"&.+,("=),"(32="012'4&0+"-+"5J+o"+;MR"+("=)35+":;+"5+1)"1+;3"=+3/+("-.052&2/',+3",;3"1+,"93)',"+("1+"(+/=,"-+"(3)&,=23("-+,"/)35J)&-',+,":;.'1,"+&*2'+&("5J+o"+;MR"52/=)30,"L"-.);(3+,"+&-32'(,"-+"1)"70,+3*+$"O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-;"432;=+"-+,"B),J'" (3)*)'11+&(" L" =1+'&" (+/=," (2;(" );" 12&4" -+" 1.)&&0+" +(" +&*2'+&(" -+" 1.)34+&(" L" 1+;3," 9)/'11+," );" *'11)4+$" >&"40&03)1R" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -+" 5+" ,+5(+;3" (3)*)'11+&(" =+&-)&(" =1;,'+;3," )&&0+," L" 1)" 92'," =;',"3+&(3+&("5J+o"+;M";&+" 92',":;.'1,"2&("4)4&0"),,+o"-.)34+&($!#A" %1," 3+(2;3&+&("-)&," 1+;3," 9)/'11+,"=2;3";&"5+3()'&"(+/=,"=;',"3+*'+&&+&("+M=12'(+3"1+"/'&+3)'"L"%(2/Df+$"O)"-'9903+&5+"+&(3+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+"1.+,(" +("-+" 1.2;+,(" +,(":;+" 5+;M"-+" 1.+,(" 52&(3'D;+&("=1;,":;+" 5+;M"-+" 1.2;+,("-.;&"=2'&("-+"*;+"052&2/':;+");M"/)35J0,"125);M"+("-2&5");"-0*+12==+/+&("125)1$"O)"=2=;1)('2&"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"5+",+5(+;3"52/=(+"+&(3+"UIY"+("!"YYY"=+3,2&&+,R!#F",+12&"1+"&'*+);"-+"=32-;5('*'(0"-+,",'(+,$""

F#F#$ S2('*)('2&,!!%1"+M',(+"-'*+3,+,"3)',2&,"=2;3"1+,:;+11+,"1+,"4+&,"=309N3+&("(3)*)'11+3"-)&,"1.+,("2;"1.2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+$"G)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+R"1)"o2&+"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+,("),,+o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k(3+"/k/+" ;&'*+3,'()'3+" -+"/+," +&9)&(,$" 8*+5" 5+," 3+*+&;,R" Z+" =+;M")5J+(+3"-+,"/0-'5)/+&(,"-)&,"1+"5),"2n"/)"9)/'11+"(2/D+"/)1)-+"z":;+1:;+"5J2,+":;+"Z+"&+"=2;33)',"=),"9)'3+",'"Z+"&+"4)4&)',"=),"-.)D23-"-+"1.)34+&("+&"*+&-)&("/+,"/'&+3)',$!#I"Q"O.;&"-+,"5J+9,"-;",'(+"-+"Of'&-'")"+M=1':;0":;+"1)"5'35;1)('2&"-+"1.)34+&("-)&,"1+,"*'11)4+,")-Z)5+&(,");M",'(+,"/'&'+3,");4/+&()'("(2;Z2;3,"123,:;.'1"C")*)'("-+,")5('*'(0,"/'&'N3+,"]"=1;,"-+"/)35J)&-',+,"0()'+&("*+&-;+,"125)1+/+&(R"5+":;'")*)'(";&"'/=)5("=2,'('9",;3"1)"=2,'('2&"052&2/':;+"-+"1)"52//;&);(0"+&('N3+$""O.)43'5;1(;3+"+,("/2'&,"3+&()D1+"]" 1+,",21,"&+",2&("=),"-+"D2&&+":;)1'(0"+(" 1+,")43'5;1(+;3,"-2'*+&("52&,()//+&("=3)(':;+3" 1.)43'5;1(;3+" ,;3" D3q1'," +(" -0(3;'3+" =1;," -+" 923k(" )9'&" -+" =2;*2'3" =1)&(+3" -+," 30521(+,$!#V" O+," =32-;'(,")43'521+," &+" ,2&(" =)," 9)5'1+/+&(" 52//+35')1',)D1+," +(" &+" =+;*+&(" =)," )((+'&-3+" 1+," 52&,2//)(+;3," L" (+/=," L"5);,+"-+"1.',21)('2&"-;",+5(+;3$!#T"O+"(3)&,=23("-+,"=32-;'(,"&+",+3)'(")D,21;/+&("=),"3+&()D1+"=2;3"1.)43'5;1(+;3":;'"C"=+3-3)'("-+"1.)34+&("+&"+,,)C)&("-+"*+&-3+",+,"104;/+,"+&"*'11+$"Q!#U""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""121 Communication personnelle avec le Chef de camp de Makenda, juillet 2012, validé par le Chef de camp de Tulambo, juillet 2012 122 Entretiens avec les exploitants miniers artisanaux, juillet 2012 123 Entretiens avec les exploitants miniers artisanaux, juillet 2012 124 Compte rendu oral obtenu par l’équipe de recherche de Basile, juillet 2012 125 Juillet 2012. Ce mineur a préféré rester anonyme 126 Entretiens avec des exploitants miniers artisanaux, juillet 2012 127 Entretiens avec des exploitants miniers artisanaux, juillet 2012 128 Entretiens avec des exploitants miniers artisanaux, juillet 2012

"

AU"

4.5 Chefferie de Basile G)&," 1)" 5J+99+3'+" -+" B),'1+" L" 1.2;+,(R" 1)" (3'D;" -+," 7+4)!#X" )'&,'" :;.;&" =+('(" &2/D3+" -+" B),J'" +(" -.J)D'()&(," -+"B;i)*;"+("-+"Sf+&4)"=3)(':;+&(" 1.>S8$"O+,",'(+,"-+,"/'&+,"-+"5+",+5(+;3",2&(",'(;0,"-)&,";&+"o2&+"',210+$"O)"=2=;1)('2&"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"5+((+"304'2&"/2&(+"L"VIY"123,"-+,"=03'2-+,"255;=0+,R"9)',)&(")'&,'";&+"52&(3'D;('2&"052&2/':;+"=2(+&('+11+");M"*'11)4+,"3+1)('*+/+&("012'4&0,"-;",+5(+;3$!AY"~;)(3+^*'&4(^-'M"=2;35+&("-+"1)"=2=;1)('2&"/'&'N3+"+M=12'(+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"-)&,"1+",'(+"-+"`2/D+$"""

F$I$! S2('*)('2&,!-+!1.+M=12'()&(,!/'&'+3,!)3(',)&);M"G)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"B),'1+"L"1.2;+,(R"1+,"J)D'()&(,",2&("'&*+,(',"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"1.>S8"=)35+":;.'1"3+=30,+&(+";&+",2;35+",()D1+"-+"3+*+&;,":;.'1,"=+;*+&("+&*2C+3"5J+o"+;M$!A!"O+,"D0&09'5+,":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"92&("43W5+"L"1.>S8"1+;3,"=+3/+((+&("-+"=)C+3"1+,"93)',"-+",521)3'(0"-+"1+;3,"+&9)&(,"+("1+,"&2(+,"/0-'5)1+,"-+"1+;3,"9)/'11+,$"%1,"1+;3"=+3/+((+&("04)1+/+&("-.)*2'3"1.)34+&("&05+,,)'3+"=2;3"-0/0&)4+3",'"D+,2'&"+("52//+&5+3"1+;3,"=32=3+,"52//+35+,"(+1":;+"1)"*+&(+"-.)3('51+,"/0&)4+3,$"<+3()'&,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"(3)*)'11+&("-)&,"5+((+"o2&+"-+=;',"-+,"-05+&&'+,"+("&.2&(");5;&+"'&(+&('2&"-.)11+3")'11+;3,$!A#"""

4.6 Groupes vulnérables

F#T#$ O+,!9+//+,!!%1" +,(" 3)3+" :;+" 1+," 9+//+," =)3('5'=+&(" -'3+5(+/+&(" );M" )5('*'(0," -.>S8R" 5+" :;'" +,(" -q" +&" =)3('+" );M" 52;(;/+,"(3)-'('2&&+11+,"3+,(3'5('*+,"L"1.2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+R"+("+&"=)3('+");"9)'(":;.'1"&.C")"=),")5(;+11+/+&("-+"D22/"/'&'+3"=2;3"=+3/+((3+");M"9+//+,"-+"52//+&5+3"L"(3)*)'11+3"-)&,"1.>S8$!AA""8123,":;+"1)"=1;=)3("-+"5+;M":;'",2&("'/=1':;0,"-'3+5(+/+&("-)&,"1+,"5J)c&+,"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-+,"/'&+3)',"-+"1)"7G<",2&("-+,"J2//+,R"1+,"9+//+,":;)&("L"+11+,"Z2;+&("1+"3v1+"-+"(3)&,=23(+;,+,$"O23,"-+,"923(+,"=03'2-+,"-.)5('*'(0"/'&'N3+" -)&," 1+" ,+5(+;3" -.%(2/Df+R" :;+1:;+," 9+//+," Z2;+&(" -+," 3v1+," ,+52&-)'3+," -)&," 1+," )5('*'(0,"/'&'N3+,R"52//+"=)3"+M+/=1+"123,:;.+11+,"2&("1)"(W5J+"-+"(3)&,=23(+3"1+",)D1+")11;*')1"-+*)&("k(3+"1)*0")'11+;3,":;+",;3"=1)5+$"G.);(3+,"9+//+,"-)&,"1+,"/'&+,"-.+M=12'()('2&",()&&'9N3+"3),,+/D1+&(R"52&5),,+&("+("1)*+&("1+,"='+33+,$">11+,"=+;*+&("+M+35+3"-.);(3+,")5('*'(0,"52//+",+"=32,('(;+3R"Z)3-'&+3R"*+&-3+"-+"1)"&2;33'(;3+"2;"9)'3+"-+"1)"D'N3+"125)1+$" O+," 9+//+," -;" ,+5(+;3" -.%(2/Df+" (3)*)'11+&(" =3'&5'=)1+/+&(" -)&," 1+" -2/)'&+" -+" 1.)43'5;1(;3+" -+",;D,',()&5+$"O+,"9+//+,":;'"-0,'3+&(")332&-'3"1+;3,"9'&,"-+"/2',"=2;3")5J+(+3"-+,"=32-;'(,"-+"D),+":;'((+&("1+,"5J)/=,"+&"9'&"-.)=3N,^/'-'R"*2&(");M",'(+,"/'&'+3,"1+,"=1;,"=325J+,"=2;3"C"3)/),,+3"+("(3)'(+3"-+,"='+33+,$""Motivations O+,"9+//+,"92&(",2;*+&("=)3('+"-+"1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-+"1.>S8"=)35+":;.+11+,"5J+35J+&("-+,"/2C+&,"-+" ,+" 9)'3+" -+" 1.)34+&(" =2;3" -'*+3,'9'+3" 1)" &2;33'(;3+" :;.+11+," ,+3*+&(" L" 1+;3," 9)/'11+,$" 6)3" +M+/=1+R" ;&" 3+*+&;",;==10/+&()'3+"1+;3"=+3/+("-.)5J+(+3"-;"=2',,2&",)10R"-+"1)"*')&-+",)10+"+(");(3+,"&2;33'(;3+,":;.2&"&+"(32;*+"=),"9)5'1+/+&("-)&,"1)"D32;,,+$"""

F#T#" O+,!+&9)&(,!+(!1+,!=+3,2&&+,!U40+,!K&"(32;*+"3)3+/+&("-+,"+&9)&(,"-+"/2'&,"-+"!#")&,":;'"=)3('5'=+&(");M")5('*'(0,"/'&'N3+,$!AF"O+,"Z+;&+,"J2//+,"-+"!V")&,"+("=1;,"+99+5(;+&("1+,"/k/+,"(W5J+,":;+"1+,"J2//+,"-)&,"1+;3"*'&4()'&+$""K&"(32;*+"(3N,"=+;"-+"=+3,2&&+,"W40+,"?5.+,(^L^-'3+");^-+,,;,"-+"VI")&,@":;'"=)3('5'=+&("L"1.>S8"-)&,"1+,",+5(+;3,"-.%(2/Df+"+("-+"B),'1+$!AI""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""129 Les Rega sont originaires des zones de Basile, de Lwindi et de Mwenga 130 Entretien avec le Chef de Camp de Zombe, Lugundu et autres sites miniers, juillet 2012 131 Entretiens avec les exploitants miniers artisanaux, juillet 2012 132 Entretiens avec les exploitants miniers artisanaux, juillet 2012 133 Communication personnelle avec le Chef du village de Kalundu, juillet 2012 134 Observation personnelle, juillet 2012 135 Observation personnelle, juillet 2012

"

AX"

F#T#A 62=;1)('2&,!);5J(2(2&+,!!O)"70,+3*+" ,+3("-+" 30,'-+&5+"L"=1;,'+;3,"=2=;1)('2&,");(25J(2&+," ?68@"+(");(3+,"432;=+," 3;3);MR"C" 52/=3'," 1+,"/+/D3+,"-+,"(3'D;,"B+/D+"+("7+4)$"8==)3+//+&(R"1+,"(3'D;,"B)*'3)"+("B)9;1''3;"L"1.+,("=)3('5'=+&("L"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1+"5)-3+"-+",2;35+,"-+"3+*+&;,"-'*+3,'9'0+,R"(2;("52//+"1+,"(3'D;,"B)&C'&-;"+("B),J'");"&23-$"">&*'32&"F"YYY"6C4/0+,"?=3'&5'=)1+/+&("-+"1)"g3'D;"-+,"B)(f)@"*'*+&("-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"+(");(2;3"-+"5+11+^5'$!AV"O)"=2=;1)('2&" -+," g;(,'" B)&C)/;1+&4+" =)3('5'=+3)'(" 04)1+/+&(" L" 1.>S8" -)&," 1+" 5)-3+" -+" ,2;35+," -+" 3+*+&;"-'*+3,'9'0+,$!AT"O+,"g;(,'"B)&C)/;1+&4+",2&("-+,"01+*+;3,"-+"D0()'1":;'"*'*+&("=3'&5'=)1+/+&(",;3"1+,"J);(+;3,"-;"/),,'9R"+("-2&("5+3()'&,",2&("1+,"-+,5+&-)&(,"-+"7f)&-)',"'&,()110,")*)&("1)"=03'2-+"5212&')1+$"""O)"(3'D;"-+,"B)&C)/;1+&4+"+,(";&"432;=+"/'&23'()'3+":;'")",2;*+&("0(0",('4/)(',0"-)&,"1+,"632*'&5+,"-+,"d'*;,"+(":;'R"J',(23':;+/+&(R")*)'("-+,"-210)&5+,":;+"1+,"/'1'5+,"2&("+M=12'(0+,"=2;3"'&5'(+3");"52&91'($!AU"%1"C")"+;"-+,"5),"-+"52&(+,()('2&"3+1)('*+"L"1.255;=)('2&"-+"(+33)'&,R"&2()//+&("-q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f'&-'" +("B;3J'&C'"-)&," 1+"&23-"-+" 1)"70,+3*+$"O.8<6H"&2;," )" 04)1+/+&(" '&923/0":;+"-+,"234)&',)('2&,"-+" 1)",25'0(0" 5'*'1+" 1;'" )*)'+&(" ,'4&)10R" '1" C" )" ;&" 5+3()'&" (+/=,R" :;.'1" C" )*)'(" +;" -+," 52&91'(," ,;'(+" L" 1.+M=;1,'2&" -+"=2=;1)('2&," );(25J(2&+," -+" ,'(+," -.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" :;.+11+," )*)'+&(" 1.J)D'(;-+" -.+M=12'(+3R" =)3" -+," 5J+9,"-0,23/)'," '&91;+&(," -;" (+33'(2'3+" Of'&-'$" %1" C" )" +;" )==)3+//+&(" ;&" =325+,,;," -+"/0-')('2&" -;3)&(" 1+:;+1" 1+"432;=+" *;1&03)D1+" -+," 6C4/0+," ,.+,(" 3+(32;*0" +&" =2,,+,,'2&" -.;&" ('(3+" =2;3" 1)" (+33+" 52&(+,(0+$" [0)&/2'&,R" 1)"=30,+&(+"0(;-+"&.)"+&:;k(0":;+"-)&,"1+,",+5(+;3,"-.%(2/Df+"+("-+"B),'1+$"O+,"=2=;1)('2&,");(25J(2&+,"*'*)&("-)&,"5+,"-+;M"o2&+,"&.2&("=),")55+=(0"-+"=)31+3");M"0:;'=+,"-+"3+5J+35J+$""

4.7 Gouvernance des sites miniers >&" #YYUR!FY" 5J)5;&" -+," ,'(+," -.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+" ?+(" 1+;3," 5)/=," 5233+,=2&-)&(,@" -)&," 1)" 70,+3*+" )*)'(" 1)",(3;5(;3+"J'03)35J':;+",;'*)&(+"]"""

! Le chef de cellule, le chef de pirogue, le chef de secteur ou autre acteur de direction (dénommé PDG)."<J):;+"/'&+;3"-2'("=)C+3";&"'/=v("-+"�!Y"5J):;+"/2',");"6GE"=2;3"D0&09'5'+3"-+",)",;=+3*','2&"+("-+"1)"/)'&(+&)&5+"-+"1)"/'&+"+("-;"5)/="r"

! Le chef de cellule, le conseiller, le chef de camp, l’administrateur délégué général (ADG), le délégué général (DG) ou le vice-PDG.">&":;)1'(0"-.)-Z2'&(R"5.+,("1;'":;'"+&3+4',(3+"1+"&2/D3+"-+"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," )3(',)&);MR" 1+;3" =32-;5('2&" +(" );(3+," ,()(',(':;+," +(" '/=v(," 53;5');M" ,;3" ;&+"D),+"Z2;3&)1'N3+"r"

! Le secrétaire" *03'9'+" 1+"&2/D3+"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M":;'" ,2&("=30,+&(," ,;3" 1+" ,'(+"L";&"/2/+&("-2&&0"+("+&3+4',(3+"1)"=32-;5('2&"Z2;3&)1'N3+"r" '1"+&(3+('+&("-+,"3+1)('2&,")*+5"1+,")5(+;3,"J23,"-;"5)/="r"

! Le chef de quartier, le caissier ou le trésorier."<.+,("1;'":;'"*+&-"1)"=32-;5('2&R"4N3+"1+,"52/=(+,"+("/)'&('+&("1)",05;3'(0"-.+&,+/D1+"-;"5)/="r"

! L’administrateur ou chef de site"/)'&('+&(" 1)",05;3'(0"-;"5)/=R"+("&2;33'(" 1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$"

"%1" 9);(" &2(+3" :;.);" /2/+&(" -+" 1)" 30-)5('2&" -;" =30,+&(" 3)==23(R" 5+((+" J'03)35J'+" &.0()'(" =1;," 1)" /k/+" -)&,"D+);52;="-+,",'(+,"-.>S8"0(;-'0,R"5+":;'"+,("-q");"&2/D3+"30-;'("-+"1)"=2=;1)('2&"-)&,"1)"=1;=)3("-+"5+,",'(+,"?L"1.+M5+=('2&"-;",'(+"-+"`2/D+"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"B),'1+R"2n"1.2&"(32;*+");M")1+&(2;3,"-+"VYY"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+"5),,'(03'(+@$""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""136 Muhigwa op cit., 2008 137 Muhigwa op cit., 2008 138 Muhigwa, op cit., 2008. 139 Prunier, 2009 140 Les auteurs n’ont pu trouver de données considérables sur les exploitants miniers artisanaux dans la RNI qui soient plus récentes que 2008

"

FY"

G+=;'," :;+" 1)" =2,,'D'1'(0" -+" 52//+35')1',)('2&" -+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+" )" D)',,0R" 1)"70,+3*+" )D3'(+"/2'&," -.+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+"5),,'(03'(+":;.+&"#YYU$">&"52&,0:;+&5+R"1)"42;*+3&)&5+"-+,",'(+,"-+"1)"/'&+",.+,(":;+1:;+"=+;"-0,'&(0430+$""

F#V#$ 8-/'&',(3)('2&!104)1+!!O)"G'*','2&"-+,"S'&+,"+("1+"H8>HH<8S",2&("3+=30,+&(0,"-)&,"1+,",'(+,"=2;3"52&(3v1+3"1)"104'('/'(0"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"52&5+3&)&("1)"-01'*3)&5+"-+"=+3/',"1+,");(23',)&("L"+M=12'(+3"1+"/'&+3)'"-+"/)&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"?5+," =+3/'," ,2&(" -01'*30," =)3" 1+" S'&',(N3+@R" =2;3" +99+5(;+3" -+," 3+5+&,+/+&(," );=3N," -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3,")3(',)&);M" +(" 52/=()D'1',+3" 1+;3," =32-;5('2&," ?+99+5(;0," =)3" 1+" H8>HH<8S@$" <+," )5('*'(0," )-/'&',(3)('*+,"3+=30,+&(+&(";&+"255),'2&"=2;3"1+,",+3*'5+,"=;D1'5,"-.)99'3/+3"1+;3"52&(3v1+",;3"1+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,",()&&'9N3+,$"O)"G'*','2&"=3+&-"AI"\HG"-)&,"1+,",'(+,",()&&'9N3+,"L"1.2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+"?5.+,(^L^-'3+"L"`2/D+"+("O;4;&-;@"=2;3"-01'*3+3";&"=+3/',$"O+," ,'(+,");3'9N3+,"-+"df)(+&-)"+("df)f+&4)"52&,',(+&("+&"+M=12'()('2&," (+/=23)'3+,"+(" 1)"G'*','2&"-+,"S'&+,"&.)33'*+"Z)/)',"L"(+/=,"=2;3"=+35+*2'3"1+,"'/=v(,$""G+,"3+=30,+&()&(,"-+"1)"G'*','2&"-+,"S'&+,",2&("04)1+/+&("=30,+&(,"-)&,"1+,"/'&+,"-.23"L"1.+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+R"+("=)3('5'=+&(");"52&(3v1+"+("L"1)"-',(3'D;('2&"-+,"=+3/',R"+("L"1)"52/=()D'1',)('2&"-;"&2/D3+"+("-+"1)"=32-;5('2&"-+,"+M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" +99+5(;0+" =)3" 1+" H8>HH<8S$" O+," 2D1'4)('2&," ,2&(" /2'&," '/=23()&(+," -)&," 5+,",'(+,R"5+":;'"+,("-q"L"1)"=32-;5('*'(0"=1;,"9)'D1+"-+,")5('*'(0,"/'&'N3+,$"""%1"+,(" '/=23()&("-+"&2(+3":;+" 1+"H8>HH<8S"+,("=30,+&("-)&,";&+"o2&+":;'"&.+,("=),"52;*+3(+"=)3",2&"/)&-)($"G.)=3N,"1)"12'R"1)"=21'5+"-+,"/'&+,"+,("+M51;,'*+/+&(",;==2,0+"3041+/+&(+3"+(")==23(+3",2&",2;('+&");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -)&," 1+," `>8$" O)" 70,+3*+" [)(;3+11+" -.%(2/Df+R" :;'" &.)" =)," +&523+" -+" o2&+," =32(040+,"299'5'+11+,R"+,("+&523+"52&,'-030+"52//+";&+")'3+"=32(040+"-.;&"=2'&("-+"*;+"104)1$!F!"8'&,'R"1)"G'*','2&"-+,"S'&+,"+(" 1+" H8>HH<8S"&+" ,2&(" 104)1+/+&(" =)," 52/=0(+&(," =2;3" 3+5;+'11'3" -+," '/=v(," &'" -01'*3+3" -+," =+3/'," -.>S8"<+=+&-)&(R"'1"9);("&2(+3":;+"1+,"-2&&0+,"-;"<)-),(3+"S'&'+3"-+"#Y!Y"/2&(3+&(":;+"(32',"-+/)&-+,"-0=2,0+,"=2;3"1+,"`>8",'(;0+,"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"=32=2,0+",2&("+&"52;3,$"

F#V#" 8-/'&',(3)('2&!52;(;/'N3+!!O+,"<J+9,"=+3,2&&'9'+&("1.);(23'(0"(3)-'('2&&+11+":;'"=2,,N-+"1)"(+33+"+("L":;'"'1"9);("-+/)&-+3"1)"=+3/',,'2&"=2;3")550-+3j+M=12'(+3"5+11+^5'$"O+,"5J+9,"+/=12'+&("-+,"4+&,"=2;3"403+3"1+,")5('*'(0,"-.+M=12'()('2&"+("1)"=32-;5('2&R"+("=2;3" 52/=()D'1',+3" 1+" &2/D3+" -.'//'430," +(" -m+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" ,;3" 1+;3," (+33+,$" O.'/=v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

4.8 Procédures d’accès aux sites O.)55N,");M",'(+,"52&5+3&+"1+"=325+,,;,",+12&"1+:;+1";&"&2;*+);"/'&+;3",+"=30,+&(+"L"1)"-'3+5('2&"-;"5)/=+/+&("2;");"5J+9"-;"1'+;"-)&,"1.+,=2'3"-+"3+5+*2'3"1)"=+3/',,'2&"-.+M=12'(+3"1+"/'&+3)'$"%1"+,("3)3+":;.;&"&2;*+);"/'&+;3",+"*2'+"3+9;,+3";&+"(+11+"=+3/',,'2&$"\1(03'+;3+/+&(R"(2;,"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M",2&("'&,53'(,"=)3"1+"52/'(0" -+" 4+,('2&" 2;" 1+" ,+530()'3+" -;" 1'+;$" O+" =)'+/+&(" -.)55N," &.+,(" =)," '/=2,0" '//0-')(+/+&(" +(" =+;(" k(3+"3+()3-0"Z;,:;.L"5+":;+"1+"/'&+;3")'("+;"1.255),'2&"-+"4)4&+3"-+,"3+*+&;,",;99',)&(,$""K&"(32;*+"-'9903+&(,"(C=+,"-.'/=v(,"+("-.2D1'4)('2&,"=2;3"5J):;+"234)&',)('2&$"<+3()'&,"'/=v(,"52&5+3&+&("(2;,"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M")123,":;+"-.);(3+,"&+"52&5+3&+&(":;+"1+,"=32=3'0()'3+,"-+"=;'(,$"O+,"'/=v(,",+"=)'+&(",;3";&+"D),+"/+&,;+11+"2;")&&;+11+$"62;3"0*'(+3"1+,"52&91'(,R"5J):;+"(C=+"-.'/=v("+,("=2;3";&+"2D1'4)('2&"+(";&+" -;30+" 9'M+,$" H2;*+&(R" -)&," 1+," ,'(+," -+" 9)'D1+" =32-;5('2&" 2n" '1" +,(" -'99'5'1+" -+" 3+(32;*+3" 1)" *)1+;3" -+" 1)"=32-;5('2&R" 1+," 2D1'4)('2&," &+" ,2&(" =)," /',+," +&" *'4;+;3" (2;(" 1+" (+/=,$" O+," =+35+=(+;3," 52&*'+&&+&(" )123,");(2/)(':;+/+&("-.;&"9239)'(":;+"1+",'(+"-2'("=2;*2'3"3),,+/D1+3"'//0-')(+/+&($""O+" ()D1+);" 5'^-+,,2;," '11;,(3+" +&" -0()'1" 1+," -'*+3,+," 3+-+*)&5+,R" -32'(," +(" '/=v(," :;+" 1+," );(23'(0," -;" ,'(+R" 1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+("1+,")5J+(+;3,"-2'*+&("=)C+3$"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""141 DeJong, 2011

"

F!"

Nom du site

Redevances, Impôts et droits Somme/ Période Payeur Bénéficiaire Objet Niveau de légalité

Secteur d’Itombwe Apanga

7+-+*)&5+," #i4"-+"5),,'(03'(+"j/'&+;3"j/2',"

<J):;+"/'&+;3"C"52/=3',"1+"5J+9"-+"=;'(,""

<J+9"-+"432;=+/+&(" 855N,"L"1)"(+33+" %1104)1"

G32'(," #�j+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);Mj/2',"

<J+9"-+"=;'(,"+("5J):;+"/'&+;3"

H8>HH<8S" 7+5+&,+/+&("-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"

>M(3)104)1"

G32'(," I�j"/'&+;3j)&" <J):;+"/'&+;3" 7+=30,+&()&("-+"1)"G'*','2&"-+,"S'&+,"

6)'+/+&("=2;3"1)"5)3(+"-+"/'&+;3""

>M(3)104)1"5)3");5;&+"5)3(+"&.+,("Z)/)',"-',(3'D;0+"+("1+,"5)3(+,"104)1+,"52q(+&("!Y�"

Miki

7+-+*)&5+," !"('4+"-.23j/'&+;3j/2'," <J):;+"/'&+;3"C"52/=3',"1+"5J+9"-+"=;'(,"

<J+9"-+"432;=+/+&(" 855N,"L"1)"(+33+" %1104)1"

%/=v(" Y$I�jIYi4"=):;+(j5)34)',2&" g3)&,=23(+;3" H+5(+;3"" %/=v(" %1104)1"G32'(," I�j)5J+(+;3j5)34)',2&" 85J+(+;3" H8>HH<8S" 8-/'&',(3)('2&"G32'(," %1104)1"G32'(," I�j)&" <J):;+")5J+(+;3" 7+=30,+&()&("-+"1)"

G'*','2&"-+,"S'&+,"<)3(+"-.)5J+(+;3" >M(3)104)1"

Makenda

%/=v(" #�j/2',j/'&+;3"?)==+10"l*'4&+((+.@"

<J):;+"/'&+;3" H+5(+;3"" G32'(,"-+"3+5+&,+/+&(" %1104)1"

7+-+*)&5+," #�j/2',j+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"

<J):;+"/'&+;3" <J+9"-+"432;=+/+&(" G32'(,"-.)55N," %1104)1"

G32'(," I�j/2',j/'&+;3" <J):;+"/'&+;3" H8>HH<8S" G32'(,"-.)-/'&',(3)('2&"" %1104)1"G32'(," I�j/2',j/'&+;3" <J):;+"/'&+;3" 7+=30,+&()&("-+"1)"

G'*','2&"-+,"S'&+,"<)3(+"-+"/'&+;3" >M(3)104)1"

G32'(," I�j/2',j5)/=" <211+5(+"-)&,"1+"5)/="/'&'+3"?B),J'",+;1+/+&(@"

H>8HH<8Sj<J+9"-+"*'11)4+"

H05;3'(0",;3"1+",'(+" %1104)1"

7+-+*)&5+," !�j/'&+;3"j/2'," <J):;+"/'&+;3" <J+9"-+"432;=+/+&(" G32'(,"-.)55N," %1104)1"%/=v(" !Y�j/2',j/'&+;3" <J):;+"/'&+;3" H+5(+;3R"

B;3+);"-+"1)"G'*','2&"%/=v("-.);(23',)('2&" %1104)1"

"

F#"

Tulambo

-+,"S'&+,R"62,(+" -.+&5)-3+/+&("=21'(':;+"

G32'(," !Y�j)&j/'&+;3" <J):;+"/'&+;3" H8>HH<8S" %&,53'=('2&" -+," +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"

>M(3)104)1"

G32'(," !Y�j/2',j=;'(," <211+5(+" );=3N," -+,"/+/D3+," -+" 5J):;+"=;'(,"

H8>HH<8S" 7+5+&,+/+&("-+,"=;'(,"" %1104)1"

G32'(," !Y�j)&j/'&+;3" <J):;+"/'&+;3" H8>HH<8S" %-+&('9'5)('2&" -+,"+M=12'()&(," /'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"

>M(3)104)1"

G32'(," IY�" 7+=30,+&()&(" -+" 1)"G'*','2&"-+,"S'&+,"+("-;"H8>HH<8S"

H05;3'(0"125)1+" >&(3+('+&"-+"1)",05;3'(0" %1104)1"

Secteur de Basile

" " " " " "

Zombe and Lugundu

7+-+*)&5+," !Y�"-+"1)"=32-;5('2&"D3;(+" g2;(+" 1.0:;'=+"/'&'N3+"

<J+9"-+"432;=+/+&(" G32'(," -.)55N,j;('1',)('2&"-+"1)"(+33+"

%1104)1"

G32'(," AI�j/'&+;3j)&j5J+9"-+"=;'(," <J+9"-+"=;'(,j6GE" 7+=30,+&()&(" -+" 1)"G'*','2&"-+,"S'&+,"

6+3/'," -.+M=12'()('2&" +("-32'(," =2;3" 1)" 5)3(+" -+"/'&+;3"

%1104)1"

G32'(," #�j/'&+;3j/2'," <J):;+"/'&+;3" H8>HH<8S" G32'(,"-+"3+5+&,+/+&(" >M(3)104)1"G32'(," !$V�" <J):;+"/'&+;3" <J+9"-+"432;=+/+&("

<J+9"-+"*'11)4+"G32'(,"-.)55N," %1104)1"

7+-+*)&5+," !Y�j)&j/'&+;3" S'&+;3" <J+9"(3)-'('2&&+1" G32'(,"-.'&,53'=('2&" %1104)1"Kwatende and Kwawenga

7+-+*)&5+," AI�j")&j5J+9"-+"=;'(," <J+9"-+"=;'(,j6GE" <J+9"-+"E32;=+/+&("" G32'(," -.)55N,j-.;('1',)('2&"-+"1)"(+33+"

%1104)1"

"O+"()D1+);"5'^-+,,;,"'11;,(3+"=1;,'+;3,"=2'&(,"'/=23()&(,$"g2;("-.)D23-R"1+,"-32'(,"3+:;',"=+;*+&("=3+&-3+"1)"923/+"-+"=)'+/+&(,"+&"+,=N5+,"2;"-.;&"=2;35+&()4+"-+"1)"=32-;5('2&"-.;&"/'&+;3"2;"-.;&+"0:;'=+"-m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�"-+"1)"=32-;5('2&"D3;(+R"+("Z;,:;.L"IY"\HGR")123,":;+"1+,"=)'+/+&(,"+M(3)104);M");M")4+&(,"-;"H8>HH<8S"2&("(+&-)&5+"L"k(3+"/2'&,"'/=23()&(,R"5.+,(^L^-'3+"+&(3+"!"\HG"+("I"\HG$

"

FA"

F#W#$ <2&91'(,R!'&93)5('2&,!+(!30,21;('2&,!!O+"43)&-"3+,=+5(":;+"1)"/)Z23'(0"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"2&("=2;3"1+,"(3)-'('2&,"+,(";&"-+,"=3'&5'=+,":;'"=+3/+("-+"4;'-+3"1.)((0&;)('2&"-+,"52&91'(,",;3"=1)5+$"O+,"52&91'(,",2&("30,21;,"=)3"1.'&(+3/0-')'3+"-+",(3;5(;3+,"/',+,"+&"=1)5+",;3"1+"(+33)'&"+("-'3'40+,"=)3"1+"5J+9"-+"5)/="+(",+,"52&,+'11+3,$"6)3"+M+/=1+R";&")5J+(+;3")"=3k(0"-+"1.)34+&("L";&"/'&+;3":;'"&+"=+;("=),"1+"3+/D2;3,+3$"O.)99)'3+"=),,+"-+*)&("1+"5J+9"-+"5)/=":;'"=3+&-";&+"-05','2&",;3" 1)" /)&'N3+" +(" 1)" =03'2-+" -+" 3+/D2;3,+/+&(" -;"/'&+;3$" H'" 1+" /'&+;3" &+" 30;,,'(" =)," L" (2;(" 3+/D2;3,+3" L"1.)5J+(+;3"L"1)"-)(+"-.05J0)&5+R"1.)99)'3+"=),,+"-+*)&("1+"5J+9"-+"*'11)4+"2;"1+"5J+9"-+"432;=+/+&($"O23,:;.'1",.)4'("-.;&+"'&93)5('2&"=1;,",03'+;,+R"1+"5J+9"-+"432;=+/+&("3+&*2'+"1.)99)'3+"-+*)&("1+"(3'D;&)1"-+"Sf+&4)"2n"+11+",+3)"Z;40+"=)3"1)"12'"52&421)',+$!F#"""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""142 Communication personnelle avec le chef de groupement, juillet 2012

"

FF"

5 LA CHAINE D’APPROVISIONNEMENT DE L’EMA EN RNI "O)"&)(;3+" '&923/+11+"-+" 1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("/'&'N3+"-)&," 1)"70,+3*+"-.%(2/Df+"?+("-)&," 1+"=)C,"+&"40&03)1@"=329'(+"L"-+"&2/D3+;M")5(+;3,$"%1"+,(")D,21;/+&("53;5')1"-+"D'+&"52/=3+&-3+"1+,"'&(03k(,"-+"5J)5;&"-)&,"5+((+" 5J)c&+" =2;3" '&5'(+3" );" 5J)&4+/+&($" %1" +,(" 04)1+/+&(" 53;5')1" -+" 52/=3+&-3+" 1+," 32;)4+," '&(+3&+," +(" 1+,"-C&)/':;+," -+" 5J)&4+/+&(" -+" 5+((+" 5J)c&+" -.)==32*','2&&+/+&(R" +(" &2()//+&(" 1+," '&(03k(," =21'(':;+," +("052&2/':;+,"'&*+,(',$"<.+,(",+;1+/+&(")123,":;.'1",+3)"=2,,'D1+"-+"30923/+3"+&")*)&t)&("L"=+('(,"=),$">&"D3+9R"'1"+,("'/=23()&(" -+" 52/=3+&-3+" 1)" /+,;3+" -)&," 1):;+11+" (2;," 5+," '&(03k(," =2;33)'+&(" +&(3)*+3" ;&+" :;+152&:;+"'&(+3*+&('2&$""O.23" +(" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+" ,2&(" (2;," -+;M" +M=12'(0," -+"/)&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+" -)&," 1+," ,+5(+;3," -.%(2/Df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e()(" ,;3*+'11+" =+;" 1+," 5J)c&+,"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"+("-+"1.23")'&,'":;+"1+,"5J)c&+,"-+"(3)t)D'1'(0$"O+",5J0/)"5'^-+,,2;,"2993+";&+"*;+" -.+&,+/D1+" -+," -'*+3,+," 0()=+," -+," 5J)c&+," -.)==32*','2&&+/+&(" -+" 1.23" +(" -+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+"]" +M=12'()('2&R"(3)'(+/+&(R")5J)(R",23('+"+&"52&(3+D)&-+"+("+M=23()('2&"-)&,"1+"/2&-+$"

"

FI"

Nature des gisements Acteurs EXPLOITATION MINIÈRE TRAITEMENT COMMERCE procédures d’exportation EXPORTATION (Destinations internationa1+,) """""""""""

CASSITÉRITE À ROCHE DURE SOUTERRAIN

OR RIVERAIN ALLUVIAL

"g3)*)'1"+99+5(;0"=)3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"1+,"=;'(,"

g3)*)'1"+99+5(;0"=)3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"1+,"1'(,"-+,"3'*'N3+,"

O+"/'&+3)'"+,("*+&-;");M"52//+&t)&(,j=+('(,"&0425')&(,"-)&,"1+,"5)/=+/+&(,"2;"1+,"/)35J0,$""

O+"/'&+3)'"+,("3)99'&0"+("+/=):;+(0"-)&,"-+,"(2&&+1+(,"2;"+&"1'&42(,"-.23"+&"=30,+&5+"-+,",+3*'5+,"/)&-)(0,"-+"1.e()($"O+"/'&+3)'")5:;'+3("+&,;'(+"1)"5+3('9'5)('2&"-;"<>><"=2;3",2&"+M=23()('2&$""

G0-2;)&)4+"+("=)'+/+&("-+"1)"()M+"L"1.+M=23()('2&$"O)"5),,'(03'(+"+,("5J)340+"-)&,"-+,"5)/'2&,"+&"=30,+&5+"-+,",+3*'5+,"-+"1.e()(")*)&("-+"=),,+3"1)"932&('N3+$"

IMPORTATEURS ÉTRANGERS (p.ex. en Europe, Chine, Malaisie, Inde)

g3)*)'1"+99+5(;0"=)3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M",;3"1+,"3'*+,"+("=)3/'"1+,"3+Z+(,"/'&'+3,""

%/=23()(+;3,"-+"1)"<%7EO"]""?7f)&-)R"B;3;&-'R"K;4)&-)"+("d+&C)@"

SABLE ET REJETS MINIERS

ALLUVIAUX (OR & CASSITÉRITE@""

"

FV"

5.1 Exploitation minière143 \&+"-+,"5)3)5(03',(':;+,"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1+,"=)3('+,"+,("+("2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+"+,(":;.2&"C"(32;*+";&"&2/D3+"3+,(3+'&("-.+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"5+":;'",m+M=1':;+"=)3"1)"9)'D1+,,+")5(;+11+"-;"/)35J0"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+")'&,'":;+"=)3"1)",)',2&",N5J+"2n"1.+);"-+"1)*)4+",+"9)'("3)3+$"O+"9)'(":;+"1)"3+5J+35J+")"0(0"/+&0+"-;3)&(" 1)" ,)',2&",N5J+"+M=1':;+"=2;3:;2'"&2;,")*2&,"2D,+3*0"-+,"&2/D3+,"+&523+"=1;," 3+,(3+'&(,"-m+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$">&"+99+(R"'1"+,("-'99'5'1+"-+"(32;*+3"1.+);"-+"1)*)4+"-+,"/'&+3)',"+("1+,");(25J(2&+,",.)-2&&+&("=1;,");M"(3)*);M"-.)43'5;1(;3+"?-093'5J+/+&("-+,"5J)/=,@$ y" 1.2;+,(R" &2;," )*2&," 2D,+3*0" ;&+" ,'(;)('2&" :;'" 3+,,+/D1)'(" =1;," L" ;&+" 3;0+R" )*+5" -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3,")3(',)&);M":;'"*+&)'+&("-.);(3+,"=)3('+,"-;"=)C,$"y"1.+,(R"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"*'+&&+&("-+,"+&*'32&,"+("1.J',(2'3+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"125)1+"3+/2&(+"L"(3N,"12&4(+/=,$"O.J',(2'3+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&,"1)"=)3('+" 2;+,(" -+" 1)"70,+3*+" +,(" D+);52;="=1;," 305+&(+"]" 1+," +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" ,2&(" *+&;," ,.'&,()11+3"-)&,"1.2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+R"+&"=32*+&)&5+"-+"S'i'$"G)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"B),'1+R"1+"&2/D3+"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"=+;("/2&(+3" Z;,:;.L" !"YYY"=+3,2&&+,"-)&," 1+" ,+;1" ,'(+"-+"`2/D+"-;3)&(" 1)"J);(+" ,)',2&$"G;3)&(" 1)",)',2&"/2'&,"=32-;5('*+R"L"5);,+"-;"/)35J0"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+R"1+"&2/D3+"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"=+;("-+,5+&-3+"Z;,:;.L"VIY"=2;3"(2;(+"1)"=)3('+"2;+,($ "G)&," 1+",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+R" 1+,"4+&,"+M=12'(+&(" 1+,"3+Z+(,"/'&'+3,"+(" 1+,"=1)&,"-.+);"=3'&5'=)1+/+&($"O+,"0:;'=+,"/'&'N3+,",2&("=1;,"=+('(+,":;+"5+11+,":;.2&"(32;*+"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"B),'1+"5+":;'"+,("-q");M"+99+(,"=1;,"=32&2&50,"-+" 1)",)',2&",N5J+"L" %(2/Df+" ?+M=12'()('2&",;3(2;("L" 5'+1"2;*+3(@":;.L"B),'1+" ?+M=12'()('2&",;3(2;(" ,2;(+33)'&+@$"O.0:;'=+/+&(";('1',0"=2;3"1.>S8"-)&,"1+,"-+;M",+5(+;3,"'&51;("-+,"2;('1,"-+"D),+"52//+"-+,"=+11+,R"-+,"='&5+,"L"1+*'+3"+("-+,"/)3(+);M$""

I#$#$ >M=12'()('2&!,2;(+33)'&+!-+!1)!5),,'(03'(+!O.+M=12'()('2&",2;(+33)'&+"&05+,,'(+":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+M(3)'+&("1+,"='+33+,"+("1+,"(3)&,=23(+&("-)&,"-+,",)5,"+&"-+J23,"-+,"=;'(,"+("Z;,:;.);"5)/=+/+&("=2;3"k(3+"52&5),,0+,$"O)"=2;-3+"2D(+&;+"+,(")123,"1)*0+"-)&,";&+"D2c(+"5J'&2',+$"O+"/'&+3)'"-+"5),,'(03'(+"+,("+&9'&",05J0",;3";&+"9+;'11+"-+"/0()1"=2;3",+"-0D)33),,+3"-+,"'/=;3+(0,$""

I#$#" >M=12'()('2&!)11;*')1+!-+!1.23!O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"D12:;+&("1+"52;3,"-.+);")*+5"-+,"(32&5,"-.)3D3+R"-+,"='+33+,"+("-+"1)"(+33+$"O+"(3)*)'1"-.+M5)*)('2&"52&,',(+"+&,;'(+"L"+&(),,+3"1+",)D1+",;3"1+"5v(0"(2;("+&"3+('3)&("1.+);"3+,()&(+$"\&+"(3)&5J0+"-+"-+;M"L"5'&:"/N(3+,"+,(")123,"53+;,0+R"-)&," 1):;+11+"2&" 1)',,+"52;1+3" 1.+);"+(" 1+",)D1+"+&(),,0$"s;":;+" 1+"/'&+3)'");3'9N3+"+,("12;3-"+(",+"-0=2,+"=)3"43)*'(0R"1+",)D1+"52&5+&(30")'&,'"2D(+&;"+,("1)*0"L"1)"D)(0+"=2;3"305;=03+3"1.23",)&,";('1',+3"-+"/+35;3+$""

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

5.2 Broyage

I#"#$ <),,'(03'(+!!<J):;+" 0:;'=+" -.+M=12'()('2&" ,()&&'9N3+" =1)&'9'+" 1+" =325+,,;," -;" D32C)4+" ,+12&" ,2&" 05J+11+" -+" =32-;5('2&$" O+"=325+,,;,"+,("52//+",;'("]""

! O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+M(3)'+&("1)"='+33+"+("1)"(3)&,=23(+&("Z;,:;.);"5)/=+/+&($"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""143 La description de ce processus provient d’observations personnelles et des explications reçues des exploitants miniers artisanaux sur place

"

FT"

! \&+"92',":;.'1,"2&("3),,+/D10";&+":;)&('(0"-0,'3)D1+R"-+,"/+/D3+,"-+"1.0:;'=+"D32'+&("1)"='+33+"-)&,";&"/23('+3")*+5";&"='12&"+&"9+3R"Z;,:;.L"5+":;.'1,"2D('+&&+&(";&+"=2;-3+"9'&+$"

! O+"6GE"&2//+";&"/+/D3+"L":;'"'1"9)'("52&9')&5+"=2;3"52&(3v1+3"+(",(25i+3"1+,"/'&+3)',"=+&-)&(":;+"1+,");(3+,"(3)*)'11+&("-)&,"1+"=;'(,$"

! O)"=2;-3+"+,(",(25i0+"Z;,:;.L"5+":;+"(2;("1+"D32C)4+")'("0(0")552/=1'$"

I#"#" K3!G)&,"1+,",+5(+;3,"-.%(2/Df+"+("-+"B),'1+R"1.23"+,("=3'&5'=)1+/+&(")11;*'2&&)'3+"+(",.+M(3)'("-+,"=1)&,"-.+);"+("-+,",)D1+," )11;*');M" +M(3)'(," -+," /)305)4+," +(" -+," 3+Z+(," /'&'+3,$" O.+M(3)5('2&" +(" 1+" 1)*)4+" -+" 1.23" ,+" 92&("=3'&5'=)1+/+&(",;3"=1)5+$""

5.3 Lavage144

I#A#$ <),,'(03'(+!K&"(32;*+"-)&,"1+,"5)/=,"-m+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+,"D),,'&,"+("-+,"5)&);M"-.+);":;'",+3*+&(");"1)*)4+"-;"/'&+3)'$"<J):;+"0:;'=+",5;1=(+";&"(32&5"-.)3D3+"52;3D0"L"5+((+"9'&$"O+"=325+,,;,"-;"1)*)4+",+"=),,+"52//+",;'("]""

! G+;M"/+/D3+,"-+"1.0:;'=+"(3)*)'11+&(")*+5";&"(32&5"-.)3D3+"52;3D0"?:;'"3+,,+/D1+"L";&+"D2c(+"5J'&2',+@R"=2;3"1)*+3"1+"/'&+3)'$"

! O)"=2;-3+"+,("=1)50+"-)&,"1+"D),,'&"-+"1)*)4+");",+'&"-+"1)"/k/+")'3+"-+"(3)*)'1"2;"-)&,"1)"(3)&5J0+"L"+);"53+;,0+"=2;3"5)&)1',+3"1.+);$"

! 8;"&'*+);"-;"D),,'&R";&"/'&+;3"*+3,+"-+"1.+);"52&('&;+11+/+&(",;3"1+"(32&5"52;3D0"=+&-)&(":;.;&");(3+"/'&+;3"/01)&4+"1)"=2;-3+$"O.+);"52;1+"-)&,"1+"D),,'&R"+&(3)c&)&("1+",)D1+":;'"+,("1.010/+&("1+"=1;,"104+3"-+"1)"=2;-3+$"E3W5+"L"1)"43)*'(0R"1)"5),,'(03'(+"=1;,"12;3-+",+"-0=2,+",;3"1+"92&-"-+"1)"D2c(+"5J'&2',+$"

! <+((+"2=03)('2&"+,(" 30=0(0+");()&("-+" 92',":;.'1" +,("&05+,,)'3+"=2;3"2D(+&'3";&+" 923(+" 52&5+&(3)('2&"-+"5),,'(03'(+$"

! O+" 52&5+&(30" +,(" ,05J0" );" ,21+'1" 2;" ,;3" ;&+" =1):;+" -+"/0()1" 5J);990+" ?1)" -+;M'N/+"/0(J2-+" +,(" =1;,"3)='-+@$"

! O23,:;+"1+"/'&+3)'"-+"5),,'(03'(+"+,(",+5R"1+,"/+/D3+,"+M=03'/+&(0,"-+"1.0:;'=+"52&('&;+&("1+"=325+,,;,"-+" 52&5+&(3)('2&" -+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+" +&" ,2;991)&(" ,;3" -+," =+('(+," :;)&('(0," -+" /)('N3+" -)&," ;&+" D)(0+R"=+3/+(()&(")'&,'"-+",0=)3+3"1)"=2;,,'N3+"+("1+",)D1+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+$"

! \&")'/)&("+,(";('1',0"L"1)"9'&"-;"=325+,,;,"=2;3"01'/'&+3"(2;,"1+,"010/+&(,"9+33+;M"=30,+&(,"-)&,"1+"12(R")9'&"-.2D(+&'3";&+"(+&+;3"+&"5),,'(03'(+"-+"VI�"/'&'/;/$"

! O)"5),,'(03'(+",2;,"923/+"-+"=32-;'("9'&'"+,("-'*',0+"+("=)3()40"+&(3+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"L"1)"9'&"-;"=325+,,;,R")=3N,")*2'3"=+,0"1.+&,+/D1+"-+"1)"=32-;5('2&$"

I#A#" K3!K&"(32;*+"-)&,"1+,"5)/=,"-m+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+,"D),,'&,"+("-+,"5)&);M"-.+);":;'",+3*+&(");"1)*)4+"-;"/'&+3)'$"<J):;+"0:;'=+"52&,(3;'(";&+"D2c(+"5J'&2',+"L"5+((+" 9'&"L"=)3('3"-.;&" (32&5"52;3D0$"O+"=325+,,;,"-;"1)*)4+",+"=),,+"52//+",;'("]""

! 8=3N,":;.;&"(),"-+",)D1+")"0(0"+M(3)'(R"1.0:;'=+"53+;,+";&+"(3)&5J0+"-+"5'&:"L"*'&4("/N(3+,"=2;3"5)&)1',+3"+("5)=(+3"1.+);");,,'"12'&":;+"=2,,'D1+$"

! O.+);"+,("5)&)1',0+",;3";&+"=+&(+"104N3+"123,:;.+11+"=),,+"L"5v(0"-;"(),"-+",)D1+R"=2;3"9'&'3"-)&,";&"53+;M"-.;&+"=3292&-+;3"-+"AY"L"IY"5/"+("-.;&+",;=+39'5'+"/'&'/;/"-+"!/�$"""

! O23,:;.'1" &.+,(" =)," =2,,'D1+" -.2D(+&'3" ;&+" =+&(+R" 1+" (32&5" 52;3D0" -.;&+" 92;4N3+" 40)&(+" ?Cyathea manniana@",+3("-+"D2c(+"5J'&2',+$"

! G)&," (2;," 1+," 5),R" '1" 9);(" 53+;,+3";&+" 12&4;+" (3)&5J0+"-+",23('+"+&")*)1"-;"53+;M":;'" ,+3("-+"-05J)34+"=2;3"0*)5;+3"1)"D2;+"+("1.+);",)1+"-)&,"1+"52;3,"-.+);$"O+",)D1+"+("1+,"='+33+,",2&("-05J)340,"1+"12&4"-+"1)"(3)&5J0+$"

! O23,:;+" 1.+);"=),,+"-)&," 1+" 5)&)1R" ;&"/'&+;3"=3+&-"-;" ,)D1+" -;" ()," )*+5";&+"=+11+" +(" 1+" Z+((+" -)&," 1)"(3)&5J0+R"1+"/01)&4+)&(")*+5"1.052;1+/+&(R";&"=+;"+&")/2&("-;"53+;M$"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""144 La description de ce processus provient d’observations personnelles et sur les explications reçues des exploitants miniers artisanaux sur place

"

FU"

! O23,:;+"1+"(),"-+",)D1+"+,("9'&'R"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"3+('3+&("1+",)D1+":;'"3+,(+"-)&,"1+"53+;M"+(" 3+923/+&(" ;&" ()," )*+5R" =;'," 3+52//+&5+" (2;(" 1+" =325+,,;," Z;,:;.L" 5+" :;.'1," 2D('+&&+&(" 5+" :;.'1,")==+11+&(";&"l52&5+&(30.$"

! G)&,"5+3()'&,",'(+,R"1)"(+&+;3"+&"23"+("1)"43)&;12/0(3'+",2&(",'"9)'D1+,":;+"1.23"3+5'35;1+"-)&,"1.+);"-;3)&("1+"1)*)4+$"

! O+,"-+;M"0()=+,",;'*)&(+,":;'"&05+,,'(+&("1.;('1',)('2&"-;"/+35;3+",2&("3)3+,"-)&,"1+,"o2&+,"-+"3+5J+35J+R"5)3"1)"=1;=)3("-;"(+/=,"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"1)*+&("1+;3"23"L"1.+);"+("L"1)"D)(0+$"O+"/+35;3+"&+",+"(32;*+"=),"9)5'1+/+&(",;3"1+"/)35J0"=3N,"-+"1)"7[%"+(R"123,:;.'1"C"+&")R"'1"+,("5J+3$"

! O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M";('1',+&("1+"/+35;3+"=2;3")/)14)/+3"1.23"+&"9)'D1+"(+&+;3$"! O+"D3q1)4+"-+"1.)/)14)/+",+"9)'("5J+o"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+("1+"/+35;3+"+,(",2;*+&("3+5C510"

=2;3"k(3+";('1',0"L"&2;*+);"-)&,"1)"=325J)'&+"2=03)('2&$""

5.4 Autres niveaux de la chaine d’approvisionnement de l’EMA "

I#F#$ O+,!(3)&,=23(+;3,!+(!);(3+,!92;3&',,+;3,!-+!,+3*'5+,!!K&"&+"52&&)c("=),"1+"&2/D3+"+M)5("-+,"(3)&,=23(+;3,"+(");(3+,"92;3&',,+;3,"-+",+3*'5+,"(+1,":;+"1+,"&0425')&(,$"%1"+M',(+" -+;M" (C=+," -+" (3)&,=23(+;3,"]" 1+" =3+/'+3" (C=+" +,(" 52/=2,0" -+" 9+//+," :;'" (3)&,=23(+&(" 1+" ,)D1+" =2;3" 1+"1)*+3"r" 1+"-+;M'N/+"(C=+"+,("52&,('(;0"-.J2//+,":;'"(3)&,=23(+&(" 1)"5),,'(03'(+"=2;3" 1)"*+&-3+"+(" 1.+M=23(+3$"O+,"(3)&,=23(+;3," ,2&(" =)C0," =2;3" (3)&,=23(+3" -+," =32-;'(," -+"S'i'" L" \*'3)" ?+&*'32&" !IY" i/@"r" !" IYY" <G_ji4" �"+&*'32&"!$V"\HGji4$"O+,"(3)&,=23(+;3,"J)D'(;+11+/+&("=23(+&("-+,",)5,"-+"AY"i4"L"IY"i4",;3"1+;3"-2,"2;"1+;3"(k(+$"O+"(3)Z+("*+3,"d)o'D)"52/=23(+3)'(";&"52q("-;"/k/+"23-3+$""Motivations O)"/2('*)('2&":;'"=2;,,+" 1+," 92;3&',,+;3,"-+",+3*'5+,"L" 9)'3+"5+":;.'1," 92&("+,(" ,'/'1)'3+"L" 5+11+,"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"]"1+,"5J2'M"=2;3"4)4&+3",)"*'+",2&("3+,(3+'&(,$"G+"/k/+R"1+,"92;3&',,+;3,"-+",+3*'5+,"&.2&("=),"1+," 52/=0(+&5+," 3+:;',+,"=2;3"+M=12'(+3" 1+"/'&+3)'" +(" 5J2',',,+&("-2&5"-.2993'3"-+," ,+3*'5+,"&05+,,)'3+,"-)&," 1+",+5(+;3"-+"1.>S8$""

I#F#" 85J)(!O)"=)3('+"3+1)('*+"L"1.)5J)("-+"1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("+,("(3)&,=)3+&(+"+("51)&-+,('&+"L"1)"92',$"B+);52;="-+," =325+,,;," +(" -+," 0()=+," L" ,;'*3+" ,2&(" ;&+" :;+,('2&" -+" &2(23'0(0" =;D1':;+" =2;3" 1+," 4+&," '/=1':;0," -)&," 1+",+5(+;3" -+" 1.>S8$" O.'&(+3-'5('2&" -+" 52//+35')1',+3" 1+,"/'&+3)'," -+" 1.+,(" -+" 1)"7G<" )" 9)'(" 5J;(+3" 1+," =3'M" -+" 1)"5),,'(03'(+" 923t)&(" 1+," &0425')&(," -+" 1+" 9)'3+" ,23('3" ,2;*+&(" -+" H;-" d'*;" +&" 52&(3+D)&-+" =2;3" k(3+" *+&-;+" );"B;3;&-'R");"7f)&-)"+(",;==2,0/+&("+&"K;4)&-)"R"+&"43)&-+,":;)&('(0,$"O.23R"=)3"52&(3+R"+,(")5J+(0"+("*+&-;"+&":;)&('(0,"*)3')D1+,R",+12&"1+,"D+,2'&,"=05;&')'3+,"-;"*+&-+;3"+("1+"(C=+"-.)5J+(+;3$"O.23"+,("=1;,"9)5'1+"L",23('3"+&"52&(3+D)&-+" :;+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+" +&" 5+" ,+&," :;.;&+" =+('(+" :;)&('(0" -.23" ,;99'3)" (2;Z2;3," L" 3+&()D'1',+3" ;&" *2C)4+"(3)&,932&()1'+3$"O)"5),,'(03'(+",+"*+&-"+&"/2C+&&+"+&(3+"#"YYY"<G_"L"#"IYY"<G_"1+"i'12!FI"L"S'i'"+("`2/D+"?5+":;'"0:;'*);(" L" +&(3+" #R!T" +(" #RTY"\HG@$" <+" =3'M" 3+=30,+&(+" +&*'32&" !U"\HG" -+"/2'&," :;+" 1+" =3'M" L" 1)" B2;3,+" -+,"/0();M"-+"O2&-3+,$!FV"[2;,"&.)*2&,"=),"=;"2D(+&'3"-.'&923/)('2&,",;3"1+,":;)&('(0,"-.23"=32-;'(+,"+("*+&-;+,"+&"5+",+&,":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"J0,'()'+&("L"92;3&'3"5+"4+&3+"-.'&923/)('2&,")*)&("-.)*2'3"0()D1'";&+"3+1)('2&"D),0+" ,;3" 1)" 52&9')&5+" )*+5"&2(3+" 0:;'=+R" 1+," +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" 0()&(" (3N," -',53+(,R"/k/+"+&(3+"+;M"=)3",2;5'"-+",05;3'(0$"O+"=3'M"-+"1.23"L"%(2/Df+"0()'("-+"FA"YYY"<G_"?,2'("+&*'32&"FT"\HG"=)3"43)//+@");"/2/+&("-+"1.0(;-+$""La commercialisation de la cassitérite O+,"6GE"2;"630,'-+&(,"G'3+5(+;3,"E0&03);M"?:;'",2&("04)1+/+&("1+,"=32=3'0()'3+,"-+,"=;'(,@!FT",2&("1+,"=3'&5'=);M")5J+(+;3," 5)3" '1," ,2&(" 9'&)&50," =)3" 1+," J2//+," -.)99)'3+," -+" B;i)*;$!FU" %1," D0&09'5'+&(" )'&,'" -.;&+" ,2;35+"=+3/)&+&(+" -.)34+&(" +&" +,=N5+," +(" -.'&923/)('2&," )5(;)1',0+," ,;3" 1+" =3'M" -.)5J)(" -+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+$" O+,"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""145 Entretiens avec les exploitants miniers artisanaux d’étain, juillet 2012 146 Reuters, 2012 147 À Bunia et à Ituri, un PDG est propriétaire d’un grand site et alloue des puits à d’autres. Le PDG doit obtenir la permission d’un chef pour être le propriétaire d’un site minier 148 Communication personnelle avec le PDG d’Itombwe; validé par un autre PDG à Miki, juillet 2012

"

FX"

52//+3t)&(,":;)&("L"+;M")5JN(+&("+("05J)&4+&("1+"/'&+3)'"52&(3+"-+,"/)35J)&-',+,R"/)',"1)"()'11+"-+"1+;3"5)='()1"&.+,("=),");,,'"'/=23()&(+":;+"5+11+"-+,"6GE$!FX"O+,"/)35J)&-',+,"299+3(+,"=+;*+&("*)3'+3"+&"4+&3+"+("+&"&2/D3+$ ">&"-0='("-+"1.'&(+3-'5('2&"3+1)('*+"L"1)"*+&(+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"+&"-+J23,"-;"=)C,R"+("-+"1.'/=03)('9"*',)&("L"3+&-3+"1)"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"=1;,"(3)&,=)3+&(+R"1)"5),,'(03'(+"9)'("+&523+"1.2DZ+("-.;&+"+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"+("-+"52&(3+D)&-+"=2;3"k(3+"*+&-;");"7f)&-)"+(");"B;3;&-'$!IY"O+"=3'M")5(;+1"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"+,("(3N,"D),R",;3"=1)5+"+(",;3"1+"/)35J0"/2&-')1$!I!"8*)&("1.'&(+3-'5('2&"-+"#Y!YR"!"i4"-+"5),,'(03'(+"52q()'("+&*'32&"V"\HG");",'(+"/'&'+3"-+"`2/D+")'&,'":;.L"S'i'$"8;Z2;3-.J;'R"!"i4"-+"5),,'(03'(+"3)==23(+");"/'&+;3"+&(3+"#RIY"\HG"+("A"\HG"-)&,"5+,"/k/+,",'(+,R"+("=)392',"+&523+"/2'&,";&+"92',":;+"1)"5),,'(03'(+")33'*+"L"B;i)*;"+("L"\*'3)$"<+",2&("1+,")5J+(+;3,"?=3'&5'=)1+/+&("-+,"52&(3+D)&-'+3,@":;'"'/=2,+&("1+,"=3'M$"%1"&.+M',(+"=),"-+"30903+&5+"=2;3"1+"=3'M"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+",;3"1+"/)35J0"-+=;',":;+"1+"42;*+3&+/+&("-+"1)"7G<")"+/=k5J0"1+,"+M=23()(+;3,");(23',0,"-+"9)'3+"1+"52//+35+"-;"/'&+3)'$!I#"""O+,")5J+(+;3,",2&(",'(;0,"L"\*'3)"2n"'1,"2&("-+,"D;3+);M$!IA"8;"B;3;&-'R"1+,"4+&,")5JN(+&("L"\*'3)"1)"5),,'(03'(+":;'"23'4'&+11+/+&("*'+&("-+"S'i'$!IF"%1"+M',(+"(2;(";&"30,+);"-.)5J+(+;3,"-+"5),,'(03'(+$!II"O+"30,+);"+&(3+"1)"7G<"+("1+"7f)&-)"+,(",'/'1)'3+$"O)"5),,'(03'(+"+,("*+&-;+"L"d'4)1'"+&"=),,)&("=)3"Sf+&4)"+("B;i)*;$!IV"O+"(3)9'5",+"9)'("L"(3)*+3,"1)"3'*'N3+"7;o'o'"+("1+"1)5"d'*;"+&"52&(3+D)&-+"1)"&;'($!IT"""La commercialisation de l’or O+"52//+35+"-+"1.23"+,("-+"&)(;3+"(3N,"51)&-+,('&+$"O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"&+"-0*2'1+&("=),"123,:;.'1,"2&(" -+" 1.23R"/k/+" =)," +&(3+" +;M$" O)" *+&(+" -+," =32-;'(,"/'&'+3," ,+" 9)'(" -',53N(+/+&(" 5J+o" ,2'$" O+," +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"*+&-+&(" 1+;3"23");M"&0425')&(,":;'" 1+" 3+*+&-+&("L"\*'3)"2n" '1,"2&("-+," 51'+&(," 304;1'+3,":;'"=+;*+&("1+;3"9)'3+"-+,"D2&,"=3'M$!IU"O+"30,+);"-+,")5J+(+;3,"+,("52&421)',$"H+12&"1+,"30,+);M"-.)5J+(+;3,R"1.23"+,("+&,;'(+",23('"+&"52&(3+D)&-+"=2;3"k(3+"3+*+&-;"L"d)/=)1)"+&"K;4)&-)"+("L"B;Z;/D;3)");"B;3;&-'$""O+,"52//+3t)&(,"-.23",2&("=3'&5'=)1+/+&("-.23'4'&+"52&421)',+"+("&+",+"(32;*+&(":;+"-)&," 1+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,$"<+"432;=+"-+"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,")" (+&-)&5+"L" k(3+"=1;,"=+('(" :;+" 5+1;'"-+,"&0425')&(,$"O+;3" (3)*)'1" -+/)&-+":;.'1,"&0425'+&(";&",)5"-+",;53+"2;");(3+,")3('51+,"/0&)4+3,"52&(3+";&+"=+('(+":;)&('(0"-.23$"s;":;+"1+,"52//+3t)&(,",+"92&("=)C+3"+&"23R"2&"&+"1+,"*2'(":;+"-;3)&("1+,"=03'2-+,"-+"J);(+"=32-;5('2&$"O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M":;'" =),,+&(" ;&+" =03'2-+" -+" =32-;5('2&" D),,+" &.);32&(" =)," 1+," /2C+&," -.)5J+(+3" -+," =32-;'(," ,=05');M" -+,"52//+3t)&(,R"52//+"-;"=2',,2&",05J0$""O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&,"1+,"=)3('+,"+&:;k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

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""149 Communication personnelle avec des commerçants, juillet 2012 150 Entretien avec les transporteurs d’étain en dehors d’Uvira, juillet 2012 151 Le prix moyen de l’étain sur le marché de l’étain de Londres était d’environ 27,40 USD/kg en 2011, comparé à environ 20 USD/kg en 2012 152 Entretiens avec des exploitants miniers artisanaux d’étain à Miki et Zombe ; validés par des transporteurs à Uvira, juillet 2012 153 Communication personnelle avec des transporteurs d’étain, juillet 2012 154 Les services des mines à Miki et à Mwenga ont des statistiques sur l’exploration de ces minerais 155 Communication personnelle avec des transporteurs d’étain, juillet 2012 156 Communication personnelle avec des transporteurs d’étain, juillet 2012 157 Communication personnelle avec des transporteurs d’étain, juillet 2012 158 Communication personnelle avec un négociant à Miki, juillet 2012

"

IY"

I#F#A Y0425')&(,!!K&" (32;*+" -'9903+&(," (C=+," -+" &0425')&(,$" %1" C" )" 1+," =+('(," &0425')&(," :;'" )5JN(+&(" L" -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+&"=+('(+,":;)&('(0,"+(":;'"3+*+&-+&(");M"&0425')&(,"L"/2C+&&+"05J+11+":;'",2&("D),0,"L"B;i)*;"+("L"\*'3)$"<+,"-+3&'+3,",23(+&(")123,"1.23"+&"52&(3+D)&-+R"L"='+-R"+&"*2'(;3+"2;"+&"D)(+);"*+3,"1+,"5)='()1+,"-+"1)"304'2&"(+11+," :;+" d)/=)1)" +(" B;Z;/D;3)$!IX" K&" (32;*+" 04)1+/+&(" -+," =+('(," &0425')&(," :;'" )5JN(+&(" 1.23" +&" =+('(+,":;)&('(0,"+(":;'"1+",23(+&("+;M^/k/+,"-;"=)C,",)&,"=),,+3"=)3"1+,"&0425')&(,"-+"B;i)*;"+("-.\*'3)$"O.23"+,("9)5'1+"L",23('3"-;"=)C,"+(",2&"(3)9'5"+,("'/=23()&(",;3"5+,"-+;M"932&('N3+,$ "O+," 432," &0425')&(," :;'" ,+" (32;*+&(" -)&," 1+," 5)='()1+,R" D0&09'5'+&(" -+" 30,+);M" :;'" 52//+&5+&(" -0ZL" );M" ,'(+,"/'&'+3,"+(",2&("5)=)D1+,"-.+M=23(+3"1+"/'&+3)'"+&">;32=+"+("+&"8,'+$"O)"=1;=)3("-+,"&0425')&(,"D),0,");"B;3;&-'",2&("D+14+,R"93)&t)',R"'&-'+&,"2;"=)i',()&)',"r"(3N,"=+;",2&("D;3;&-)',$"O)"/)Z23'(0"-+,"&0425')&(,"L"d)/=)1)",2&("'&-'+&,$"%1"C")":;+1:;+,"2;4)&-)',R"+("(3N,"=+;"-+"B;3;&-)',":;'",+"1)&5+&("-)&,"1.)5J)("+("1.+M=23()('2&"-+"1.23$""K&"(32;*+"04)1+/+&("-+,"432,")5J+(+;3,"-+"&)('2&)1'(0"52&421)',+":;'")5JN(+&("1.23"L"\*'3)"+("L"B;i)*;R"Z;,:;.L"5+":;.'1,")55;/;1+&(";&+"5+&()'&+"-+"i'1243)//+,":;.'1,"+M=23(+&(",;3"5'&:"2;",'M"/2',$"%1,"3+*+&-+&("1.23"+&"=+('(+,":;)&('(0,");"52/=(2'3":;'"9)'("1)"-+/)&-+");"42;*+3&+/+&("=2;3"2D(+&'3"-+,"-25;/+&(,"-.+M=23()('2&$"O.23"+,(")123," (3)&,=23(0" +("=),,+" 1)" 932&('N3+" l104)1+/+&(.$"<+=+&-)&(R" *;":;.L" 1)" 932&('N3+" 1+," 4+&,"&.2&("=),"D+,2'&"-+"-051)3+3"1)":;)&('(0"-.23":;.'1,"(3)&,=23(+&(R"/k/+"1LR")*+5";&"=+3/',"-.+M=23()('2&R";&+"=1;,"43)&-+":;)&('(0"-.23"=+;("=),,+3"+&"52&(3+D)&-+$!VY""O.23"+,(",;==2,0/+&("+M=23(0"=)3")*'2&"-+,"5)='()1+,"-;"B;3;&-'"+("-.K;4)&-)"+&"-'3+5('2&"-+"1.>;32=+"?O2&-3+,"+("6)3',@"+("-.8,'+"?G;D)a@R"2n"'1"-+*'+&("'-+&('9')D1+"+("-2&("2&"=+;("(3)5+3"1.23'4'&+$!V!""H);9"=2;3"1+",'(+"-+"S'i'"L"1.+,(R"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"2&("1.J)D'(;-+"-+"1)*+3"1.23"L"1)"D)(0+"L"1)"9'&"-;"/2',R" 123,:;+" 1+," &0425')&(," *'+&&+&(" =2;3" )5J+(+3" +&" 432,,+," :;)&('(0,$!V#" B+);52;=" -.+M=12'()&(," /'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"=309N3+&("*+&-3+";&+"=+('(+"=)3("-+"1+;3"23"=2;3")5J+(+3"-+"1)"&2;33'(;3+$"O+,"&0425')&(,":;'")5JN(+&("1.23"+&"=+('(+,":;)&('(0,"-)&,"1+,"5)/=+/+&(,"+("1+,"*'11)4+,")==)3('+&&+&("(C=':;+/+&("L"1.+(J&'+"-+,"B+/D+"+("2&("1+;3,"=32=3+,"/)35J0,"-)&,"1+,:;+1,"'1,"3+*+&-+&("1.23$!VA"O+,":;)&('(0,"=1;,"'/=23()&(+,",+32&("*+&-;+,"=)3"1)",;'(+"-)&,"1)"*'11+"-.\*'3)"2;"L"-+,"J2//+,"-.)99)'3+,"-+"B;i)*;$""O+" ()D1+);" -+," =)4+," ,;'*)&(+," 2993+" -+," '&923/)('2&," -0()'110+," ,;3" 5J)5;&" -+," ,'(+,"/'&'+3," :;+" &2;," )*2&,"*','(0," -;3)&(" 1)" =J),+" -+" 3+5J+35J+R" +(" ,;3" 1+;3," '/=)5(," ,;3" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" :;+" &2;," )*2&," =;" 2D,+3*+3$

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""159 Entretiens avec des exploitants miniers artisanaux et des acheteurs, juillet 2012 160 Communication personnelle avec un membre du Ministère des Mines, 2011 161 Voir le schéma de la chaîne d’approvisionnement ci-dessus pour un résumé du processus relatif à l’exploitation, le traitement, l’achat et l’exportation 162 Entretiens avec des exploitants miniers artisanaux et des négociants, juillet 2012 163 Entretiens avec des acheteurs, juillet 2012

"

I!"

Site minier

Historique et vue d’ensemble

Nombre total d’orpailleurs (sur place)

Nombre de puits Minerais

Production estimée

Ethnie prédominante

Impacts sur l’environnement

Secteur d’Itombwe

Miki S'i'")"1)"=1;,"43)&-+"923k("-+"1)"304'2&"+(";&"5+&(3+"52//+35')1",=05')1',0"-)&,"1)"5),,'(03'(+"+&"=32*+&)&5+"-+,",'(+,"-.8=)&4)R"d'(2=2"+("d)D;/D;$"S'i'")"0(0"52&,(3;'("+&"!XAT"+("0()'("1.)&5'+&"5+&(3+"-+,"2=03)('2&,"-+,",25'0(0,"SEO"+("H%[d%$"O+,"=2=;1)('2&,"125)1+,"C"=3)(':;+&("1.>S8"-+=;',"1+,")&&0+,"!XTY$""

>&*'32&"!TY"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"?,+12&"&2(3+"=32=3+"+,('/)('2&"5)3"1+,"6GE"&.)*)'+&(");5;&+"'-0+"-;"&2/D3+"+M)5("-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"5+1)"0()&("-q");"/2;*+/+&("52&,()&("-.+&(30+,"+("-+",23('+,"-;",'(+@$"

FI"=;'(,"?-2&("AI"=32-;5('9,"+("!Y"3+('3)&("1+"/23(^(+33)'&@r"1+"&2/D3+"-.+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"=)3"=;'(,"*)3'+"-+"(32',"L"J;'($""

K3]"+M(3)5('2&")11;*')1+"-+"1)"3'*'N3+"-+"S'i'"+("-+,",)D1+,"-+,"/)305)4+,"*2','&,$""<),,'(03'(+]"+M(3)5('2&")11;*')1+"/)',"1+",'(+")"0(0")D)&-2&&0$"

632-;5('2&"/+&,;+11+"-.+&*'32&"F"d'5J+1+"L"XY"d'5J+1+j0:;'=+$"O)"=32-;5('2&"-+"5),,'(03'(+"+("-.23"+,("9)'D1+"/)',"1+,"4+&,"52&('&;+&("-+"1)*+3"1+",)D1+"L"1)"D)(0+");M")1+&(2;3,"-+,"52;3,"-.+);R"+,=03)&("9)'3+"923(;&+$"

B),J'"" O.'/=)5(",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("-)&,"5+",'(+"+,("9)'D1+R"+&"5+",+&,":;+"1.+M=12'()('2&");3'9N3+",+"1'/'(+");M"52;3,"-.+);":;'"2&("0(0"+M=12'(0,"=)3"1)",25'0(0"SEO"-)&,"1+,")&&0+,"!XVY$"<+3()'&,"9'12&,",2&("+M=12'(0,"-)&,"1)"923k("/)',",)&,"43)&-",;55N,R"5+":;'"+,("-q");M"/2C+&,"9'&)&5'+3,":;'",2&("&05+,,)'3+,"=2;3"2;*3'3";&",'(+"/'&'+3"+(")((+'&-3+"1)"325J+"-;3+"=3'/)'3+$""

Apanga O)"5),,'(03'(+")"0(0"+M=12'(0+"L"8=)&4)"+&"/k/+"(+/=,":;+"1+,"2=03)('2&,"/'&'N3+,"-+"S'i'$"O)"5223-'&)('2&"-+,")5('*'(0,",+"9)',)'("L"=)3('3"-+"S'i'$"O+"(3)&,=23("+&"-+J23,"-+"1)"o2&+",+"9)',)'("=)3";&+"32;(+":;'"

g32'," FT"=;'(,"-+"/'&+"?)D)&-2&&0,@""g32',"=;'(,"-.+M=12'()('2&")11;*')1+")5('9,"

>M=12'()('2&")11;*')1+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+$""">M=12'()('2&",2;(+33)'&+"9+3/0+",;'(+"L"1)"D)',,+"-;"=3'M"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+$"

FIi4jZ2;3$""O)"=32-;5('2&"+,("(3N,"01+*0+"-)&,"5+",'(+$"""[2,"'&923/)(+;3,"+,('/)'+&(":;.'1,"=32-;',)'+&("IYi4"-+"5),,'(03'(+"=)3"Z2;3"=)3"432;=+"-+"

B+/D+"" 85(;+11+/+&(R"*;"1+"=+('("&2/D3+"-+"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+("-2&5";&+"+M=12'()('2&"-+"9)'D1+"'&(+&,'(0R"1.'/=)5(",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("C"+,("/'&'/)1$"G)&,"5+"52&(+M(+R"1.'/=)5(",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("=+;("

"

I#"

)11)'("Z;,:;.L"Sf+&4)R"2n",+"(32;*)'+&("-.);(3+,"+M=12'()('2&,"/'&'N3+,$"8;Z2;3-.J;'R"1.+M=12'()('2&"+,(",2;(+33)'&+R"-)&,"-+,"=;'(,")D)&-2&&0,"=)3"1)",25'0(0"SEO$"%1"C")":;)(3+")&,R"8=)&4)"52/=()'("=1;,"-+"!"YYY"=+3,2&&+,$"8;Z2;3-.J;'R"'1"&.C")"=1;,":;+":;)(3+"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M":;'"C"(3)*)'11+&("+("=1;,"-+"FY"=;'(,"2&("0(0")D)&-2&&0,$"

-+;M"=+3,2&&+,$"O)"52&5+&(3)('2&"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"+,("(3N,"923(+"-)&,"5+((+"o2&+$"<+=+&-)&("'1"&.C")"=),"-+"/)35J0"=2;3"1)"5),,'(03'(+"L"5);,+"-+"1.+/D)342"'/=2,0",;3"1+,"/'&+3)',"+&"=32*+&)&5+"-+"1.+,("-+"1)"7G<$"

52&5+3&+3"1.052;1+/+&("-+,"3'*'N3+,j52;3,"-.+);"123,:;.'1,",2&("+&('N3+/+&("2;"=)3('+11+/+&("-0*'0,"=2;3"1+"1)*)4+"-+,"/'&+3)',R"=3'&5'=)1+/+&("-)&,"1+"5)-3+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"-+,"3+Z+(,"/'&'+3,$"""8*)&("#Y!YR"5.+,(^L^-'3+")*)&("1)"D)',,+"-+,"=3'M"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+R"1.;('1',)('2&"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"923+,('N3+,"3+=30,+&()'("1.'/=)5("=3'&5'=)1",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(R")*+5"1.;('1',)('2&"-.)3D3+,"=2;3"+/=k5J+3"1+,"=;'(,"-+",.+992&-3+3$"""G+,"=+&(+,"0()'+&("5300+,"=2;3"1.0*)5;)('2&"-+"1.+);")123,"+&"43)&-+"-+/)&-+"=2;3"1+"1)*)4+"-+,"/'&+3)',$"<+,"=+&(+,"3+=30,+&()'+&(";&"-)&4+3"=2;3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+("=2;*)'+&("+&(3)c&+3"

"

IA"

-+,"41',,+/+&(,"-+"(+33)'&$"G+"=1;,R"1+,"-0*+3,+/+&(,"52&('&;+1,"-)&,"1+,"/k/+,"52;3,"-.+);"2&("52&(3'D;0"L"1+;3"30(305',,+/+&($"%1"+,("(3N,"=2,,'D1+":;+"1+,")5('*'(0,"/'&'N3+,"'&(+&,'*+,"3)*)4+&("1+,"1)34+,",+5('2&,"-+"*040()('2&"+("-+"(+33)'&",'(;0+,");(2;3"-+,"=;'(,"-+"1)",25'0(0"SEOR"-)&,"1)"o2&+"-+,"3+Z+(,"/'&'+3,":;'")"0(0"305+//+&("-052;*+3(+$"8;"5),"2n"1+,"+M=12'()('2&,"3+=3+&-3)'+&("2&"=+;("=30*2'3":;+")"=211;('2&",2&23+"3+=30,+&(+3)";&"=32D1N/+"=2;3"1+,"43)&-,",'&4+,"123,"-+,"=03'2-+,"-+"/)(+3&'(0$""

Makenda O)",25'0(0"SEO"+M=12'()'("1)"7'*'N3+"S)i+&-)")*)&("1+,")&&0+,"VYR"+("1.>S8"125)1+")"52//+&50"L",.'&(+&,'9'+3"+&"!XUF$"<+",'(+")";&+"=32-;5('2&"9)'D1+"+("+,("5)3)5(03',0"=)3"1)"302;*+3(;3+"52&,()&(+"

FU" 61;,"-+"UY"?+M=12'()('2&"-)&,"1+,"3'*'N3+,"+("1+,",)D1+,")11;*');M"+("1)"325J+"-;3+@$"B+);52;="-+"5+,"=;'(,",2&(")D)&-2&&0,$"

K3" !i'5J+1+jV"/2',"=)3"0:;'=+"-+"#"=+3,2&&+,"H)',2&"-+,"=1;'+,"I"d'5J+1+j#"/2',"

B),J'" O.'/=)5("-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(",+"1'/'(+");M"3'*'N3+,"+(");M"52;3,"-.+);$"8;"9;3"+("L"/+,;3+":;.;&+"3'*'N3+"-+*'+&("'/=32-;5('*+R"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"(+&-+&("L"

"

IF"

-.)&5'+&&+,"52;5J+,"-+",)D1+":;'"2&("-0ZL"0(0"+M=12'(0+,"-)&,"1+"=),,0$"O+",'(+")"*;"1.+M=123)('2&"-+"9'12&,"-)&,"1)"325J+"-;3+R"/)',"'1"&.C")"=),"+;"),,+o"-.+&4)4+/+&("-+"1)"=)3("-+,"'&*+,(',,+;3,"=2;3":;.;&+",25'0(0",+"1)&5+"(2;(+",+;1+"-)&,"1.+M=12'()('2&"-+"1)"o2&+$"O+,"=2=;1)('2&,"-+"1)"o2&+"255;=+&("1+"5)/=+/+&("-+"S)i+&-)"-+=;',":;+"1)",25'0(0"SGO")":;'((0"1+",'(+$"K&"C"(32;*+";&+"=+('(+"=2=;1)('2&"-+=;',":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"2&("9;'"L"Of+/D)"+(":;+"-.);(3+,",2&("3+(2;3&0,"-)&,"1+;3,"*'11)4+,"?52//+"b)1;&4;@"Z;,:;.);"/2',"-.25(2D3+R"=+&-)&("1)",)',2&"-+,"=1;'+,$"

+M=12'(+3"+&"-+J23,"-+,"3'*'N3+,"+("-+,"/)305)4+,R"+(",+"-0=1)5+&("*+3,"1+,"923k(,"=2;3"C"(32;*+3"1+,",)D1+,")11;*');M$"O)"3+5J+35J+"-+"9'12&,"+,("04)1+/+&(";&+"3)',2&"=2;3"52&('&;+3"-.+M=12'(+3"-)&,"1)"923k(R"5+":;'"=2;33)'("52&(3'D;+3"L"1)"-043)-)('2&"52&('&;+"-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(R"-)&,"1+"5),"2n"-+,"9'12&,",+3)'+&("+M=12'(0,$""O)"52&,2//)('2&"-+"*')&-+"-+"D32;,,+"&+"3+=30,+&(+"=),";&+"/+&)5+"L"S)i+&-)"5)3"+11+"&+"9)'("=),"*3)'/+&("=)3('+"-+"1)"5;1(;3+"-+,"B),J'$""

Tulambo O)"3'*'N3+"g;1)/D2")"0(0"+M=12'(0+"=)3"1)",25'0(0"H%[d%"Z;,:;.+&"!XVIR"123,:;+"1+,"2=03)('2&,"2&("52//+&50"L"3)1+&('3$"<.+,("

#U" u;'("=;'(,",2&(")5('9,"?-+,"=;'(,")11;*');M"+(";&"=;'(,"-)&,"1)"325J+"-;3+@"+("-+"&2/D3+;M");(3+,"=;'(,")11;*');M"2&("0(0"

K3" A4"=2;3";&+"2;"-+;M"=+3,2&&+,r"1)"325J+"-;3+"&.+,("=),"+&523+"=32-;5('*+"5)3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M",2&("+&523+"+&"(3)'&"-+"

B),J'" "Sk/+",.'1",.)4'("-.;&+"+M=12'()('2&"L"=+('(+"05J+11+R"1.2;*+3(;3+"-+"1)"325J+"-;3+"=23(+")((+'&(+"L"1)"*040()('2&"?1)"923k(@",2;,"923/+"-+"

"

II"

04)1+/+&("-;3)&("5+((+"=03'2-+":;+"1+,"<2&421)',"2&("52//+&50"L"=3+&-3+"1)"3+1N*+":;)&("L"1)"4+,('2&"-+,"/'&+,"-+"1)"/)'&"-+,"B+14+,$"O.>S8"+,(")5('*+"-)&,"1+,"+&*'32&,"-+"1)"7'*'N3+"g;1)/D2"-+=;',"!XVA$""O.+M=12'()('2&")11;*')1+"L"g;1)/D2"+,("=3)(':;0+"-+"/)&'N3+",=23)-':;+"L"5);,+"-+",)"9)'D1+"=32-;5('2&$"<+=+&-)&(R"&2,"'&923/)(+;3,",.)((+&-+&("L"5+":;+"1)"=32-;5('2&");4/+&(+";&+"92',":;+"1)"o2&+"L"325J+"-;3+",+3)"2;*+3(+$"%1"C")":;+1:;+,")&&0+,R"1.+M=12'()('2&"-+"5+"9'12&"0()'("+&523+"(3N,"=32-;5('*+R"Z;,:;.L"5+":;.2&"=+3-+",)"(3)5+$"""O+"(3)*)'1")5(;+11+/+&("+99+5(;0"=2;3"53+;,+3"-+,"43)-'&,"+&"923/+"-.+,5)1'+3",;3"1+,"/;3,"-+"5v(0")"+&(3)c&0"1)"/23("-+"-+;M"

)D)&-2&&0,$" 3+('3+3"1+"/23(^(+33)'&"(2;("+&"5J+35J)&("1+"9'12&$"""

-093'5J+/+&("+("-+"-0923/)('2&"-;"=)C,)4+":;'"+&(3)c&+"1.032,'2&$"O.+);"+,("=211;0+"=)3"1.;('1',)('2&"-;"/+35;3+"?,+;1"5),",=05'9':;+@R"+("1+,"52;3,"-.+);",+3*+&("-+"-0=v("=2;3"1+",)D1+":;'"&.)"=),"0(0";('1',0$"G)&,";&")*+&'3"=325J+R"5+,"'/=)5(,R"(+1,":;.2&"1+,"*2'(")5(;+11+/+&(R",+"/;1('=1'+32&(")*+5"1.+M=12'()('2&"-;"9'12&"-.23":;'")(('3+3)";&"43)&-"&2/D3+"-m+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+"-'*+3,+,"5)(0423'+,$"\&+"=1;,"43)&-+":;)&('(0"-+"/+35;3+",+3)";('1',0+"+("1+,"3+,,2;35+,"923+,('N3+,",+32&("+&"=1;,"43)&-+"-+/)&-+"-)&,"1+,"5)/=+/+&(,"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$"

"

IV"

+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+&"/)'"#Y!#$"!V"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"(3)*)'11+&("-'3+5(+/+&(",;3"1+"9'12&"+("!F"-)&,"1+,"U"=;'(,")11;*');M$"

Tumungu O+"*'11)4+"-+"g;/;&4;"+,(",'(;0"-)&,"1)",)*)&+$"gC=':;+/+&(R"5+",2&("1+,"*'11)4+2',":;'"+M=12'(+&("1+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,"-+"g;1)/D2$"G+"1.23")"0(0"(32;*0"-)&,"1+,"52;3,"-.+);"+("1+,"/)305)4+,");(2;3"-;"*'11)4+":;'"+,("=+;"930:;+&(0$"[2;,"C")*2&,"(32;*0";&+"=+3,2&&+":;'"+M=12'()'("+("!A"=;'(,")D)&-2&&0,$""

\&+" \&"=;'(,")11;*')1"+&523+")5('9$"O+"3+,(+"?!A"+&*'32&@"+,(")D)&-2&&0$"""

K3" H)&,"2DZ+(" B+/D+" O+,"'/=)5(,",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("C",2&("/'&'/+,"*;"1.05J+11+")5(;+11+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+":;'"52/=(+";&"2;"-+;M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M",;3"=1)5+$"g2;(+92',R"-+,")3D3+,"2&("0(0"-03)5'&0,"=2;3")550-+3");",)D1+")11;*')1$"G;3)&("1+,"=03'2-+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"'&(+&,'*+R"1)"3'*'N3+":;'"+,("1)",+;1+",2;35+"-.+);"=2()D1+"-+"1)"52//;&);(0"+,("=211;0+"+&")*)1$"

Sawe 8;"/2/+&("-+"1.0(;-+R"5+",'(+"*+&)'("(2;("Z;,(+"-.);4/+&(+3"1)"52//;&);(0"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-.%(2/Df+$"<.0()'(";&",'(+"-.+M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+"-;3)&("1+,"

V!" !!"=;'(," K3" !Y"d'5J+1+j,+/)'&+"=2;3"-+,"432;=+,"-+":;)(3+"L"J;'("=+3,2&&+,$""O+"&'*+);"-+"=32-;5('2&",+/D1+"01+*0"-)&,"5+",'(+$"\&"/'&+;3"&2;,")"'&923/0":;.;&+"

B),J'" %1",.)4'("-.;&+"+M=12'()('2&")11;*')1+"-)&,"1)"7'*'N3+"O;D'D'$"<+((+"+M=12'()('2&"=23(+")((+'&(+"L"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("+&"5+",+&,":;.+11+"-0*'+"+&('N3+/+&("1+"52;3,"-.+);$"G+,")3D3+,"

"

IT"

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t)&(",;3"1+",'(+")5(;+11+/+&($"%1"+,("'&(+3-'(");M"9+//+,"-+"=3)(':;+3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+",;3"5+",'(+$"""

0:;'=+"-+"5'&:"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"=+;("+M=12'(+3"Z;,:;.L"!Y4"-.23"=)3",+/)'&+$""

,+3*+&(",2;*+&("L"D12:;+3"1+"52;3)&("-+"1)"3'*'N3+$"O)"-043)-)('2&"-;",21"+("1+,"41',,+/+&(,"-+"(+33)'&"+&(3)c&)&("1)"*040()('2&",2&("/)&'9+,(+,$""[2;,"&.)*2&,"=),"(32;*0"-+"(3)5+"-+"52&,2//)('2&"-+"*')&-+"-+"D32;,,+R"5+":;'"52&9'3/+"&2(3+"0(;-+"+("1+"9)'(":;+"1+,"B),J'"&+"1)"52&,2//+&("=),$"""O+",'(+"+,(",'(;0"-)&,"1.J)D'()("-+,"423'11+,R"+("-+,"+/=3+'&(+,")'&,'":;+"-+,"+M530/+&(,"-+"423'11+,"2&("0(0"(32;*0,"L"IYY"/"-;"5)/=$"

"

IU"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""164 Ceci était aussi le résultat obtenu dans Omari, et al., 1999

Chefferie de Basile"Zombe <.+,("+&"!XT!":;+"

1.>S8")"52//+&50"L"`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

VYY" gC=+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+":;'"'&51;+&("1.+M=12'()('2&",2;(+33)'&+R")11;*')1+R"-+,"3+Z+(,"/'&'+3,"+("L"5'+1"2;*+3($"

<),,'(03'(+ #Yi4jZ2;3"j=;'(, ""

7+4)" O.;('1',)('2&"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"923+,('N3+,"+,("0*'-+&(+"-)&,"5+",'(+$"O+,")3D3+,",+3*+&("L"9)'3+"-+,"D2c(+,"5J'&2',+,R"L",2;(+&'3"1+,"=;'(,"+("L"52&,(3;'3+"-+,"J;((+,$""%1"&.C"=),"1'+;"-+"=+&,+3":;+"1)"*')&-+"-+"D32;,,+",+"52&,2//+"-)&,"5+",'(+$"O+,"4'D'+3,"2&("-',=)3;"=)3"93;,(3)('2&"+(");,,'"=)3"1+"9)'("-+"52&,2//)('2&$"O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"52&,2//+&("=3'&5'=)1+/+&("-+,"32&4+;3,"?Cricetomys eminii)R"1+,"05;3+;'1,"+("=235"='5"?Atherurus africanum@"":;.'1,")((3)=+&(")*+5"-+,"='N4+,$!VF""

"

IX"

O23,:;.;&+"5+3()'&+":;)&('(0"-+"/'&+3)'")"0(0"+M(3)'(+R"1+,"6GE")5JN(+&("1+"/'&+3)'"=32-;'("-)&,"1+;3,"=;'(,$"O+,"6GE"=+;*+&("04)1+/+&("k(3+"9'&)&50,"=)3"-+,"43)&-,"J2//+,"-.)99)'3+,"-+"B;i)*;$"""O+,"52//+3t)&(,":;'"=)392',"05J)&4+&("1+;3,"/)35J)&-',+,"52&(3+"-;"/'&+3)'"-+"5),,'(03'(+R"=+;*+&("9'&'3"=)3"3+*+&-3+"5+"-+3&'+3");M"6GE":;'"40&03)1+/+&("2&("1.)34+&("&05+,,)'3+$"

Lugundu %1",.)4'("-.;&")&5'+&",'(+"/'&'+3"-+"1)",25'0(0"SEO$"O)"=2=;1)('2&"125)1+",.+,("1)&50+"-)&,"1.>S8"+&"!XUI$"O)"(3'D;"-+,"7+4)"+,("1)"(3'D;"=3'&5'=)1+"-)&,"5+((+"o2&+$"O.+M=12'()('2&"+,("+,,+&('+11+/+&(",2;(+33)'&+$"G+=;',"#Y!YR"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"2&(":;'((0"1+",'(+",;'(+"L"1)"D)',,+"-;"=3'M"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+",;3"1+"/)35J0R"+("L"1)"9)'D1+"-+/)&-+"?!i4"-+"

#I" IY"=;'(,R"+M=12'()('2&",2;(+33)'&+"+("L"5'+1"2;*+3($"

<),,'(03'(+" !YYi4j,+/)'&+j=;'(,"=)3"0:;'=+"-+"#I"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M""

7+4)" O+,"2=03)('2&,",2;(+33)'&+,"&.2&("=),"-.'/=)5("-'3+5(",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(",2;(+33)'&"/)',")99+5(+&("1+,"3+,,2;35+,"923+,('N3+,"+&",;39)5+"+("&2()//+&("1+,")3D3+,":;'",+3*+&("L"3+&9235+3"1+,"(;&&+1,R"L"9)'3+"-+,"D2c(+,"5J'&2',+,"=2;3"1)*+3"1+"/'&+3)'"+("L"9)D3':;+3"-+,"='N4+,"=2;3")((3)=+3"-+,"32&4+;3,$ 63)(':;+/+&("5+":;'"

"

VY"

5),,'(03'(+"�"A"YYY_<R",2'("+&*'32&"AR#I"\HG@$"O)"42;*+3&)&5+"-;",'(+",.+,("+992&-30+"L"5);,+"-;"/)&:;+"-+"=2=;1)('2&"/'&'N3+$"""O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M":;'",2&("3+,(0,"-)&,"1+",'(+"2&("+M=1':;0":;.'1,"&.)*)'+&("=),"-.);(3+,"2=('2&,"=2;3"4)4&+3"1+;3"*'+$"8'&,'"'1,"52&('&;+&("1+;3"32;('&+"+&"+,=03)&(":;.'1,"*+332&("-+,"5J)&4+/+&(,"-)&,"1+"=3'M"+("1)"-+/)&-+"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"L"1.)*+&'3$""G.;&"=2'&("-+"*;+"-0/243)=J':;+R"&2;,"&.)*2&,"=),"*;"-+"=+3,2&&+,"-+"/2'&,"-+"!V")&,$"O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M",2&("(C=':;+/+&("W40,"-+"#Y"L"IY")&,$"O+,"9+//+,"&.2&("=),"1+"-32'("-.)11+3",;3"1+",'(+$"O+,")5J+(+;3,"-;",'(+"*'+&&+&("-+"`2/D+"2n"'1,")5JN(+&("04)1+/+&("+("*+&-+&("

+,("*','D1+",;3"1+",'(+"5.+,("1+"52//+35+"-+,"*)5J+,"+&"=32*+&)&5+"-+"B;i)*;"+("-2&5"52&,2//)('2&"-+"1)"*')&-+"D2*'&+$"O+,"+M=12'()&(,"+;M"/k/+")*)'+&("30(23:;0":;+"1+",+;1"5J),,+;3":;'"*+&)'("-+"(;+3";&"5J'/=)&o0")"=),,0"1+,"-+;M"-+3&'N3+,")&&0+,"L"(+&(+3"-+"(32;*+3";&"4'D'+3$"

"

V!"

-+,"/)35J)&-',+,"+("-+,"=32-;'(,")1'/+&()'3+,$""

Kwatende

O+"5)/="-+"df)(+&-+",+"(32;*+",;3"1.;&+"-+,"D+34+,"-+"1)"7'*'N3+"\1'&-'"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"Of'&-'$"H)"=2=;1)('2&"52/=(+"#I"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+"-'*+3,+,"23'4'&+,"?,2'("-+,"(3'D;,"B),J'R"7+4)R"B)&C'&-;"+("B)9;1'3;R"1+,"'//'43)&(,"B),J'"0()&("=30-2/'&)&(,$"O+,")5('*'(0,"/'&'N3+,",2&("=3)(':;0+,"-)&,"1)"7'*'N3+"\1'&-'$"

#I" g32',"=;'(,")11;*');M"

K3" O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"&.2&("=),"30*010"1+;3"=32-;5('2&"/)',R",+12&"1+,"3;/+;3,R"1+,"0:;'=+,"2&("=)392',"1)"5J)&5+"-+"3+=32-;'3+"!Y"4"-.23"=)3",+/)'&+$""

7+4)"" O.'/=)5(",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("-+"1.+M=12'()('2&");3'9N3+"-)&,"1)"7'*'N3+"-.\1'&-'",+"(3)-;'("=)3"1+"9)'(":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M")D)&-2&&+&("-+,"/'&+,"L"5'+1"2;*+3(",;3"1+,"D+34+,"-+"1)"3'*'N3+"+(":;.+11+,"3+=30,+&(+&(";&"-)&4+3"=+3/)&+&(");,,'"D'+&"=2;3"1+,"J2//+,":;+"=2;3"1+,")&'/);M$"O+"52;3)&("+,("D12:;0"2;"-0*'0R"5+":;'")";&"'/=)5("9)'D1+",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(")*+5"1.;('1',)('2&"-+"3+,,2;35+,"923+,('N3+,$"

Kwawenga O+"5)/="-+"df)f+&4)"52/=3+&-"+&*'32&"#F"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M":;'",2&("=3'&5'=)1+/+&("-+"1)"(3'D;"-+,"7+4)"+(":;'",+",2&("'&,()110,"+&"9)5+"-;"5)/="-+"df)(+&-+"-+"1.);(3+"5v(0"-+"1)"3'*'N3+"2n"

#F" H'M"=;'(,"-.+M=12'()('2&")11;*')1+"

K3"" O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"&.2&("=),"30*010"1+;3"=32-;5('2&"/)',R",+12&"1+,"3;/+;3,R"1+,"0:;'=+,")*)'+&("-+"1)"5J)&5+",'"+11+,"=32-;',)'+&("!Y"4"-.23$"

B),J'" "O.'/=)5(",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("-+"1.+M=12'()('2&");3'9N3+"-)&,"1)"7'*'N3+"-.\1'&-'",+"(3)-;'("=)3"1+"9)'(":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M")D)&-2&&+&("-+,"/'&+,"L"5'+1"2;*+3("

"

V#"

'1,"+M=12'(+&("1.23"04)1+/+&($"O+,"-+;M"52//;&);(0,"*'*+&("+&"J)3/2&'+"+("+M=12'(+&("-)&,"1+"/k/+"=03'/N(3+"-+"1)"7'*'N3+$"!!"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+&*'32&"30,'-+&("-)&,"1+"5)/="-+"df)f+&4)R"/k/+"123,:;+"1)"3'*'N3+"52;1+"L"=1+'&"912($"62;3",;3*'*3+R"5+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"5;1('*+&("-+,"104;/+,"+("+M=12'(+&("1+",)D1+")11;*')1"-)&,"1)"923k($"

,;3"1+,"D+34+,"-+"1)"3'*'N3+"+(":;.+11+,"3+=30,+&(+&(";&"-)&4+3"-.)55'-+&(,$"O+"52;3)&("+,("D12:;0"2;"-0*'0R"5+":;'")";&"'/=)5("9)'D1+",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(")*+5"1.;('1',)('2&"-+"3+,,2;35+,"923+,('N3+,"=2;3"52&,(3;'3+"-+,"D)33)4+,"+("-0*'+3"1.+);$"

Miza [2;,"&.)*2&,"=),"=;"*','(+3"5+",'(+"L"5);,+"-+"=32D1N/+,"-+",05;3'(0$"g2;(+92',R")=3N,":;+1:;+,"+&(3+('+&,"-)&,"1+"*'11)4+"*2','&"-+"d)1;&-;R"1+"<J+9"-;"*'11)4+"&2;,")"'&923/0,":;+R",+12&"1+,"3;/+;3,R"1)"o2&+"/'&'N3+"-+"S'o)"+,("255;=0+"=)3"1+,"_GO7$"""<+,"'&923/)('2&,"&2;,"2&("0(0"52&9'3/0+,"=)3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,"

&j)" &j)" &j)" &j)" &j)" &j)"

"

VA"

)3(',)&);M"-;",'(+"-+"`2/D+$"6+3,2&&+"&.)",'4&)10"-+"D3;()1'(0"2;"-+"*'21+&5+")3/0+$"G+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"2&("3)==23(0":;+"1+,"_GO7",2&(")==)3+//+&("1L"=2;3"9)'3+"-;"52//+35+R":;.'1,"=)3('5'=+&("L"1)"=32-;5('2&")432^)1'/+&()'3+"+("L"1.01+*)4+"+(":;.'1,")==32*','2&&+&("1+,"/)35J0,"125);M"Z;,:;.L"S'i'$"

"

VF"

<+"()D1+);"2993+"=1;,'+;3,"=2'&(,"'/=23()&(,$"O.J',(2'3+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-+"(2;,"1+,",'(+,"0(;-'0,"3+/2&(+"L"=1;,"-.;&",'N51+$"O.05J+11+"+("1.0(+&-;+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&,"1+,",+5(+;3,"-.%(2/Df+"+("-+"B),'1+",2&("-+"12'&"/2'&,"'/=23()&(+,":;+"5+":;.+11+,"2&("0(0"-)&,"1+"=),,0$"O+"&2/D3+"-+,"=2=;1)('2&,"/'&'N3+,")"D)',,0",;'(+"L"1.'&,05;3'(0" +(R" &2()//+&(" -)&," 1+" 5)," -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -+" 5),,'(03'(+R" ,;'(+" );" /)&:;+" -+"/)35J0," ,()&&'9N3+,$" G)&," 1+," ,+5(+;3," -.%(2/Df+" +(" -+" B),'1+R" 1.+M=12'()('2&" ,+" 1'/'(+" );M" )&5'+&," ,'(+,"-.+M=12'()('2&" '&-;,(3'+11+" )D)&-2&&0,$!VI" 8'&,'" 1.0(+&-;+" -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" 3+,(+" =+('(+"]" 1+," +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"&+",.)*+&(;3+&("=),"-)&," 1+," 923k(,"=2;3"5J+35J+3"-.);(3+,",'(+,"=1;,"3+&()D1+,$"<+":;'"*+;("-'3+":;+"1.'/=)5(" ,;3" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" ,+" 1'/'(+"04)1+/+&("L" 5+," ,'(+,$"[0)&/2'&,R"&2/D3+"-+," '&(+3*'+f0,"2&(")&&2&50":;+" 1)" ,+;1+" 3)',2&"=2;3" 1):;+11+" '1," &.+M=123)'+&("=)," 1)" 923k(" 0()'(" =)35+" :;.'1,"&.)*)'+&(" =)," 1+," 9'&)&5+/+&(,"&05+,,)'3+,$"8'&,'R",.'1,")33'*)'+&("L"(32;*+3"1+,"/2C+&,R"=)3"1.'&(+3/0-')'3+"-.'&*+,(',,+;3,"=)3"+M+/=1+R"'1"9);-3)'(")123," ,.)((+&-3+" L" 5+" :;+" 1.'/=)5(" ,;3" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" );4/+&(+R" C" 52/=3',R" /)'," ,)&," k(3+" 1'/'(0R" L" ;&+");4/+&()('2&"-+"1)"=211;('2&",2&23+"-)&,"5+":;'",.)*N3+"k(3+";&"J)D'()("-+"43)&-,",'&4+,R"-+"1)"=211;('2&"-+"1.+);"+("-+"1.)D)(()4+"-.)3D3+,$"O+,"+&:;k(+;3,"&.2&("=),"2D,+3*0"-+"*')&-+"-+"D32;,,+");(3+":;+"5+11+"-+,"32&4+;3,$"%1")"0(0" -'(" :;.;&" ,+;1" 5J'/=)&o0" )" 0(0" (;0" =)3" )3/+" L" 9+;" L" `2/D+" =)3" ;&" +M=12'()&(" /'&'+3" )3(',)&)1" L" 1)" 92',"5J),,+;3$" y" 5+" ,()-+R" '1" +M',(+" -+," ,'(+," =32-;5('9," :;'" &+" ,2&(" =)," +M=12'(0," );"/)M'/;/$"8;" ,'(+" -.8=)&4)" L"%(2/Df+R"=)3"+M+/=1+R"D'+&":;+"1)"=32-;5('2&",()&&'9N3+",2'("01+*0+R"1+"&2/D3+"-+"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M")"-'/'&;0"-+"=3+,:;+"!YY"=2;35+&(R"5+":;'"+,("-q");"9)'(":;+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"3)==23(+"=+;"-+"3+*+&;,"?-.J)D'(;-+"1+",'(+" J0D+34+" !" YYY" +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," )3(',)&);M"r" );Z2;3-.J;'" '1" &.C" +&" )" :;+" #@$" 8;" ,'(+" -+" `2/D+" L" B),'1+"04)1+/+&(R"2n"40&03)1+/+&("2&"=2;*)'("(32;*+3"Z;,:;.L"#"YYY"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"'1"&.C"+&")"=1;,":;+"VYY");Z2;3-.J;'R"1+"5J'993+"1+"=1;,"01+*0"-+"=2=;1)('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&,"&2,"-+;M"o2&+,"-+"3+5J+35J+$"G)&,"1+"5),"2n"1)"=2,,'D'1'(0"-+"52//+35')1',)('2&"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"5J)&4+3)'("=2;3" 1+"/'+;MR" '1"+,("(3N,"=32D)D1+":;.'1"C")'(";&+"3;0+" -m+M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -)&," 5+" ,'(+R" 5+" :;'" );3)'(" -+," 52&,0:;+&5+," '/=23()&(+," =2;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("-+"1)"o2&+$""\&");(3+",'(+":;'"/03'(+"04)1+/+&("-.k(3+"2D,+3*0"+,("5+1;'"-+"g;1)/D2"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df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n" ;&" 9'12&" -.23" ,+3)'("-052;*+3(R" =2;33)'(" )*2'3" ;&" '/=)5(" '/=23()&(" ,;3" 1+," *2'+," -.+);R" 1)" 9);&+" +(" 1+," =2=;1)('2&," *'*)&(" -)&," 1+,"+&*'32&,"-;",'(+$ "O+",'(+"-+"H)f+"-+*3)'(")(('3+3"1.)((+&('2&"-+,"1+5(+;3,"=2;3");()&(":;+",+,"4',+/+&(,",2'+&("3'5J+,"+&"23",;'*)&("1+," 3;/+;3," -+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M$" >&" 52&,0:;+&5+" 1+" ,'(+" *)" 52&&)c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k("-+"D)/D2;,",'(;0+"L"1.+,("-;",'(+"/'&'+3"-+"H)f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k(3+" *;" 52//+";&" 2;('1" -+" (3)*)'1R" (2;(" +&" =3+&)&(" +&" 52/=(+" 1+" 9)'(" :;+" 1+," -C&)/':;+," -.05J+11+," +("-.0(+&-;+," -+," +M=12'()('2&," /'&'N3+," =+;*+&(" 5J)&4+3" L" 1.)*+&'3R" ,;'(+" );M" 5J)&4+/+&(," -)&," 1+," /)35J0,",()&&'9N3+,"+("-)&,"1+,"&'*+);M"-+",05;3'(0"-+"1)"o2&+$"G+"/k/+R"-)&,"1+"5),"2n"1)"-01'/'()('2&"-+"1)"30,+3*+",+3)'("9'&)1',0+R"'1"C");3)"-+,"=32D1N/+,"-+"-0=1)5+/+&(,"-+"=2=;1)('2&,"/'&'N3+,"L"30,2;-3+$"""" "

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""165 Toutefois, il faut noter que Sawe est un site plus récent (il n’existe que depuis 2003). Les exploitants miniers artisanaux y ont exploité le minerai dans le passé mais ont dû fuir pour des raisons de sécurité. Il s’agit également d’un ancien site de MGL

"

VI"

6 L’EMA ET L’IMPACT DES POPULATIONS SUR L’INTÉGRITÉ ÉCOLOGIQUE DE LA RÉSERVE

"O.'/=)5("-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("-+"1)"70,+3*+R"-)&,"1)"o2&+":;+"&2;,")*2&,"0(;-'0+R"0()'("+&")==)3+&5+"/'&'/+R"=3'&5'=)1+/+&("43W5+");"9)'(":;+"1+,"=2=;1)('2&,"/'&'N3+,",2&("=+;"&2/D3+;,+,$"G+"=1;,R"1.+M=12'()('2&",2;(+33)'&+R"(+11+":;.+11+"+,("=3)(':;0+"=)3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"+/=k5J+":;+"1)"923k("+(" 1+," ,21," ,2'+&(" 923(+/+&(" +&-2//)40,R"/k/+"-;3)&(" 1+," J);(+," ,)',2&,$" <+1)" -'(R" 1+," &'*+);M" -+" D3;'(" +(" 1)"=30-)('2&",;3"1)"9);&+"+("1)"9123+");(2;3"-+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,"+("-+,"*'11)4+,"=2;3",;D*+&'3");M"D+,2'&,"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"'/=1':;+":;.'1"+M',(+"+&523+"-+,"+/=k5J+/+&(,"L"1.'&(043'(0"L"12&4"(+3/+"-+"1)"70,+3*+R":;)&(");" -0=1)5+/+&(" -C&)/':;+" -+," =2=;1)('2&,$" %1" 9);(" &2(+3R" /)1J+;3+;,+/+&(R" :;+" /k/+" ,'" 1+," )5('*'(0," -+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"0()'+&("/'&'/',0+,"=+&-)&(" 1)"=03'2-+"-+"5+((+" 3+5J+35J+R" '1"+,("=2,,'D1+":;+" 1+,"52&,0:;+&5+," +&*'32&&+/+&()1+," -+" 1)" 12&4;+^-;30+" ,2'+&(" =1;," '/=23()&(+," :;+" 5+11+," :;+" &2(3+" 0:;'=+" )"2D,+3*0+,$"G+"=1;,R"5+,"52&,0:;+&5+,"=2;33)'+&(",.)443)*+3"L"1.)*+&'3$"""O+,"=3'&5'=);M"'/=)5(,",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(":;'"2&("0(0"2D,+3*0,"'&51;+&("]"""

! O+,"'/=)5(,",;3"1+,"3'*'N3+,"+("1+,"52;3,"-.+);",2&("*','D1+,"/)',"1'/'(0,");M"/k/+,"3'*'N3+,":;+"5+11+,":;+"1+,"B+14+,")*)'+&("+M=12'(0+,"-)&,"1+"=),,0"r");5;&+"+M=12'()('2&"&.)"0(0"0(+&-;+"Z;,:;.L"-.);(3+,"3'*'N3+,"L"5+"Z2;3$"

! y" 1)"7'*'N3+" O;D'D'" 2;" ,+" (32;*+" 1+" ,'(+"/'&'+3" -+" H)f+R" 1+," +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -0*'+&(" 1+"52;3,"-+"1.+);":;'R"+&",+"93)C)&(";&"=),,)4+R"-043)-+"1+",21"+("1)"*040()('2&$"

! O)" =211;('2&" -+" 1.)'3" =)3" 1+," =2;,,'N3+," +,(" 9)'D1+R" 5+" :;'" 3+91N(+" 1)" 9)'D1+" 05J+11+" -.+M(3)5('2&" +(" -+"52&5),,)4+"-+"1)"325J+$""

! G+," (3)5+," -+" -043)-)('2&" -;" ,21" 123,:;+" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" +M=12'(+&(" L" 5'+1" 2;*+3(R"52//+"-)&,"1+,"/)305)4+,"-+"S'i'"+("L"g;1)/D2$"y"1.05J+11+")5(;+11+R"5+=+&-)&(R"1.'/=)5("+,("C"3+,(3+'&($"

! s;"1.0(+&-;+"+("1.05J+11+"-+,")5('*'(0,"-.+M=12'()('2&");3'9N3+")11;*')1+R"1.'/=)5("-+"1.>S8",;3"1)"923k("+,("/2-030$" O.05J+11+" -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" ,()&&'9N3+" '&51;(" 1.+M=12'()('2&" -+" 3+Z+(," /'&'+3," 2n" &2;," )*2&,"2D,+3*0" ;&+" 5+3()'&+" -043)-)('2&" -;" ,21" +(" -+" 1)" 9123+$" G)&," 5+" 5),^5'R" 1.'/=)5(" =2;33)'(" -+*+&'3"'/=23()&(",'"1.+M=12'()('2&"-+*)'(",.'&(+&,'9'+3$"

! O.;('1',)('2&" -;" /+35;3+" +,(" (3N," 1'/'(0+R" 5+" :;'" +,(" -q" );" 9)'(" :;+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" );3'9N3+" +,("=3'&5'=)1+/+&(" )11;*')1+R" 1):;+11+" &+" &05+,,'(+" =)," 1.;('1',)('2&" -+" /+35;3+$" g3N," =+;" -+" +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M",+",+3*+&("-;"/+35;3+"=2;3"+M(3)'3+"1.23$"

"

VV"

_'4;3+"V]"8/)14)/+"-+"1.23");",'(+"-+"g;1)/D2"">&"30,;/0R"1+,"'/=)5(,",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("'&51;+&("]""

! O)" -0923+,()('2&" ]" 1.>S8" ;('1',+" -+," (32&5," -.)3D3+," =2;3" 3+&9235+3" 1+," =;'(," -+" /'&+,R" 1+" D2'," =2;3"5;','&+R" +(" 5+3()'&+," +,=N5+," -.)3D3+," ,2&(" 052350+,R" 1+;3," 05235+," ,+3*)&(" L" 1)" 9)D3'5)('2&" -+" D2c(+,"5J'&2',+,"=2;3"1)*+3"+("305;=03+3"1+"/'&+3)'$"H)&,"1+;3"05235+R",+,")3D3+,"9'&',,+&("=)3",.),,05J+3"r"

! 6)392',"-+,"'&-'*'-;,")D)&-2&&+&("1.)43'5;1(;3+"=2;3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+R"5+":;'"/+("1)"(+33+"+&"93'5J+R"/k/+",'"5+"&.+,(":;+"(+/=23)'3+/+&("r!VV"

! O+"-0(2;3&+/+&("-+,"3'*'N3+,"=2;3"1)*+3"1+"/'&+3)'"+("1)"=211;('2&"-+"1.+);"=2()D1+R"&2()//+&("-)&,"1)"*)110+"-+"g;1)/D2",;3"1+,"Hauts-Plateaux ;167"

! O+"D3)52&&)4+"-.)&'/);M"=2;3"52&,2//+3"1)"*')&-+"-+"D32;,,+":;'"+,(";&+"/)&'N3+")D23-)D1+"=2;3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -.2D(+&'3" -+," =32(0'&+,$"[2;," &.)*2&," =)," (32;*0" -+" 432,,+," (3)5+," -+"D3)52&&)4+"-)&,"1+,"=)3('+,"+,("+("2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+";"

! O+,"5)/=+/+&(,"-+"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"2D,(3;+&("1+,"J)D'()(,"+("1+,"=)352;3,"-+"=W(;3)4+"-+,")&'/);M"r"+("

! O+,")&'/);M"?+("1+,"k(3+,"J;/)'&,@"3',:;+&("-+",+"(32;*+3"-)&,"1+,"1'4&+,"-+"('3"-+,"5J),,+;3,")3/0,$"""O+,"'/=)5(,",25'2052&2/':;+,"'&51;+&("]"""

! O+" 9)'(" :;+" 1+," /'&+3)'," -+*'+&&+&(" 1)" D),+" -+" 1)" 532',,)&5+" +(" -;" -0*+12==+/+&(" 052&2/':;+," -+,"52//+35+,",+52&-)'3+,"r"

! O+,"52&-'('2&,"JC4'0&':;+,"=305)'3+,":;.2&"=+;("(32;*+3"-)&,"1+,"5)/=,"r"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""166 Muhigwa op cit., 2008 167 Muhigwa op cit., 2008

"

VT"

! O+"9)'(":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M",2'+&(",2;*+&("L"1)"/+35'"-+,"=3'M"9'M0,"=)3"1+,")5J+(+;3,"+(");(3+,"'&(+3/0-')'3+,"r"

! O+"9)'(":;+"1+,"9+//+,"+("1+,"+&9)&(,"3',:;+&("1+"*'21"+(");(3+,")D;,"-+"1+;3,"-32'(,"r"! O.);4/+&()('2&"-+"1)"=32,('(;('2&"r"! O.)D,23=('2&"-+,"5Jv/+;3,"r"! O)" D)',,+" -;" ();M" -+" 53'/'&)1'(0" -)&," 1+," o2&+," 3;3)1+," +(" ;3D)'&+," r" 1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+" )(('3+" -+"&2/D3+;M"432;=+,":;'")D)&-2&&+&("1+;3,")5('*'(0,"(3)-'('2&&+11+,"r"+(""

! O+" 9)'(" :;+" 1+," +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" -0=+&,+&(" ,2;*+&(" 1+;3" )34+&(" +&" )15221R" +&" )3('51+," -+"*)1+;3"(+1,":;+"-+,"D'Z2;MR")'&,'":;.+&",+3*'5+,"-+"=32,('(;('2&"r"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"&.2&("=),"1.J)D'(;-+"-.052&2/',+3$""

! O+"9)'(":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"&.2&("=),";&"&'*+);"-.0-;5)('2&"01+*0",;'(+");"();M"01+*0"-+"-0=+3-'('2&" ,521)'3+" );" =329'(" -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+" r" 1+" 9)'D1+" &'*+);" -.0-;5)('2&" -+" 1)"/)Z23'(0"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"&+"9)5'1'(+"=),"1+"-',5+3&+/+&("-+"1)"/+&)5+"30+11+"-;"s%u^H%G8"+(");(3+,"/)1)-'+,"(3)&,/',,'D1+,"-)&,"1+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,$"

! O.+M=12'()('2&" )11;*')1+" +(" ,2;(+33)'&+" -+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+" +(" -+" 1.23" -)&," 1.0()(" )5(;+1" -+," 5J2,+," &+"3+=30,+&(+"=),";&"432,"-)&4+3"=2;3"1.'&(043'(0"052124':;+"-+"1)"70,+3*+R",'"1.05J+11+"+("1.0(+&-;+"-+"1.>S8"&+"5J)&4+&("=),$"[0)&/2'&,R"1+"&2/D3+"-+,"=2=;1)('2&,"-m+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"1+,"o2&+,"-.'/=23()&5+" 052124':;+" -+*3)'(" 9)'3+" 1.2DZ+(" -.;&" 52&(3v1+" =3;-+&(" =)3" 3)==23(" );" =2(+&('+1"-.);4/+&()('2&"-+"1)"-+/)&-+"+&"/'&+3)',$"

! O.+M=12'()('2&"-+"1)"325J+"-;3+"3',:;+3)'("-.);4/+&(+3"L"S)i+&-)R"g;1)/D2"+("S'i'R")(('3)&(")'&,'";&+"=1;,"432,,+"=2=;1)('2&"-m+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"-q"L"1.);4/+&()('2&"-+"1)"/)'&"-.};*3+"3+:;',+"=2;3"5+"4+&3+"-.+M=12'()('2&$">11+"=2;33)'("/k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

"

6.1 Autres sources de revenu en RNI

T#$#$ <J),,+!!G+"/)&'N3+"40&03)1+R"1)"5J),,+"9)',)'("=)3('+"-+"1)"5;1(;3+"-+,"=2=;1)('2&,"-+,"o2&+,"-+"1)"70,+3*+":;+"&2;,")*2&,"*','(0+,$" O+" 4'D'+3" ,+" 9)'(" /)'&(+&)&(" 3)3+R" /)'," 1+," );(23'(0," 52;(;/'N3+," 2&(" ,+&,'D'1',0" 1+," 52//;&);(0," L")33k(+3" 1)" 5J),,+" -+," 43)&-," /)//'9N3+," +(" =3'/)(+,$" \&" 5J'/=)&o0" )" 0(0" (;0" +(" /)&40" =)3" ;&" /'&+;3"305+//+&("&2&"12'&"-+"`2/D+$"<+"/'&+;3"5J),,+");"9;,'1"/)',"(32;*+"3)3+/+&("-;"4'D'+3$"6)3")'11+;3,R"1+,"B),J'"&+"5J),,+&("=),"1+,")&'/);M",);*)4+,$!VU"""O)"5J),,+"9)'("=)3('+"-+"1)"5;1(;3+"-+,"(3'D;,"7+4)"+("B+/D+$"O+,"5J+9,"-+"5+,"(3'D;,")C)&("'&(+3-'("1)"5J),,+"-+,"43)&-,")&'/);MR",+;1,"1+,"=+('(,"32&4+;3,"=+;*+&("k(3+"5J),,0,$"G)&,"5+3()'&+,"=)3('+,"-+"1)"304'2&R"1.'&(+3-'5('2&"-+"5J),,+3"9)'(",;'(+");M"5)/=)4&+,"-+",+&,'D'1',)('2&"-;"bb_"+("d’Africapacity$"<+3()'&,"-+,"'&(+3*'+f0,"&2;,"2&("+M=1':;0":;+",;'(+"L"1.'&(+3-'5('2&"-+"5J),,+3R"'1,"-2'*+&("-0,23/)',"-0=+&-3+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"=2;3",;3*'*3+$""

T#$#" O+!D3)52&&)4+!-+!1.'*2'3+!!%1"&.C")"=),"+;"-+"3)==23(,"-.'&5'-+&(,"-+"D3)52&&)4+"-+" 1.'*2'3+"-)&," 1+,"-+;M"304'2&,":;+"&2;,")*2&,"0(;-'0,$"<+5'"+,("=32D)D1+/+&(")((3'D;)D1+");"9)'(":;+"1)"=1;=)3("-+,"010=J)&(,"-+"1)"304'2&"*','(0+"2&("-0ZL"0(0"(;0,$""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""168 Entretiens avec des exploitants miniers artisanaux du secteur d’Itombwe, juillet 2012

"

VU"

T#$#A 632-;5('2&!-+!5J)3D2&!-+!D2',!![2;,"&.)*2&,"=),"2D,+3*0"-.)5('*'(0"3+1)('*+"L"1)"9)D3'5)('2&"-+"5J)3D2&"-+"D2',R"=32D)D1+/+&("-q");"9)'(":;+"1+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,",2&("12'&"-+,"/)35J0,R":;+"1+;3"(3)&,=23(",+3)'("-'99'5'1+"5)3"1+"5J)3D2&"-+"D2',"=N,+"12;3-"+(":;+"1+,"-',()&5+,"+&(3+"1+,",'(+,"+("1+,"/)35J0,",2&("(32="43)&-+,$!VX""

T#$#F Z('1',)('2&!-+,!3+,,2;35+,!923+,('N3+,!!O.;('1',)('2&"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"923+,('N3+,"3+,(+"'&:;'0()&(+"-)&,"1)"=)3('+"2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+$"O.05235+"-+,")3D3+,"+,(";('1',0+" =2;3" 9)'3+" -+," D2c(+," 5J'&2',+," )'&,'" :;+" -+," ='N4+," =2;3" )((3)=+3" -+," )&'/);M$" O+," )3D3+," ,2&(" 1)"3+,,2;35+" 923+,('N3+" 1)" =1;," ;('1',0+" -)&," 1+," )5('*'(0," /'&'N3+," +(" 1)" 52&,(3;5('2&" -+" J;((+,$" O.05235+" -+"1.u)3;&4)&)"?Harungana montana@",+3("-+"/)(+1),"r"1)"92;4N3+"?Cyathea manniana)",+3("L"52&,(3;'3+"1+,"/;3,"-+"J;((+,")'&,'":;+"-+,"D2c(+,"5J'&2',+,$"O+,")3D3+,"Polycia fulva +( Musanga cecropioides",+3*+&("04)1+/+&("L"9)'3+" -+," D2c(+," 5J'&2',+," =2;3" 1+" 1)*)4+" -+" 1)" 5),,'(03'(+$" B+);52;=" -.);(3+," +,=N5+," -.)3D3+," ,2&(" 04)1+/+&(";('1',0+,"-)&,"1)"52&,(3;5('2&R"1+"3+&9235+/+&("-+,"4)1+3'+,"+("-)&,"1+"-0(2;3&+/+&("-+,"3'*'N3+,$"

_'4;3+"T]"83D3+"052350"-+"Harungana montana"-)&,"1)"304'2&"-+"`2/D+""

T#$#I 843'5;1(;3+!+(!;('1',)('2&,!923+,('N3+,!![2;,"3+52//)&-2&,"-+"/+((3+"+&"};*3+"2;R"123,:;+"-+,"=21'(':;+,"+M',(+&("-0ZLR"-+"9)'3+"3+,=+5(+3"1+,"=21'(':;+,"=2;3"1'/'(+3"1)"5;1(;3+",;3"D3q1',$"G)&,"1.+,(");,,'"D'+&":;+"-)&,"1.2;+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+R"1+,"/0(J2-+,")43'521+,",2&("D),0+," ,;3" 1+" -093'5J+/+&(" -.;&+" )'3+" -+" 923k(" );,,'" 43)&-+" :;+" =2,,'D1+R" 5+" :;'" *+;(" -'3+" :;+" 1+," )43'5;1(+;3,"52;=+&("1)"*040()('2&"+(")D)((+&("-+,")3D3+,"-+"=+('(+"+("/2C+&&+"()'11+,$"8=3N,"1+"-093'5J+/+&(R";&"9+;"+,(")11;/0"=2;3" &+((2C+3" 1)" ,;39)5+R" =;'," 1+," 9+//+," =+;*+&(" =1)&(+3" 1+"/)a,R" 1+," J)3'52(," +(R" -)&," 5+3()'&," +&-32'(,R" -;"/)&'25$"O+,")43'5;1(+;3,"92&("1)"30521(+";&+"2;"-+;M"92',"=;',")D)&-2&&+&("5+"5J)/="=2;3";&+");(3+"=)3('+"-+"1)"923k(R"=+&,)&(":;+"1+,",+5('2&,"*'+34+,"-+"1)"923k(",+32&("=1;,"9+3('1+,$"6)392',"1+,")43'5;1(+;3,"3+(2;3&+&("-)&,";&"-+" 1+;3," )&5'+&," 5J)/=," -+" 923k(R" (32'," )&," =1;," ()3-R" +(" 3+52//+&5+&(" 1)" 5;1(;3+" ,;3" D3q1',$" 6)3(2;(" -)&," 1)"70,+3*+"2&"(32;*+"-+,"43)&-,"+,=)5+,"-+"923k("=3'/)'3+":;'"2&("0(0"D3q10,R"1)',,)&("1+,"43)&-,")3D3+,$"""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""169 Entretiens avec des chefs du secteur d’Itombwe et de la chefferie de Basile, juillet 2012

"

VX"

%1" +,(" =2,,'D1+" :;+" 1.)43'5;1(;3+" -)&," 1+," o2&+," 0(;-'0+," -+" 1)" 70,+3*+" )'(" ;&" '/=)5(" +&523+" =1;," &;','D1+" ,;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(":;+" 1.>S8R"=)35+":;+"5J):;+")&&0+"+11+"-093'5J+"-+,",+5('2&,"+&523+"=1;,"43)&-+,"-+" 1)" 923k($"G093'5J+3"+("D3q1+3"1)"*040()('2&"-+"1)"923k("=2;3"5;1('*+3"+,(";&+"=3)(':;+"&;','D1+",2;,"(2;(+,",+,"923/+,$"g2;("-0*+12==+/+&(" 052&2/':;+":;'" );4/+&(+" 1)"-+/)&-+"+&"=32-;'(," )43'521+,"-+*3)'(" k(3+" 4030" )*+5"=305);('2&$"[0)&/2'&,R"=1;,"'/=23()&("+&523+R"'1"9);(",.),,;3+3":;+"1+,"52//;&);(0,",2'+&("923/0+,"+&";('1',)('2&"-+,",21,"+(":;.+11+,"/+((+&("'&-',=+&,)D1+/+&("+&"};*3+"-+,"/+'11+;3+,"=3)(':;+,")43'521+,$""\&+"5)/=)4&+"-+",+&,'D'1',)('2&"=2;33)'("k(3+"234)&',0+"=)3";&+"234)&',)('2&"-+"1)",25'0(0"5'*'1+"?+&")11')&5+")*+5"1+"bb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ecommandations sur la chasse et l’élevage [2;,"3+52//)&-2&,"1.)==1'5)('2&"2;"1.)/01'23)('2&"-+,"=21'(':;+,"3+1)('*+,"L"1)"5J),,+"+("L"1.;('1',)('2&"-+"9;,'1,");(2/)(':;+,"(+1,":;+"1+"d)1)5J&'i2*"?8dFT@$"<+,")3/+,"/+((+&("1+,")&'/);M"-+"1)"923k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

6.2 L’Exploitation minière industrielle en RNI O)",25'0(0"5)&)-'+&&+"-.+M=123)('2&");3'9N3+"B)&32"<23=23)('2&")"04)1+/+&("-+,"52&5+,,'2&,":;'"+&93+'4&+&(" 1)"-0/)35)('2&"=32=2,0+"-+"1)"70,+3*+$"G)&,"5+,"52&5+,,'2&,R"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M",2&("(C=':;+/+&("92350,"-+" ,.0()D1'3" )'11+;3,$" %1" C" )"-+," 5J)&5+,":;+" 5+"=325+,,;,"-+" 3+125)1',)('2&"/+((+" 1)"=3+,,'2&" ,;3" 1+," ,'(+,",'(;0,"+&"-+J23,"-+"1)"o2&+"-+"-0*+12==+/+&("-+"B)&32R")99+5()&("+&523+"=1;,"1.+&*'32&&+/+&($">&"/k/+"(+/=,R",'" 1)" ,25'0(0" B)&32" <23=23)('2&" 52&('&;+" Z;,:;.L" 1)" =J),+" -.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+R" 1)" o2&+" ,+3)" +&523+" =1;,")((3)C)&(+"=2;3"1+,"5J+35J+;3,"-.+/=12'R"/+(()&("+&523+"=1;,"1)"=3+,,'2&",;3"1)"70,+3*+"+("1+,"3+,,2;35+,"+M(3)'(+,$""O)"=30,+&5+"-+" 1)" ,25'0(0"B)&32"-)&," 1)" o2&+"&.)"=)," 1.)'3"-.)*2'3" 0(0" ,'" 0*'-+&(+R" -.)=3N," 1+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"'&(+3*'+f0+,$" G)&," 1)" 5J+99+3'+" -+" B),'1+R" =1;,'+;3," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" 2&(" =)310" -.)*2'3" *;" 1+,"J01'52=(N3+," -+" B)&32" )11+3" Z;,:;.L" 1)" 3'*'N3+$" S)'," 5+1)" &.+,(" )33'*0" :;.;&+" 92',$" G.);(3+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3,")3(',)&);M" -+" g;1)/D2" -',+&(" :;.'1" C" )" ;&" ,'(+" -.>S8" )==+10" Of+/D)" :;'" +,(" ,'(;0" Z;,(+" +&" -+J23," -+" 1)"52&5+,,'2&"-+"1)",25'0(0"B)&32$"H;'(+");"=+;"-.'&(+3)5('2&":;'"+M',(+"+&(3+"1.>S8"+("1.+M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+R"'1"&+",+/D1+"=),":;.'1"C")'(";&"3',:;+"-+"52&*+34+&5+"+&(3+"1.>S8"+(" 1.>S%$"<+5'"-'(R"5+",;Z+("=2;33)'("(2;("L"9)'("9)'3+"1.2DZ+(" -.;&" -0D)(" =),,'2&&0" L" 1.)*+&'3$" s2'3" 1)" 5)3(+" 5'^-+,,2;," =2;3" ;&+" '11;,(3)('2&" -;" 5J+*);5J+/+&(" -+" 1)"52&5+,,'2&"-+"B)&32",;3"1)"7[%$""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""170 Voir l’Annexe C pour plus de renseignements sur les autres projets du WWF relatifs aux autres sources de revenu visant les communautés de la région d’Itombwe

"

TY"

"_'4;3+"U]"%&(03k(,"/'&'+3,"'&-;,(3'+1,"L"%(2/Df+$"B),0",;3"1+,"-2&&0+,"-;"<8S%"?#Y!Y@""

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

! S+&+3";&+" 3+5J+35J+",;3" 1+" (+33)'&"=2;3" ,)*2'3" ,'" 1+"-0=1)5+/+&("-.;&"+M=12'()&("/'&'+3")3(',)&)1"=)3"1.>S%"52&(3'D;+");" 9)'(":;+" 1+, +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M" ,.0()D1',,+&("-)&," 1+," )'3+,"=32(040+," +(");(2;3"-+"5+11+,^5'$"H'"5.+,("1+"5),R"'1"=2;33)'("k(3+"-+/)&-0");M",25'0(0,"/'&'N3+,"-.)'-+3"L"403+3"5+"4+&3+"-.'/=)5(" -)&," 1+" 5)-3+" -+" 1+;3" ,(3)(04'+" -+" 4+,('2&" -+," 3',:;+,R" +&" ,.)1'4&)&(" )*+5" 1+," ,(3)(04'+," -+",);*+4)3-+"'&(+3&)('2&)1+,"(+11+,":;+"1+,"[23/+,"-+"6+3923/)&5+"-+"1)"H_%"2;"1+"<2-+"-+,"63)(':;+,"-;"Responsible Jewellery Council$!T#"O+"=325+,,;,"L"5+((+"9'&"'&51;3)'("]"

! G.2D(+&'3" 1.);(23',)('2&" -+" 1)" >S%" =2;3" =+3/+((3+" );M" 52&,;1()&(," -+" 1.>%>H" -+" =)3()4+3" 1+,"-2&&0+,"=+3('&+&(+,"+&"*;+"-+"403+3"1.'/=)5("-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+",;3"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"r"

! G.0(;-'+3"1)"/+,;3+"-)&,"1):;+11+"1)"52+M',(+&5+"-+"1.>S8"+("-+"1)">S%"=2;33)'("3+=30,+&(+3";&+"432,,+"'&:;'0(;-+"-)&,"-.);(3+,")'3+,"=32(040+,R"(+11+,":;+"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.Ki)='R"1+"6)35"[)('2&)1"-+"d)J;o'^B'+4)"+(5$"

! G.'&*'(+3"1+,",25'0(0,":;'",2&(")5(;+11+/+&("+&"(3)'&"-.+M=123+3"2;"-+"-0*+12==+3"-+",'(+,"-)&,"-+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"2;");(2;3"-+"5+11+,^5'"-+",+"52&5+3(+3")*+5"-+,"234)&',/+,"-+"=32(+5('2&"-+"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""171 Bawa et Hayes, 2010 172 Voir Stark et Levin, 2010 sur les normes relatives aux impacts de l’exploitation minière sur les aires protégées

"

T!"

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

"O.'/=)5("-+"1.>S8",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("-+"1)"70,+3*+"&+"=+;("=),"k(3+"52&,'-030"',210/+&("]"D'+&":;+"1+,"'/=)5(,"=2(+&('+1," +(" )5(;+1," ,;3" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" L" 5);,+" -+" 1)" =30,+&5+" -+," 52&5+,,'2&," -+" 1)" ,25'0(0" B)&32" -)&,"5+3()'&+,"=)3('+,"-+"1)"o2&+"=32=2,0+"-+"1)"70,+3*+"-.%(2/Df+"&.+&(3+&("=),"-)&,"1+"5J)/="-+"1)"=30,+&(+"0(;-+R"'1",+3)'("'/=23()&("-+"1+,"=3+&-3+"+&"52&,'-03)('2&$!TA"O.+M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+"+,(";&+":;+,('2&"-.'/=23()&5+":;'"-2'("k(3+"=3',+"+&"52/=(+"-)&," 1)"4+,('2&"-+" 1)"70,+3*+$"O.'&(043'(0"052124':;+"-+" 1)"70,+3*+"+,("04)1+/+&(" (3N,")99+5(0+"=)3"1)"=30,+&5+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+$"""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""173 Ce sujet est traité plus en détail dans deux autres publications du WWF. Veuillez consulter DeJong, 2011 et Hollesen, 2012

"

T#"

7 PROPOSER UNE STRATEGIE DE CONSERVATION QUI TIENT COMPTE DU SECTEUR MINIER DANS LA RNI

"g2;(+"(+&()('*+"-+"30,21;('2&"-+,"=32D1N/+,"3+1)('9,"L"1.>S8"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+("1+,"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,"+&"7G<R"+("+&"=)3('5;1'+3"+&"7[%R"&05+,,'(+"'&-',=+&,)D1+/+&("-+"=3+&-3+"+&"52&,'-03)('2&"1+,"52&(+M(+,",25')1R"402=21'(':;+" +(" 052&2/':;+$" O)" 52/D'&)',2&" -+," 52&91'(," =3212&40,"r" -;" -0=1)5+/+&(" -+," =2=;1)('2&,"r" -+" 1)"=30,+&5+" -+" 432;=+," )3/0," +&" 7[%"r" -+" 1)" /);*)',+" '&93),(3;5(;3+"r" -;" /)&:;+" -+" 5)=)5'(0" -+" 1.);(23'(0" -+"42;*+3&+3"5+((+")'3+"=32(040+"r"+("-+"1)"=);*3+(0"1)/+&()D1+"52&-;',)&("1+,"=2=;1)('2&,"L"-0=+&-3+"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,"-+"/)&'N3+"&2&"-;3)D1+R"2&("+&(3)c&0"1)"-043)-)('2&"-+"1)"-'*+3,'(0"D'2124':;+"=305'+;,+"+("/+&)5+&("1)"30,'1'+&5+"052124':;+"-+"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+$!TF"""O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"52&(3'D;+"L";&+"/+&)5+"052124':;+"-)&,"1)"7[%|"5+=+&-)&("2&")"2D,+3*0":;+"1.)/=1+;3"-+"5+((+"-043)-)('2&"+&*'32&&+/+&()1+"+,(" 1'0+");"&2/D3+"-.+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+(");(3+,")5(+;3," '/=1':;0," -)&," 1+" =325+,,;," -.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+$" O+," /0(J2-+," ;('1',0+," =2;3" +M(3)'3+" +(" (3)'(+3" 1+"/'&+3)'R" /)'," );,,'" 1+," )5('*'(0," -+" ,;D,',()&5+" +(" 52//+35')1+," (+11+," :;+" 1)" 5J),,+" +(" 1.)43'5;1(;3+R" :;'"=+3/+((+&(");M"=2=;1)('2&,"/'&'N3+,"=30,+&(+,"-)&,"1)"7[%"-+",;3*'*3+"=+;*+&("-+*+&'3";&+"/+&)5+"'/=23()&(+"-)&,"1.)*+&'3R",;3(2;(",'" 1+"&2/D3+"-.J)D'()&(,"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+");4/+&(+$"%1"+,("(3N,"=32D)D1+":;+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"(+11+":;.+11+"+,("=3)(':;0+"-)&,"1)"7[%"=;',,+"52&('&;+3"-+"40&03)('2&"+&"40&03)('2&R"5)3"+11+"+,("=+3t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o2&+" -+" 52&,+3*)('2&" '&(043)1+" &.+,(" =)," )99+5(0+"{" <+1)" +,(" ;&+":;+,('2&"53'(':;+":;'"-2'("k(3+"+M)/'&0+"=)3"1+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,R"C"52/=3',"1+,")4+&5+,"-;"42;*+3&+/+&(R"/)',");,,'"=)3"1+,"52//;&);(0,"/'&'N3+,$"""G+,"+9923(,"L"5+("+99+("2&("0(0"/',"+&"};*3+"+&"7[%R"&2()//+&("1+"o2&)4+"=)3('5'=)('9"?C"52/=3',"1+"bb_R"%<<[R"1+," 52//;&);(0," J)D'()&(" -)&," 1+," o2&+," +&" :;+,('2&R" +(5$@$!TI%1" +,(" =3'/23-')1" :;+" 1)" 5211)D23)('2&" +(" 1)"522=03)('2&" ,2'+&(" 3+&92350+," +(" 23'+&(0+," *+3," 1)" 530)('2&" -.;&" 5)-3+" -+" =21'(':;+," :;'" ('+&&+&(" 52/=(+" -+,"30=2&,+,"=3)(':;+,"+("+99'5)5+,"L"1)"/+&)5+":;+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"3+=30,+&(+"=2;3"1)"-'*+3,'(0"D'2124':;+R"+("-+"5+":;+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"3+=30,+&(+"=2;3"1)"30-;5('2&"-+"1)"=);*3+(0"?-;"/2'&,",;3"1+"52;3("(+3/+@$""[2;," =+&,2&," :;+" (2;(+" ,(3)(04'+" -+" 52&,+3*)('2&" ,+&,'D1+" L" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" -+*3)'(" )*2'3" 1+," )((3'D;(,",;'*)&(,"]""

! \&+"=21'(':;+",+&,0+"3+1)('*+"L"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"+("L"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+(",)"/',+"+&"};*3+"r"! %&91;+&5+3"1.0-;5)('2&"+("1+"3+&9235+/+&("-+,"5)=)5'(0,"=2;3"'&5'(+3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"L"

=2;3,;'*3+"-+,"/+'11+;3+,"=3)(':;+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+("-+"52&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"&)(;3+"r"! %&51;3+"(2;(+,"1+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,r""! >&5)-3+3"1+,"52//;&);(0,"125)1+,"=2;3":;.+11+,"(32;*+&("-+,"/2C+&,"-.0:;'1'D3+3"1+;3,"D+,2'&,")5(;+1,"

-+" ,;D,',()&5+" )*+5" 1+;3" 3v1+" -+" 304',,+;3" -+," 052,C,(N/+," 53'(':;+,R" =)3" 04)3-" =2;3" 1+," 40&03)('2&,"9;(;3+,"r"

! O)",(3)(04'+"-2'(",2;(+&'3"1.%<<["+("1+"=325+,,;,"-+"o2&)4+"=32=2,0"=2;3"1)"7[%"r"! O)",(3)(04'+"-2'("=)3('5'=+3"L"1.)5(;)1',)('2&"-;"<2-+"S'&'+3"&)('2&)1$""

"O.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&," 1+",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+"+(" 1)"5J+99+3'+"-+"B),'1+"-)&," 1+"H;-^d'*;")"0(0";&+",2;35+" -+" 3+*+&;," -0(+3/'&)&(+" =2;3" 1+," 52//;&);(0," -+" 1)" 304'2&" -+=;'," 1)" =03'2-+" 5212&')1+$" G;" 9)'(" -+"1.',21+/+&("-+"1)"o2&+R" 1+,")5('*'(0,":;'"=2;33)'+&("2993'3"-+,"2==23(;&'(0,"-.+/=12'"+(");(3+,",2;35+,"-+"3+*+&;,"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""174 UNEP, 2011 175 Veuillez consulter DeJong, 2011 pour plus d’information sur la délimitation de la RNI, son histoire, et ses perspectives pour l’avenir

"

TA"

(+11+,":;+"1.)43'5;1(;3+R"1+"52//+35+"+(");(3+,")5('*'(0,"3+&()D1+,"2&("D+);52;="-+"/)1"L",+"-0*+12==+3$"~;+1:;+,",21;('2&,"=2;3"=)3+3"L"1.',21+/+&(",2&("-',5;(0+,"5'^-+,,2;,$">&"-0='("-+"1)"3'5J+"-'*+3,'(0"052124':;+"-+"1)"923k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v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mieux$"O+"=3243)//+"d’ASM-PACE")"-+,"3+52//)&-)('2&,":;'",2&("-',5;(0+,"+&"=1;,"-+"-0()'1" 5'^-+,,2;,R"/)'," '1" 9);("&2(+3":;+" 1+" 30,;1()("-+" 1.)(+1'+3"d’ASM-PACE" +("-+"bb_"L"d'&,J),)"+&"-05+/D3+"#Y!#"?-',5;(0");"5J)='(3+",;'*)&(@")"=23(0",;3";&+"-',5;,,'2&"(3N,"-'9903+&(+$"""

7.1 Des types et classifications d’interventions avec le secteur d’EMA en RNI O+," :;+,('2&," +(" (JN/+," ,;'*)&(," 3+=30,+&(+&(" ;&" 5)-3+" -.)==325J+" -+" 1.>S8" :;+" 1+," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," -+,"/'1'+;M" -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" +(" -+" 1)" 52&,+3*)('2&" +,,)'+&(" -.'&91;+&5+3$" [2;," 1+," )*2&," -'*',0," +&" (32',")==325J+,"]"

! Inciter : \&+" '&(+3*+&('2&" =+;(" ,+3*'3" -.'&5'()('2&" =2;3" :;+" 1+," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," /2-'9'+&(" 2;"(3)&,923/+&("1+;3"52/=23(+/+&($"<+5'"=+;("'/=1':;+3"-.+&52;3)4+3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"L":;'((+3"-+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,",=05'9':;+,":;'"2&(";&"'/=)5("'/=23()&(",;3"1)"30,',()&5+"052124':;+"-+"1)"o2&+$"%1" 9);(" )123," =2;*2'3" ,.),,;3+3" -+" 3+&-3+" 1+" ,'(+" -+" 3+/=1)5+/+&(" (3N," )((3)C)&(R" +&" ,.),,;3)&(" :;+R"9'&)&5'N3+/+&(R" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" C" (32;*+&(" 1+;3" 52/=(+$!TV" <+((+" 3+125)1',)('2&" &+"=2,+3)'(" =)," -+" =32D1N/+R" ()&(" :;+" 1)" 52//;&);(0" +,(" -.)5523-" =2;3" 0=)34&+3" 1+," /'1'+;M"052124':;+/+&("'/=23()&(,$"<+=+&-)&(R";&"-09'"+,(":;+"-)&,"5+,"o2&+,"L";,)4+,"/;1('=1+,"'1"C")"(2;Z2;3,"1)"=30,+&5+"-+,"43)&-,"=3'/)(+,"+(";&"52;*+3("923+,('+3"'/=23()&(R"5+":;'")/N&+"1+,"4+,('2&&)'3+,"-+"1)"70,+3*+"L"*',+3"(2;Z2;3," 1.;('1',)('2&"-;3)D1+"-+"5+,"3+,,2;35+,"D'+&":;.+&"o2&+"L";,)4+"/;1('=1+$"<+((+"0(;-+" &.)" =)," +M)/'&0" +&" -0()'1" -+," );(3+," 5)&-'-)(," -+" ,'(+," /'&'+3," 2n" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"=2;33)'+&("-0/0&)4+3$"\&+"0(;-+"-+"5+"4+&3+"&05+,,'(+3)";&+"0:;'=+":;'"'&51;(";&"402124;+":;'"=2;33)'("(32;*+3"-+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,")==32=3'0,R"/)',");,,'";&+"=+3,2&&+":;'"=2;33)"9)'3+";&+"+M=+3(',+"-+" D'2-'*+3,'(0" )9'&" -+" -0(+3/'&+3" 2n" 1+," )5('*'(0," /'&'N3+," =2;33)'+&(" )*2'3" 1'+;" ,)&," 5);,+3" -+"-2//)4+,",03'+;M"L"1.+&*'32&&+/+&($""

! Influencer :"%1"+,("-'99'5'1+"-+"9)'3+"=3243+,,+3"1+,"5J2,+,",;'(+"L";&+"'&(+3*+&('2&",'"1.2&"&+"D0&09'5'+"=),"-.)D23-" -;" ,2;('+&" -+," 52//;&);(0," 125)1+,$"KD(+&'3" ;&" (+1" ,2;('+&"=+;(" ,+" 9)'3+" +&" -+/)&-)&(" );M"5J+9," -+," *'11)4+," ?:;'" 2&(" 0(0" '-+&('9'0," -)&," 1+," -+;M" ,+5(+;3," =+&-)&(" 5+((+" 0(;-+@" -+" -2&&+3" 1+;3"2='&'2&",;3";&+"(+11+"'&(+3*+&('2&R"=;',"+&"2D(+&)&("1+;3"522=03)('2&$"g2;(+92',R" '1"+,(" '/=23()&("-+"&+"=),"2;D1'+3":;+"(2;("30,;1()("*2;1;"-0=+&-3)"-+"1)"D2&&+"*212&(0"-+,"52//;&);(0,"/k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

! Appliquer les normes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

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""176 Voir l’Annexe D pour des suggestions détaillées sur les interventions techniques d’EMA réussies. 177 DeJong, 2011 discute cette question dans le détail 178 Des cadres de travail qui devraient être harmonisés encore plus, mais il s’agit-là d’une question qui n’entre pas dans le champ de la présente recherche

"

TF"

J'03)35J',)('2&" -+," +M=12'()('2&," '&-;,(3'+11+," +&" 7G<R" '1" +,(" 52&,+'110" -+" 52/D'&+3" 1.)==325J+" -.;&+")==1'5)('2&"923(+"-+"1)"104)1'(0")*+5"1+,"(+5J&':;+,"=1;,"104N3+,"-+"1.'&5'()('2&"+("-+"1.'&91;+&5+$"G+"=1;,"+("=2;3"k(3+"=1;,"30)1',(+R";&+"(+11+")==325J+"=+3/+((3)"=32D)D1+/+&("-.0*'(+3"1)"&2&^522=03)('2&"-+"1)"=)3("-+,"52//;&);(0,"(2;5J0+,$"

"

V#$#$ E+,('2&!-+!1)!70,+3*+![!%&5'(+3R!'&91;+&5+3!+(!)==1':;+3!1+,!&23/+,!!62;3" ;&" =3+/'+3" =),R" +(" )*)&(" :;+" (2;(+," );(3+," '&(+3*+&('2&," =;',,+&(" 30;,,'3R" O)"70,+3*+" )" D+,2'&" -.k(3+" );"/'&'/;/" -01'/'(0+" +(R" -)&," 1.'-0)1R" 4030+" +99'5)5+/+&($" <+((+" -01'/'()('2&" -2'(" k(3+" =)3('5'=)('*+|+&" -.);(3+,"(+3/+,R"1+,"52//;&);(0,"-2'*+&("52/=3+&-3+"5+":;'",+"=),,+"+(")*2'3"1.255),'2&"-+"-2&&+3"1+;3"=2'&("-+"*;+$"%1"+,(");,,'"'/=03)('9":;+"1+,"52//;&);(0,"*2'+&("1+,"D0&09'5+,"z052&2/':;+,R"052124':;+,"+(",25');M|-+"522=03+3")*+5"5+"=325+,,;,$"H'R"L" 1)" 9'&"-+"5+"=325+,,;,R" 1+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"=3+&&+&(" 1)"-05','2&"-+"5+,,+3" 1.>S8"+("-+"9)'3+";&+"(3)&,'('2&");M"/2C+&,"-+",;D,',()&5+")1(+3&)('9,R")123,"5+"=32Z+("-+*3)"k(3+"D'+&"234)&',0"+("1+,"1+)-+3,"-+*32&(" 3+,=+5(+3" 1+;3," +&4)4+/+&(," +&*+3," 1)" 52//;&);(0R" 5.+,(^L^-'3+" 1+;3" 92;3&'3" ;&" /2C+&" )1(+3&)('9" -+",;D*+&'3"L"1+;3,"D+,2'&,$"""[2;," 29932&," 5'^-+,,2;," -+," ,;44+,('2&," =2;3" '&51;3+" -)&," 1+" =1)&" -+" 4+,('2&" -.+&,+/D1+" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+"-+,":;+,('2&,",=05'9':;+,"L"1.>S8"]""

! Établir des barrières géographiques et sécuritaires dans la Réserve :" O.);4/+&()('2&"-+" 1)",05;3'(0");",+'&"-+"1)"70,+3*+"=+3/+((3)'("-.)/01'23+3"1)",'(;)('2&")5(;+11+"-;"/)&:;+"-+"42;*+3&)&5+$"6)3"+M+/=1+R");(3+":;+" 1.%<<[R" '1"&.C")"=),"D+);52;="-+"=30,+&5+"-+" 1)"=)3("-+" 1)"=21'5+"&)('2&)1+R"-+"1.)3/0+"304;1'N3+"2;"-.;&+":;+152&:;+"'&,('(;('2&"-+"1.e()("-)&,"1)"70,+3*+$"<+((+"0:;'=+"=2;33)'("'&51;3+"1+,")4+&(,"-+"1.%<<[R";&+")4+&5+"-+"1.>()("+(";&+");(23'(0"52;(;/'N3+R"52//+R"=)3"+M+/=1+R";&"5J+9"-+"432;=+/+&($" \&+" -+," 52&,0:;+&5+," -+" 5+((+" ,'(;)('2&" +,(" :;+" (2;(+" =+3,2&&+" :;'" &.+,(" =),"23'4'&+11+/+&("-.%(2/Df+"&+"-2'(":;+",+"9)'3+")552/=)4&+3"=)3";&+"=+3,2&&+"-;",+5(+;3"?;&+"=+3,2&&+":;'" -+*3)" ,+" 9)'3+" =)C+3" +(" :;'" =2;33)" '&923/+3" 1+" 3+,(+" -+" 1)" 52//;&);(0" -+" 1)" =30,+&5+" -+" 5+((+"=+3,2&&+@$"G)&,"-.);(3+,"5),R"1.0(3)&4+3"-2'(",+"9)'3+")552/=)4&+3"=)3";&"/+/D3+"-+"1)"/'1'5+"-+,"S)'^S)'$!TX"\&"(+1"/2-N1+"-+*3)'("k(3+"0*'(0"5)3"'1"-2&&+"(32="-+"=2;*2'3"&2&"3N41+/+&(0"L";&+"=+3,2&&+"2;";&"432;=+"+&"=)3('5;1'+3":;'"=+;(")123,"-05'-+3"2;"&2&"L",2&"=32=3+"430"-+"1)',,+3"1.0(3)&4+3"(3)*+3,+3"1+",+5(+;3$"8'&,'R"1)"(3)&,/',,'2&"-+,"'&923/)('2&,"52&5+3&)&("1)"70,+3*+"+("1+,"52//;&);(0,":;'"C"*'*+&("+,(" 3+,(3+'&(+" +(" 9'1(30+R" 5+" :;'" 3+&-" 1)" 52&,+3*)('2&" )*',0+" +(" 1+," '&(+3*+&('2&,"/'&'N3+," 5211)D23)('*+,"D+);52;=" =1;," -'99'5'1+,$" H'" 1+," 234)&+," -+" 1.e()(" =2;*)'+&(" 0()D1'3" -+," D)33'N3+," -+" ,05;3'(0" -)&," 1)"70,+3*+R" 5+1)" =+3/+((3)'(" -.2;*3'3" 1.)55N," L" 1)" o2&+" +&" *;+" -+" (3)&,/+((3+" 1+," '&923/)('2&," =1;,"1'D3+/+&($"<+=+&-)&(R"'1"9);(")*2'3"1)"-01'/'()('2&"-+"1)"70,+3*+"9'&)1',0+R":;'"-2&&+";&+"52/=30J+&,'2&"-+," D)33'N3+," 40243)=J':;+,R" )*)&(" :;.;&" 432;=+" -+" 1.>()(" =;',,+" 403+3" +(" ,05;3',+3" 1+," D)33'N3+," +&":;+,('2&$""

! Classer les sites miniers d’après leur importance socioéconomique");",+'&"-+" 1)"70,+3*+$"%1"9);-3)'("9+3/+3"1+,",'(+,":;'"3+=30,+&(+&(";&+"/+&)5+"L"1.'&(043'(0"052124':;+"?(+11+":;+"1)"/'&+"-+"H)f+@"+(" :;'" &+" 3)==23(+&(" =)," ,;99',)//+&(" );M" *'11)4+,$" G)&," 5+" 5),R" 1)" =3+/'N3+" 5J2,+" L" 9)'3+" =2;3"52&*)'&53+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+"-0/0&)4+3"-)&,"-.);(3+,",'(+,"-0,'4&0,",+3)'("-.)33'*+3"L" 52&*)'&53+" 1+," 5J+9," -+" *'11)4+$" <2//+" =325J)'&+" 0()=+R" '1" 9);-3)'(" +&(3+=3+&-3+" ;&+" 0(;-+" =1;,"-0()'110+"-+,"52&-'('2&,"-+"D),+"+&*'32&&+/+&()1+,"+("052&2/':;+,R")'&,'":;.;&+"+&:;k(+"-+"9)',)D'1'(0")9'&"-+"-0(+3/'&+3" 1+:;+1"-+," ,'(+,"-+" 1)"70,+3*+"=+;*+&(" +("-2'*+&(" k(3+" 9+3/0,"+(" 1+,:;+1,"-+*3)'+&("9)'3+"1.2DZ+("-.;&+"4+,('2&"+&"()&(":;+"P"/'&+^=32Z+("='12(+"Q$!UY"%1"9);(",2;1'4&+3":;.;&+"'&(+3*+&('2&"-+"5+"(C=+"-2'(")D,21;/+&("k(3+"=3050-0+"=)3" 1.0()D1',,+/+&("-+" 1)"52&9')&5+"-+" 1)"=)3("-+,"52//;&);(0,"-+,"+M=12'()&(,")3(',)&);M"=)3"04)3-");M")5(+;3,":;'"30)1',+32&("1.'&(+3*+&('2&$"H'&2&R"5+((+")5('*'(0",+3)'("-)&4+3+;,+"+("(32="3',:;0+$"

! Améliorer et/ou mettre en œuvre des procédures relatives aux modes d’exploitation des terres et à leur autorisation" L" 1.05J+11+" 52;(;/'N3+R" +&" *;+" -+" 403+3" 1.)55N," );M" (+33+," +(" -+"=32/2;*2'3"-+,"/+'11+;3+,"=3)(':;+,$"

"""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""179 DeJong, 2011 180 Veuillez consulter l’exemple du Processus Durban (The Durban Process) qui offre un exemple plus détaillé d’une pratique exemplaire de mine « pilote ». Durban Process, 2006

"

TI"

Amélioration des pratiques des exploitants miniers artisanaux: Inciter et influencer O.>S8"-)&,"5+3()'&+,"o2&+,"-+"1)"7[%"+,("=+3t;+"52//+";&+")5('*'(0"'/=23()&(+"-+"40&03)('2&"-+"3+*+&;,"+("1+,"=+3,2&&+," :;'" +&" -0=+&-+&(" 0(32'(+/+&(" J0,'(+3)" 5+3()'&+/+&(" L" C" 3+&2&5+3$" O.)==325J+"/0(J2-2124':;+" :;+"&2;," 3+52//)&-2&," =3+&-3)'(" +&" 52/=(+" 1+" &'*+);" -+" -0=+&-)&5+" +&*+3," 1.>S8" +(" 1+" /2&()&(" -+," 3+*+&;,"4)4&0,R" +(" ,;44N3+3)'(" -+," )1(+3&)('*+," *')D1+," +&" -+J23," -+" 1.>S8$" g2;(+92',R" 123,:;.);5;&" );(3+" /2C+&" -+",;D,',()&5+"&.+M',(+R"5+":;'"=2;33)'("k(3+"1+"5),"-)&,"1)"o2&+"+&":;+,('2&R"1.'&(+3*+&('2&"-+*3)'(")123,"+&52;3)4+3"1.>S8",+12&"-+,"meilleures"=3)(':;+,$!U!"G+"=1;,R"1)"-01'/'()('2&"-+"1)"o2&+"-+"=32(+5('2&"'&(043)1+"-+"1)"70,+3*+"+&" 52;3," -2'(" 52&,'-03+3" 1+," o2&+," 1+," =1;," '/=23()&(+," =2;3" 1+," >S8$"~;+1:;+," ,;44+,('2&," ,;3" 52//+&(" 2&"=2;33)'(")/01'23+3"1+,"=3)(':;+,"-+,">S8",2&("1',(0+,"5'^-+,,2;,"]"

! Les organisations non gouvernementales et de la société civile centrées sur la conservation et l’EMA devraient mener des campagnes de sensibilisation publique. O+,"52//;&);(0," -+" 1.>S8" 2&(" D+,2'&" -.k(3+" '&,(3;'(+," ,;3" 1)" /)&'N3+" -.+M=12'(+3" 1+," /'&+3)'," -.;&+"/)&'N3+"=1;,"=32-;5('*+"+("052124':;+$!U#"s;":;+"1.>S8"&+"*)"=),"-',=)3)c(3+"-+"1)"70,+3*+"-;"Z2;3");"1+&-+/)'&R"'1"+,("-2&5"&05+,,)'3+"-+"403+3"1+,")5('*'(0,"/'&'N3+,"-+"/)&'N3+"L"5+":;.+11+,")'+&(";&"'/=)5("/'&'/+" ,;3" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" );" ,+'&" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+R" +(" -+" /)&'N3+" L" 5+" :;.+11+," =+3/+((+&(" );M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+"4)4&+3"-+,"3+*+&;,")55+=()D1+,"+("-+"D0&09'5'+3"-.;&"+&*'32&&+/+&(",q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k(+3"1+,"2;('1,");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"+("+&"05J)&4+R"1+,">S8"=2;33)'+&(")55+=(+3"-+"&+"=),"9)'3+"1.+M=12'()('2&",;3"1+,");(3+,",'(+,$"

! >&"*;+"-.)/01'23+3"1+,"=3)(':;+,"-.>S8"-)&,"5+3()'&+,"o2&+,"&2&^'&(043)1+,"-+"1)"70,+3*+R"5+,"-+3&'N3+,"2&(" D+,2'&" -.k(3+" );,,'" (3)&,=)3+&(+," :;+" =2,,'D1+$" <+" :;'" *+;(" -'3+" :;+" 1+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3,")3(',)&);M" 2&(" D+,2'&" -;" ,2;('+&" -;" 42;*+3&+/+&(" =2;3" 923/)1',+3" +(" 104)1',+3" 1+;3" ,'(;)('2&$" <+((+"5J)c&+"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&(",+3)'("04)1+/+&("=1;,"(3)&,=)3+&(+"=2;3"5+":;'"+,("-+"403+3"1+,"52&91'(,"+("1+,")D;," -+," -32'(," -+" 1.J2//+R" /)'," 04)1+/+&(" =2;3" /'&'/',+3" 1.'/=)5(" -+" 5+," =3)(':;+," ,;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&($"<.+,("'5'":;+"1)"124':;+"-+,"/+'11+;3+,"=3)(':;+,"(+11+,":;+"5+11+,"-+,"[23/+,"3+1)('*+,");M"S'&+3)',"-.+M(3)5('2&"+("-+"52//+35+"0:;'()D1+,"=2;33)'+&(",.)==1':;+3"?Fairtrade-Fairmined, *2'3"5'^-+,,2;,@$"

! Les organismes devraient chercher à mettre en œuvre une EMA basée sur les meilleures pratiques )9'&"-+" 403+3" 1+," '/=)5(,"&04)('9," ,;3" 1+," 3'*'N3+," +(" 1+," ,21," 123," -+"1.+M=12'()('2&"-+" 325J+"-;3+$" 8'&,'R" =)3" +M+/=1+R" ;&+" '&(+3*+&('2&" +&(3)c&0+" =)3" 1+,"/)35J0," (+11+" :;+" 1)"[23/+" 3+1)('*+" );M"S'&+3)'," -.+M(3)5('2&" +(" -+" 52//+35+" 0:;'()D1+," =+;(" 2993'3" -+," ,;44+,('2&," ,;3" 1)" /)&'N3+" -2&(" 1+,"23=)'11+;3," =+;*+&(" 403+3" 1+," -05J+(," :;.'1," 40&N3+&(" +(" 30J)D'1'(+3" 1+," ,'(+," -.>S8" -2&(" '1," 2&(" 9'&'"1.+M=12'()('2&$!UF" <+," =3)(':;+," =2;33)'+&(" k(3+" )-)=(0+,$" g2;(+92',R" '1" 9);-3)'(" &2(+3" :;+" 1)" [23/+"3+1)('*+");M"S'&+3)',"-.+M(3)5('2&"+("-+"52//+35+"0:;'()D1+,"+(");(3+,"&23/+,"&+",.)==1':;+&(":;.+&"5),"-.+M=12'()('2&" 104)1+R" 5+" :;'" &.+,(" =)," 1+" 5)," -+" 1.>S8" L" %(2/Df+$" <+," =3)(':;+," =2;33)'+&(" k(3+"3+=32-;'(+,R"/)',"+11+,"&05+,,'(+3)'+&(";&+"5+3()'&+"*212&(0"-+"1)"=)3("-+"1.e()("+("-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M" =2;3" =2;*2'3" 52//+&5+3" L" 923/)1',+3" 1+;3," )5('*'(0," +(" L" 1+," 104)1',+3$" 62;3" :;+" 1)"[23/+"3+1)('*+");M"S'&+3)',"-.+M(3)5('2&"+("-+"52//+35+"0:;'()D1+,",2'("2=03)('2&&+11+R"'1"9);(":;+"1+,"D2&&+,"=21'(':;+," ,2'+&(" +&" =1)5+$" 6)3" +M+/=1+R" =2;3" :;+" 1+" 42;*+3&+/+&(" 2;" ;&+" K[E" +/D);5J0+" =)3" 1+"42;*+3&+/+&("=;',,+"/+((3+"+&"};*3+"-+"(+11+,"=21'(':;+,R"'1" 9);(":;.'1j+11+"=;',,+"2993'3";&+"),,',()&5+"(+5J&':;+"L"(2;,"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"?+("=),",+;1+/+&(");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"104)1',0,@"=2;3":;+"(2;,"*2'+&(" 1.)*)&()4+"-+",+" 104)1',+3$"<+((+"/0(J2-+"&05+,,'(+":;+" 1)"5)/=)4&+"-+"923/)1',)('2&" ,.+&4)4+" );=3N," -+," +M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" :;'" ,2&(" )5(;+11+/+&(" '1104'('/+," +("-2&("1+,"=3)(':;+,"&;',+&("L"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("+(");M"=2=;1)('2&,$!UI"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""181 Voir le paragraphe précédent 182 Voir Hollestelle, 2012 (publication à venir) pour un compte rendu sur des pratiques d’EMA ‘plus vertes’ et plus durables d’un point de vue social 183 L’histoire du Processus de Durban dans le Parc national de Kahuzi-Biega pourrait informer cet effort. Le Projet devrait être soumis à une évaluation complète. Voir Villegas, Weinberg, Levin et Hund, 2012. Voir le tableau sur les diverses interventions relatives aux creusures artisanaux dans les PACE à l’Annexe 2 184 Alliance for Reponsible Mining & the Fairtrade Labelling Organisation (ARM-FLO), 2010. Cette Norme est actuellement soumise à une révision par les pairs et ARM-FLO demande conseil aux experts de la conservation pour sa section sur la référence écologique 185 Pour plus de renseignements sur les interventions techniques chez les communautés d'exploitants miniers artisanaux, voir Wotruba, Hentschel, Livan, Hruschka et Priester, 2002

"

TV"

! Faire participer les chefs traditionnels" :;'" 2&(" -+" 1.'&91;+&5+" +&" 1)" /',+" +&" }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o2&+," 0(;-'0+," 2&(" D+);52;="-.);(23'(0$"

! Politiques relatives à l’utilisation des ressources forestières dans les opérations d’EMA :"-+" (+11+," =21'(':;+," -+*3)'+&(" '&(+3-'3+" 1)" 52&9+5('2&" -+" D2c(+," 5J'&2',+," +(" 1.;('1',)('2&" -.)3D3+,",=05'9':;+,"=2;3"1)"52&,(3;5('2&"-+,"J;((+,R"(2;("+&"+&52;3)4+)&("1.;('1',)('2&"-.);(3+,"/)(03');M"(+1,":;+"1)"(v1+$"[2;,")*2&,"(32;*0":;+"5.+,("+&";('1',)&("1+,"3+,,2;35+,"923+,('N3+,"-+"1)"70,+3*+":;+"1.>S8")"1+"=1;,"432,"'/=)5(",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&($"O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"=2;33)'+&("k(3+"+&52;3)40,"L"(+33),,+3"-+,"-3)'&,"+&"4;',+"-+"D2c(+,"5J'&2',+,"-'3+5(+/+&("-)&,"1+",21"?L"52&-'('2&":;.2&"1+;3"-2&&+"1.0:;'=+/+&("+("1)"923/)('2&"&05+,,)'3+,"L"5+((+"9'&@$"

"

7.2 Autres questions à considérer O+,"9235+,"+(" 1+," 9)'D1+,,+,"-.'&(+3*+&('2&,"=3050-+&(+,"+,,)C)&("-+"30,2;-3+" 1+,"=32D1N/+,"+&(3)c&0,"=)3" 1.>S8"-)&," 1+," )'3+," =32(040+," +(" 1+," 052,C,(N/+," 53'(':;+," =+;*+&(" ,+3*'3" -+" 1+t2&," '/=23()&(+," =2;3" (2;(+" 9;(;3+",(3)(04'+"-+"52&,+3*)('2&",+&,'D1+");M"D+,2'&,"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"2;"=3243)//+"-.;('1',)('2&"-+,",21,"=2;3"1)"7[%$"g2;("+9923("9;(;3"-+*3)"=3k(+3")((+&('2&");M"=2'&(,",;'*)&(,"]"1+,"-0D)(,":;'",+",2&("-0ZL"(+&;,"r"1+,"-09',":;+"1+,"-'*+3,")5(+;3,"2&("-q")9932&(+3"123,"-+"1.'&(+3*+&('2&"r")'&,'":;+"1+,"(+&-)&5+,"+("1+,"52/=2,)&(+,"-+" 1)" 5J)c&+" -.)==32*','2&&+/+&(" -+," /'&+3)'," :;'" =+;*+&(" 2;" &2&" )*2'3" 5J)&40" -+=;'," ;&+" '&(+3*+&('2&")&(03'+;3+"-2&&0+$"[2;,"3+52//)&-2&,"-.+99+5(;+3";&+"/',,'2&"-.'&,=+5('2&"3)='-+",;3"=1)5+R"-)&,"1)"7[%R")9'&"-+"=+3/+((3+");M"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"-.0()D1'3",'"-.);(3+," '&'(')('*+,",2&("+&"=1)5+"=2;3",.+&4)4+3");=3N,"2;"403+3"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+("1+,"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,R"+("-+"('3+3"-+,"1+t2&,"-+"(+11+,"'&'(')('*+,R"/k/+,",'"+11+,"&+"52&5+3&+&("=),"1)"52&,+3*)('2&",=05'9':;+/+&($""

V#"#$ 62=;1)('2&,!);(25J(2&+,!+(!1)!52&,+3*)('2&!O+,"-32'(,"+("1+"D'+&^k(3+"-+,"=+;=1+,");(25J(2&+,"92&("=)3('+"'&(043)&(+"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&$!UV"%1"+,("+,,+&('+1"-+"52&,;1(+3" 1+," =2=;1)('2&," );(25J(2&+," 123," -+" (2;(+" 3+5J+35J+" 2;" '&(+3*+&('2&" -)&," 1+," )'3+," =32(040+," +(" 1+,"052,C,(N/+," 53'(':;+,$" G+" =1;,R" '1" ,+3)'(" ;('1+" -.0(;-'+3" 1)" /+,;3+" -)&," 1):;+11+" 5+," =2=;1)('2&," =)3('5'=+&(" L"1.>S8"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"-.%(2/Df+"!UT"+(")'11+;3,$"" "

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""186 UNEP, 2011 187 Cet aspect n’a malheureusement pas été saisi lors de la recherche sur le terrain

"

TT"

8 CONCLUSIONS ET POINTS CRITIQUES EXAMINES PENDANT L’ATELIER D’ASM-PACE A BUKAVU ET A KINSHASA

"O+"D;("-+"5+((+"0(;-+"0()'("-.)D2;('3"L";&+",(3)(04'+"-+"52&,+3*)('2&",+&,'D1+"L"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+$"<+((+",(3)(04'+")"0(0"-09'&'+"-)&,"1+"5J)='(3+"=3050-+&(R"D),0+",;3"&2,"-052;*+3(+,"L"=)3('3"-+,"-2&&0+,"-+"D),+"+("=3+&)&("+&"52/=(+"1+,"/2('*)('2&,"052&2/':;+,"+("1+"/)&:;+"-.2==23(;&'(0"-.);(3+,",2;35+,"-+"3+*+&;"=2;3"1+,"=2=;1)('2&,"-)&,"5+"/'1'+;$"[2;,"&+"=2,,0-2&,"=)," (2;(+" 1.'&923/)('2&"402124':;+",;3" 1+"/'1'+;"-+" 1)"=32=2,0+"70,+3*+" r"-+,"0(;-+,",;==10/+&()'3+,"-+*3)'+&("k(3+"/+&0+,"=2;3"-0(+3/'&+3" 1+,"+&-32'(," 1+,"=1;,"*')D1+,"=2;3"1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+$" O+," +M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" +;M^/k/+," &2;," 92;3&',,+&(" :;+1:;+,"'&-'5)('2&,"?'1,"&+",+3)'+&("=),"+&"(3)'&"-.+M=12'(+3"-)&,";&",'(+",.'1"&.C")*)'("=),"=30,+&5+"-+"/'&+3)',@"/)',";&+"0(;-+"402124':;+"=32=3+/+&(" 9'&)&50+")'-+3)'(" L" 52/=10(+3" 5+((+" '/=),,+"-.'&923/)('2&,$"O+"=2'&(" +,(":;.'1" +,("'/=2,,'D1+"-+"-0=1)5+3";&"4',+/+&("/'&'+3"3'5J+r")'&,'R",'"5.+,("1+"5),":;+"1)"o2&+"'&(043)1+"-+"1)"D'2-'*+3,'(0"-)&,"1)"7[%" +/='N(+" ;&" 4',+/+&("/'&'+3" '/=23()&(R" )123," '1" C" );3)" (2;Z2;3," 3',:;+" :;+" 1.)5('*'(0"/'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+"52&('&;+$"O)",+;1+"9)t2&"-.)33k(+3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&,";&+")'3+"=32(040+"5.+,("-.C"0()D1'3"+&('N3+/+&(";&+"J);(+",05;3'(0"r"5+5'"+,(",(3)(04':;+/+&("-'99'5'1+"-)&,"1.>,("-+"1)"7G<R"2n"1.)3/0+"+("1+,",+3*'5+,"-+"52&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"&)(;3+",2&("(2;,",0*N3+/+&("=+;"9'&)&50,"+("+&"/)&:;+"-+"=+3,2&&+1$!I">&"=1;,R"1+,"+M=03'+&5+,"*05;+,"-)&,"1+,");(3+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"+&"7G<"?+M$"-)&,"1+"6)35"&)('2&)1"-+"d)J;o'^B'+4)@";&+"'&(+3*+&('2&"92350+"L"1.04)3-"-+,"52//;&);(0,"*'*)&("-)&,"1.)'3+"=32(040+",.+,("J+;3(0+");"/)&:;+"-+"52&9')&5+R"L"1)"521N3+R"+("-)&,"5+3()'&,"5),R"L"1)" 3'=2,(+$!V" 8" 5+(" +99+(R" &2," 3+52//)&-)('2&," -)&," 1+" 5J)='(3+" =3050-+&(" =30,+&(+&(" :;+1:;+," ,50&)3'2," -+" 1)"9)t2&"-2&(";&+",'(;)('2&"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"4030+",+3)'("+&*',)40+",;3"(+33)'&$""<+=+&-)&(R",.+&4)4+3"-+"D),+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1)"7[%",2&(")99+5(0+,"=)3"5+((+"30)1'(0$" A Bukavu les participants ont fait les recommandations suivantes:188

! O.0(;-+" 8HS^68<>" )" 30*010" ;&+" &2;*+11+" '&923/)('2&R" /)'," +11+" &.)==23(+" =)," 1.'/)4+" +&('N3+" -+"1.)5('*'(0" J;/)'&+" z=)3('5;1'N3+/+&(" 1'0" L" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+^" -)&," 1)" 7[%$" <+=+&-)&(R" -.);(3+,"0(;-+,"2&("D+,2'&"-.k(3+"/+&0$"6)3" +M+/=1+]" %1" C")"+&" 52;3,";&" o2&)4+"=)3('5'=)('9"-+" 1)"70,+3*+")*+5"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+" -)&," 1+," )'3+," =32(040+," +,(" '1104)1" +(" 1.%<<[" L" d'&,J),)" &+" *+;(" =),",.+&4)4+3"-)&,");5;&+"/)&'N3+");(3+":;+"1.+M=;1,'2&"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M$"O+,"+M=+3(,"+("1+," (+5J&'5'+&," )'&,'" :;+" 1+" 42;*+3&+/+&(" ,2;('+&&+&(" ;&)&'/+/+&(" 1)" =2,'('2&" 23(J2-2M+" ,+12&"1):;+11+";&+"30,+3*+"&+"=+;("=),")55;+'11'3"-+,")5('*'(0,"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+$"<+1)"3+=30,+&(+";&+"*'21)('2&"-+"1)"12'R"L"1+;3")*',$"<+=+&-)&(R"'1"C")";&"3',:;+":;+"1+,"+9923(,"92;3&',"Z;,:;.L"=30,+&("-)&,"1+"=325+,,;,"-+"o2&)4+",2'+&("'&;('1+,R"-;"9)'(":;+"5+,"+9923(,"=2;33)'+&("+&(3)c&+3";&"3+(2;3"L"1)"5),+"-+"-0=)3("=2;3",+&,'D'1',+3"-+"&2;*+);"1+,"52//;&);(0,"L"1)"&2;*+11+"51),,'9'5)('2&":;.2&"=2;33)")-2=(+3"=2;3"1.%(2/Df+$"8"5+("+99+(R"1+,"3+52//)&-)('2&,"D),0+,",;3"&2,"-2&&0+,":;'",+"9)'("+&(3+"bb_R");(3+,"234)&',)('2&," 125)1+," +(" '&(+3&)('2&)1+,R" 1.%<<[" H;-^d'*;" +(" 1+," 52//;&);(0," 125)1+,$" g2;," 1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+*3)'+&("k(3+"),,25'0,"L"5+"=325+,,;,"

o O+," 0()=+," ,;'*)&(+,"]" /+&+3" -.);(3+," 0(;-+," =2;3" -0(+3/'&+3" 1.05J+11+" +(" 1+," '/=)5(,"?+&*'32&&+/+&();MR"052&2/':;+,"+(",25');M@"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"5J):;+"o2&+" -+" 1)" =32=2,0+" 70,+3*+" ?=$" +M$" +,(^5+" :;+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )" 1'+;" -)&," 1)" o2&+"'&(043)1+" 2;" 5.+,(" ,+;1+/+&(" -)&," 1+," o2&+," 2n" 1+," )5('*'(0," J;/)'&+," ,2&(" =+3/',+," ,+12&" 1+",50&)3'2"I"-+"1)"-01'/'()('2&"-+"1)"7[%"{@$"

! >M=123+3"1+,"*2'+,"-.)*2'3"%<<["d'&,J),)"'/=1':;0"-)&,"5+"=325+,,;,"-+"=1)&'9'5)('2&"=)3('5'=)('*+"! S+&+3";&+"0(;-+",'/'1)'3+"-)&,"-.);(3+,",+5(+;3,"-+"1)"7[%"+&"*;+"-+"(3')&4;1+3"&2,"-2&&0+,"! S+&+3";&+"0(;-+",25'2^052&2/':;+"1'0+"L"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+R"C"52/=3',";&+"0(;-+",;3"1+,"'/=)5(,"-+,")5('*'(0,"-.>S8",;3" 1)",)&(0"-+,"=2=;1)('2&," 125)1+,R" (2;("+&" 9)',)&(";&+"-',('&5('2&"+&(3+" 1+,")((3'D;(,"-+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"125);M"+("1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"/'43)&(,""

! \&+" 0(;-+"-+*3)'(" k(3+"/+&0+"=2;3" +M)/'&+3" 1+," );(3+," ,2;35+," -+" 3+*+&;":;+" 1+,"=2=;1)('2&," *'*)&("-)&,"1)"7[%";('1',+&($"

! >M)/'&+3"1+,"'/=)5(,"+&*'32&&+/+&();M"-.);(3+,")5('*'(0,"J;/)'&+,"-)&,"1)"7[%R"C"52/=3',"1.'/=)5("-+"1)"=+3(;3D)('2&"-+,"3'*'N3+,",;3"1+,"3+,,2;35+,"J)1'+;(':;+,"+("1+"&'*+);"-+"1)"=k5J+"

! S+&+3" ;&+" 0(;-+" ,'/'1)'3+" );" &23-" -+" 1)" 7[%" =2;3" +M)/'&+3" 1+," '/=)5(," -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+"'&-;,(3'+11+",;3"1+,")5('*'(0,")3(',)&)1+,""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""188 Le sommaire de l’atelier à Bukavu est listé en Annexe 5

"

TU"

"G+"=1;,R"1+,"=)3('5'=)&(,"-+"1.)(+1'+3"2&("0(0"-.)5523-")*+5"&2,",;44+,('2&,":;+"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-2'*+&("k(3+"+&(3)'&0,"L"9)'3+"1.+M=12'()('2&")*+5"-+,"/+'11+;3+,"=3)(':;+,$"%1"C")*)'("+;";&+",;44+,('2&"-+",211'5'(+3"1)"=)3('5'=)('2&"-.;&"432;=+"-.+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-)&,";&+"/'&+"='12(+R"52//+"5+"9;("(+&(0"+&"-+J23,"-;"6)35"[)('2&)1"-+"d)J;o'^B'+4)"=)3"1+"=3243)//+"P"=325+,,;,"-+"G;3D)&"Q"-+"The Gorilla Organisation."""<211)D23+3")*+5"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"=2;3"'&(32-;'3+"1+,"/+'11+;3+,"=3)(':;+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"hors de la zone intégrale de biodiversité ?+M+/=1+R" 1+" /2-N1+" Fairtrade-FairMined -+" 1)" <212/D'+" +(" -;" 6032;@$" \&" 2;" =1;,'+;3," ,'(+,"-.23=)'11)4+"=2;33)'+&(" 92;3&'3" 1m255),'2&"-+"='12(+3";&+"/'&+"/2-N1+":;'" ;('1',+" 1+,"/+'11+;3+,"=3)(':;+,"8HSR",+12&" 1+," &23/+," +(" 1+" /2-N1+" -+" l'Alliance for Responsible Mining et le Fairtrade Labelling Organisation Fairmined" =2;3" 1m23" +(" 1+,"/0();M"=305'+;MR" 5+" :;'" '/=1':;+]"Om0-;5)('2&" +(" 1+" 3+&9235+/+&("-+," 5)=)5'(0," -+,"+M=12'()&(," /'&'+3," )3(',)&);M" )9'&" :;m'1," +M(3)'+&(" -+" /)&'N3+" =1;," =32-;5('*+" +(" 3+,=+5(;+;,+" -+"1m+&*'32&&+/+&(R" 1)"4+,('2&"-+,",;D,()&5+,"(2M':;+,R" 1)"3+,();3)('2&"052124':;+R" 1+,"=3'M"0:;'()D1+,R" 1.JC4'N&+R" 1+"-0*+12==+/+&(" 125)1R" 1)" 30-;5('2&"-+" 1)" =);*3+(0R" 1)" Z;,('5+" ,25')1+"r" 1.+M=12'()('2&" 104)1+" ,;3" D),+"-.;&"=+3/',$"<+=+&-)&(R" '1" &mC" )" );5;&+" 3)',2&" =2;3" :;.;&+" /'&+" /2-N1+" &+" =;',,+" =)," ,;'*3+" 1+," =3'&5'=+," ,25');M" +("+&*'32&&+/+&();M"-+"1)"&23/+"_g^_S")*+5"1m'&(+&('2&"-m)/+&+3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"L"1)"104)1'(0"L"52&-'('2&":;m'1",2'("=2,,'D1+"=2;3"+;M"-+"1+"9)'3+"+&"*+3(;"-;"52-+"/'&'+3R":;'"+,("+&"1+"=325+,,;,"-+"30923/+$" A Kinshasa, les participants ont fait les recommandations selon les thèmes suivants : O)"=32D10/)(':;+"-;"=325+,,;,"-+"=1)&'9'5)('2&"-+"1)"7[%"+("1.)==1'5)('2&"-+"1)"12'"/'&'N3+]"

! %1" 9);(" (32;*+3" ;&+" 9)t2&" -+" *)1'-+3" 1+" =325+,,;," -+" =1)&'9'5)('2&" =)3('5'=)('*+" );=3N," -+" 1.%<<[" L"d'&,J),)""

! g2;,"1+,"=)3('5'=)&(,"0()'+&("-+"1.)*',":;+"1+,"(+M(+,"-+"1)"104',1)('2&"/'&'N3+"+("-+"52&,+3*)('2&"-2'*+&("k(3+"J)3/2&',0,$"6)3"+M+/=1+R"1.)3('51+"I"-;"3N41+/+&("/'&'+3"&05+,,'(+";&+"-',5;,,'2&"=2;3"52/=3+&-3+"1+," '&(+&('2&,"=2;3,;'*'+,"=)3" 1+" 104',1)(+;3$"G+"=1;,R"L" 1.)3('51+"V"-;"52-+"/'&'+3R" '1"C")"04)1+/+&(";&+"D3N5J+"-+"-',5;,,'2&,"=2;3"1+,"'&-;,(3'+,"+M(3)5('*+,":;'"2&("+;"-+,"('(3+,")*)&("1)"530)('2&"299'5'+11+"-+"1)"70,+3*+$"%1"9);("-2&5"30-'4+3";&"3)==23(",;3"5+",;Z+(R",'"5+1)"&.)"=),"+&523+"0(0"9)'(""

! %1"9);(")==1':;+3"1)"12'"! H.)==;C+3",;3"1)",(3)(04'+"<O%6"?<2&,+&(+/+&("O'D3+R"%&923/0"+("630)1)D1+"

"<2//+"L"B;i)*;R"-+,"0(;-+,")--'('2&&+11+,"2&("0(0"3+52//)&-0+,"]""

! \&"S+/D3+" -;" =)31+/+&(" )" 3+52//)&-0" ;&+" 0(;-+" :;'" ('+&(" 52/=(+" -+," '/=)5(," -+" 1.>S8" ,;3" 1)"=2=;1)('2&"?=$"+M$R"1+,"'/=)5(,",;3"1+;3",)&(0R"+(",'(;)('2&"052&2/':;+"+(",25')1+@""

! \&"=)3('5'=)&("+&*'32&&+/+&()1',(+")"3+52//)&-0";&+")==325J+"-+"3+5J+35J+"L" 1.)*+&'3"=2;3" (32;*+3"-+," ,21;('2&," ,;3" 1+," =32D1N/+," -+" 1.>S8"]" 5+5'" =+;("/'+;M" ,+" 9)'3+" +&" +&:;k()&(" ,;3" 1+," +M=12'()&(,"/'43)&(,");"1'+;"-+"1)"=2=;1)('2&"125)1+"

! O+" S+/D3+" -;" =)31+/+&(" )" );,,'" 3+52//)&-0" :;.;&+" 0(;-+" ,2'(" 30)1',0+" )9'&" -+" -0/2&(3+3" 1+,")1(+3&)('*+,"=)3"3)==23(");M")5('*'(0,")43'521+,"+("01+*)4+"

! %1",2;J)'(+3)'(":;+"1)"=)3('+",;-"-+"1)"7[%",2'(");,,'"+M=1230+"! S+&+3";&+"0(;-+",;3"1.+&*+34;3+"+("1)"=23(0+"-+,"432;=+,")3/0,"-)&,"1)"o2&+R",+"D),)&(",;3"1+,"-2&&0+,"-+,"+9923(,")5(;+1,"-+"1.%6H%H",;3"1)"5)3(243)=J'+"-+,"52&91'(,");"H;-"d'*;$"G',5;(+3"-.)D23-"5+",;Z+(")*+5"1)"SK[\H<K$"<+((+"234)&',)('2&")"=1;,"-+"-0()'1,",;3"1+,")5('*'(0,"-+,"432;=+,")3/0,"-)&,"1)"304'2&$"

"

8.1 Discussion O+,"30)5('2&,"*',"L"*',"-;"3)==23("-+"(+33)'&"=30,+&(0")*)'+&("3+&52&(30"1)",)(',9)5('2&"-+,"=)3('5'=)&(,"+("=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+," L" 1.)(+1'+3" -+" B;i)*;" -)&," 1)" /+,;3+" 2n" 5+" 3)==23(" ,;,5'()'(" =1;,'+;3," =2'&(," 52/=10/+&()'3+," +("52&*+34+&(,$" 8;" 5+&(3+" -+" 1+;3," =30255;=)('2&," ,;34',,)'(" 1+" D+,2'&" -+" ,)*2'3" -)*)&()4+" ,;3" 1)" *'+" ,25'2^052&2/':;+" -+," 52//;&);(0," +(" 1+;3" 3)==23(" )*+5" 1.+&*'32&&+/+&(" -)&," 1)" =+3,=+5('*+" -+" ,2;J)'(+3" 1)"-;=1'5)('2&"-+"1)"/k/+"0(;-+"-)&,"1+"3+,(+"-+,"5J+99+3'+,":;'"52/=2,+&("-+"1)"7[%$"O)"=30,+&()('2&"-;"3)==23(")*+5"1+,"3+52//)&-)('2&,"-+"1.)(+1'+3"-+"B;i)*;");M"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"+(");M");(23'(0,"-)&,"1.)(+1'+3"-+"d'&,J),)")*)'("3+(+&;"1+;3")((+&('2&"(2;("+&")&53)&("1)"=30255;=)('2&",;3"1+"3+,=+5("-+,"(+M(+,"104);M"+("1.)==1'5)('2&",(3'5(+"-+,"12',"304',,)&("1+",+5(+;3"/'&'+3"+("+&*'32&&+/+&()1R"+("+&"3+,()&("52&,5'+&("-+,"-09',":;+"1+,")-/'&',(3)('2&,"/'&'N3+,"+("+&*'32&&+/+&()1+,")9932&(+&($"G+,"2='&'2&,"-'*+3,+,"+("-+,"=30255;=)('2&,"=+3('&+&(+,",2&("3+,(0+,"+&",;,=+&,"+&")((+&(+"-+"30=2&,+,"91+M'D1+,"L"1)",'(;)('2&")5(;+11+",;3"1+"(+33)'&$""" "

"

TX"

BIBLIOGRAPHIE "893'5)"B'2-'*+3,'(C"<211)D23)('*+"E32;="?#Y!!@$"Mining and biodiversity in the DRC—Challenges and opportunities$"63+,+&()('2&"(2"8B<E">M(3)5('*+,"b23i'&4"E32;=R"!#"K5(2D+3"#Y!!$"""893'5)"B'2-'*+3,'(C"<211)D23)('*+"E32;="?#Y!Y@$"g),i"B]"S)&)4'&4">M(3)5('*+"%&-;,(3'+,"(2"632(+5("B'2-'*+3,'(C"=32Z+5("-+,53'=('2&$ "811')&5+"923"7+,=2&,'D1+"S'&'&4"x"(J+"_)'3(3)-+"O)D+11'&4"K34)&',)('2&"?#Y!Y@$"�_)5(",J++(]"_)'3(3)-+")&-"_)'3/'&+-"421-$�"7+3'+*+-"2&"#V(J"S)35J"#Y!A"932/"J((=]jjfff$9)'3(3)-+$,+jf=^52&(+&(j;=12)-,j#Y!#jYXj9)i()D1)-�4;1-$=-9$"""8[86%"?&$-$@$"Invest in the DR Congo: Land of opportunities in the heart of Africa$"8($"J((=]jjfff$)&)='$234j%&*+,(�'&�-35j%&*+,(�'&�G7<$=-9$"855+,,+-"H+=(+/D+3"#T(JR"#Y!!$""B)3;/+R"8$R"?#YYY@$"Heading towards extinction ?: Indigenous rights in Africa : The case of the Twa of the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo."%bE%8"?gJ+"_23+,("6+2=1+,"63243)//+@"G25;/+&("[2$"!Y!. <2=+&J)4+&$"""B)f)R"w$"u)C+,R"d$R"+(")1$"?#Y!Y@$"PROMINES Study: Artisanal mining in the Democratic Republic of"Congo."G_%GR"b231-"B)&iR")&-"67KS%[>H"$"""B)33+(2R"O$"?#Y!!@$"Analysis for stakeholders on formalization in the artisanal and small-scale gold mining sector based on experiences in Latin America, Africa, and Asia, ,$1$]"811')&5+"923"7+,=2&,'D1+"S'&'&4$""BE7"?#Y!Y@$"H()&-)3-,")&-"=3'&5'=1+,$"Long-term performance of engineered barrier systems: Mineral certification. 7+(3'+*+-"2&"#V"K5(2D+3"#Y!!"932/"J((=]jjfff$D43$D;&-$-+j>[jgJ+/+&jS'&�32J,(299+j<g<j8==32)5JjH()&-)3-,^63'&5'=1+,j,()&-)3-,^=3'&5'=1+,�&2-+�+&$J(/1$"""BE7"?#Y!#@$"%&"925;,]"BE7",;==23("923"/'&+3)1"5+3('9'5)('2&"'&"(J+"893'5)&"E3+)("O)i+,"7+4'2&$"u)&&2*+3]"BE7$"""B','-'R"w$"+(")1$"?#YYU@$"L’utilisation et la conservation des ressources forestières a Itombwe : Perceptions de la population. >876K"63243)//+"7+=23("[2$"!jYU$"bb_">),(+3&"893'5)"7+4'2&)1"63243)//+"K99'5+$"_23"bb_")&-"\H8%G$"""<J'+9,"29"(3'D+,"1'*'&4"'&"%(2/Df+$"?#YYV@$"Point de vue des chefs coutumiers du massif forestrier d’Itombwe, Mwenga, sur: La conservation de la foret d’Itombwe. A WWF/ PCKP. 7+(3'+*+-"2&"#"S)C"#Y!!"932/"�J((=]jjfff$f3/$234$;Cj52;&(3'+,j893'5),=+)i,j7G<�/),,'9�923+,('+3�-%(2/Df+$=-9�""G+h2&4R"g$"?#Y!!@$"Perspectives on Itombwe: Synthesis report on the state of the delimitation process and perspectives on key strategic issues. bb_$"""G+/253)('5"7+=;D1'5"29"<2&42"?#Y!Y@$"Ministerial Arrêté NO. 0705/CAB.MIN/MINES/01/2010 OF 20 September 2010 regarding the suspension of mining activities in the provinces of Maniema, North- Kivu and South-Kivu.""G+/253)('5"7+=;D1'5"29"<2&42"?#Y!!@$"Manuel de Certification des Minerais de la Filière Stannifère en RD Congo: Principes, Lignes Directrices et StandardsR"s+3,'2&"Y"-;"##"90*3'+3"#Y!!$"S'&',(3C"29"S'&+,]"d'&,J),)"z"E2/D+$""G3);1+&,R"G$R")&-"d3;&i+1,*+&R">$"?#YY#@$"gJ+"'/=)5("29"f)3"2&"923+,(")3+),"'&"(J+"G+/253)('5"7+=;D1'5"29"<2&42$"Oryx, 36 (1): ==$"AI^FY$"""G;3D)&"6325+,,"?#YYV@$"Campaign report, June 2006. 7+(3'+*+-"2&"#I"_+D3;)3C"#Y!A"932/"J((=]jjfff$423'11)1)&-$&+(jb'1-O%EugjG;3D)&�6325+,,�9'1+,j<)/=)'4&�#Y7+=23(�#Yh;&�#Y#YYV$=-9$"""

"

UY"

>J1+3,R"8$>$"?#Y!Y@$"Environmental Impact Declaration for NRD’s Mara Concession. 8;4;,("#Y!Y$"H;==23(+-"DC"h$"s),(+3,"?BE7@R"6$"H5J�((+"?BE7@")&-"6$"[)i)&'i)"?[7G@$""">,(+11+"O+*'&"O'/'(+-"?#Y!#@$"ASM-PACE$"�2&1'&+�"8*)'1)D1+")(]"J((=]jjfff$),/^=)5+$234"�855+,,+-]"!T"8;4"#Y!#�$""E23'11)"K34)&'o)('2&R"%<<[")&-"<8HS"?#YYU@$"The Durban Process: Campaign report 2008. ""u'5i,R"g$R"+(")1$"?#Y!Y@$"g3)-+"'&"23=J'&,")&-"D;,J/+)("(J3+)(+&,"2&"29"(J+"G3/253)('5"7+=;D1'5"29"(J+"<2&42.,"/2,("'/=23()&("=2=;1)('2&,"29">),(+3&"<J'/=)&o++,"?Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii@$"African Primates, 7 (1): ==$"!^!U$""u244R"h$"?#Y!!)@$"<2&42"/'&+3,",;99+3"),"(3)5+)D'1'(C"3;1+"D'(+$ Reuters, I"S)C"#Y!!$ 7+(3'+*+-"2&"#T"h;&+"#Y!!"932/"J((=]jjfff$3+;(+3,$52/j)3('51+j#Y!!jYIjYIj52&42^-+/253)('5^/'&+3)1,^'-\HOG>TFA!\E#Y!!YIYI$"""u244R"h$"?#Y!!D@$"<2&91'5("/'&+3)1"3;1+,"(2"=3+,,;3+"<2&42"/'&+3,$"Reuters, !"8=3'1"#Y!!$ 7+(3'+*+-"2&"!I"K5(2D+3"#Y!!"932/"J((=]jj)9$3+;(+3,$52/j)3('51+j'&*+,('&4[+f,j'-8_hK>TAYY_6#Y!!YFY!$"""u244R"h$"?#Y!!5@$"E21-"912f"932/"<2&42.,"512;-^5)==+-"J'11,$ Reuters, T"K5(2D+3"#Y!!$"7+(3'+*+-"2&"#T"K5(2D+3"#Y!!"932/"J((=]jj;i$3+;(+3,$52/j)3('51+j#Y!!j!YjYTj;i^52&42^421-^'-\dO[>TXVYYA#Y!!!YYT$"u244R"h$"?#Y!#@$"�\=-)(+"!^"G7"<2&42"(2";="/'&'&4"=32Z+5("1+*'+,"z/'&',(+3�$_23"Reuters. #!"S)35J"#Y!#$""u211+,+&R"6$"?#Y!#@$"7+=23("2&"1)34+^,5)1+"/'&'&4"'&"(J+"%(2/Df+"7+,+3*+$"bb_$"""u211+,(+11+R"S$"?#Y!#@$"83(',)&)1")&-"H/)11^,51)+"S'&'&4"'&"632(+5(+-"83+),")&-"<3'('5)1">52,C,(+/,"?8HS^68<>@]"E)D2&"5),+",(;-C]"8",'(;)('2&)1")&)1C,',"29"8HS"'&"=32(+5(+-")3+),")&-"53'('5)1"+52,C,(+/,")&-"3+52//+&-)('2&,"923"E)D2&+,+"=21'5C/)i+3,"(2")(()'&"+52124'5)1")&-",25'2^+52&2/'5)11C"3+,=2&,'*+")3(',)&)1")&-",/)11^,5)1+"/'&'&4$"bb_"6;D1'5)('2&$"Forthcoming. 811')&5+"923"7+,=2&,'D1+"S'&'&"H+3'+,"2&"7+,=2&,'D1+"8HSR"[2$"A$"7+(3'+*+-"2&"A!"8;4;,("#Y!#"932/"""u3;,5Ji)R"_$R")&-">5J)*)33')R"<$"?#Y!!@$"Rock-Solid Chances for Responsible Artisanal Mining. J((=]jjfff$52//;&'(C/'&'&4$234j)(()5J/+&(,jYIX�7H<�_%[8O�f+D�12f$=-9$ %D;5f)R"h^6$"?#Y!Y@$"Democratic Republic of the Congo: The search for consensus on the Itombwe Forests. b7S"B;11+('&$""%i21'R"h$"?#Y!#@$"Presentation on the Status of Mining in the DRC by the Director of Cabinet Adjoint, Ministry of Mines DRC."'gH<'"<2&91'5("S'&+3)1,"H+/'&)3$"<)=+"g2f&$"#V"8=3'1"#Y!#$""%1)/D;R"K$R"2=",'($"?!XXX@$"gJ+"%(2/Df+"S),,'9R"G+/253)('5"7+=;D1'5"29"<2&42]"D'2124'5)1",;3*+C,")&-"52&,+3*)('2&R"f'(J")&"+/=J),',"2&"E3);+3.,"423'11)")&-"D'3-,"+&-+/'5"(2"(J+"81D+3('&+"7'9($"K3CM"AAR"AY!Â##$""%&(+3&)('2&)1"81+3($"?#Y!Y@$ The Role of the Exploitation of Natural Resources in Fuelling and Prolonging Crises in the Eastern DRCR"h)&;)3C"#Y!Y$""%&(+3&)('2&)1"<3',',"E32;="?#Y!Y),Conflict in Congo."B3;,,+1,")&-"b),J'&4(2&]"%&(+3&)('2&)1"<3',',"E32;=R"" 7+(3'+*+-"!F"K5(2D+3"#Y!Y"932/"J((=]jjfff$53',',432;=$234j+&ji+C^',,;+,j52&91'5(^'&^52&42$),=M""%g7%"O(-$"?#Y!!@$"%g7%"H;==1C"<J)'&"%&'(')('*+"?'gH<'@$"63+,+&()('2&"DC"d)C"['//2"923R"Great Lakes Region Supply Chain Activities-Panel Presentations: Implementation of regional sourcing and tracking mechanisms. %&]"E+H%")&-">%<<"<2&91'5("S'&+3)1,"H;==1C"<J)'&"b23i,J2="s%%$"B3;,,+1,]"!X"H+=(+/D+3"#Y!!$"""'gH<'"?#Y!!@$"iTSCi Guidance."\&=;D1',J+-"3+=23(R"#Y!!$""%\<["?!XXF@$"Guidelines for Protected Area management categories."%\<["<2//',,'2&"2&"[)('2&)1"6)3i,")&-"632(+5(+-")3+),"f'(J"(J+"),,',()&5+"29"(J+"b231-"<2&,+3*)('2&"S2&'(23'&4"<+&(3+$"%\<[R"E1)&-R"Hf'(o+31)&-$""%\<[$"?#YYU@$"Guidelines for applying protected area management categories. G;-1+CR"[$"?+-@$"E1)&-"]"%\<[$"""

"

U!"

%\<[$"?#Y!Y@$"Parcs et Réserves de la République Démocratique du Congo: Évaluation de l'efficacité de la Gestion des Aires Protegées$"E1)&-]"%\<[$""%\<[$"?#Y!!@$"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 7+(3'+*+-"2&"!T"8;4;,("#Y!!"932/"J((=]jjfff$';5&3+-1',($234j$"""d;Z'3)if'&Z)R"G$"+(")1$"?#Y!Y@$"Healing the Rift: Peacebuilding in and around protected areas in the Democratic Republic of Congo’s Albertine Rift. \&=;D1',J+-"7+=23("(2"\H8%G$"""d'i;i)/)R"%$"?#Y!Y@$"Itombwe highly threatened by mining exploitation. U"_+D3;)3C"#Y!Y$"bb_"63+,,"7+1+),+$"""O2&-2&"S+()1">M5J)&4+"?#Y!#@$"OS>"g'&"63'5+,$"7+(3'+*+-"2&"A!"8;4;,("#Y!#"932/"J((=]jjfff$/+()1=3'5+,$52/j/+()1j('&j1/+^('&^5),J^299'5')1$"""O;i;3;"_2;&-)('2&"?#Y!!@$"b23i,J2=",;//)3C"923"<2<2,'R"T^!V"_+D3;)3C"#Y!!$"""S+()1D;11+('&$52/"?#Y!#@$"DRC mining code revision set to raise taxes, increase state ownership | Metal Bulletin$"�b+D,'(+�"8*)'1)D1+")(]"J((=]jjfff$/+()1D;11+('&$52/j83('51+j#XTUYF!jG7<^/'&'&4^52-+^3+*','2&^,+(^(2^3)',+^()M+,^'&53+),+^,()(+^2f&+3,J'=$J(/1"�855+,,+-]"#V"h;1"#Y!#�$""S'&',(3+"-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(R"&)(;3+R"+);M"+("923ê(,$"?#YYV@$"Arrêté Ministériel N038/ CAB/MIN/ECN-EF/2006 DU portant création d’une Réserve Naturelle dénommée Réserve Naturelle d’Itombwe. « RNI ». ""S;D)1)/)R"O$"?#YYX@$"Report of the Internal Review of the PROJECT “Participatory Gazettment and Forest Management of the Itombwe Massif” Democratic Republic of the Congo$"?[K78G"632Z+5("[2$]"EOK^YIjA!#^!V"?[K78G@R"<GYY!A$Y!"?bb_@R"IY!V"?bb_^[23f)C@$""S;J'4f)R"h$"2=",'($"?#YYU@$"Le massif d’Itombwe: Le peuple et la terre."B;i)*;]"B;3+);"-.>(;-+,"H5'+&('9':;+,"+("g+5J&':;+,""SC+3,R"[$R"+(")1$"?#YYY@$"B'2-'*+3,'(C"J2(,=2(,"923"52&,+3*)('2&"=3'23'('+,$"Nature, 403. #F"_+D3;)3C"#YYY]"==$"UIAÛIU$"""KD,+3*)(2'3+"-+,"923k(,"-.893':;+"5+&(3)1+"?#YYU@$"P"H()(+"29"(J+"923+,("#YYU$"Q"7+(3'+*+-"2&"#V(J"S)35J"#Y!A"932/"J((=]jjfff$2D,+3*)(2'3+^52/'9)5$&+(j+-9#YYU$=J={1�+&"""K><G"?#Y!!@$"OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Supply Chains of Minerals from Conflict-Affected and High-Risk Areas. K><G"6;D1',J'&4"?[B$"(J+"E21-",;==1+/+&("(2"(J+"E;'-)&5+"f),"=;D1',J+-"'&"#Y!#@""K1,2&R"G$"S$")&-"G'&+3,(+'&R">$"?#YY#@$"�gJ+"E12D)1"#YY]"63'23'(C">523+4'2&,"923"E12D)1"<2&,+3*)('2&�"'&"Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens, s$"UX]"==$"!XX^##F$"""K/)3'"%$R"+(")1$"?!XXX@$"The Itombwe Massif, Democratic Republic of Congo: biological surveys and conservation, with an emphasis on Grauer's gorilla and birds endemic to the Albertine Rift$"K3CM"AA]F"==$"AY!Â##""K(+32R"S$")&-"u23/)(,R"7$"?#Y!!@$"�h2'&'&4"(24+(J+3"(2"52/D)("52&91'5("/'&+3)1,$�"7+(3'+*+-"2&"#V(J"S)35J"#Y!A"932/"J((=]jjD124,$,()(+$42*j'&-+M$=J=j,'(+j+&(3CjZ2'&'&4�(24+(J+3�(2�52/D)(�52&91'5(�/'&+3)1,$"""61;/=(3+R"8$R"+(")1$"?#YYX@$"H;3*+C"'&"%(2/Df+$"Gorilla Journal, 39."G+5+/D+3"#YYX$"7+(3'+*+-"2&"!U"8;4;,("#Y!!"932/"J((=]jjfff$D+34423'11)$-+j'&-+M$=J={'-�!YVXxO�!x(M�((&+f,"=+35+&(IB((�&+f,"=+35+&(IG�AF!x5u),J�!T9T!!)VI+TT-XXA+V!5AA-!9++T59-U$"""630,'-+&("-+"1)"70=;D1':;+"G0/253)(':;+"-;"<2&42$"?#YYA@$"Règlement minier. Décret N 038/2003 du 26 mars 2003 portant règlement minier. 63;&'+3R"E$"?#YYX@$"Africa's World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe."KM923-]"KM923-"\&'*+3,'(C"63+,,$""

"

U#"

7h<"x"(J+"OBS8"?#Y!#@$"Responsible Jewellery Council and London Bullion Market Association convene an industry briefing at Baselworld 2012$"�G3)9("=3+,,"3+1+),+$�"7+(3'+*+-"2&"YX"S)35J"#Y!#"932/"J((=]jjfff$3+,=2&,'D1+Z+f+11+3C$52/j9'1+,j7h<ÔBS8^%&-;,(3C^B3'+9'&4^=3+,,^3+1+),+�YU$YA$!#$=-9$""7+;(+3,"?#Y!#@$"�%&-2&+,')&"('&"=32-;5+3,"5;("+M=23(,"-;+"(2"12f"=3'5+,$�"b3'((+&"DC"_+34;,"h+&,2&R"!V"8;4;,("#Y!#$"7+(3'+*+-"2&"A!"8;4;,("#Y!#"932/"J((=]jj)9$3+;(+3,$52/j)3('51+j52//2-'('+,[+f,j'-8_OF>UhE#!s#Y!#YU!V$"""H8>HH<8S$"?#Y!Y@$"Identification des sites miniers institués en ZEA. ""H'+4+1R"H$")&-"s+'4)R"S$S$"?#YYX@$"83(',)&)1")&-",/)11^,5)1+"/'&'&4"),"+M(3)1+4)1"+52&2/C]"G+"H2(2")&-"(J+"3+-+9'&'('2&"29"�923/)1'o)('2&R�"K&1'&+"h2;3&)1R"Resources Policy]"==$AFI!ÎV$"""H()3iR"8$")&-">$"O+*'&$"?#Y!Y@$"Benchmark Study of Environmental and Social Standards in Industrialised Precious Metals MiningR"%,,;+-"S)35J"#Y!!$"H21'-)3'-)-$""\&'*+3,'(C"29"KM923-R"G+=)3(/+&("29"H25'2124C"?#Y!A@$"�>MO+4']">M(3)^1+4)1"42*+3&)&5+"'&,('(;(+$�"�2&1'&+�"8*)'1)D1+")(]"J((=]jjfff$+M1+4'$2M$)5$;ij"�855+,,+-]"#Y"S)3"#Y!A�$"""\[G>H8"?#Y!Y@$"World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision$"�2&1'&+�"8*)'1)D1+")(]"J((=]jj+,)$;&$234jf==j;&==j=)&+1�=2=;1)('2&$J(/"�855+,,+-]"!T"8;4"#Y!#�$""\[>6"?#Y!!@$"The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Post-conflict environmental assessment synthesis for policy makers. "\[>H<K"?#Y!!@$"Biodiversity Conservation in Regions of Armed Conflict: Protecting World Heritage in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 7+(3'+*+-"2&"!I"K5(2D+3"#Y!!"932/"fJ5$;&+,52$234j+&j)5('*'('+,jUAj$"""\[H<"?#YY!^#Y!#@$"Publications on the Democratic Republic of the Congo-Security Council Report$"�2&1'&+�"8*)'1)D1+")(]"J((=]jjfff$,+5;3'(C52;&5'13+=23($234j,'(+j5$41dbO+Sg%,EjD$#FYYVXAji$>FYVj6;D1'5)('2&,�2&�(J+�G+/253)('5�7+=;D1'5�29�(J+�<2&42$J(/"�855+,,+-]"!T"8;4"#Y!#�$"\&'(+-"[)('2&,"H+5;3'(C"<2;&5'1R"#YY!$"Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of Congo$"7+(3'+*+-"I"K5(2D+3"#Y!!"932/"J((=]jjfff$;&$234j[+f,j-Jj1)(+,(j-352&42$J(/$""\[H<"E32;="29">M=+3(,"?#Y!Y@$"Letter dated 26 October 2010 from the Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo addressed to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1533 (2004)."Hj#Y!YjIXV$"[+f"w23i]"\&'(+-"[)('2&,$""\&'(+-"[)('2&,"%&(+3&)('2&)1"g+1+52//;&'5)('2&"\&'2&"x">,(+11+"O+*'&"O(-$"?#Y!#@$"g2f)3-,"43++&'&4"52&91'5("/'&+3)1,",;==1C"5J)'&,"'&"(J+"893'5)&"E3+)("O)i+,"7+4'2&]"gJ+"5),+"923"43+)(+3"-;+"-'1'4+&5+"DC"(J+"%<g",+5(23")&-"(J+"&++-"(2"925;,"2&"(J+"+&*'32&/+&($"""\&'(+-"[)('2&,"K99'5+"923"(J+"<223-'&)('2&"29"u;/)&'()3')&"899)'3,"?#Y!#@$"�G7"<2&42]"H(+=='&4";=",;==23("923"(f2"/'11'2&"-',=1)5+-$�"7+(3'+*+-"2&"#V(J"S)35J"#Y!A"932/"J((=]jjfff$;&25J)$234j(2=^,(23'+,j)11^,(23'+,j-3^52&42^,(+=='&4^,;==23(^(f2^/'11'2&^-',=1)5+-"""\HE"?#Y!!@$"H+5('2&"!IY#R"932/"�G2--^_3)&i"b)11"H(3++("7+923/")&-"<2&,;/+3"632(+5('2&"85($�"7+(3'+*+-"2&"!T"K5(2D+3"#Y!!"932/"J((=]jjfff$,+5$42*j)D2;(j1)f,jf)11,(3++(3+923/^5=)$=-9""\H"G+=)3(/+&("29"H()(+$"?#Y!!@$"Statement concerning implementation of Section 1502 of the Dodd-Frank legislation concerning conflict minerals due diligence."b),J'&4(2&R"G$<$"#YI#Y$"7+(3'+*+-"2&"!U"K5(2D+3"#Y!!"932/"J((=]jjfff$,()(+$42*j-25;/+&(,j234)&'o)('2&j!VUUI!$=-9""\H"%&,('(;(+"923"6+)5+"?#Y!!@$"Launch of Public-Private Alliance for Responsible Minerals Trade"�f+D=)4+�$"7+(3'+*+-"2&"!!"G+5+/D+3"#Y!!"932/]"J((=]jjfff$;,'=$234j+*+&(,j1);&5J^=;D1'5^=3'*)(+^)11')&5+^3+,=2&,'D1+^/'&+3)1,^(3)-+\H8%GR"#Y!!$"""s'11+4),R"<$"b+'&D+34R"7$R"O+*'&R">$")&-"u;&-R"d$"?#Y!#@$"Artisanal and Small-scale Mining in and Around Protected Areas and Critical Ecosystems: Global Scoping & Solutions Studies. 8&"8HS^68<>"6;D1'5)('2&$""

"

UA"

b+11,R"h$"?#Y!!@$"S'&'&4"(J+"<2&42]"E21-+&"2==23(;&'(C$"The Toronto Star. !Y"h;1$"#Y!!$"I"==$"""b231-"B)&i"?#YYU@$"Democratic Republic of Congo. Growth with Governance in the Mining Sector$"7+=23("[2$"FAFY#^`7$"S)C"#YYU$"7+(3'+*+-"2&"#T(J"H+=(+/D+3"#Y!!"932/"J((=]jj,'(+3+,2;35+,$f231-D)&i$234j%[gKES<j7+,2;35+,jAAVYXX^!!IVXII!YT!TYj-35432f(J42*+3&)&5++&41',J$=-9$"""b231-"B)&i"?#Y!Y)@$"Project Appraisal document on a proposed grant in the amount of SDR 33.1 million (US$50 million equivalent) to the Democratic Republic of Congo for a Growth with Governance in the mineral sector technical assistance project. !X"S)C"#Y!Y$"7+(3'+*+-"2&"!!"K5(2D+3"#Y!!")("J((=]jjfff^f-,$f231-D)&i$234j+M(+3&)1j-+9);1(jbGH<2&(+&(H+3*+3jbGH6j%Bj#Y!YjYVjYTjYYYAAAYAT�#Y!YYVYTYY!!AUj7+&-+3+-j6G_jIA!!VY68GY6!YV!Y!K99'5')1Y\,+YK&1C!$=-9$""b231-"B)&i"?#Y!YD@$"World Bank Approves a Grant of US$50 Million for Growth with Governance in the Mineral Sector Project (PROMINES) in the Democratic Republic of Congo."63+,,"7+1+),+"[2]#Y!!jYYIj8_7$"7+(3'+*+-"!,("K5(2D+3"932/"J((=]jjf+D$f231-D)&i$234jbBH%g>j>�g>7[8Oj[>bHjYRR52&(+&(SGd]##VAVFVV�=)4+6d]VF#ITYFA�='6d]FATATV�(J+H'(+6d]FVYTRYY$J(/1{5'-�AYY!�#$" "b2(32D)R"u$R"u+&(,5J+1R"g$R"+(")1$"?!XXU@$"Environmental Management in Small-Scale Mining. O)"6)oR"B21'*')]"S>GS%["x"<KH\G>$"AIF==$""bb_"?#Y!!@$"Protecting gorillas in a conflict zone."7+(3'+*+-"2&"!A"h;1C"#Y!!"932/"J((=]jjff9$=)&-)$234jfJ)(�f+�-2jfJ+3+�f+�f23ij52&42�D),'&�923+,(,jff9�,21;('2&,j52&42�f'1-1'9+�/)&)4+/+&(j52&42�423'11),j$""

"

UF"

ANNEXE A: CALENDRIER DE RECHERCHE ET PARTIES PRENANTES CONSULTÉES

"8;"(2()1"!Y",'(+,"/'&'+3,"2&("0(0"+&:;k(0,"=)3"1+,"-+;M"0:;'=+,"-+"3+5J+35J+$">&"(2;(R"I#"'&(+3*'+f,"'&-'*'-;+11+,"2&(" 0(0" 52&-;'(+," +(" #F" 432;=+," -+" -',5;,,'2&" 2&(" +;" 1'+;$" G)&," 1)"/0(J2-2124'+" -.0*)1;)('2&" -;" ,'(+"/'&'+3R"+&*'32&"!A#"=;'(,"/'&'+3,"2&("0(0"2D,+3*0,"C"52/=3',"5+;M")D)&-2&&0,"+("+&")5('*'(0,$""Itinéraire de la mission de terrain du Groupe 1 : Secteur d’Itombwe (à l’est de la Réserve) "<J+35J+;3,",;3"1+"(+33)'&"]"81)'&"<J',J;4'"xO'2&+1"%(2&4f)""O.0:;'=+")"*','(0"1+,",'(+,"-.>S8"-+"S)i+&-)R"S'i'R"H)f+R"8=)&4)R"g;1)/D2"+("g;/;/D;",;3"!I"Z2;3,"+&"Z;'11+("#Y!#R"+(")"*2C)40"L"='+-"+("L"/2(2"L"(3)*+3,"1)"=)3('+"+,("-+"1)"70,+3*+$"O+,"5J+35J+;3,"2&("=;"52&,;1(+3"-'*+3,+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,R"+&"234)&',)&("-+,"+&(3+('+&,"'&-'*'-;+1,"+("+&"432;=+")'&,'":;+"-+,"432;=+,"-+"-',5;,,'2&")*+5"]""

! O+,"<J+9,"?de localité, de groupement, de camp etc.@"r"! O+,">M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"r"! O+,"432;=+,"*;1&03)D1+,"r"! O+,"K[E"+("KH<"125)1+,"?D),0+,"-)&,"1+,"*'11+,"=325J+,"-.\*'3)"+("-+"B;i)*;@"! O+,"0:;'=+,"-+"-09+&,+"-+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,"r"! O+"5J+9"-+"1)",05;3'(0"-+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,"r"! \&"3+=30,+&()&("-+"1)"G'*','2&"-+,"S'&+,"r"! \&"3+=30,+&()&("-;"H8>HH<8S"r"! G+,"&0425')&(,"r"! G+,"52//+3t)&(,"r""! G+,"92;3&',,+;3,"-+",+3*'5+,"?C"52/=3',"-+,"=32,('(;0+,@"r"! G+,"(3)&,=23(+;3,"-+"/'&+3)',$""

O.0:;'=+")"04)1+/+&("=;"9)'3+",+,"=32=3+,"2D,+3*)('2&,"123,"-+"1.+&:;k(+"+/='3':;+"-.;&",'(+"/'&'+3$""Itinéraire de la mission de terrain du Groupe 2 : Chefferie de Basile (à l’ouest de la Réserve) "<J+35J+;3",;3"1+"(+33)'&"]"S$"B+&Z)/'&"b'12&-Z)" O+" 5J+35J+;3" )" *','(0" 1+," ,'(+," /'&'+3," -+" `2/D+R" O;4;&-;R" Sf)(+&-+" +(" df)f+&4)$" O+" ,'(+" -+" S'o)" 0()'("04)1+/+&(",;3"1)"1',(+"-+,",'(+,"L"*','(+3"/)',"1+"5J+35J+;3")"2=(0"-+"&+"=),"C")11+3"=2;3"-+,"3)',2&,"-+",05;3'(0$"O+"5J+35J+;3")"=;"52&,;1(+3"-'*+3,+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,R"+&"234)&',)&("-+,"+&(3+('+&,"'&-'*'-;+1,"+("+&"432;=+")'&,'":;+"-+,"432;=+,"-+"-',5;,,'2&")*+5"]"

! O+,"<J+9,"?de groupement et de localité) ; "! \&"432;=+"-+"6GE"r"! G'*+3,+,"234)&',)('2&,"-+"1)",25'0(0"5'*'1+R"-2&("-+,"041',+,"+("-+,"0521+,"r"! G+,"432;=+,"-+"9+//+,"+(");(3+,"432;=+,"*;1&03)D1+,"r"! O+"52//)&-)&("-+,"_87G<"r"! G+,"&0425')&(,"+("-+,"52//+3t)&(,"r"! G+,"92;3&',,+;3,"-+",+3*'5+,"r"! G+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);MR"C"52/=3',"-+,"5J+9,"-.0:;'=+,$"

"O+"5J+35J+;3")"04)1+/+&("=;"9)'3+",+,"=32=3+,"2D,+3*)('2&,"123,"-+"1.+&:;k(+"+/='3':;+"-.;&",'(+"/'&'+3"

"

UI"

ANNEXE B: AUTRES INITIATIVES DE CONSERVATION EN RDC189 "" CARPE NORAD (RNI) WWF-NL WWF-SW/AIDS Titre du projet Landscape 10

(Maiko-Tayna-Kahuzi-Biega) Programme sur 1+, paysages forestiers, Macro Zone des Communautés forestières d’Itombwe

Classement et Gestion de la Forêt du Massif d’Itombwe dans la République Démocratique du Congo

La protection des grands singes dans le Massif d’Itombwe

La protection des grands singes et de leur habitat dans 1+, forêts montagnardes du fossé albertin

Objectifs clés G.'5'" #Y!!R" =1)&" -+"4+,('2&"!YY�" 52&t;" +(" #Y�"/',"+&"};*3+"?,+12&" 1)" 9'5J+" -+"(3)*)'1"-+"#Y!!@"

~;+,('2&,",25'2052&2/':;+,"52/=3',+,R",50&)3'2,"-0*+12==0,R" [7S"=32/;R"52//;&);(0,"125)1+," J)D'1'(0+,R"=21'(':;+" -+"52//;&'5)('2&"?*2'3"logframe@"

G.'5'" 1)" 9'&" #Y!!R",()(;(" 104)1" -+" 1)"52&,+3*)('2&R" %<<["3+&92350R" =32(+5('2&"52&(3+" 1+" 52//+35+"'1104)1" -+," ,'&4+,"?*2'3"logframe@"

H.),,;3+3" :;+" 1+,"-2&&0+,"-.)&5'+&&+,"+&:;k(+," ,2&("'&51;,+," -)&," 1+,",50&)3'2,R" 1+,"=)3(+&)3')(," =;D1'5^=3'*0,R" )5('*'(0,"40&03)(3'5+," -+"3+*+&;," +(" );(3+,"/2C+&," -+",;D,',()&5+

Prévision budgétaire

B;-4+(" -+" !XF" IA#"\HG"

B;-4+(" -+" !FA" YT#"\HG"

B;-4+(" -+" !IY" YY#"\HG"

B;-4+(" &2&"-',=2&'D1+" -+" V#"IYY"\HG"

Dates #YYV^#Y!!" #YYT^#Y!!" #YYX^#Y!F" #YYX^#Y!F"Documents clés #Y!Y"g67"

#Y!!"g67"-+"V"/2',"632=2,'('2&" -+"=32Z+("G+3&'+3"g67"

g67" 52//;&"u211)&-+j[23*N4+"#Y!Y"

"

g)D1+"#]"70,;/0"-+,"=32Z+(,"510,]""�"<2/='10")*+5"1.)'-+"-+"EJ',1)'&"d)i;1+"S;,;D)2R"52/=()D1+"-;"bb_^B;i)*;$"��"O+,"92&-,"-;"<876>"+&"=32*+&)&5+"-;"-+3&'+3"+M+35'5+"D;-40()'3+"&.2&("=),"0(0"-0=+&,0,R"5+":;'")"+&(3)c&0";&+")55;/;1)('2&"-+"AIF"VF!"\HG"-;3)&("1.)&&0+"D;-40()'3+")5(;+11+"?)&&0+"I@",'"5+,"92&-,",2&("=3',"+&"52/=(+$"��"O+,"92&-,"-;"[K78G"&.0()'+&("=),"-',=2&'D1+,"5+((+")&&0+"=2;3"3+/D2;3,+/+&($"">M(3)'("-+"G+"h2&4R"#Y!!""

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""189 De Jong, 2011

"

UV"

ANNEXE C: CAMPAGNES D’INFORMATION SUR LES AUTRES SOURCES DE REVENUS DANS LA RNI

"Type Lieux Partenaires locaux Observations e1+*)4+" S'i'R" d'1+/Df+R" d),'i)R"

S'i+&4+"\G>_%R"8OHs%R"86G%d" y"d),'i)R"-+,"5JN*3+,"2&("

-',=)3;" 123," -+,"'&5;3,'2&,"3+D+11+,"

_)D3':;+,"=2;3"9+//+," d'(2=2R" d('(D'&4'R" d),'i)R"S;4;&-)R"d'1+/Df+"

" y" d),'i)R" 1+," 9)D3':;+,"2&(" 0(0" +&-2//)40+,"-;3)&("1+,"=3+/'+3,"Z2;3,"

<+&(3+" 52//;&);()'3+"=2;3"1+,"=C4/0+,"

d',;/D)" 6%G6" 61)&" =2;3" 1.)5J)(" -+" ARI"J+5()3+," +(" 52&,(3;'3+" ;&"5+&(3+" 52//;&);()'3+"?=32*',2'3+/+&("'&(+332/=;,@"

BW('/+&(" d),'i)R"d'D;/D)" " y" d),'i)R" 1)" 52&,(3;5('2&"-;" DW('/+&(" +,(" 52/=1N(+"+(" 1+" DW('/+&(" +,(" 255;=0"=)3"1+,"_87G<"

H)&(0" S)&-Z)R" d)1)/D'R" O;,'1;R"S),)&o+"

" %&52&&;$" K&" -'(" :;+"5+3()'&," DW('/+&(," &+",2&(" =)," 52/=1+(," ?,)&,"(2'(,@"

"g)D1+"A]">M+/=1+,"-.);(3+,",2;35+,"-+"3+*+&;,"">M(3)'("-+"G+"h2&4R"#Y!!""

"

UT"

ANNEXE D: INDICATEURS SUGGÉRÉS D’UNE INTERVENTION TECHNIQUE D’EMA RÉUSSIE

"Facteurs à considérer lorsqu’on considère des interventions technologiques au sein des exploitants miniers artisanaux Type de facteur Critère d’évaluation d’une solution technique H25')1"+("5;1(;3+1" ! \('1+");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"

! >,(")55+=(0"+(")==32;*0"=)3"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"! 63+&-"+&"52/=(+"1+,"/0(J2-+,"(3)-'('2&&+11+,";('1',0+,"-)&,"1.>S8""! _)5'1'(+"1+"(3)*)'1"! <+"=325+,,;,"=+3/+(");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+"*2'3"+("-.2D,+3*+3"1+"=325+,,;,R"+("-+"5+"9)'("-+"4)3-+3"1+"52&(3v1+"*','D1+"-+"1+;3,"/'&+3)',$""

! O+"=+3,2&&+1"&05+,,)'3+"+,("-',=2&'D1+"=2;3")552/=1'3"1)"(W5J+"?+&":;)&('(0"+("+&":;)1'(0",;99',)&(+,@"

! O.0:;'=+/+&(";('1',0"&+"-+*3)'("=),"52&(3)3'+3"1+,"52;(;/+,"&'"1+,"532C)&5+,"-+,"432;=+,"*',0,"

! O+"&2;*+);"=325+,,;,"&+"-+*3)'("=),"&05+,,'(+3"-+"43)&-,"5J)&4+/+&(,",(3;5(;3+1,"?J'03)35J'+R"3+,=2&,)D'1'(0,"+(5$@"

g+5J&':;+"" ! 8;4/+&(+"1)"=32-;5('2&"! 8;4/+&(+"1)"305;=03)('2&"! O+,"52q(,"-.'&*+,(',,+/+&(",2&("/'&'/+,"! O+,"93)',"-.+M=12'()('2&",2&("/'&'/+,""! O+"&2;*+1"0:;'=+/+&("-+*3)'("k(3+"52/=)('D1+")*+5"1.)&5'+&""! O+,",21;('2&,"-+*3)'+&("=2;*2'3"k(3+"'&(0430+,"-)&,"1+,"=325+,,;,")5(;+1,""! O+,"='N5+,"-+,"&2;*+);M"0:;'=+/+&(,j2;('1,",2&(^'1,"-',=2&'D1+,",;3"1+"/)35J0"{"! O)"9)D3'5)('2&"125)1+"+,(^+11+"=2,,'D1+"{""! O+"&2;*+1"0:;'=+/+&("+,(^'1"9)5'1+"L"403+3"+("L"/)'&(+&'3"{""! O.0:;'=+/+&("-2'("k(3+"52/=)('D1+")*+5"1+,",2;35+,"-.0&+34'+"-',=2&'D1+,",;3"=1)5+"! O.0:;'=+/+&("-2'(")*2'3";&"12&4"5C51+"-+"*'+"

e52124':;+" ! 70-;'("1.'/=)5("-+"1.>S8",;3"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("! 632(+5('2&"052124':;+")/01'230+")*+5"=+;"-+"(3)*)'1"+("L";&"52q("/'&'/+"! 8;4/+&(+"52&,'-03)D1+/+&("1)",q3+(0"-+,"2;*3'+3,"! O)",21;('2&"-+*3)'("30=2&-3+");M"&23/+,"052124':;+,"&)('2&)1+,"! O)",21;('2&"-+*3)'("=+3/+((3+");M"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-.2D(+&'3"-+,"5+3('9'5)(,"+("-+,"=+3/',"104'('/+,R",)&,"k(3+"52&(3)3'0,"L"5+((+"9'&"

! O)",21;('2&"-+*3)'("=2;*2'3"9)'3+"D)',,+3"1+,"93)',"052124':;+,"L"1.)*+&'3"S',+" +&" };*3+" -;"=32Z+(""

! [05+,,)'3+"L";&+"'&(+3*+&('2&"'&(0430+":;'"*',+"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(R"1)"=32-;5('2&R"1)",)&(0R"1.;('1',)('2&"-.0&+34'+"+(5$""

! O)",21;('2&"-2'("=2;*2'3")/01'23+3"1+,"/0(J2-+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"-+,"9+//+,"+("-+,"J2//+,"+("30-;'3+"1+,"'/=)5(,"-+"1.>S8",;3"1)",)&(0"+("1)",q3+(0",=05'9':;+,");M"4+&3+,""

! O.)==1'5)('2&"-+"1)",21;('2&"-2'("k(3+")552/=)4&0+"-+"1)"923/)('2&"-;"432;=+"*',0"! O+,"+,,)',"-+*3)'+&("k(3+"30)1',0,"3)='-+/+&("=2;3"40&03+3"-+,"-05','2&,"! O+"432;=+"*',0"-+*3)'("=)3('5'=+3"L"1)",01+5('2&R"1.+,,)'"+("1.)-)=()('2&"-+,",21;('2&,"! O+,",21;('2&,"-+*3)'+&("k(3+"/2-;1)D1+,"+&"*;+"-+"1+;3"-'99;,'2&"+99'5)5+"-)&,"1)"o2&+"*',0+""

! O+,"+M=12'()&(,"/'&'+3,")3(',)&);M"-+*3)'+&(")==32;*+3"1+"52&5+=("-+"1)",21;('2&");=)3)*)&(""

! O)",21;('2&"-+*3)'("k(3+"52/=)('D1+")*+5"1+,"30)1'(0,"9'&)&5'N3+,$"""8-)=(0"-;"()D1+);"-)&,"b2(3;D)R"u$R"u+&(,5J+1R"g$R"O'*)&R"d$"et al."?!XXUR"(3)-;'("+&"#YY#@$"s2'3"1)"=)4+"!VT"-)&,"1)"*+3,'2&"-+"#YY#$""

"

UU"

ANNEXE E : RAPPORT DE L’ATELIER D’ASM-PACE À BUKAVU, OCTOBRE 2012

Atelier sur l’exploitation artisanale des minerais dans la Réserve Naturelle d’Itombwe (RNI).

B;i)*;R"7G<R"#!",+=(+/D3+"#Y!#"""

CONTEXTE >&"#YYVR";&+"=)3('+"-;"/),,'9"923+,('+3"-.%(2/Df+")"2D(+&;"1+",()(;("-.;&+")'3+"=32(040+",2;,"1)"-0&2/'&)('2&"-+"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+"4030+"=)3" 1.%<<[")*+5" 1.)==;'"-+"bb_":;'"*',+" 1)"=32(+5('2&"+(" 1+"/)'&('+&"-+" 1)"D'2-'*+3,'(0" =2;3" ;&+" 4+,('2&" -;3)D1+" -+" =1;,'+;3," 3'5J+,,+," 9);&':;+," +(" 9123',(':;+," -052;*+3(+," -+=;',"=1;,'+;3,")&&0+,$""O)" 70,+3*+" [)(;3+11+" -.%(2/Df+" ?7[%@" 255;=+" ;&+" =1)5+" ,(3)(04':;+" -)&," 1+" Landscape" !Y" -;" =3243)//+"<876>!XY$">11+" ,+" (32;*+" );" ,;-"-;"6)35"[)('2&)1" -+"d)J;o'^B'+4)" +(" );"&23-"-+," 923k(," -+,"S2&(,"S',2(,J'^d)D2D2":;'"(2;,"/',"+&,+/D1+R"255;=+&(";&+"=1)5+"'/=23()&(+"-)&,"1+"7'9("81D+3('&$""K;(3+" 1+," 3'5J+,,+,"D'2124':;+,"-2&(" 3+4234+" 1)"7[%R"2&"C"2D,+3*+"=1;,'+;3," 3'5J+,,+,"/'&03)1+," 52//+" 1.23R" 1)"5),,'(03'(+R" 1)" 5212/D2^()&()1'(+R" 1)" f2193)/'(+R" +(5$" E0&03)1+/+&(R" <+," /'&+3)'," 2&(" (2;Z2;3," 0(0" +M=12'(0," -+"9)t2&")3(',)&)1+"=)3" 1+,"52//;&);(0," 125)1+,"+(");(25J(2&+,"D'+&":;.;&+"+M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+")" 9)'(",;39)5+"-+=;',":;+1:;+,")&&0+,"-+=;',"1)"o)a3')&',)('2&"+&"!XVV$""O.+M=12'()('2&" L" =+('(+" 05J+11+" -+,"/'&+3)'," 0=)3='110+" -)&," 1)" 7[%" +,(" 1.;&+" -+,"/+&)5+," '/=23()&(+," =2;3" 1)"52&,+3*)('2&"-.%(2/Df+$"<+3(+,R" 5+11+^5'"*)"52&('&;+3"L",2&"52;3,"&23/)1"-)&," 1)"/+,;3+"2nR" 1+,"52//;&);(0,"125)1+,")5523-+&(";&+"'/=23()&5+"L"5+((+")5('*'(0$"<.+,("-)&,"1)"=+3,=+5('*+"*',)&("1)"3+5J+35J+"-.;&+",21;('2&"L"5+"4+&3+" -+" =32D1N/+" :;+" 1+" 632Z+("ASM-PACE" :;'" +,(" ;&" =3243)//+" 52//;&"-;"bb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f+" )9'&" -+" 53+;,+3" -)*)&()4+" 1)" :;+,('2&" -.+M=12'()('2&" )3(',)&)1+" -+,"/'&+3)'," ?1+,"'/=)5(," +&*'32&&+/+&();MR" 1+,"D0&09'5')'3+,R" 1)" 9'1'N3+R" +(5$@"r"-2&(" 1)"=1;," 43)&-+"+M=0-'('2&"+,(" 5+11+"-+" Z;'11+("#Y!#$"""<+(" )(+1'+3" ,.'&,53'(" -)&," 1+" 5)-3+" -+" 1)" 52&,;1()&5+"bb_^>,(+11+" O+*'&" O(-$R" -2&(" 1.+M05;('2&" -+," (+3/+," -;"52&(3)(")"0(0"9)'(+"=)3">,(+11+"O+*'&$""G)&,"1+"D;("-+"52&,21'-+3"1+,"30,;1()(,"-+"5+((+"+&:;k(+R"1+"bb_")"(+&;"L"234)&',+3";&")(+1'+3"2n"0()'+&("52&*'0,"1+,"=)3('5'=)&(,"',,;,"-+"=1;,'+;3,"-2/)'&+,R"&2()//+&("1+,"/'&+,R"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(R"1)",25'0(0"5'*'1+")'&,'":;+"1+,"=+3,2&&+,"3+,,2;35+,"?+M=+3(,"+&":;+,('2&,"-+"923k(,R"+&*'32&&+/+&(R"-32'(,"-+,"52//;&);(0,@R"+(5$"<+;M^5'"2&("=3',")5('*+/+&("=)3(");M"(3)*);M"-+"3+,('(;('2&"-+,"30,;1()(,"-+"1.+&:;k(+",;3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&,"1)"7[%"(2;("+&")==23()&(" 1+;3"52&(3'D;('2&"+&"=+3,=+5('*+"-+" 1.)(+1'+3"-+"d'&,J),)"+("5+R"+&"*;+"-+" 1)"52&,21'-)('2&"-;"3)==23("9'&)1$""OBJECTIF DE L’ATELIER O+,"2DZ+5('9,"=2;3,;'*',"=)3"5+(")(+1'+3",2&("1+,",;'*)&(,"]"

• s)1'-)('2&"-+,"30,;1()(,"-+"1.0(;-+",;3"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"+("L"=+('(+"05J+11+R")*+5";&")55+&("=)3('5;1'+3",;3"1.)&)1C,+"-+"1.0(;-+"-+"5),"-;"/),,'9"-.%(2/Df+"r"

• %-+&('9'5)('2&"-+"1.'&923/)('2&"/)&:;)&(+"+("5211+5(+"-+"1.'&923/)('2&")--'('2&&+11+"r"

""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""190 “Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment”, financé par l’USAID

"

UX"

• %&(03'23',)('2&"-+,"'/=3+,,'2&,"+("=2'&(,"-+"*;+"-+"-'9903+&(+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"-)&,"1)"=+3,=+5('*+"-+"1+;3"+M=12'()('2&");"&'*+);"&)('2&)1"123,"-+"1.)(+1'+3"-+"d'&,J),)$"

B3+9R"1+,"+M=+3(,"+(")5(+;3,"'/=1':;0,"-)&,"1+,":;+,('2&,"-+,"/'&+3)',R"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"+("-+"1)"42;*+3&)&5+"2&("0(0")==+10,"L"=)3()4+3"+("*)1'-+3"1+"3)==23("-+,")5('*'(0,"30)1',0+,",;3"1+"(+33)'&"=+&-)&("1+"/2',"-+"Z;'11+("#Y!#$""RESULTATS ATTENDUS 8"1.',,;+"-+"5+(")(+1'+3R"1+,"30,;1()(,"5'^)=3N,"0()'+&(")((+&-;,"]"

• 8/01'23+3" 1)"52/=30J+&,'2&"-+,"=32D1N/+,"+("-+,":;+,('2&,"3+1)('9,"L" 1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"-)&,"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+"r""

• 6)3()4+3"1+,"3091+M'2&,",;3"1+,",21;('2&,"=2(+&('+11+,"L"12&4"(+3/+"-)&,"1)"=+3,=+5('*+"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,",+&,'D1+"L"1)":;+,('2&"/'&'N3+"r"

• 833'*+3"L"923/;1+3";&"/+,,)4+"51)'3"-+"1)"D),+");",2//+("52&5+3&)&("1+,"-'9903+&(+,"=+3,=+5('*+,",;3"1)":;+,('2&"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+("-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"+&"3)==23(")*+5"1)"4+,('2&"-;3)D1+"-+"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+$"

LIEU ET DUREE DE L’ATELIER

• O.)(+1'+3"-+"3+,('(;('2&"-+"1.0(;-+",;3"1)"=+('(+"/'&+"L"%(2/Df+",.+,("(+&;"+&"-)(+"-;"#!",+=(+/D3+"#Y!#"-)&," 1)" 43)&-+" ,)11+" -+" 30;&'2&" -+" 1.uv(+1" S2&(" d)J;o'" ,'," !#X" )*+&;+" 6)(3'5+" >/+3C" O;/;/D)R"52//;&+"-.%D)&-)R"*'11+"-+"B;i)*;R"=32*'&5+"-;"H;-^d'*;R"70=;D1':;+"G0/253)(':;+"-;"<2&42$"

• O.)(+1'+3")"52//+&50"L"U"J+;3+,"FY"/'&;(+,"+(")"=3',"9'&"L"!T"J+;3+,"FI"/'&;(+,"-;")*+5"1+,")1125;('2&,"3+,=+5('*+," -.2;*+3(;3+" +(" -+" 51v(;3+" -+" ,2&" >M5+11+&5+" S2&,'+;3" 1+" S'&',(3+" =32*'&5')1" -+"1.>&*'32&&+/+&(R"899)'3+,"92&5'N3+,R"-+"1.\3D)&',/+R"-+"1.u)D'()("+("-+,"g3)*);M"6;D1'5,$"

PARTICIPANTS

• O+," =)3('5'=)&(," L" 5+(" )(+1'+3" 0()'+&(" );" &2/D3+" -+" A!" =+3,2&&+," ,;'*)&(" 1)" 1',(+" +&" 8&&+M+" !" +("3+432;=0+,"+&"5)(0423'+,",;'*)&(+,"]"

• ^">:;'=+"-+"1.+&:;k(+"ASM-PACE"7[%r"• ^"621'(':;+"-;"-2/)'&+"/'&'"• +3"+("+&*'32&&+/+&("r"• ^"8-/'&',(3)('2&"+(",+3*'5+,"(+5J&':;+,"-+,"/'&+,"+("-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("r"• ^"85(+;3,"};*3)&("-)&,"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"r"• ^"g3)9':;)&(,"+("&0425')&(,"-+,"/'&+3)',"r"• ^" 6+3,2&&+," 3+,,2;35+," ]" 52&,;1()&(," +(" )5(+;3," -+,"K[E"-+" -0*+12==+/+&(" +(" -09+&,+"-+," -32'(," -+,"52//;&);(0,"3;3)1+,"r"

• ^"O+,"9)5'1'()(+;3,]"H()99"bb_$"• 62;3"1+,"-0()'1,R"*2'3"1)"1',(+"-+"=30,+&5+",'4&0+"=)3"1+,"=)3('5'=)&(,")&&+M0+"L"5+"3)==23($"%1"C")"1'+;"-+"

&2(+3" :;+" 1.)(+1'+3" &.)" =)," =;" D0&09'5'+3" -+" 1.+M=+3(" -;" G0=)3(+/+&(" -+" 402124'+"/'&'N3+" +&" -0='(" -+"1.'&*'()('2&":;'")*)'("0(0")-3+,,0+"L"5+("+99+($"

DE L’ATELIER PROPREMENT-DIT " "" Ouverture officielle de l’atelier O+," (3)*);M" -+" 1.)(+1'+3" ,;3" 1.+M=12'()('2&" )3(',)&)1+" -+,"/'&+3)'," -)&," 1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+" -.%(2/Df+" 2&(" 0(0"2;*+3(,"=)3",2&">M5+11+&5+"1+"S'&',(3+"632*'&5')1")C)&("1.>&*'32&&+/+&("-)&,",+,")((3'D;('2&,R"+&"1)"=+3,2&&+"-+"S+"b'11C"d%7%`8":;'"&.)"=),"J0,'(0"-+"30)99'3/+3"1.+&4)4+/+&("-+",2&"/'&',(N3+"-)&,"1+,")5('2&,"*',)&("L"=32(04+3"1+,"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,"-+"1)"=32*'&5+"-;"H;-"d'*;"+&"40&03)1"+("5+;M"-+"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-."%(2/Df+R"+&"=)3('5;1'+3$"%1")");,,'")==+10"1+,"=)3('5'=)&(,"L"(3)*)'11+3")9'&"-+"(32;*+3"1+,"=',(+,"-+",21;('2&,"5)=)D1+,"-.)((0&;+3"1.'/=)5("-+,"+M=12'()('2&,"/'&'N3+,"2D,+3*0+,"/k/+"-)&,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,$""" " Présentations individuelles et du programme de l’atelier O+,"=)3('5'=)&(," 2&(" +;" 1+" (+/=,"-+" ,+" 52&&)c(3+" -)*)&()4+" +&" ,+" =30,+&()&(" (2;3" L" (2;3" L" 1.),,+/D10+" 5J)5;&"-',)&(",+,"&2/,R",)",(3;5(;3+"-+"=32*+&)&5+R",)":;)1'(0R"+(5$"O+"S2-03)(+;3")"=)3()40"1+"=3243)//+"-+"1)"Z2;3&0+":;'"0(0")(()5J0");M"'&*'()('2&,$"8=3N,",)"1+5(;3+R"5+"-+3&'+3")"0(0"*)1'-0"=)3"1+,"=)3('5'=)&(,",)&,"/2-'9'5)('2&$""s2'5'",2&"52&(+&;"]"

Jour Timing Activités Responsable

-'R"1+"#!

H+=(+/

D3+"

YU]YY" z"YU]AY"

>&3+4',(3+/+&("-+,"=)3('5'=)&(," 632(2521+"

"

XY"

YU]AY" z"YU]FI"

K;*+3(;3+" 299'5'+11+" =)3" 1+" S'&',(3+" 632*'&5')1" -+"1.>&*'32&&+/+&("

S'&',(3+"-+"1.>&*'32&&+/+&("

YU]FI" z"YX]YY"

630,+&()('2&"'&-'*'-;+11+"-+,"=)3('5'=)&(," 6)3('5'=)&(,"

YX]YY" z"YX]!I"

630,+&()('2&"-;"=3243)//+"+("/2-)1'(0,"=3)(':;+,"-+"1.)(+1'+3" S2-03)(+;3"

YX]!I" z"YX]FI"

630,+&()('2&" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+" [)(;3+11+" -.%(2/Df+" ?u',(23':;+R">&Z+;MR"+(5$@"

G3$"O02&)3-"S\B8O8S8""

YX]FI" z"!Y]YY"

6);,+^5)90" 632(2521+"

!Y]YY" z"!Y]FI"

630,+&()('2&"-;"3)==23("-+"1.0(;-+"81)'&" <%Hu\E%R" <2&,;1()&(">,(+11+"O+*'&"O(-$"

!Y]FI" z"!!]YY"

G0D)(," 6)3('5'=)&(,"

!!]YY" z"!A]YY"

g3)*);M"+&"5)33+92;3"+&"A"432;=+," 6)3('5'=)&(,""

!A]YY" z"!F]YY"

6);,+^3+=)," 632(2521+"

!F]YY" z"!V]YY"

7+,('(;('2&" +&" =10&'N3+" -+" (3)*);M" +&" 5)33+92;3" ,;'*'+" -+,":;+,('2&,^30=2&,+,"

S2-03)(+;3"+("6)3('5'=)&(,"

!V]YY" z"!V]FI"

HC&(JN,+"-+"1.)(+1'+3"+("=32Z+5('2&",;3"1.)(+1'+3"-+"d'&,J),)" S2-03)(+;3"+("6)3('5'=)&(,"

!V]FI" z"!T]YY"

<1v(;3+"299'5'+11+"-+"1.)(+1'+3" S'&',(3+"-+"1.>&*'32&&+/+&("

Modalités pratiques de l’atelier : Règles de jeu

! g010=J2&+",2;,"/2-+"*'D3+;3"r"! G+/)&-+3"1)"=)321+"+("1.2D(+&'3")*)&("-.'&(+3*+&'3"r"! >*'(+3"1+,"'&(+3*+&('2&,"+&"-+J23,"-;"(JN/+"-+"1.)(+1'+3"r"! >*'(+3"1+,",23('+,"'&(+/=+,('*+,"r"! >*'(+3"1+,"30;&'2&,"=)3)11N1+,"r"! 7+,=+5("-+"1.J+;3+"+("-;"=3243)//+"r"! Chatham House Rule$"

"g2;(+,"5+,"3N41+,"2&("0(0",;44030+,"+(")55+=(0+,"=)3"1+,"=)3('5'=)&(,$"O+"/2-03)(+;3")"+M=1':;0"1)"-+3&'N3+"3N41+":;.'1" )" =32=2,0+" +&" '&,',()&(" ,;3" 1+" =3'&5'=+" :;+" ,2;,^(+&-" 5+((+" 3N41+R" 5.+,(^L^-'3+" =+3/+((3+" );M" =)3('5'=)&(,"-.'&(+3*+&'3" +&" ()&(" :;.'&-'*'-;," +(" -.+M=3'/+3" 1+;3," *;+," ,)&," :;+" 5+11+,^5'" (3)-;',+&(" 1)" =21'(':;+" +(j2;"=J'12,2=J'+"-+"1+;3,"234)&',)('2&,"3+,=+5('*+,R"-;"3+,(+"+&52;3)4+)&("1)"-',5;,,'2&"1'D3+$""EXPOSE 1 : RESERVE NATURELLE D’ITOMBWE : BREF APERÇU HISTORIQUE, PROCESSUS DE LA DELIMITATION ET ENJEUX DES ACTIVITES MINIERES

6)3"G3$"O02&)3-"d$"S\B8O8S8$"O+"/+,,)4+"-+"1.K3)(+;3"0()'(")M0",;3"U"=2'&(,":;'"2&("9)5'1'(0"1)"D2&&+"52/=30J+&,'2&"-+,"+&Z+;M"+("1+"52&(+M(+"-+"1.0(;-+"=)3"1+,"=)3('5'=)&(,$"

"

X!"

" Localisation %1")" 125)1',0" 1)"7[%"+&"/2&(3)&(" 1)"=1)5+" '/=23()&(+":;.+11+"255;=+"-)&,"1+"O)&-,5)=+"!Y"+(" 1+"7'9("81D+3('&$"O+"/),,'9"923+,('+3"-.%(2/Df+",+",'(;+");"=2'&(")*+5"5223-2&&0+,"40243)=J':;+,"#U�Y#.^#X�YF.>"+("#�F!.Â�I#.H"+("52&,('(;+" '/=23()&(" D125" 923+,('+3" -;" 7'9(" 81D+3('&R" 1+" /),,'9" 9)'(" =)3('+" -+" 1)" -23,)1+" K;+,(" -;" 43)D+&" d'*;^g)&4)&C'i)"?XYY"L"A"FTI/"-.)1('(;-+@"+("-0('+&("1+",2//+("1+"=1;,"01+*0"-+"1)"=32*'&5+"R"L",)*2'3"1+"S2&("S;J'")*+5"A"FTI"/"-.)1('(;-+R"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"B;3J'&C'R",'(;0+");"[23-"-+"1)"7[%$"O+" =325+,,;," -+" 1)" -01'/'()('2&" =)3('5'=)('*+" :;'" +,(" =3+,:;+" L" 1)" 9'&" )*+5" 1+" ,50&)3'2" F" +(" );" ,()-+" )5(;+1"3+=30,+&(+"1)"7[%")*+5";&+",;=+39'5'+"-+"T"#IY"i/#"3+4234+)&("=1;,'+;3,"3'5J+,,+,R"+&-0/':;+,"2;"&2&R"+&"(+3/+,"-+"D'2-'*+3,'(0$"" Objective à long terme O.23)(+;3")"30)99'3/0"1.2DZ+5('9"-+"bb_"L"%(2/Df+R":;'"*',+"L"),,;3+3"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+"+(",)"D'2-'*+3,'(0")*+5"1+"52&52;3,"-+,"52//;&);(0,"125)1+,"+("=+;=1+,");(25J(2&+,$""" Résultats de recherche et création de la Réserve Naturelle d’Itombwe 61;,'+;3,"3+5J+35J+,"2&("0(0"/+&0+,"-)&,"1+"/),,'9"923+,('+3"-.%(2/Df+"+(":;'"2&("/2('*0"1)"530)('2&"-+"1)"7[%R"&2;,"5'(2&,"]"

! 63+/'N3+" +M=123)('2&" +99+5(;0+" =)3" >/'1" E3);+3" );" -0D;(" -;" #YN/+" ,'N51+" ?S)(,5J'+" !X!F@" )*+5"-052;*+3(+"-+"1)",2;,^+,=N5+"-+"423'11+"-+,"=1)'&+,"-+"1.>,("?Gorilla beringei graueri@"r"

! 63+/'N3+" 0*)1;)('2&" ,C,(0/)(':;+" -+," 423'11+," +&" !XIX]" !T" /)(+3&'(0," +(j2;" '/=23()&(+," o2&+," -+"30=)3('('2&"?>/1+&xH5J)11+3"!XVY@"r"

! _);&+"23&'(J2124':;+"?63'424'&+"!XIYR"!XT!R"!XTU"+("!XUF@"+("b'1,2&"x"<)(,',"?!XXY@"r"! O+,"'&*+&()'3+,"D'2124':;+,"-+"!XXY"2&("52&9'3/0"1)"*)1+;3"D'2124':;+"-+"5+",'(+"^"IUA"+,=N5+,"-.2',+);MR"=)3/'" 1+,:;+11+,R" AY" +&-0/':;+," -)&," 1.052304'2&" -;" 7'9(" 81D+3('&R" T#" +,=N5+," -+" /)//'9N3+," ?C"52/=3'," F" +&-0/':;+,@R" AI" +,=N5+," -+" 3+=('1+," ?I" +&-0/':;+,@R" #A" +,=N5+," -.)/=J'D'+&," ?!V"+&-0/':;+,@"?u)11"x"b)(J);(R"!XX#@""

! %&*+&()'3+,"3)='-+,"=)3"H'i;Df)D2"?!XXA@"+(");,,'"=)3"H5J1'1+3xG2;/+&4+"?!XXA@"! >&"!XXVR"1+,"'&*+&()'3+,"D'2124':;+,"9)'(,"=)3"0:;'=+"%<<[R"b<HR"<7H[Ôf'32R"\&'*+3,'(0"-+"d',)&4)&'"

+(" `22" 8(1)&()R" =2=;1)('2&" -+" 423'11+," +,('/0+" L" UVY" '&-'*'-;," +(" IV" +,=N5+," -+" /)//'9N3+,"-25;/+&(0+,"?K/)3'"+(")1$"!XXT@"r"

! >&"#YYAR"+M=0-'('2&,"D'2124':;+,"b<H"+("%<<[^BS"?S;D)1)/)"et al$"#YYU@"r"! >&"#YYI"+("#YYVR"+&:;k(+,",25'2^052&2/':;+,"bb_"r"! >&"#YYIR"+M=0-'('2&,"D'2124':;+,"b<H"r""! 833k(0"/'&',(03'+1"[�YAUj<8BjS%[j><[^>_j#YYV"=23()&("530)('2&"-+"1)"7[%$"

Opportunités

O.23)(+;3" )" /2&(30" :;.'1" +M',(+" =1;,'+;3," 2==23(;&'(0," =2;3" 1)" 52&,+3*)('2&" -;3)D1+" -+" 1)" 70,+3*+" [)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+$"[2;,"=2;*2&,"5'(+3"]

! O)"*212&(0"+(" 1+,"-05','2&,"-+,");(23'(0,"42;*+3&+/+&()1+," ,+" (3)-;',+&("=)3" 1)"=;D1'5)('2&"-+" 1.833k(0"[�Y!jYYUj<8BjE6"z"Hd"-;"#I"jY#j!XXU"=23()&("/+,;3+"-+",);*+4)3-+"-+" 1)" 9);&+"+("-+" 1)" 9123+"-+,"S2&(," -.%(2/Df+" +(" -+" 1.833k(0" S'&',(03'+1" [�YAUj<8BjS%[j><[^>_j#YYV" =23()&(" 530)('2&" -+" 1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+"?7[%@$"

! G053+("[2"YAUj#YYA"-;"#V"/)3,"#YYA"=23()&("3N41+/+&("/'&'+3R"&2()//+&("<J)='(3+"sR">%>R"6E>6"! 6325+,,;,"+&"52;3,"*',)&("1.0()D1',,+/+&("-;"<2&,+'1"<2&,;1()('9"632*'&5')1"-+,"_23k(,"?<<6_@"! O.+&4)4+/+&("-+," 52//;&);(0," 125)1+," +(" );(25J(2&+,"-)&," 1+" =325+,,;," +&" 52;3," -+"-01'/'()('2&" +("

);(3+,")5('2&,"-+"52&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"70,+3*+"[)(;3+11+"-.%(2/Df+$"

Approche cadre de concertation pour la délimitation de la RNI

8" 1.',,;+"-;" 923;/",;3" 1)"/',+" +&"=1)5+"-;" 5)-3+" 52&Z2'&("-+" 52&5+3()('2&" ?8(+1'+3"-;"S2&("d)J;o'" #F^#I" Z;'&"#YYU@]" %<<[^bb_^b<H^8_7%<868<%gwR" ;&" =1)&" -.)5('*'(0," 52&Z2'&(+," )" 0(0" 01)D230" +(" *)1'-0" =)3" 1+,"52//;&);(0,"125)1+,"-2&("1+,"=1;,"'/=23()&(+,"2&("0(0"]"

! S',+"+&"=1)5+"D)&:;+"-+"-2&&0+,")*+5"3),,+/D1+/+&("-+"-2&&0+,"-+"(2;,"1+,")5(+;3,r"! _23/)('2&"8[%><K"+("5)3(243)=J+,"125);M"=2;3"1)"=32-;5('2&"-+,"5)3(+,"=)3('5'=)('*+,"-+,"3+,,2;35+,R"-.+,=)5+,"-+"*'+"+("-+"=32-;5('2&$"

"

X#"

! G0*+12==+/+&(" +("-+"=325+,,;,"*)1'-)('2&"-+"-'9903+&(," ,5+&)3''" ,;3" 1)"-01'/'()('2&"=)3('5'=)('*+"-+" 1)"70,+3*+"?Réunions CoCoSi"+("30;&'2&,"52&Z2'&(+,",;3"1+"(+33)'&@$"

Cadre conceptuel et classification des menaces "bb_")"/',"+&"=1)5+";&"/2-N1+"52&5+=(;+1"52//+"2;('1"-+"=1)&'9'5)('2&",(3)(04':;+"=2;3"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"7[%$"<+"/2-N1+"/2&(3+"51)'3+/+&("1+,"/+&)5+,":;'"=N,+&(":;+"1+,"5'D1+,"-+"52&,+3*)('2&"3+(+&;,"L"%(2/Df+"+("1+"3)==23("+("1+"=2'-,"-+"5J):;+"/+&)5+"=)3"3)==23("L"1)"5'D1+"5233+,=2&-)&(+$"<+"/2-N1+"0='&41+"T"5'D1+,"-+"52&,+3*)('2&"-2&("]"O+"423'11+"-+,"=1)'&+,"-+"1.>,(R"1+"<J'/=)&o0R"1.010=J)&("-+"923k(R"1)"923k("-+"/2&()4&+R"1)"923k("-+"D)/D2;R"1+,",)1'&+,"?%1)/D2@R"+("1.052,C,(N/+"1)5"O;&4f+$"%1" )" 0(0" /2&(30" :;+" 1+," o2&+," -+" 52&5+&(3)('2&" -+" 423'11+," 52a&5'-+&(" L" =+;" =3N," )*+5" 5+11+," 2n" 1.2&" 3+(32;*+"04)1+/+&("1)"43)&-+"52&5+&(3)('2&"-+,")5('*'(0,")&(J32=':;+,R"&2()//+&("1+,"D)&-+,")3/0+,"52//+"5+1)"3+,,23("-+"1)"<)3(+!"5'^-+,,2;,$""

"Carte 1$"85('*'(0"/'&'N3+"*+3,;,",05;3'(0"+("-',(3'D;('2&"-+,"423'11+,"-)&,"1+"S),,'9"-.%(2/Df+""O.23)(+;3")"=30,+&(0"1+,"/+&)5+,":;'"4;+((+&("5+,"5'D1+,"-+"52&,+3*)('2&R"=)3/'"1+,:;+11+,"1.+M=12'()('2&")3(',)&)1+"-+"/'&+3)',"255;=+";&+"=1)5+"'/=23()&(+"52//+"5+1)"3+,,23("-;"/2-N1+"52&5+=(;+1"5'^-+,,2;,",;3"43)=J':;+"!$"8;,,'R"'1")"=30,+&(0"1)"51),,'9'5)('2&"-+,"/+&)5+,"',,;+"-+"5+"/2-N1+"52&5+=(;+1"=2;3"/'+;M"23'+&(+3"1+,")5('2&,"-+"52&,+3*)('2&"-)&,"1+"9;(;3$"""

"

XA"

"Graphique 1$" <1),,'9'5)('2&" -+," /+&)5+," ',,;+" -;" /2-N1+" 52&5+=(;+1" =2;3" /'+;M" 23'+&(+3" 1+," )5('2&," -+"52&,+3*)('2& Etude de l’Impact Environnemental & PGEP

O.23)(+;3")"'&,',(0",;3"1.+M'4+&5+"-+"/+&+3";&+"0(;-+"-.'/=)5("+&*'32&&+/+&()1")*)&("(2;(+"+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+$"<+5'"+,(";&+"+M'4+&5+"-+"1)"12'$""O+,")3('51+,"-;"52-+"/'&'+3"-+"#YY#"+("-;"3N41+/+&("/'&'+3"2&("0(0"=),,0,"+&"3+*;+")=3N,";&+"+M=1'5)('2&"51)'3+"-+"5+":;.+,("1.0(;-+"-+"1.'/=)5("+&*'32&&+/+&()1$""O.)3('51+"#YF"-;"52-+"/'&'+3",('=;1+":;+"(2;("-+/)&-+;3"-.;&"=+3/',"-.+M=12'()('2&"?/k/+")3(',)&)1+@"+,("(+&;"-+"=30,+&(+3";&+"0(;-+"-.'/=)5(" +&*'32&&+/+&()1" )552/=)4&0+"-.;&"=1)&"-+"4+,('2&"+&*'32&&+/+&()1+"-;"=32Z+(")*)&("-.2D(+&'3"1.)==32D)('2&$"O+"=1)&"-+"4+,('2&"52&,('(;)&("1+"=1)&"-+"/',+"+&"}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r"=)3"52&,0:;+&(R"1)"=3+,,'2&"2D,+3*0+",;3"1)"9);&+"+("1)"9123+"-+"1)"7[%"-+*'+&("-+"=1;,"+&"=1;,"43)&-+$""O)" 43)&-+"-'99'5;1(0" +,(" :;+" 1)"=1;=)3("-+," o2&+,"2n" 1.2&" +M=12'(+" 1+,"/'&+3)',R" ,2&(" 1+,"/k/+," o2&+,"2n" 1.2&" )",'4&)10" ;&+" -',(3'D;('2&" '/=23()&(+" -+," 423'11+,$" O)" 53)'&(+" +,(" :;+" 5+," -+3&'+3," ,2&(" +&" (3)'&" -+" -',=)3)c(3+" L"5);,+"-+"1)"-',=)3'('2&"-+"1+;3"J)D'()("+("1)"=32/',5;'(0"2D,+3*0+"-)&,"5)330,"/'&'+3,$""" Défis "S)1430"(2;("5+":;+"&2;,"2D,+3*2&,",;3"1+"(+33)'&"r"&0)&/2'&,R"=1;,'+;3,"-09',",+5(23'+1,"/03'(+&("-.k(3+"3+1+*0,$"

! H+5(+;3" 621'(':;+"]" '&,()D'1'(0" -)&," 5+3()'&+," =)3('+," -+" 1)" 70,+3*+" )*+5" =30,+&5+" _GO7" +(" -'9903+&(,"432;=+,")3/0,R"&2()//+&("S)'^S)'"d)=2=2j<211+5('*'(0",+5(+;3"%(2/Df+r"S)'^S)'"H'i'(;j<211+5('*'(0"b)/;o'/;r"[)i'1'D)j<211+5('*'(0"O;'&-'"*+3,"d'4242"+("125)1"-09+&,+jB)9;1'3;"

! H+5(+;3"E2;*+3&)&5+"]"/);*)',+z"5)=)5'(0"-+"4+,('2&"%<<["30-;'(+")*+5"=+3,2&&+1"-+",;3*+'11)&5+"(3N,"1'/'(0"?##"4)3-+,@"

! H+5(+;3" -+" ,05;3'(0" ]" 61;,'+;3," =25J+," -+" 30,',()&5+" -+," '&5'*':;+,R" =30,+&5+" /),,'*+" -+," )3/+,R"(3)5),,+3'+"

! H+5(+;3",25')1"]"=);=03',)('2&"r"52&91'("52J)D'()('2&":;+1:;+,"(3'D;,"r"9)'D1+",521)3',)('2&"-+,"+&9)&(,"! H+5(+;3"%&-;,(3'+1"]"II�"-+"1)"30,+3*+"52;*+3(+"=)3"-+,"=+3/',"-.+M=12'()('2&"+(j2;"-.+M=123)('2&"/'&'N3+"L"43)&-+"05J+11+"?B8[7KR"g78[H8_7%<8@$"

"

XF"

EXPOSE 2 : EXPLOITATION MINIERE ARTISANALE ET A PETITE ECHELLE DANS LES AIRES PROTEGEES ET LES ECOSYSTEMES CRITIQUES EN REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO (ASM-PACE DRC)

6)3"]"81)'&"<u%Hu\E%R"<2&,;1()&(">,(+11+"O+*'&"O(-$" O+"<2&,;1()&(":;'")"52&-;'("1.+&:;k(+")"0(0"'&(32-;'("=)3"1+"S2-03)(+;3"-+"1)",0)&5+$"%1")"52//+&50",2&"=32=2,"=)3"1)"=30,+&()('2&"-+"1)"/)',2&">,(+11+"O+*'&")*)&("1+"3)==23("-+"1.+&:;k(+"-2&("5J):;+"=)3('5'=)&("-0(+&)'(";&+"52='+$" >,(+11+" O+*'&" O(-$" +,(" ;&" 5)D'&+(^52&,+'1" +&" -0*+12==+/+&(" '&(+3&)('2&)1" :;'" 2993+" -+," ,+3*'5+," -+" 3+5J+35J+R"-.)&)1C,+"+("-+"52&,+'1,"52&5+3&)&("1)"42;*+3&)&5+"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,"+("1+,"5J)c&+,"-.)==32*','2&&+/+&("-;3)D1+,$" %1" )'-+" ,+," -'*+3," 51'+&(," +(" 1+;3," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," L" ,+" 530+3" ;&" 9;(;3" -;3)D1+" +&" 1+;3" 2993)&(" -+,"52&,+'1," ,;3" 1)"/)&'N3+"-+"/2D'1',+3" 1+," 3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,"+&"*;+"-+" 1+;3"-0*+12==+/+&("+(" 1+;3,")/D'('2&,"52//+35')1+,R"(2;("+&"4)3)&(',,)&(";&+"5+3()'&+"3+,=2&,)D'1',)('2&"+(";&+"=32(+5('2&"052124':;+$""%1"(3)*)'11+")*+5"1+,"/+/D3+,"-+"5+"5)D'&+(^52&,+'1"-+=;',"V")&,"-)&,"=1;,'+;3,"0(;-+,"-+"3+5J+35J+"+("+&:;k(+,"+&"%(;3'"+("u);(^\010R");"d)()&4)R"+&"`)/D'+"+(");"d'*;",;3"1+,"),=+5(,",25'2^052&2/':;+,"+("+&*'32&&+/+&();M"-;",+5(+;3"/'&'+3"83(',)&)1$""<.+,("-)&,"5+"5)-3+":;+"1)"52&-;'(+",;3"1+"(+33)'&"-+"1.0(;-+",;3"1)"=+('(+"/'&+"L"%(2/Df+"1;'")"0(0"52&9'0+"+("-2&("1+,"30,;1()(,",+"432;=+&(");(2;3"-+,"=2'&(,":;'",;'*+&("]"" Objectifs du rapport

O+,"2DZ+5('9,"-;"=30,+&("3)==23("-.0(;-+",+"=30,+&(+&("52//+",;'(]""! \&+"/+'11+;3+"52/=30J+&,'2&"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-)&,"1)"7[%"! \&+"'-+&('9'5)('2&"-+,"1+t2&,"('30+,"-.+9923(,"=3050-+&(,R"+(""! \&+"'-+&('9'5)('2&"-+,"2==23(;&'(0,"-.0(;-+,"-+"5),"+("-+"=3243)//+,",;3"1+"(+33)'&$"""

"

XI"

Exploitation minière dans la RNI

8$ <);,+,"]"F"43)&-+,"5);,+,"2&("0(0"0='&410+,"=)3"1.0(;-+R"'1",.)4'("-+"]"! H05;3',)('2&"-+"3+*+&;,"r"! >M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"52//+")5('*'(0"J',(23':;+"r"! O)"=);*3+(0"r"! O+"/)&:;+"-.2==23(;&'(0,$"

B$ <)3)5(03',(':;+,"]"8"1.05J+11+"&)('2&)1+"

! O+,"/'&+3)',"-;"52&91'("r"! >M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+"9)5+"L"1.+M=12'()('2&")3(',)&)1+"+("L"=+('(+"05J+11+"r"! <2&9;,'2&"+&(3+")5('*'(0,"104)1+,"+("923/+11+,"r"! 6),"),,+o"-+"=32(+5('2&"-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&(R"1)",)&(0R"1)",q3+(0"+("1)",05;3'(0"=2;3"1+,")3(',)&,"/'&'+3,"r"! 8;(3+,")5('*'(0,"-043)-)&("1.+&*'32&&+/+&($"! G+,"432;=+,")3/0,"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&")3(',)&)1+"

"8"1.05J+11+"-+"1)"7[%"

! g32',"(C=+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"! 85('*'(0,"/'&'N3+,"30-;'(+,""! <)3)5(03',(':;+,"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"! <)3)5(03',(':;+,"-+"1.23""! O+,"-+;M"/'&+3)',"?5),,'(03'(+"+("23@"=),,+&("=2,,'D1+/+&("+&"52&(3+"D)&-+""

"<$ O+,")5(+;3,"

G)&,"1+",+5(+;3"-.%(2/Df+"+("1)"5J+99+3'+"-+"B),'1+"?+&('(0,"52&5+3&0+,"=)3"1.0(;-+@"! G+;M"(C=+,"-.+M=12'()&(,"! O+,"92;3&',,+;3,"-+,",+3*'5+,"! O+,"/'43)&(,"052&2/':;+,"! %&(+3-'5('2&",(3'5(");M"9+//+,"-.)550-+3"-)&,"1+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,$"! 84+,"]"-+"!I"L"IY")&,"+&*'32&,"

"S2('*)('2&,]"=3'&5'=)1+"(3)*)'1"&2D1+"=2;3"1+,"125);M"+("4',+/+&(,"*')D1+,""

! E32;=+"-+,"*;1&03)D1+,"! O+,"9+//+,"r"! O+,"+&9)&(,"r"! O+,"=+;=1+,");(25J(2&+,"+("1+,"*'+'11)3-,$"

"Gouvernance dans le secteur

"8;"&'*+);"-+"1)"D),+R"1)"=30,+&5+"-+,")4+&(,"5'^)=3N,"+,("*','D1+"]"

! 8;(23'(0"52;(;/'N3+"?<J+9"-+"432;=+/+&(R"5J+9"-+"*'11)4+R"+(5$@"! H8>HH<8Sj,+3*'5+"-+,"/'&+,"?H+3*'5+"(+5J&':;+"-+"1.>()("+&"5J)&4+"-+"1.+&5)-3+/+&("-+,"53+;,+;3,"+("+M=12'()&(,")3(',)&);M@$"

! O+,"5J+9,"-+,"5+11;1+,j52/'(0"-+"4+,('2&"! O+,"6GE,R"=32=3'0()'3+,"-+,"(32;,j=;'(,"! O+,",+3*'5+,"-+",05;3'(0"-+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,$"

">()=+,"L",;'*3+"=2;3"2=03+3"-)&,"1+",+5(+;3"?=+('(+"/'&+@"

! 63+/'N3+"0()=+"]">&3+4',(3+/+&(");=3N,"-;"5J+9"-+"5+11;1+";&+"92',",;3"1+"1'+;R"=2;3"1+,"/'43)&(,$"! G+;M'N/+"0()=+"]"H.)&&2&5+3");"=3N,"-;"5J+9"52;(;/'+3"*')",2&"3+=30,+&()&("4)3)&(',,)&("1+,"=)C+/+&(,"-;,$""! g32','N/+"0()=+"]"H.'&,53'3+"-)&,";&+"0:;'=+""La chaîne"d’approvisionnement

\&+" 5J)c&+" =)3()&(" -+," 53+;,+;3," Z;,:;.);" /)35J0" '&(+3&)('2&)1" )" 0(0" -032;10+" =)3" 1.23)(+;3" )*+5" 1+,"5)3)5(03',(':;+,",=05'9':;+,"-+"5J):;+"&'*+);$""

"

XV"

!�"8;"&'*+);"-;",'(+"2n"&2;,")*2&,"1.+M(3)5('2&"+("1+"(3)'(+/+&(R"&2;,"(32;*2&,"1+,"53+;,+;3,");"=3+/'+3"=1)&$"8"5+"&'*+);R"'1",.2D,+3*+"5+":;'",;'("]""

! H'(+,"&2&"0()D1',"299'5'+11+/+&("=)3"1+"<)-),(3+"/'&'+3"r"! S)&:;+"-+"3041+/+&()('2&"*',^L^*',"-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("r"! H05;3'(0"=305)'3+"=2;3"1+,"=+3,2&&+,"+("1+;3,"D'+&,"r"! 8==1'5)('2&"-.'/=v(,"'1104);M"r"! <2&-'('2&,",)&'()'3+,"=305)'3+,$"

#�"8;"&'*+);"-+" (3)&,=23(" );" &'*+);" 125)1" +(" '&(+3&)('2&)1R" &2;," )*2&," 1+," &0425')&(," +(" 1+," 52/=(2'3," 2n" 1.2&"2D,+3*+"]"['*+);"125)1"

! S2-+"-+"(3)&,=23("L"='+-"+("*0J'5;1+,"104+3,"=)3"1+,"=+('(,"&0425')&(,""! g3)t)D'1'(0"-+"1.23'4'&+"-+,"/'&+3)',"-'99'5'1+$"! 855N,"-'99'5'1+");M",'(+,"/'&'+3,"=2;3"52&(3v1+3"1+"(3)&,=23("-+,"/'&+3)',$"! H05;3'(0"=305)'3+"-)&,"1+,"*2'+,"-+"(3)&,=23("! 8==1'5)('2&"-.'/=v(,"'1104);M"

['*+);"'&(+3&)('2&)1"! >99+5(;0"=)3"1+,"52/=(2'3,"299'5'+1,""! <2&(3v1+":;)1'(0"+(":;)&('(0"52&-;'("=)3"1+,",+3*'5+,"-+"1.)-/'&',(3)('2&"=;D1':;+"

A�"S)35J0"%&(+3&)('2&)1"2n"1.2&"3+&52&(3+"-+;M"5),"]"! >M=23()('2&"(3)&,=)3+&(+"?85J+(+;3,"'&(+3&)('2&);M]"8,'+R">;32=+@"! >M=23()('2&"+&"52&(3+"D)&-+"?85J+(+;3,"304'2&);M"=3'&5'=)1+/+&(]"7f)&-)R"B;3;&-'R"K;4)&-)R"d+&C)@$"

Les impacts environnementaux de l’exploitation artisanale des minerais 8$ 7+,,2;35+,"923+,('N3+,"]";('1',0+,"=2;3"9)D3':;+3"1+,"D2c(+,"5J'&2',+,$"O+,"+M=12'()&(,R"-)&,"1+;3,")5('*'(0,"

-+"(2;,"1+,"Z2;3,R"'1,";('1',+&("1+,"05235+,R"9+;'11+,R"/235+);M"-+,")3D3+,"=2;3R",2'("1+,"D+,2'&,"-'3+5(,");"(3)'(+/+&("-+,"/'&+3)',R",2'("-+,"D+,2'&,"'&-'3+5(,"1'+,"L"5+((+"+M=12'()('2&$"

B$ H2;35+,"-.+);M :"-0*')('2&"-+,"52;3,"-.+);"r""<$ H21]"%1"C")*)'("=3+;*+"-+"-043)-)('2&"-;",21"1L"2n"1+,"53+;,+;3,"+M=12'(+&("L"5'+1"2;*+3("?52//+"-)&,"1+,"/)3)'," -+"S'i'" +("S)i+&-)r" +(" 1+" 9'12&" -+" g;1)/D2@$" <+=+&-)&(" L" 1.05J+11+" )5(;+11+" 5+," '/=)5(," ,2&("1'/'(0,$"

G$ O.J)D'()("-+,")&'/);M",);*)4+,"+,("-03)&40"=)3"1)"=30,+&5+"J;/)'&+"52//+"L"H)f+"r">$ S2'&-3+"52&,2//)('2&"-+"*')&-+"-+"4'D'+3"3+,(3+'&(");M"32&4+;3,"r""_$ S+35;3+"=+;";('1',0r"E$ G0*+12==+/+&("-;"9'12&"-.23]"'/=)5(,"=2(+&('+1,"-0,),(3+;M$"

Les impacts sociaux %/=)5(,"=2,'('9,"]"

"! \&+"532',,)&5+"+("-0*+12==+/+&("052&2/':;+"! "O.)D,23=('2&"-+,"5Jv/+;3,""! "O)"D)',,+"-;"();M"-+"53'/'&)1'(0"-)&,"1+,"o2&+,"3;3)1+,"+(";3D)'&+,""

"%/=)5(,"&04)('9,]"

"! O+" 9)'(" :;+" 1+," /'&+3)'," -+*'+&&+&(" 1)" D),+" -+" 1)" 532',,)&5+" +(" -;" -0*+12==+/+&(" 052&2/':;+," -+,"52//+35+,",+52&-)'3+,"r"

! O+,"=);*3+,"52&-'('2&,"JC4'0&':;+,":;.2&"=+;("(32;*+3"-)&,"1+,"5)/=,"r"! O+"9)'(":;+"1+,"/'&+;3,",2'+&(",2;*+&("L"1)"/+35'"-+,"=3'M"9'M0,"=)3"1+,")5J+(+;3,"+(");(3+,"'&(+3/0-')'3+,"

r"! O+"9)'(":;+"1+,"9+//+,"+("1+,"+&9)&(,"3',:;+&("1+"*'21"+(");(3+,")D;,"-+"1+;3,"-32'(,"r"! O.)D,23=('2&"-+,"5Jv/+;3,"r"! O)" D)',,+" -;" ();M" -+" 53'/'&)1'(0" -)&," 1+," o2&+," 3;3)1+," +(" ;3D)'&+," r" 1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+" )(('3+" -+"

&2/D3+;M"432;=+,":;'")D)&-2&&+&("1+;3,")5('*'(0,"(3)-'('2&&+11+,"r"! O+"9)'(":;+"1+,"/'&+;3,"-0=+&,+&(",2;*+&("1+;3")34+&("+&")15221R"+&")3('51+,"-+"*)1+;3"(+1,":;+"-+,"D'Z2;MR"

"

XT"

)'&,'":;.+&",+3*'5+,"-+"=32,('(;('2&"r"1+,"/'&+;3,"&.2&("=),"1.J)D'(;-+"-.052&2/',+3"r"! O+"9)'(":;+"1+,"/'&+;3,"&.2&("=),";&"&'*+);"-.0-;5)('2&"01+*0"-q");"();M"01+*0"-.0(;-')&(,":;'"=309N3+&("(3)*)'11+3"-)&,"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"r"O+"();M"01+*0"-+"1)"=2=;1)('2&":;'")"=+;"-.0-;5)('2&",+"(3)-;'("=)3";&+" 9)'D1+"52/=30J+&,'2&"-+" 1)"/+&)5+"-;"s%u"+(");(3+,"/)1)-'+," (3)&,/',,'D1+,"-)&," 1+,",'(+,"/'&'+3,$"

"

XU"

Leçons apprises après l’enquête RNI

G+"/)&'N3+"40&03)1+R"(32',"1+t2&,"2&("0(0"('30+,")=3N,"1.0(;-+"/+&0+"-+3&'N3+/+&("-)&,"1+"7[%$"[2;,"5'(2&,"]"! O.+M=12'()('2&"&+"=2;33)"=),"5+,,+3R"-2&5"+&*',)4+3"1+,"9)t2&,"-+"*'*3+")*+5"-.;&+"/)&'N3+"52&,(3;5('*+"r"! g3N,"=+;"-.)1(+3&)('*+"-+",2;35+,"-+"3+*+&;"r"! 8123,"'1"&+"9);-3)"=),"+M=;1,+3"1+,")3(',)&);M^"'1"9);(",.+&4)4+3")*+5"+;M"r"! 8,,;3+3"-+,",'(+,"-+"3+/=1)5+/+&("2;");(3+,")5('*'(0,"=1;,")((3)C)&(+,"r"! <J+35J+3"1.)==;'"-+,"5J+9,"+("1)"522=03)('2&"-+,"52//;&);(0,r"+&"=3'*'104'+3"1)"52//;&'5)('2&"+&(3+"1+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,$"

! _)'3+"3+,=+5(+3"1+,"3N41+/+&(,"=)3";&+")==325J+"-+"522=03)('2&"+("-+"-')124;+$"

Quelques pistes des solutions [2;,"=+&,2&,":;+"(2;(+",(3)(04'+"-+"52&,+3*)('2&",+&,'D1+"L"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"-+*3)'(")*2'3"1+,")((3'D;(,",;'*)&(,"]"

• \&+"=21'(':;+",+&,0+"3+1)('*+"L"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"+("L"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+(",)"/',+"+&"};*3+"r"• %&91;+&5+3" 1.0-;5)('2&"+(" 1+" 3+&9235+/+&("-+," 5)=)5'(0,"=2;3" '&5'(+3" 1+,"/'&+;3,"L"=2;3,;'*3+"-+,"/+'11+;3+,"=3)(':;+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"+("-+"52&,+3*)('2&"-+"1)"&)(;3+"r"

• %&51;3+"(2;(+,"1+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,"r""• _)'3+"=)3('5'=+3"1+,"52//;&);(0,"125)1+,"=2;3":;.+11+,"(32;*+&("-+,"/2C+&,"-.0:;'1'D3+3"1+;3,"D+,2'&,")5(;+1,"-+",;D,',()&5+")*+5"1+;3"3v1+"-+"304',,+;3"-+,"052,C,(N/+,"53'(':;+,R"=)3"04)3-"=2;3"1+,"40&03)('2&,"9;(;3+,"-+"1)"7G<"+("-;"3+,(+"-;"/2&-+"r"

• >11+"-+*3)'(",2;(+&'3"1.%<<["+("1+"=325+,,;,"-+"o2&)4+"=32=2,0"=2;3"1)"7[%"r"• >11+"-+*3)'("=)3('5'=+3"L"1.)5(;)1',)('2&"-;"<2-+"S'&'+3"&)('2&)1$""

Notes conclusives O.23)(+;3")"(+3/'&0",)"=30,+&()('2&",;3"-.);(3+,"),=+5(,"53'(':;+,"L"52&,'-03+3"-)&,"5+((+"(J0/)(':;+$"%1",.)4'("+&(3+");(3+,"]"855+,,'D'1'(0"-'99'5'1+"-+,"o2&+,"52&5+3&0+,R"E32;=+,")3/0,R"1+,"'&(03k(,"=)3('5;1'+3,R"1.+/D)342"'/=2,0" ,;3" 1+," /'&+3)'," -+" 1.>,(" -;" =)C,R" );(3+," )5('*'(0," J;/)'&+," :;'" 2&(" ;&" '/=)5(R" 1.+M=12'()('2&"'&-;,(3'+11+"=30,+&(+"-0ZLR"1+,"6+;=1+,"8;(25J(2&+,R"g3)&,=)3+&5+"+&(3+"1+,"=)3(+&)'3+,"'&(+3*+&)&(,$">&"9'&R"'1",.+,("-',=2,0"=2;3"30=2&-3+");M":;+,('2&,"-+,"=)3('5'=)&(,$""

DEBATS

!$ 61;,'+;3,"30)5('2&,"L"1.04)3-"-+"-+;M"+M=2,0,"2&("0(0"1.2DZ+("-+,":;+,('2&,"+(j2;"2D,+3*)('2&,"(+11+,":;+"]"#$ \&"4+&,"-+"1)"H25'0(0"<'*'1+")"/2&(30":;+"1+"('(3+"-;"3)==23("&+"5233+,=2&-"=),"L"5+":;'")"0(0"=30,+&(0"2;"L"1.2DZ+("-+"1.)(+1'+3"+(")",;44030":;.'1"+,("/'+;M"-+"/+&('2&&+3":;+"5+((+"0(;-+"+,(";&"5),"(C=+"-+"1)"7[%"+("&2&"=),"1)"5'352&,53'3+"L"(2;(+,"1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,"-+"1)"7G<$")$ %1" )" );,,'" *2;1;" ,)*2'3" 1+" =2;3:;2'" -+" 925)1',+3" 1.0(;-+" ,;3" -+;M" +&('(0," ,+;1+/+&(" ,;3" &+;9"52&5+3&0+,"=)3"1)"7[%$"O+"=32D1N/+"-.05J)&('112&&)4+",+"=2,+$"

D$ 61;,'+;3,")532&C/+,"+(",'41+"+&"8&41)',":;'"-2'*+&("k(3+"(3)-;'(,"+&"93)&t)',$"5$ 70=2&,+"]" '1" +,(" *3)'" :;+" 1.0(;-+" +,(" +&523+" L" ,+," -0D;(,R" 1+," );(3+," +&('(0," ,+32&(" (2;5J0+,"5+3()'&+/+&($"<+=+&-)&(R"'1"&+"9);("=),"2;D1'+3"1+,"52&(3)'&(+,"-+",05;3'(0":;'"=30*)1+&("+&523+"-)&,"D+);52;="-+"o2&+,"-)&,"+(");(2;3"-+"1)"7[%$"

A$ \&"4+&,"-;"S'&',(N3+"=32*'&5')1"-+,"/'&+,")"-'(":;.)=3N,")*2'3"1;"1+"3)==23(R"'1")"52&,()(0":;.2&")*)'("9)'(")11;,'2&" );M" =1;,'+;3," -',=2,'('2&," 104)1+," :;'" 3N41+/+&(+&(" 1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+$" [0)&/2'&,R" 5+((+"-+3&'N3+" +,(" '&(+3-'(+" -)&," 1+," )'3+," =32(040+,$" ~;'" );(23',+" 5+," +M=12'()('2&,"{" 8" ,2&" )*',R" ;&+"3+52//)&-)('2&"*',)&(";&+"52J)D'()('2&"-+"5+,"-+;M"D+,2'&,"?+M=12'()('2&"+("52&,+3*)('2&@"*'21+"1)"12'":;'"+,("+&"*'4;+;3$")$ 8"5+((+"=30255;=)('2&R" 1)",=05'9'5'(0"-+" 1)"7[%")"0(0"=30,+&(0+"=)3" 1+"<J+9"-+"H'(+"8-Z2'&(":;'",.+,(" )==;C0" ,;3" 1+," 05J)&4+," )*+5" (2;(+," 1+," =)3('+," =3+&)&(+," +&4)40+," -)&," 1+" =325+,,;,"-.%(2/Df+" :;'" ,+" ,2&(" /',+," -.)5523-" ,;3" 1+" (32'," o2&+," -+" 1)" 7[%" ?`2&+" -+" <2&,+3*)('2&"%&(043)1+"r"`2&+" %&(+3/0-')'3+" +("`2&+"L";,)4+,"/;1('=1+,@" +(":;+" 1+,"=2=;1)('2&,"+M+35+32&("1+;3,")5('*'(0,"-)&,"1)"o2&+"L";,)4+"/;1('=1+"2;"o2&+"-+"-0*+12==+/+&($"

F$ \&"4+&,"-+" 1)"61)(+923/+"G%KB8HH")"*2;1;",)*2'3",'" 1+,"+,=N5+,"+&-0/':;+,"2&("0(0")99+5(0+,"=)3" 1+,"'/=)5(,"-+"5+,"+M=12'()('2&,$"

)$ 70=2&,+"]"K;'R"=)35+":;+"1+,"'/=)5(,",2&("-'3+5(,"?D3;'(,R"=30,+&5+"J;/)'&+R"D+,2'&,R"+(5$@"+("'&-'3+5(,"?-+,(3;5('2&"-+,"J)D'()(,R"+(5$@$"

"

XX"

I$ <2//+&(" +&5)-3+3" 1+,"=2=;1)('2&,"L" 1.+M(03'+;3"-+" 1)"7[%"{"8":;2'" ,+3*+&(" 1+," 5)1'D3+," !#"=30,+&(,"L"%(2/Df+"{")$ 70=2&,+"]" 1+" =1)&" -+" 4+,('2&" -+*3)" (+&'3" 52/=(+" -+," D+,2'&," -+" 1.)3(',)&)(" /'&'+3$" O)"-01'/'()('2&" +&" 52;3," +,(" +&" (3)'&" -+" (+&'3" 52/=(+" -+," D+,2'&," -+," (32'," D125,"]" o2&)4+"=)3('5'=)('9$"

D$ O+," )3/+," -+" (C=+" 5)1'D3+" !#" +&" 5'35;1)('2&" ,+3*+&(" =2;3" 1)" 5J),,+" -+," =3'/)(+," +(" );(3+,"/)//'9N3+,$"

V$ ~;'"-2&&+"1+,");(23',)('2&,"-.+M=12'(+3"1+,"/'&+3)',"-)&,"1)"7[%"{")$ 70=2&,+"]"1+,");(23'(0,"=3'&5'=)1+,":;'"-2&&+&("1+,"-32'(,"L"+M=12'(+3",2&("1+,"<J+9,"-+"*'11)4+R"-+,"432;=+/+&(,R"5J+99+3'+,"+(",+5(+;3,$"O+,",+3*'5+,"-+"1.>()(",2&("(2;Z2;3,"=30,+&(,"-)&,"1+,"5)33'N3+," /'&'N3+," =2;3" 5211+5(+3" 1+," ()M+," );=3N," -+," +M=12'()&(,$" <+5'" 104'('/+" +&" :;+1:;+",23(+"5+((+")5('*'(0$"

T$ \&"=)('5'=)&(":;'"(3)*)'11+"-)&,"1)"7[%")"3+52//)&-0"L"5+":;+"1)"/k/+"0(;-+",2'("9)'(+"-)&,"-.);(3+,"5J+99+3'+,"+(",+5(+;3,"-+"1)"7[%")9'&"-.)*2'3"-+,"30,;1()(,",;3"1+,:;+1,"1+",'(+"=+;(",.)==;C+3"=2;3"23'+&(+3"1+"=1)&"-.)/0&)4+/+&("-+"1)"70,+3*+$"

U$ 62;3";&"=)39('5'=)&("-+"bb_R"1.0(;-+"+,("(3N,"'&(03+,,)&(+R"/)',"1+"3)==23("+,(")110"(32="12'&"?);^-+1L@$"H'"0(;-+"+,("925)1',0+",;3"%(2/Df+R"'1"9);-3)"3+*2'3"1+"('(3+"+("1+"=1)&"-;"3)==23($"O+,"=)4+,"-;"-25;/+&("&+"5233+,=2&-+&(" =)," L" 5+" :;.2&" )" -)&," 1)" ()D1+" -+," /)('N3+,$" H'" 1.2&" &+" ,)'(" =)," 30-;'3+" 0(;-+R" '1" C" )"=2,,'D'1'(0"-.+&"9)'3+"-+;M$")$ O+"3)==23("-'(":;.2&"-2'("*'*3+")*+5"1.+M=12'()('2&"-)&,"1)"7[%R"&.+,(^5+"=),";&+"52&(3)-'5('2&");"3+4)3-"-+"1)"12'"{"

D$ O)" =)3('+" P"8;(3+," =32D1N/+,"Q" :;.2&" (32;*+" ,;3" 1)" =)4+" U#" );" 1'+;" -+" UV" )==)3)'(" 52//+")&&+M+"+("=2;3()&("5.+,("1+"92&-+/+&("/k/+"-+"5+"(3)*)'1$"

X$ 62;3" ;&" 4+&," -+" H8>HH<8SR" -)&," 1.+M=12'()('2&" =+('(+" 05J+11+" &2;," )*2&," 1+" ,+/'" '&-;,(3'+1" +("1.)3(',)&)1$"G2&5"+&"=)31)&("-+"1.+M=12'()('2&")3(',)&)1+"L"=+('(+"05J+11+"+,(";&+"();(2124'+$"

TRAVAUX EN CARREFOURS Groupe thématique 1"]"Critique profonde de l’étude avec un accent particulier sur ses buts "O.'&,()3"-.);(3+,"432;=+,R"5+((+"0:;'=+")"+;"+&*'32&"-+;M"J+;3+,"=2;3"309105J'3",;3"1+,":;+,('2&,"1;'"=32=2,0+,$"%1",.)4'("&2()//+&("-+"]"

! K993'3";&+"/+'11+;3+"52/=30J+&,'2&"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&")3(',)&)1+"/'&'N3+"L"=+('(+"05J+11+"-)&,"1)"7[%R"+&"'-+&('9')&(",+,"5);,+,R"5)3)5(03',(':;+,"+("'/=)5(,""

! '-+&('9'+3" 1+," 1+t2&," ('30+," -.+9923(," =3050-+&(," );" ,+'&" -+" 1)" 7[%" +(" -)&," -.);(3+," )'3+," =32(040+," +("052,C,(N/+," 53'(':;+,R" +&" *;+" -.)D23-+3" 1+," -09'," +(" -+" ('3+3" =)3('" -+," 2==23(;&'(0," ),,25'0+," );M"+M=12'()('2&,")3(',)&)1+,"/'&'N3+,"L"=+('(+"05J+11+r"

! '-+&('9'+3" -+," 2==23(;&'(0," -.0(;-+," -+" 5)," +(" -+" =3243)//+," +&" ,2;('+&" 2;" +&" =)3(+&)3')(" )*+5" -+,"234)&',)('2&,"52&421)',+,R"+&"*;+"-.)D23-+3"1+,"=32D1N/+,",;3"1+"(+33)'&$""

! G)&,":;+11+"/+,;3+"1+,"D;(,"-+"5+((+"0(;-+"2&("0(0")552/=1',"2;"=),{"! K&(^'1,"0(0"+&"52&(3)-'5('2&")*+5"1+,"30,;1()(,"2D(+&;,",;3"(+33)'&{"<+,"30,;1()(,",2&(^'1,"52&,',()&(,{"! w")^(^'1"-.);(3+,"010/+&(,"53'(':;+,"2/',"-)&,"5+((+"0(;-+"+("&05+,,'()&("-.);(3+,"+&:;k(+,{"

Groupe thématique 2 :

!$ _)'3+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"L"=+('(+"05J+11+";&",+5(+;3"403)D1+j104'('/+"=2;3"1.)*+&'3"-+"1)"7[%"! G)&,":;+11+"/+,;3+"1+,"2=03)('2&,"+&"52;3,",2&(^+11+,"104)1+,"2;"'1104)1+,"{"H;3"1+"=1)&"Z;3'-':;+{"H;3"1+"=1)&"52;(;/'+3"{""

! ~;+11+,",2&("1+,":;+,('2&,",05;3'()'3+,"=30255;=)&(+,"+("52//+&("=+;*+&(^+11+,"k(3+"(3)'(0+,",;3"1+"=1)&"104)1{"

! ~;+11+,",2&("1+,":;+,('2&,",25')1+,"?),=+5(,"+(J&':;+R"4+&3+R",)&(0R"0-;5)('2&R"+(5$@"+("52//+&("=+;*+&(^+11+,"k(3+"(3)'(0+,",;3"1+"=1)&"104)1{"

! >()&(" -2&&0" :;+" 1+" ,+5(+;3" -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+" &+" =+;(" =)," k(3+" 01'/'&0" -+" 1)" 7[%R":;+11+,"=+;*+&("k(3+"1+,"=325J)'&+,"0()=+,"=2;3"0()D1'3";&+"+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"104)1+"-)&,"1+"/),,'9"-.%(2/Df+"{""

#$ O.)*+&'3"-+" 1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+" L"=+('(+" 05J+11+" +&" ()&(":;.)5('*'(0" 052&2/':;+"-)&," 1+"/),,'9"-.%(2/Df+$"! <2//+&(" 1+," 2=03)('2&," -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+" L" =+('(+" 05J+11+" ,2&(^+11+," =30,+&(+/+&(",(3;5(;30+,"{""

! H2&(^+11+,";&"D;,'&+,,"=+3,',()&("2;",=23)-':;+{""! <2//+&(" 1+,"2=03)('2&,"-+" 1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"L"=+('(+"05J+11+" ,2&(^+11+," '/=23()&(+," +&"()&(":;+"/2C+&"-+",;D,',()&5+"{"

"

!YY"

! <2//+&("1+"D;,'&+,,")^(^'1"0(0")99+5(0"=)3"1.+/D)342",;3"1+,")5('*'(0,"/'&'N3+,{""! 6+&-)&(" :;+" 1+" /)35J0" &.+,(" =)," =30,+&(+/+&(" )1105J)&(R" =+;(^2&" +,=03+3" *2'3" 1.+M(+&,'2&" -+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"L"=+('(+"05J+11+"123,:;.+11+"3+=3+&-3)",2&"+,,23"{""

! O)"=30,+&5+"-+,"/'&+3)',"-)&,"1)"7[%"=+;(^+11+",;==23(+3"1+"D;,'&+,,"/'&'+3",;3"1+"12&4"(+3/+{""! ~;+1," ,2&(" 1+," +99+(," )5(;+1," +(" )&('5'=0," -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" L" 43)&-+" 05J+11+" ,;3" 1.)*+&'3" -+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"L"=+('(+"05J+11+"{"

! <2//+&("1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"L"=+('(+"05J+11+"-)&,"1)"7[%"+,(^+11+")99+5(0+"=)3"1+,"+M'4+&5+,"-+"1)"(3)t)D'1'(0"{""

! <2//+&(" 1+," ),=+5(," 052&2/':;+," +(" 104);M" 52&*+34+&(^'1," =2;3" -0*+12==+3" ;&" D;,'&+,," 52/=)('D1+")*+5"1+,"2DZ+5('9,"-+"1)"7[%{""

Groupe Thématique 3 : Impact Environnemental

! ~;+1,",2&("1+,"'/=)5(,"+&*'32&&+/+&();M"/)Z+;3,{""! H;3"1+,"J)D'()(,{"! H;3"1+,"+,=N5+,{"! H;3"1+,"J;/)'&,{"! H;3"1+",21{"! H;3"1.+);{"! <2//+&("5+,"'/=)5(,"*)3'+&("'1,"-.;&+"125)1',)('2&"L";&+");(3+{"H2&(^"'1,",=05'9':;+,");M"125)1',)('2&,{""! <2//+&("*)3'+&(^'1,"=)3"(C=+"-+"=3)(':;+"/'&'N3+{""! <2//+&("1+,"'/=)5(,"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"L"=+('(+"05J+11+",2&(^'1,"'/=23()&(,"=)3"3)==23(");M");(3+,")5('*'(0,"J;/)'&+,"??+M+/=1+R")43'5;1(;3+R"01+*)4+R"52;=+"-+"D2',R"+(5$@"

! <2//+&(" 1+," '/=)5(,"-+" 1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+"L"=+('(+" 05J+11+"=+;*+&(^'1," k(3+" )((0&;0,"2;"30-;'(,"{">&"40&03)1"{"G)&,"1+,",'(+,",=05'9':;+,"{""

"

!Y!"

"RESTITUTION EN PLENIERE DES TRAVAUX EN CARREFOURS Premier Groupe : <+"432;=+")"309105J'"-)&,":;+11+"/+,;3+"1+,"D;(,"-+"5+((+"0(;-+"2&("0(0")552/=1',"2;"=),"{""6)3"3)==23(");M"5);,+,"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&R"1+,"/2-'9'5)('2&,"2&("0(0"=32=2,0+,"]"! 7+923/;1+3" �1)" ,05;3',)('2&"-+" 3+*+&;,�" 52//+" ,;'," ]"7+5J+35J+"-+" 3+*+&;" ?)5('*'(0"=1;," 3+&()D1+R" =329'(,"

'//0-')(,@""! 8Z2;(+3"1+"52&5+=("�052&2/':;+�"+("1)"923/;1)('2&"-+*'+&("�S)&:;+"-.2==23(;&'(0,"052&2/':;+,$"">M=1'5)('2&" -+" 1)" 5);,+" �+M=12'()('2&" /'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+" 52//+" )5('*'(0" J',(23':;+�" ]" 1+" 42q(" ?,C&-32/+@"-.+M=12'()('2&",;,5'(+3");",+'&"-+" 1)"=2=;1)('2&" 125)1+"=)3" 1+,"+M=12'()&(,",+/'" '&-;,(3'+1,$">&"+99+(R" 5J):;+" 92',":;.;&",'(+"0()'(")D)&-2&&0"=)3"5+,"-+3&'+3,R"'1"0()'("305;=030"+("+M=12'(0"51)&-+,('&+/+&("=)3"1+,");(25J(2&+,$""O+,"5);,+,"2/',+,"=)3"1.0(;-+"+("'-+&('9'0+,"=)3"1+"432;=+"]"! O'D03)1',)('2&"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"! _)'11'(+j" )D)&-2&" -+," )5('*'(0," )432" =),(23)1+," =2;3" 5);,+" ]" _)'D1+" 3+&()D'1'(0" ?/);*)'," 0()(" -+,"'&93),(3;5(;3+,"32;('N3+,R"1+,"/)1)-'+,R"1+"=3'MR"(+/=,"-+",2;-;3+@"

"<)3)5(03',(':;+,"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&""6)3"3)==23(");M"5)3)5(03',(':;+,R"'1")"0(0"&2(0":;.'1,"+M',(+&("A"(C=+,"-.+M=12'()('2&"! <'+1"2;*+3("?725J+"-;3+"+("7+Z+(@"! H2;(+33)'&"?725J+"-;3+@"! 811;*'2&&)'3+"?7+Z+(@""~;)&("L"1)"3+923/;1)('2&"]"! �85('*'(0"/'&'N3+"30-;'(+�"]"1+"432;=+"=32=2,+]"�85('*'(0"L"05J+11+"30-;'(+�"! O+,"5)3)5(03',(':;+,"-+"1.23"+("1+,"5)3)5(03',(':;+,"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"9;,'2&"-+"-+;M"+("3+923/;1+,"52//+",;'("�>M=12'()('2&"-+"1.23"+("-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+�"

! O+,"-+;M"/'&+3)',"=),,+&("=2,,'D1+/+&("+&"52&(3+"D)&-+"-+*'+&("�<2//+35')1',)('2&",2;*+&("=)3"5'35;'("+&"52&(3+"D)&-+�"

"<)3)5(03',(':;+,"2/',+"=)3"1.0(;-+"+("'-+&('9'0+"=)3"1+"432;=+"! >M=12'()('2&",)',2&&'N3+""6)3"3)==23(");M"'/=)5(,"]"! S2'&-3+"52&,2//)('2&"-+,"*')&-+,"-+,"4'D'+3,"L"3+/=1)5+3"=)3"�O)"-'/'&;('2&R"(3);/)(',/+"+("/'43)('2&"-+"1)"9);&+�"

! K&",;==3'/+"�/+35;3+"=+;";('1',0R"-0*+12==+/+&("-+,"9'12&,"-.23"+("5J)&4+/+&(,"-+"/)35J+"412D)1�"! <32',,)&5+"+("-0*+12==+/+&("052&2/':;+"L" 3+/=1)5+3"=)3" �)5532',,+/+&("-+,"3+*+&;,"+(")/01'23)('2&"-+,"52&-'('2&,"-+"*'+�"

! ,;'(+"! G'/'&;('2&"53'/'&)1'(0"L",;==3'/+3"! 6);*3+,"52&-'('2&,"JC4'0&':;+,"3+923/;1+"52//+",;'("�632=)4)('2&"-+,"/)1)-'+,"?=32/',5;'(0@�"! 63'M"9'M+"=)3"1+,")5J+(+;3,"L"(3)&,903+3"L"1)"3;D3':;+"-+,"5)3)5(03',(':;+,"! O+" *'21" +(" );(3+," )D;," -+" -32'(," -+," 9+//+," +(" +&9)&(," 3+923/;1+" 52//+" ,;'(" �632,('(;('2&" +(" '&,()D'1'(0"9)/'1')1+�"

! O.)34+&(" +,(" ,2;*+&(" -0=+&,0" +&" )15221" +(" -.);(3+," )3('51+," -+" *)1+;3" 3+923/;10" 52//+" P"815221',/+" +("-0=+&,+,"-+"=3+,('4+"Q"

"6)3" 3)==23(" );M" 1+t2&," )==3',+,]" ,21;('2&," %&5'(+3]" 8,,;3+3" ;&" ,'(+" -+" 3+/=1)5+/+&(" 2;" );(3+" )5('*'(0" =1;,")((3)C)&(+"?L",;==3'/+3@""K&(^'1,"0(0"+&"52&(3)-'5('2&")*+5"1+,"30,;1()(,"2D(+&;,",;3"(+33)'&"{""! [2&R",+,"30,;1()(,",2&("52&,',()&(,"/)',"'1"9);-3)"(+&'3"52/=(+"-+,")/+&-+/+&(,"-;"432;=+""

"

!Y#"

! w")^(^'1"-.);(3+,"010/+&(,"53'(':;+,"2/',"-)&,"5+((+"0(;-+"+("&05+,,'()&("-.);(3+,"+&:;k(+,"{"! >(;-+",25'2^052&2/':;+"1'0+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+"! 7+5+&,+/+&("+MJ);,('9"-+,"5)33'N3+,"+("0(+&-3+"1.0(;-+",;3"(2;(+"1+,"52//;&);(0,$" Deuxième Groupe 8$ _)'3+"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"L"=+('(+"05J+11+";&",+5(+;3"403)D1+j104'('/+"=2;3"1.)*+&'3"-+"1)"7[%"

!$ _)'3+"1.)5('*'(0"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+";&",+5(+;3"403)D1+"+("104'('/+"=2;3"1)"D2&&+"4+,('2&"-+"1)"7[%$""H;3" 1+" =1)&" Z;3'-':;+R" 5+," )5('*'(0," -+/+;3+&(" '1104)1+,R" 5)3" 1+," 2=03)('2&," -.+M=12'()('2&" -+,"/'&+3)',"-)&,"1+,"o2&+,"=32(040+,"*'21+&("1+"-053+("=23()&("3N41+/+&("/'&'+3"-+"1)"7G<"+&",+,")3('51+,"A")1'&0)"A"+("F" +(" -;" 52-+"/'&'+3" L" ,2&" )3('51+" V" )1'&0)" !" +(" 1)" 12'" [�" !!jYYX" -;" X" h;'11+(" #Y!!" =23()&(" =3'&5'=+,"92&-)/+&();M"-+"1)"=32(+5('2&"-+"1.+&*'32&&+/+&("L",2&")3('51+"AA$"H;3"1+"=1)&"52;(;/'+3R"5+,")5('*'(0,",2&("*)1)D1+,"5)3"+11+,"C",2&("+M+350+,"-+=;',"1+,")&5k(3+,$"<+=+&-)&(R"&2;,"=+&,2&,":;+"1)":;+,('2&",+3)"4030+"-)&,"1)"-01'/'()('2&"=)3('5'=)('*+"-+"1)"30,+3*+$"

#$ O)"=30,+&5+"-+"_GO7R"_[OR"S)'^S)'R"_7_R"7)'C)"S;(2/D2i'R"+(5$"7+('3+3"1+",()(;("-+"309;4'0");M"3f)&-)',R"D;3;&-)',"+(");(3+,"0(3)&4+3,")3/0,",;3"1+"(+33'(2'3+"52&421)',$"H+&,'D'1',)('2&"-+"5+,"432;=+,")3/0,$">M=0-'('2&,"/'1'()'3+,$"G051)3+3"5+,"432;=+,")3/0,"-+"(+3323',(+,$"

A$ <2&91'("+&(3+"B)&C)/;1+&4+"+(");(3+,"(3'D;,"E+&3+"]"'1"C")"-',53'/'&)('2&$"H)&(0"]"H(3;5(;3+," ,)&'()'3+,"/2'&,"2;"=),"0:;'=0+,R"/)&:;+"-+," '&93),(3;5(;3+," ,)&'()'3+,")-0:;)(+,R");4/+&()('2&"-+,"%Hg"+("s%ujH%G8$">521+,"]">11+,"+M',(+&(")*+5";&"=+3,2&&+1"/2'&,":;)1'9'0R"=+3-'('2&",521)'3+"*+3,"1+,")5('*'(0,")3(',)&)1+,"-+,"/'&+3)',R""

F$ 7+,();3)('2&"-+"1.);(23'(0"-+"1.>()("I$ 63250-+3"L"1)"-01'/'()('2&"+&"(+&)&("52/=(+"-;"=3'&5'=+"<O%6"

"B@" O.)*+&'3" -+" 1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+" )3(',)&)1+" L" =+('(+" 05J+11+" +&" ()&(" :;.)5('*'(0" 052&2/':;+" -)&," 1+"/),,'9"-.%(2/Df+""O.)*+&'3"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"/'&'N3+")3(',)&)1+"+&"()&(":;.)5('*'(0"052&2/':;+"-)&,"1+"/),,'9"-.%(2/Df+$"

! 7!j" >11+," &+" ,2&(" =)," ,(3;5(;30+,R" 5)3" '1" &.C" )" );5;&+" `>8" ?`2&+" -.>M=12'()('2&" 83(',)&)1+@R" );5;&+"522=03)('*+"/'&'N3+R"1+,",'(+,"&+",2&("=),":;)1'9'0,R"1+,"+M=12'()&(,"&.2&("=),"-+,"5)3(+,"

! 7#j"K;'"5+",2&("-+,"D;,'&+,,"=+3,',()&(,"! 7Aj"<)3"1.+M=12'()('2&")3(',)&)1+"+,(";&+")5('*'(0"=3'&5'=)1+"-;"/'1'+;$""! 7FjO.)5('*'(0" =3'&5'=)1+" 0()&(" 1.+M=12'()('2&" )3(',)&)1+" -;" /'1'+;R" +11+" +,(" 1)" ,+;1+" L" 40&03+3" 1.)34+&("

1':;'-+"L"1)"=2=;1)('2&$"<.+,("1.+&51)*+/+&("-.%(2/Df+":;'"&+"=+3/+("=),"1.052;1+/+&("-+,")1'/+&(,$"! 7Ij">&"-+J23,"-+"1.+M=12'()('2&"-+"1.23R"1+"/)35J0"-+");(3+,"/'&+3)',")"52&&;";&"3)1+&(',,+/+&("*2'3+";&"

)33k("('/'-+$"! 7Vj"K;'R"/)',"1)"(+&+;3"-+"1)"5),,'(03'(+"-+"1)"=1)5+"+,("9)'D1+"?+&*'32&"AI�@"! O+"(3)&,=23("-+"/'&+3)',"+,("5J+3"=)3"3)==23("L"1.+&51)*+/+&("-.%(2/Df+"! 7Tj"K;'" 5)3" 1)"=32-;5('2&"+,(" (2;Z2;3," 52&,'-03)D1+"/)1430" 1)" 9)'D1+" (+&+;3"-+," ,()&&'9N3+,R" +(" 1.23"+,("(2;Z2;3,"532',,)&($"

! 7Uj"<+((+")5('*'(0"*)"3043+,,+3"=3243+,,'*+/+&($"! 7Xj"O)"(3)t)D'1'(0"+,("+&"-0=J),)4+")*+5"1)"7[%"! 7!Yj"'1"+,("-'99'5'1+"-+"1'+3"1+,"#"),=+5(,"052&2/':;+,"-+"1)"52&,+3*)('2&"

Troisième Groupe "62;3"5+"432;=+":;'")"309105J'",;3" 1+," '/=)5(,"+&*'32&&+/+&();MR" '1"&.C")"=),"D+);52;="-+"5J2,+,"L"3+/+((3+"+&"5);,+$"""<+=+&-)&(R"'1"9);("&2(+3":;+"1.+&:;k(+"+&",2'"&.)"=),"9)'(";&+"0(;-+"-.'/=)5("+&*'32&&+/+&()1$"<+":;'"&2;,"=2;,,+"L",;4403+3":;+"1.0(;-+",;3"1+,"'/=)5(,"+,("+&*',)4+)D1+$""O+,":;+,('2&,"-2&&0+,"52;*3)&("=1;,'+;3,",+5(+;3,"52&&+M+,"-+*3)'+&("=3050-+3"1.0(;-+$"

"

!YA"

"g32',"2D,+3*)('2&,"40&03)1+,"]""!$ <+,":;+,('2&,"-+*3)'+&("k(3+"52;*+3(+,"=)3"1.0(;-+$"[2;,"0('2&,"'&*'(0,"=2;3",;'*3+"1)"3+,('(;('2&"-+,"30,;1()(,"-+"1.0(;-+":;'")*)'("0(0"/+&0+"L"%(2/Df+"+("C")==23(+3"&2,"'&=;(,",;3"D),+"-+,"30,;1()(,$"

#$ >5J)&('112&"]" 1+,"#"+&('(0,",;3"X":;+"52/=3+&-"1)"70,+3*+"&+"52&,('(;+&("4;N3+";&"05J)&('112&"3+=30,+&()('9"=2;3"52;*3'3"(2;(+"1)"7[%$"[.2;D1'2&,"=),":;+"1+"=325+,,;,"-.%(2/Df+")",)",=05'9'5'(0"+&"()&(":;+"/2-N1+"+&"+M=03'/+&()('2&R" '1" ,;99'(" -.2;D1'+3" ;&+" ,+;1+" +&('(0" =2;3" 3+/+((3+" (2;(" +&" D125" +(" 3+*+&'3" ,;3" 1)" 5),+" -+"-0=)3($"[2(2&,":;+"5+"=325+,,;,"+,(";&+"&2;*+);(0"-)&,"&2(3+"=)C,"+(")D2;('3)"L";&+"30,+3*+"/2-N1+"-2&("1)"530)('2&"+,("=)3('+"-+"1)"D),+$"

A$ "%1"+,(",2;J)'()D1+"-+"1)',,+3";&"=+;"-+"(+/=,");M"1+5(+;3,"*212&()'3+,":;'"=2;332&("1'3+"5)1/+/+&("1+"3)==23(")9'&"-+"-04)4+3"5+":;'"/)&:;+"+("1+"=+);9'&+3"=2;3"1+"3+&-3+"=1;,"52/=1+($"

"[2;,")*2&,"+;":;)&-"/k/+"1+"(+/=,"-+"=)352;3'3"1+"3)==23(R"&2;,")*2&,"3+/)3:;0"-+,"52&(3)-'5('2&,"+&"3)==23(")*+5"1+,"'/=)5(,"+&*'32&&+/+&();M$"8;"-0D;(R"1+"3)==23("=)31+"-+,"'/=)5(,"52&,'-03)D1+,R"/)',"-)&,"1+"()D1+);"1+"3)==23("9)'("0()("-+,"/2'&-3+,"2;"=),"-.'/=)5(,$""<+5'",2;1N*+" 1+"D+,2'&"-+" 1.0(;-+"-.'/=)5(":;'"=2;33)"k(3+")==3292&-'+"-)&,"-.);(3+,"+&('(0,$"<+11+^5'"-+*3)"k(3+"=1;3'-',5'=1'&)'3+"?,25'2124;+,R"402124;+,R"D'2124',(+,R"40243)=J+,R"+(5$@"+("'/=1':;+3"(2;(+"1+,"=)3('+,"=3+&)&(+,$"%1" +,(" *3)'":;.)*+5" 1.+M=12'()('2&")3(',)&)1+"-+,"/'&+3)',R" 1+," 923k(," ,2&(" 52;=0+,R" 1)"-+/)&-+"-+"D2'," +,(" 01+*0+"?52&,(3;5('2&R"D2',"0&+34'+R"+(5$@$""6)3"3)==23(");M"/0&)4+,R"'1"C")"=)392',"P"-'*)4)('2&"Q"5);,0+"=)3"1.)*2'3"2;"=)3"/)&:;+"-;"52&Z2'&(")*+5":;'"2&"*'(""-)&,"1+"5)/=$""O+",21"+,("-043)-0+,"+("1+,"3'*'N3+,",2&(",)1'+,"+("=)392',"/k/+"-0*'0+,$""632=2,'('2&"]"G2&&+3");M"*212&()'3+,"1+5(+;3,"V"Z2;3,"=2;3"1'3+"1+"-25;/+&("+(")Z2;(+3"5+":;'"/)&:;+"-)&,"1.0(;-+$""

Débats après les restitutions des travaux de carrefours en plénière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

#$ O)":;+,('2&"-+"1.'&,05;3'(0"+,(";&+"30)1'(0"L"%(2/Df+$"<.+,("*3)'":;+"1+,"_GO7"+(");(3+,"432;=+,"&04)('9,"+&",2&(" L" 1)" D),+$" O.2&" &+" =+3-3)" =)," -+" *;+" :;+" 1+," _87G<" ,2&(" );,,'" =30,+&(+," -)&," 1+," 5)330," /'&'+3,"0=)3='110,"-)&,"1+"/),,'9"923+,('+3"%(2/Df+R"/)',":;'"&.2&("=),"0(0"52;*+3(+,"=)3"1.0(;-+$"8"5+",;Z+(R"'1")"0(0"-'(":;+"1.)3/0+"&)('2&)1+"+,("1L"=2;3",05;3',+3"1+,"o2&+,"+("&2&"1+"52&(3)'3+"+&"-0='("-+"1)"=30,+&5+"+&",2&",+'&"-+":;+1:;+," '&5'*':;+," '&52&(3v10,":;'"52//+((+&("-+," 9239)'(,"L" 1+;3"&2/"+("&2&");"&2/"-+,"_87G<"

A$ O)":;+,('2&"-+" 1.05J)&('112&")"0(0"0*2:;0+"+&523+")*+5";&+"=32=2,'('2&"-.+&:;k(+3"=325J)'&+/+&("-+;M"2;"(32'," );(3+," +&('(0," -+" 43)&-+" ,;=+39'5'+" =2;3" k(3+" -)&," 1)" &23/+" ,5'+&('9':;+" +&" 3)==23(" )*+5"1.05J)&('112&&)4+")==32=3'0$"

F$ O+" 432;=+" :;'" )" (3)'(0" -+," '/=)5(,R" '1" 0(0" '/=23()&(" -+" 1+," 5J'993+3" )9'&" -+" =+3/+((3+" -.)*2'3" ;&+" D),+" -+"-2&&0+," 9)5'1'()&(" 1.'&(+3=30()('2&" +&" (+3/+," -+" 52/=)3)',2&" 9;(;3+" 123,:;.'1" ,.)4'3)" -..0*)1;+3" 1.+9923(" -+"=32(+5('2&"=)3"1.%<<[$"

I$ O+" #'N/+" 432;=+" ,.+,(" )55325J0" D+);52;=" =1;," );M" (+M(+," 104);M" :;'" '&(+3-',+&(" (2;(+" +M=12'()('2&" -)&," 1+,")'3+,"=32(040+,$"~;.+&"+,(^'1"-;"5)3)5(N3+"=)3('5;1'+3"-;"=325+,,;,"-+"1)"7[%$"

V$ O+" <J+9" -+" H'(+" 8-Z2'&(" -.%(2/Df+" +,(" '&(+3*+&;" +&" -+3&'+3" =2;3" 5123+" 1+," -0D)(," +&" '&,',()&(" ,;3" 5+((+"=)3('5;1)3'(0" -+" 1)" 7[%" :;'" )" A" 43)&-+," o2&+,$" O)" o2&+" L" ;,)4+," /;1('=1+,"]" 1+," 52//;&);(0," 125)1+,"52&('&;+32&("L"+M+35+3"1+;3,")5('*'(0,R"o2&+"'&(+3/0-')'3+,"+("5+11+"-+"=32(+5('2&"'&(043)1+,",+32&(",2;/',+,"L";&"304'/+"3+,(3'5('9$"

"

!YF"

"SYNTHESE DE L’ATELIER ET PROJECTION SUR L’ATELIER DE KINSHASA "%&"412D2R"(2;(+,"1+,":;+,('2&,",2;1+*0+,"=)3"1+,"A"432;=+,"(J0/)(':;+,"2&("0(0")D23-0,")*+5"+&42;+/+&("=)3"1+,"=)3('5'=)&(,$"<+,"-+3&'+3," 2&(" 0(0";&)&'/+,":;+" 1)"=32D10/)(':;+"/'&'N3+"-+/+;3+";&+":;+,('2&" (3N," ,+&,'D1+"-2&("1)"52&,+3*)('2&"-+,"3+,,2;35+,"&)(;3+11+,"-2'("(+&'3"52/=(+"+("5+R"-)&,"1+"52&(+M(+")5(;+1"-+"1.)/D'4�'(0"-+"1)"12'" /'&'N3+$" G.2n" O)" &05+,,'(0" -.J)3/2&',)('2&" -;" 52-+" /'&'+3" )*+5" -.);(3+," (+M(+," 104);M" +&" /)('N3+"+&*'32&&+/+&()1+"=2;3"+&",;==3'/+3"1+,"/;1('=1+,"52&(3)-'5('2&,$"O)"=30,+&(+"30*','2&"-;"<2-+"/'&'+3"52&421)',"-+*3)"=3+&-3+"+&"52/=(+" 1+,"=3'&5'=+,"+&*'32&&+/+&();M";&'*+3,+11+/+&(")-/',R"&2()//+&( 1+"63'&5'=+"<O%6"?<2&,+&(+/+&("O'D3+R"%&923/0"+("630)1)D1+@"r"1+"=3'&5'=+"-+"-0*+12==+/+&("-;3)D1+R"+("1+"=3'&5'=+"-.'&923/)('2&"+("-+"=)3('5'=)('2&"-;"=;D1'5");"=325+,,;,"-+"=3',+"-+,"-05','2&,"+&"/)('N3+"+&*'32&&+/+&()1+$"""CLOTURE OFFICIELLE DE L’ATELIER O+"S'&',(3+"632*'&5')1" -+" 1.>&*'32&&+/+&(")"=3250-0" L" 1)" 51v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f+$"P"%1"3+*'+&(":;+"123,"-+,"-',5;,,'2&,R"*2;,")*+o"'-+&('9'0"1+,"5);,+,"+("1+,"'/=)5(,"-+"5+((+")5('*'(0":;'"=+3/+((+&("L"1)" =2=;1)('2&" -.)*2'3" :;+1:;+" 5J2,+" +&" (+3/+," -.)34+&(" :;)&-" D'+&" /k/+" -0(3;'(" 1+," J)D'()(," -+," =1;,'+;3,")&'/);M"3)3+,":;+"&2;,"-+*2&,"=32(04+3$"%1"+,("'/=23()&("-+"1+,"01)D23+3"+("('3+3"1+,"-09',$"">;"04)3-"L"5+":;'"=305N-+R"5+,"(3)*);M"3+&52&(3+&("1)"*','2&"-;"42;*+3&+/+&(":;'"52&,'-N3+"1)"923k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q(+" -+" 1)" D2&&+" 42;*+3&)&5+R" L" ),,;3+3" ;&" )55N," 0:;'()D1+" );M" 3+,,2;35+," 923+,('N3+," +(" );" =)3()4+" -+,"D0&09'5+,R"+("L"=32/2;*2'3" 1+"-0*+12==+/+&(" 125)1"L" (3)*+3," 1+," 923k(,"52//;&);()'3+,"+("-.);(3+,"/05)&',/+,")==32=3'0,$"Q"<.+,(",2;,"5+((+"=+3,=+5('*+"=1+'&+"-.+,=2'3":;+"1+"S'&',(3+")"-051)30"512,"1.)(+1'+3",;3"1.+M=12'()('2&")3(',)&)1+"-+,"/'&+3)',"-)&,"1)"7[%$""_)'("L"B;i)*;R"1+"#I",+=(+/D3+"#Y!#$""

www.asmpace.org

THE WWF NETWORK*

!!"#$%&'()

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Belize

Bhutan

Bolivia

Brazil

Bulgaria

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Central African Republic

Chile

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

D.R. of Congo

Denmark

Ecuador

Finland

Fiji

France

Gabon

Gambia

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Guatemala

Guyana

Honduras

Hong Kong

Hungary

India

Indonesia

Italy

Japan

Kenya

Laos

Madagascar

Malaysia

Mauritania

Mexico

Mongolia

Mozambique

Namibia

Nepal

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Pakistan

Panama

Papua New Guinea

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Romania

Russia

Senegal

Singapore

Solomon Islands

South Africa

Spain

Suriname

Sweden

Switzerland

Tanzania

Thailand

Tunisia

Turkey

Uganda

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom

United States of America

Viet Nam

Zambia

Zimbabwe WWF Associates

Fundación Vida Silvestre (Argentina)

Pasaules Dabas Fonds (Latvia)

Nigerian Conservation Foundation (Nigeria) *As at December 2012

Why we are here

panda.org

To stop the degradation of the planet’s natural environment andto build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.

© 1986 Panda symbol WWFWorld Wide Fund For Nature (Formerly World Wildlife Fund) ® “WWF” is a WWF Registered Trademark

ASM-PACE / EXPLOITATION MINIERE ARTISANALE DANS LA RESERVE NATURELLE D’ITWONBE - JUIN 2013WWF.ORG©

NASA

1961WWF was founded in 1961

+5MWWF has over 5 million supporters

+100WWF is in over 100 countries, on 6 continents

+1,300WWF runs over 1,300 projects worldwide

100%RECYCLED

WWF in numbers