Asistensi PE1

Dosen: Mustafa Edwin Nasution

Asdos: Venty | venty09@ymail.com

Topik: Eksternalitas, Public Goods, Pasar Faktor Produksi (Ch 16-18, Parkin 10th ed)

2007/2008, 2008/2009, 2009/2010, 2011/2012

1. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan derived demand dalam pasar tenaga kerja?

The demand for a factor of production is a derived demand—it is derived from the demand

for the goods that it is used to produce.

The firm’s demand for labor depends on

The price of the firm’s output

The prices of other factors of production

Technology

Pasar tenaga kerja terbentuk karena ada permintaan dari produsen yang butuh labor untuk

memproduksi barang dan jasanya. Jadi, permintaan labor sangat tergantung dengan jumlah

produksi perusahaan. Perusahaan mempekerjakan labor yang dibutuhkan untuk memproduksi

Q yang dapat memaksimumkan profit. Keputusan jumlah labor adalah dengan

membandingkan biaya mempekerjakan tambahan 1 pekerja dengan manfaat yang diterima

perusahaan melalui value of marginal product (harga output x marginal product dari labor)

2009/2010

2. Jelaskan bagaimana pengaruh labor union dalam pasar tenaga kerja! Apakah labor union

tersebut mendatangkan peningkatan kesejahteraan bagi para dokter dan buruh?

Influences on Labor Supply

One way of raising the wage rate is to decrease the supply of labor. In some labor markets,

a union can restrict supply by controlling entry into apprenticeship programs or by

influencing job qualification standards. Markets for skilled workers, doctors, dentists, and

lawyers are the easiest ones to control in this way.

If there is an abundant supply of nonunion labor, a union can’t decrease supply. For example,

in the market for farm labor in southern California, the flow of nonunion labor from Mexico

makes it difficult for a union to control the supply.

On the demand side of the labor market, the union faces a tradeoff: The demand for labor

curve slopes downward, so restricting supply to raise the wage rate costs jobs. For this

reason, unions also try to influence the demand for union labor.

Influences on Labor Demand

A union tries to increase the demand for the labor of its members in four main ways:

1. Increasing the value of marginal product of its members by organizing and sponsoring

training schemes and apprenticeship programs, and by professional certification.

2. Lobbying for import restrictions and encouraging people to buy goods made by unionized

workers.

3. Supporting minimum wage laws, which increase the cost of employing low-skilled labor

and lead firms to substitute high-skilled union labor for low-skilled nonunion labor.

4. Lobbying for restrictive immigration laws to decrease the supply of foreign workers.

Unions try to restrict the

supply for union labor and

raise the wage rate.

But this action also decreases

the quantity of labor

demanded.

So the union tries to increase

the demand for labor.

Buruh dan dokter adalah labor untuk produksi barang yang berbeda struktur pasarnya. Buruh

merupakan labor di pasar persaingan sempurna sedangkan dokter adalah labor di pasar

monopoli. Dampaknya, kurva demand of labor dan supply of labornya berbeda. Demand

buruh lebih elastis, demand dokter lebih inelastis. Supply buruh lebih elastis, dokter lebih

inelastis

2009/2010

3. Dengan menggunakan analisis efek substitusi dan efek pendapatan, coba jelaskan apa

yang dimaksud dengan backward bending labor supply curve!

2007/2008, 2008/2009, 2011/2012

4. Jelaskan yang dimaksud dengan backward bending labor supply curve dalam kaitannya

antara upah dan alokasi waktu tenaga kerja?

The substitution effect

describes how a person

responds to an increasing

opportunity cost of leisure.

The person reduces the

amount of leisure and

increases the quantity of

labor supplied.

Leisure is a normal good,

and the income effect

describes how a person

responds to a higher wage

rate. The person increases

the quantity of leisure and decreases the quantity of labor supplied.

Saat tingkat gaji rendah, SE > IE, sehingga peningkatan tingkat gaji akan

meningkatkan jumlah jam kerja. Saat gaji rendah, tidak bekerja adalah tambahan

biaya untuk melakukan leisure sehingga individu akan bekerja sehingga jika gaji naik

semakin besar opprotunity cost tidak bekerja dan memilih untuk bekerja.

Saat tingkat gaji tinggi, IE > SE, peningkatan tingkat gaji akan menurunkan jumlah

jam kerja. Saat gaji tinggi, konsumsi akan tinggi termasuk konsumsi leisure.

The labor supply curve slopes upward at low wage rates but eventually bends

backward at high wage rates.

2010/2011

5. Jika pasar output dan pasar input (tenaga kerja) adalah pasar persaingan sempurna:

a. Tunjukkanlah bagaimana perusahaan menentukan jumlah tenaga kerja yang akan

digunakan untuk mencapai keuntungan maksimum?

VMPL (value of the marginal product of labor) dan tingkat gaji secara bersama-sama

menentukan jumlah labor yang diminta perusahaan. karena VMPL menurun seiring

dengan peningkatan labor (ingat kembali ada law of marginal product penambahan

labor pada titik tertentu akan menurunkan tambahan produk yang dihasilkan), jumlah

labor yang diminta adalah saat VMPL = tingkat gaji (jika di pasar output, MR=MC)

VMPL = revenue that the firm earns by hiring one more worker.

Tingkat gaji = an additional worker costs a firm.

Jika VMPL > tingkat gaji profit dapat meningkat dengan menambah labor tambah

labor

Jika VMPL < tingkat gaji profit dapat meningkat dengan mengurangi labor (karena

labor sekarang menjadi cost / beban saja) kurangi labor

b. Faktor-faktor apa yang menggeser kurva permintaan tenaga kerja?

The Law of Demand

(Movements along the demand curve for labor)

The quantity of labor demanded by a firm decreases if the wage rate increases dan

increases if the wage rate decreases

(Shifts in the demand curve for labor)

A firm’s demand for labor

Decreases if

1. The price of the firm’s output decreases

2. The price of a substitute for labor falls

3. The price of a complement of labor rises

4. A new technology or new capital decreases the marginal product of labor

Increase if

1. The price of the firm’s output increases

2. The price of a substitute for labor rises

3. The price of a complement of labor falls

4. A new technology or new capital increases the marginal product of labor

c. Faktor-faktor apa pula yang akan menggeser kurva penawaran tenaga kerja?

Faktor-faktor yang menggeser kurva penawaran (Mankiw):

1. Changes in tastes : labor partisipation rate perempuan meningkat

2. Changes in alternative opportunities : tingkat gaji yang berbeda antar pasar output

3. Migrasi

PASAR FAKTOR PRODUKSI YANG LAIN

Eksternalitas dan Barang Publik

Tujuan bab ini: how to analyze the impact of negative or positive externality on the market

allocation of resources, as well as the government’s ability to enhance efficiency:

1. Cost externalities cause social costs to be under appreciated by resource allocation

decision makers in the market, creating too much of the activity creating the

externality to be produced.

2. Benefit externalities cause social benefits to be under appreciated by resource

allocation decision makers in the market, creating too little of the activity creating the

externality to be produced.

3. There are some correcting policies that the government can use to increase efficiency,

but some are more effective than others.

2009/2010

6. Jelaskan dan gambarkan

besarnya tingkat produksi

optimal suatu barang yang

memiliki eksternalitas negatif

(misalnya: polusi), bila

perusahaan memperhitungkan

biaya sosial (social cost).

Bandingkanlah tingkat

produksi tersebut dengan

tingkat produksi yang hanya

memperhitungkan ‘biaya

swasta’ (private cost)

Jika memperhitungkan

eksternalitas negatif, output yang

di produksi menjadi lebih sedikit dan dengan harga yang lebih tinggi

2007/2008, 2008/2009, 2011/2012

7. Jelaskan dengan ringkas namun lengkap apa yang dimaksud dengan kegagalan pasar,

eksternalitas, dan barang publik. Berikan pula contoh-contoh eksternalitas dan barang

publik yang Anda ketahui!

An externality arises when a person engages in an activity that influences the well-being

of a bystander but neither pays nor receives any compensation for that effect. If the

impact on the bystander is adverse, it is called a negative externality. If it is beneficial, it

is called a positive externality.

2009/2010

8. Menurut Anda kebijakan apa yang dapat dilakukan oleh pemerintah untuk dapat

mengurangi produksi barang yang memiliki eksternalitas negatif dan mendorong produksi

barang yang memiliki eksternalitas positif?

2011/2012

9. Dapatkah Anda jelaskan pula secara

ringkas peran atau kebijakan

Pemerintah dalam kaitannya dengan

eksternalitas dan barang publik

tersebut?

There are three main methods that the

government uses to cope with external

costs:

1. Taxes pigovian tax

The government can set a tax equal

marginal external cost.

The effect of such a tax is to make marginal private cost plus the tax equal to marginal

social cost,

MC + tax = MSC.

2. Emission charges: The government sets a price per unit of pollution, so that the more a

firm pollutes, the higher are its emissions charges.

3. Cap-and-trade: Each firm is assigned a permitted amount of pollution per period and firms

trade permits. The market price of a permit confronts polluters with the social marginal cost

of their actions and leads to an efficient outcome.

Eksternalitas positif: Subsidi untuk menggeser marginal private benefit ke kanan

Three devices that the government can use to achieve a more efficient allocation of resources

in the presence of external benefits are

Public production: Under public production, a public authority that receives payment

from the government produces the good or service.

Private subsidies: A subsidy is a payment by the government to private producers. If

the government pays the producer an amount equal to the marginal external benefit, the

quantity produced is efficient.

Vouchers: A voucher is a token that the government provides to households, which

they can use to buy specified goods or services.

2010/2011

10. Jelaskan perbedaan antara positive externalities dan negative externalities!

Negative externalities: an externality that

arises from either production or consumption

and that imposes an external cost.

Positive externalities: An externality that arises from either production or consumption and

that creates an external benefit.

2010/2011

11. Berdasarkan jawaban diatas, jelaskan perbedaan antara private cost dengan social cost

dan private benefit dengan social benefit! Gambarkan kurva-kurva yang relevan untuk

memperjelas jawaban anda!

Marginal private cost (MC) is the private cost of producing one more unit of a good or

service.

An external cost of production is a cost that is not borne by the producer but is borne by

others. Marginal external cost is the cost of producing one more unit of a good or service

that falls on people other than the producer.

Marginal social cost (MSC) is the marginal cost incurred by the entire society—by the

producer and by everyone else on whom the cost falls. MSC = MC + Marginal external

cost

PEMBAGIAN JENIS BARANG BERDASARKAN SIFAT rival dan excludable