geus dhVk.kqvksa ds ckjs esa dSls tkuk\vkbftd ,sflekso

fganh vuqokn% vjfoUn xqIrk

2

HOW DID WE FIND OUT ABOUT GERMS?By: Isaac Asimov

Hindi Translation : Arvind Gupta

3

geus dhVk.kqvksa ds ckjs esa dSls tkuk\vkbftd ,sflekso

fganh vuqokn% vjfoUn xqIrk

1

iqjkuh ySfVu Hkk"kk esa fdlh NksVh pht ls cM+h pht (;k tho) dsfodflr gksus dh izfØ;k dks ^tjeu* dgk tkrk FkkA vaxzsth esa bls laf{kIr eas^teZ* ds uke ls tkuk x;kA

ij bl NksVs ls ^teZ* ;k uUgsa ls tho dk vkdkj D;k gksxk\

'kq: esa yksxksa dks thou ds ckjs esa cl bruk irk Fkk fd dqN NksVschtksa ls cM+s isM+ iSnk gksrs gSaaA dbZ ckj bu chtksa dks ns[k ikuk Hkh eqf'dygksrk FkkA D;k thou dk ,slk NksVk vo;o Hkh gks ldrk gS ftls ns[k ikuk Hkheqf'dy gks\ blds ckjs esa dSls irk djsa\

gka] phtksa dks dqN cM+k djds t:j ns[kk tk ldrk FkkA iqjkustekus esa yksx bruk tkurs Fks fd eqM+s dkap esa ls phtsa ns[kus ij oks cM+hfn[krh FkhaA

1650 ds ckn ls gh oSKkfudksa us eqM+s dkap ds VqdM+ksa ls NksVh phtksadks cM+k djds ns[kuk vkSj mudk vè;;u 'kq: fd;kA dkap ds bu VqdM+ksa dks^ysUl* dgk tkrk FkkA ^ysUl* njvly ySfVu ds 'kCn ^ysfUVy* ls vkrk gS &vkSj mldk eryc gksrk gS ^nky* ds nkusA dkap ds NksVs ysUl vly esa nkyds nkuksa tSls gh fn[krs gSaA

ysUl esa ls ns[kus ij NksVs&NksVs tho cM+s fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA vc muds'kjhj ds oks fgLls Hkh lkiQrkSj ij fn[kkbZ nsrs ftUgsa ysUlksa ds fcuk ns[k ikukvlEHko FkkA

blds fy, vDlj ,d ls vf/d ysUl mi;ksx fd, tkrs FksA mUgsa,d /krq dh uyh ds foijhr Nksjksa ij fiQV fd;k tkrk Fkk ftlls fd ns[krsle; oks viuh fLFkfr ls fgysa ughaA bl izdkj dh uyh dks ekbØksLdksicqyk;k tkrk FkkA ;wukuh esa ekbØksLdksi dk eryc gksrk gS ^NksVh phtksa dksns[k ikuk*A 'kq: eas NksVs&NksVs thoksa dks ns[kk x;k & [kkldj fiLlqvksa dksAblh otg ls 'kqjQvkrh ekbØksLdksi ^fiLlw dakp* ds uke ls tkus x,A

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'kqjQvkrh ekbØksLdksi dkiQh [kjkc FksA ysUlksa dk dakp vPNk ughaFkkA dakp esa gok ds NksVs&NksVs cqycqys gksrs vkSj mudh lrg Hkh fpduh ughagksrhA bu ysUlksa esa ls ns[kh xbZ gj pht/qa/yh utj vkrh FkhA vkSj vxj T;knk 'kfDr'kkyh ysUlksa ls phtksa dks cM+kdjds ns[kk tkrk rks gj pht bruh /qa/yh gks tkrh fd oks fn[kkbZ gh ughansrhA

usnjySUM esa varksu iQkWu ysfougqd ysUlksa dh csgrjh ds dke esa yxsFksA oks dksbZ oSKkfud ugha FksA cgqr de i<+s&fy[ks FksA mudh NksVh lh ijpwudh nqdku Fkh vkSj oks vius NksVs 'kgj esa Vkmu&gkWy ds lnL; FksA

mudk cl ,d 'kkSd Fkk vkSj oks Fkk ysUl cukus dkA mUgksaus lko/kuh ls fcuk cqycqys okys dakp ds NksVs VqdM+s pqusA fiQj mUgsa izse ls f?klkftlls mudh lrg fpduh gqbZ vkSj cjkcjh ls eqM+hA oSls muds ysUl NksVs Fksij bu vPNs ysUlksa ls oks phtksa dks nkS&lkS xquk cM+k djds ,dne Li"V ns[kik,A

dqy feykdj ysfougqd us 419 ekbØksLdksi vkSj ysUl cuk,A oksmUgsa cgqr lko/kuh ls cukrs Fks blfy, gjsd ysUl dks f?klus esa dkiQh le;yxrk FkkA oks lkjh ftUnxh bl rjg esgur djrs jgs vkSj 90 cjl dh yEchmez rd ft,A

ysfougqd us [kqn cuk, mEnk ysUlksa dh enn ls dhM+ksa] peM+h] [kwu]cky vkSj blds vykok Hkh mUgsa tks Hkh NksVh pht fn[kh mldk eqvk;ukfd;kA 1677 esa mUgksaus rkykc ds ikuh dh ,d cwan dk Hkh vius ekbØksLdksils fujh{k.k fd;kA mUgsa ikuh dh bl cwan esa NksVh&NksVh phtsa rSjrh utj vkb±±±A

njvly oks rSjrh phtsa cgqr NksVh Fkha & ,d bap ds ipklosa fgLlsls Hkh NksVhA fiQj Hkh oks rSj jgh Fkha vkSj phtksa dks [kk jgh FkhaA oks ftUnk FkhavkSj mUgsa ekbØksLdksi ds fcuk ns[k ikuk lEHko ugha FkkA bruh NksVh&NksVhthfor phtsa Hkh gks ldrh gSa & ysfougqd ls igys fdlh us bl ckr dhdYiuk rd ugha dh FkhA

,sls NksVs thoksa dkss ftUgsa ekbØksLdksi ds fcuk ns[k ikuk vlEHko gSdks ge ^ekbØksvkjxSfuTe* ;k ^lw{ethoh* dgrs gSaaA ysfougqd] lw{ethohns[kus okys igys balku FksA lw{ethoh njvly ^flafxy lsy* ;kfu,d&dksf'kdk ds cus gksrs gSa & ftlesa thfor inkFkZ ds pkjksa vksj ,d f>Yyhgksrh gSA euq"; dk 'kjhj ,slh djksM+ks&vjcksa dksf'kdkvksa (lsYl) ls curk gSA

ysfougqd us ftu lw{ethfo;ksa dks ns[kk mudk cjrko dkiQh dqNtkuojksa tSlk FkkA blfy, mUgsa NksVs tkuoj ;k tho ekuk x;kA var esa mUgsa

5

^izksVkstksvk* & ;kuh ^lcls iqjkus tkuojksa* dk uke fn;k x;kA vdsys izksVkstksvkdks ^izksVkstwu* cqyk;k tkrk gSA ysfougqd dks iDds rkSj ij ekywe Fkk fd tkslw{e izksVkstksvk mlus ns[ks oks njvly lcls NksVs ugha Fks vkSj izÑfr esa mulsHkh dgha NksVs tho vo'; gksaxsA

ysfougqd dks vius cuk, gj csgrj ysUl ;k ekbØksLdksi ls vkSj

ysfougqd }kjk cuk, euq"; ds eqag esa ls fudys cSDVhfj;k ds fp=k

euq"; ds eqag ls fudys cSDVhfj;k ds fp=k

,d ysUl dk ekbØksLdksi

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NksVs lw{ethoh fn[kkbZ fn,A 1683 esa mls vius ekbØksLdksi esa dqN ,sls thofn[ks tks mls yxk fd ftUnk FksA cgqr NksVs gksus ds dkj.k oks cl fcfUn;ksa vkSjNfM+;ksa tSls fn[k jgs FksA ysfougqd mUgsa vf/d Li"Vrk ls ns[kus yk;d ,dcsgrj ekbØksLdksi cukus ds iz;kl esa vliQy jgkA

varr% ysfougqd }kjk ns[ks x, bu vfrlw{e thoksa dks ^cSDVhfj;k*

fofHkUu izdkj ds izksVkstksvk

oksjfVflyk

vehck

iSjkehf'k;e

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dk uke fn;k x;kA ;wukuh esa cSDVhfj;k 'kCn dk eryc gksrk gS ^NksVh NM+*Amuesa ls ,d dks ^cSDVhfj;e* cqyk;k tkrk gSA bUgha cSDVhfj;k dks vktlkekU;r% ^tElZ* ;k ^dhVk.kqvksa* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSSA

ysfougqd] dhVk.kqvksa dks ns[kus okys igys balku FksA lkS cjl cknrd Hkh dksbZ O;fDr lw{ethfo;ksa dks muls csgrj ugha ns[k ik;kA

1780 esa MSfu'k tho'kkL=kh vkSVks ÚsMfjd eqyj bu dhVk.kqvksa dksdqN vf/d Li"Vrk ls ns[k ik,A 1784 esa mudk nsgkUr gks x;kA ij viuhe`R;q ls igys mUgksaus ,d fdrkc fy[kh tks 1786 esa NihA eqyj igysoSKkfud Fks ftUgksaus cSDVhfj;k (thok.kqvksa) dks vkÑfr;ksa ds vk/kj ij mUgsavyx&vyx xqVksa esa cakVkA

mUgsa dqN thok.kq NM+ksa tSls lh/s vkSj dqN ?kqekonkj isap tSls fn[ksAblls vf/d Li"Vrk ls eqyj Hkh mUgsa ugha ns[k ik,A

,d leL;k yxkrkj cuh jghA Li"V dakp ds mi;ksx vkSj ysUlksa dsvkdkj dks cgqr esgur ls Bhd&Bkd cukus ds ckotwn Hkh ekbØksLdksi lsphtsa /qa/yh vkSj vLi"V gh fn[krh FkhaA bl vLi"Vrk ds jgrs cSDVhfj;k(thok.kqvksa) dks lkiQrkSj ij ns[k ikuk eqf'dy gksrk FkkA

ysUlksa ls izdk'k dh fdj.ksa eqM+rh gSa vkSj mlds dkj.k gh phtsa cM+hfn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA ij ysUlksa ls lHkh jax ,d ek=kk esa ugha eqM+rs gSaA liQsn izdk'kdbZ jaxksa ls feydj curk gSA blfy, fdlh lw{e oLrq ds fujh{k.k ds le;tc ekbØksLdksi fdlh ,d jax dks Li"Vrk ls eksM+rk gS rks ckdh jax /qa/ysfn[krs gSaA blfy, ekbØksLdksi esa ns[ks x, thok.kqvksa ds pkjksa vksj ,d jaxhu/qa/ gksrh FkhA bl leL;k dk dksbZ gy ugha utj vk jgk FkkA

1830 esa ,d fczfV'k ysUl feL=kh tkstsiQ tSdlu fyLVj us nksvyx&vyx izdkj ds dakp dks feykdj la;qDr ysUl cuk,A nksuksa dakp jaxksadks vyx&vyx <ax ls eksM+rs ftlls ,d&nwljs dk vlj jn~n gks tkrkA bula;qDr ysUl ls gjsd NksVh oLrq dk vko/Zu ds ckotwn gjsd jax Li"Vfn[krkA bu la;qDr ysUlksa dh otg ls oSKkfud igyh ckj thok.kqvksa dksLi"Vrk ls ns[k ik,A

bu la;qaDr ysUlksa ls cus ekbØksLdksIl }kjk teZu tho'kkL=khiQjMhuSUM twfy;l dksgu us igyh ckj lw{ethoksa dk vè;;u fd;kA mUgksausizksVkstksvk ds lkFk&lkFk ikS/ksa tSls ,d&dks'kdh; thoksa dk Hkh vè;;u fd;kA;g tho izksVkstksvk tSls b/j&m/j fgyrs&Mqyrs ugha FksA mudk gjk vkSj mudspkjksa vksj ,d eksVh nhokj FkhA vkt ge bu lw{ethfo;ksa dks dkbZ ;k 'kSoky

8

(,Yth) ds uke ls tkurs gSaA leqnzh lsokj (lhohM) esa T;knkrj dkbZ dhdksf'kdk,a gksrh gSA

cSDVhfj;k

{k;&jksx

fMiFkhfj;k

gStk

9

dksgu us mlds ckn cSDVhfj;k (thok.kqvksa) dk vè;;u fd;kA ;gthok.kw izksVkstkvk ;k 'kSoky ls dgha T;knk lw{e gksrs gSaA vkSlru cSDVhfj;k dkeki ,d bap dk 5000oka Hkkx gksrk gSA ij vius u;s ekbØksLdksi (lw{en'khZ)ls dksgu mUgsa Li"Vrk ls ns[kus esa dksbZ fnDdr ugha gqbZA

1860 ds n'kd esa dksgu cSDVhfj;k (thok.kqvksa) ds vkdkj]jgu&lgu] Hkkstu] pyus&fiQjus vkSj iztuu & oks dSls nks esa foHkkftr gksrs gSalEca/h vè;;u djrs jgsA mlus mUgsa vyx&vyx lewgksa vkSj milewgksa esackaVk vkSj gjsd lewg ds uke fn,A

1872 esa mlus bu NksVs cSDVhfj;k (thok.kqvksa) ds ckjs esa rhu [kaMksaesa ,d eksVh iqLrd izdkf'kr dhA dksgu igyk O;fDr Fkk ftlus bulw{ethoksa dk mlh lEiw.kZrk ls vè;;u fd;k tSls tho'kkL=kh cM+s tkuojksa ij'kks/ djrs gSaA mlus foKku dh ,d ubZ 'kk[kk ^cSDVhfj;kyksth* ;kuh cSDVhfj;kds vè;;u dh LFkkiuk dhA ysfougqd ds igyh ckj cSDVhfj;k ns[kus ds nks lkSo"kZ ckn dksgu us foKku dh ;g ubZ 'kk[kk LFkkfir dhA

dksgu dh iqLrd Nius ds le; cSDVhfj;k vc lw{; vn`'; thougha jg x, FksA gjsd dksbZ vc mUgsa ekbØksLdksi ls ns[k ldrk FkkA cgqrlw{e vkSj vka[kksa ls vn`'; gksus ds ckotwn cSDVhfj;k dh [kkst balkuksa ds fy,cgqr egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gqbZA

njvly cSDVhfj;k dh [kkst cgqr egRoiw.kZ fudyh vkSj vcoSKkfud mudh mRifRr ds ckjs esa 'kks/dk;Z djus yxsA

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2 thok.kq dgka ls vkrs gSa\

yksx thok.kq dh mRifRr ds ckjs esa cgqr le; ls vVdysa yxk jgsFksA thok.kq dgka ls vkrs gSa\ cM+s isM+&ikS/ksa vkSj tkuojksa ds ckjs esa ,slh dksbZleL;k ugha FkhA gjsd dks irk Fkk fd tkuoj ;k rks f'k'kqvks dks tUe nsrs gSa;k fiQj oss vaMs lsrs gSaA isM+ vius chtksa ls tUe ysrs gSa ;g lHkh dks ekyweFkkA gjsd ikS/k vkSj tkuoj vius tSls gh vU; ikS/ksa vkSj tkuojksa ls iSnkgksrk FkkA nsonkj ds isM+ nsonkj ds isM+ksa ls] dqRrs nwljs dqRrksa ls] vkSj euq";vU; euq";ksa ls iSnk gksrs gSaA

dhM+s&edkSM+ksa dh ckr dqN vyx FkhA oks u tkus dgka ls vkrs FksAdqN yksxksa ds vuqlkj ;g ljy tho] e`r inkFkZ ls iSnk gksrs FksA bldks^Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu* dk fl¼kar dgk tkrk FkkA

tkuojksa dk lM+rk eakl ^Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu* dk ,d vPNk mnkgj.kgSA u tkus dgka ls lM+rs eakl ij Hkquxs vk Vidrs FksA dqN yksxksa ds vuqlkjlM+rs eakl ij ;g Hkquxs ^Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu* dh otg ls iSnk gksrs FksA

1668 esa ,d bVkyoh oSKkfud ÚSfUlldks jSMh us bldh iqf"V dsfy, ,d iz;ksx djus dh BkuhA lM+rs eakl ds vklikl ges'kk Hkquxs HkquHkqukrsFksA 'kk;n Hkquxksa dk blls dqN ysuk&nsuk gksA

jSMh us nks [kqys eqag okys crZuksa esa rkts eakl dks lM+us ds fy, j[kkA,d crZu ds eqag ij mlus eghu diM+k dldj cka/kA nwljs crZu esa Hkquxsvklkuh ls eakl ij cSB ldrs FksA Hkqxus nwljs crZu esa j[ks eakl ij diM+s dsdkj.k ugha tk ldrs FksA

eakl ds nksuksa uewus ,d tSls gh rjhds ls lM+sA ij Hkquxs dsoy [kqysuewus esa gh iSnk gq, ftlesa Hkquxs eakl ij cSB ik,A tks ekal diM+s ls lqjf{krFkk mlds lM+us ds ckotwn mlesa ,d Hkh Hkqxuk iSnk ugha gqvkA

blls jSMh bl fu"d"kZ ij igqapk & Hkquxksa us lM+rs eakl ij NksVs vaMsfn, vkSj mu vaMks esa ls gh bfYy;ka ckgj fudyhaA mu bfYy;ksa us eakl [kk;kvkSj muls gh ckn esa Hkquxs fudys fcYdqy mlh rjg tSls bfYy;ksa ls frrfy;kackgj fudyrh gSaA

jSMh ds tekus esa ekbØksLdksi (lw{en'khZ) FksA mudh enn ls eaklesa Hkquxksa }kjk ls, vaMksa dks ns[kk tk ldkA D;k ;g lEHko Fkk fd lHkh tho& lHkh dhM+s&edkSM+s vU; dhM+s&edkSM+ksa }kjk ls;s vaMksa esa ls mits gksa\ eryc

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gjsd tho] e`r inkFkZ ls iSnk u gksdj fdlh&u&fdlh vU; tho ls gh mRiUugqvk gksA D;k blds eryc ^Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu* dh vo/kj.k xyr Fkh\

tho'kkfL=k;kas us Hkys gh Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu dh vo/kj.kk dks R;kxfn;k gks ijUrq jSMh ds iz;ksx ds dqN le; ckn gh ysfougqd us thok.kqvksa dh[kkst dhA bu thok.kqvksa dh cukoV lcls ljyre dhM+ksa ls Hkh ljy FkhA buthok.kqvksa dh mRifRr dSls gqbZ\ ;g thok.kw] dhM+ksa dh vis{kk brus ljy Fksfd 'kk;n mudk e`r inkFkZ ls iSnk gksuk lEHko gks ldrk Fkk] tcfd dhM+ksadk bl izdkj iztuu vlEHko FkkA tho'kkL=kh bl fo"k; ij cgqr le; rdppkZ djrs jgsA

var esa 1748 esa ,d fczfV'k tho'kkL=kh tkWu Vcjfoys uhMqe us ,diz;ksx fd;kA

mlus eakl dk 'kksjck (lwi) fy;k ftlesa reke lw{ethoh FksA mlusbu lw{ethfo;ksa dks [kRe djus ds fy, 'kksjcs dks pan feuVksa rd mckykAfiQj mlus ml mcys 'kksjcs dks ,d crZu esa Mkydj lhycan dj fn;kA

mls irk Fkk fd tc rd crZu can jgsxk rc rd mlesa ls ckgj lslw{ethoh ugha ?kql ik;saxsA fMCck [kksyus ij vxj mlesa dqN lw{ethohfeysaxs rks oks 'kksjcs esa ls gh fudys gksaxsA

uhMe us lhycan crZu dks dqN fnu oSls gh jgus fn;kA tc mlusmls [kksyk rks oks lw{ethfo;ksa ls yckyc Hkjk FkkA uhMqe dks blls NksVsthok.kqvksa ds Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu dh vo/kj.k ds lgh gksus dk iDdk ;dhugks x;kA

D;k uhMqe ds izz;ksx ls bl ekeys dk ges'kk ds fy, lek/kugqvk\ ,d brkyoh tho'kkL=kh yStkjks LiSysutSuh blls vlarq"V FksA D;k uhMqeus 'kksjcs dks nsj rd vPNh rjg ls mckyk Fkk\ 'kk;n dqN lw{ethoh cgqrrkdroj gksa vkSj mUgsa ekjuk dfBu gksA 'kk;n uhMqe dks cps gq, thok.kqfn[kkbZ gh u fn, gksa vkSj dqN fnuksa esa iztuu ds ckn crZu esa mudh rknkncgqr c<+ xbZ gksA

1766 esa LiSysutSuh us viuk ijh{k.k 'kq: fd;kA thok.kqvksa dksekjus ds fy, mUgsa fdruh nsj rd mckyuk gksxk\ mlus ik;k fd dqNthok.kqvksa dks ekjuk okdbZ eas eqf'dy FkkA oks bl urhts ij igaqpk fd lHkhlw{ethfo;ksa dks iwjh rjg [kRe djus ds fy, 'kksjcs dks de&ls&de vk/s ?kaVsrd mckyuk t:jh gksxkA

mlus fiQj uhMqe ds iz;ksx dks nqckjk nksgjk;kA mlus 'kksjcs dks vk/s

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?kaVs ls Hkh T;knk le; rd vPNh rjg mckyk vkSj mlds ckn gh mls crZu esalhycan fd;kA ,slk djus ls 'kksjck cgqr fnuksa rd vPNk jgk vkSj mlesa igystSls lw{ethoh iSnk ugha gq,A nsj rd mckyus ls 'kksjcs esa lkjs lw+{etho ejx;sA

LiSysutSuh ds iz;ksx ls Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu dh vo/kj.k xyr yxusyxhA blls ;g LFkkfir gqvk fd NksVs&NksVs lw{ethoh Hkh thfor inkFkZ dsvanj cps gq, lw+{ethfo;ksa ls gh iSnk gksrs gSaaA

ij blls lHkh yksx larq"V ugha gq,A dbZ tho'kkfL=k;ksa us dgk fdizÑfr esa rks dHkh bl izdkj phtsa mcyrh ugha gSaA gks ldrk gS fd Loa;%LiQwrZiztuu gok esa ekStwn fdlh jklk;u dh otg ls gksrk gks\ 'kk;n mckyus lsoks jklk;u u"V gks tkrk gks vkSj blh fy, mckyus ds ckn mlesa Loa;%LiQwrZiztuu u gksrk gksA gks ldrk gS fd uhMqe ds mckyus ls dqN jklk;u u"V gksx;k gksA tks cpk gksxk mlh ls Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu gqvk gksxkA LiSysutSuh dsscgqr nsj rd mckyus ls 'kk;n iwjk jklk;u u"V gks x;k gks\

vaMs

bYyh

eD[kh

O;Ld

13

bu tho'kkfL=k;ksa us nyhy nh fd vxj vPNh rjg mcys 'kksjcs dksHkh vxj BaMh] rkth gok esa j[kk tk, rks oks Hkh dqN le; i'pkr thok.kq lsHkj tk,xkA oks thok.kq vkf[kj dgka ls vk, gksaxs\ 'kksjcs esa ls ;k fiQj gok esaekStwn jklk;u esa ls\

yxHkx lkS lkyksa rd tho oSKkfudksa esa bl elys ij tcjnLrerHksn jgs vkSj ppkZ,a gqb±±±A 1858 esa ,d Úsap jlk;u'kkL=kh yqbZ ik'pj us blleL;k ij izdk'k MkykA

BaMh] rkth gok esa cSDVhfj;k gksrs gSa ;k ugha ik'pj us lcls igys;g tkuus dk iz;kl fd;kA mlus jQbZ ds ,d iQkgs dks ikuh esa [kwc mckykftlls fd jQbZ vkSj ikuh nksuksa thok.kqeqDr gks x,A fiQj jQbZ ds iQkgs ij rkthgok cgkus ds ckn mls thok.kqjfgr ikuh esa MkykA rqjUr ikuh esa thok.kqfn[kkbZ nsus yxsA ik'pj dks ,slk yxk tSls gok esa ekStwn lw{e thok.kq jQbZ ijfpid x, gksaA

D;k ik'pj bl ckjs esa fuf'prrk ls dqN dg ldrk Fkk\ gks ldrkgS os thok.kq Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu }kjk thok.kqjfgr jQbZ ;k gok esa ls iSnk gq, gksa\blds ijh{k.k ds fy, ik'pj us thok.kqjfgr jQbZ esa ls gok fiQYVj dhA fiQjmlus bl lkiQ gok dks ,d vkSj thok.kqjfgr jQbZ esa ls fiQYVj dj mls ikuhesa MkykA

bl ckj ,d Hkh thok.kq ugha feykA lkjs thok.kq igyh jQbZ ls Nudj vyx gks x, vkSj nwljh thok.kqeqDr jQbZ vkSj ikuh esa dksbZ thok.kq ughafeykA

bl izdkj yqbZ ik'pj us fn[kk;k fd thok.kq gok esa gekjs pkjksa vksj/wy ds d.kksa ds lkFk fpids gksrs gSaA tc mcyk 'kksjck gok ds lEidZ esavkrk gS rks oks gok esa /wy ds d.kksa ls fyiVs thok.kqvksa ds lEidZ esa Hkhvkrk gSA blh otg ls 'kksjcs essa thok.kq fodflr gksrs gSaA

mlds ckn ik'pj us ,d vkSj iz;ksx fd;kA blesa mlus /wy foghurkth] BaMh gok dks 'kksjcs ds lEidZ esa ykus dh lksphA vxj bl iz;ksx esadksbZ thok.kq fodflr ugha gq, rks bldk eryc gksxk fd gok esa ,slk dksbZjklk;u ugha gS tks 'kksjcs esa thok.kq iSnk dj ldsA bldk eryc gksxk fdthok.kq dsoy vU; thok.kqvksa ls gh mRiUu gksrs gSa vkSj blls Loa;%LiQwrZiztuu dh vo/kj.kk xyr lkfcr gksxhA

vius iz;ksx us ik'pj us ;g fd;kA mUgksaus ÝykLd dks vk/k 'kksjcsls HkjkA ÝykLd ds mQij ,d yEch iryh uyh yxkbZA ;g uyh gok esa igys

14

mQij tkdj ckn esa uhps dks eqM+rh Fkh vkSj fiQj dqN mQapkbZ rd mQij tkrhFkhA

ik'pj us 'kksjcs dks mckykA iryh uyh esa ls Hkki fudys yxh vkSj'kksjck xeZ gksdj [kkSyus yxkA blls 'kksjcs vkSj dakp dh uyh nksuksa esa lHkhthok.kq u"V gks x,A

fiQj ik'pj ls 'kksjcs dks BaMk gksus fn;kA mlus uyh ds fljs dks gokesa [kqys jgus fn;kA ckgj dh BaMh] rkth gok uyh esa ls vanj tkdj ÝykLdesa j[ks 'kksjcs dh lrg ds lEidZ esa vk ldrh FkhA ij /wy ds d.k ÝykLdesa vanj ugha igqap ldrs FksA /wy ds d.k uyh ds eqM+s Hkkx esa tkdj cSBtkrs FksA oks uyh ds mQijh <yku ij p<+ ugha ikrs FksA

yqbZ ik'pj vius fo'ks"k ÝykLdksa ds lkFk

15

ik'pj us vc 'kksjcs dks fcuk fgyk,&Mqyk, ogha jgus fn;kA 'kksjcsdks bl izdkj dbZ eghus j[kus ds ckotwn mlds dksbZ thok.kq iSnk ugha gq,Agok vkSj mlesa feys jklk;u 'kksjcs dh lrg dks Nwrs ij /wy ds d.kksa lsfpids thok.kqvksa ds vHkko esa ogka dksbZ thok.kq iSnk ugha gq,A

fiQj ik'pj us ml ÝykLd dh uyh dks rksM+kA rc 'kksjcs esa /wy dsd.k fxjs vkSj ,d gh jkr esa ÝykLd thok.kqvksa ls Hkj x;kA

1864 esa ik'pj us vius iz;ksxkssa vkSj muds urhtksa dk ,yku fd;kAvU; oSKkfudksa us muds iz;ksx dks nksgjk;k vkSj mUgsa Hkh ogh urhts feysA

blls Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu dh vo/kj.kk ges'kk ds fy, xyr lkfcrgqbZA dksbZ Hkh i{kh mlh izdkj ds i{kh ds vaMs ls iSnk gksrk gS] ,d eD[khmlh izdkj dh eD[kh ds vaMs ls mRiUu gksrh gSA blh rjg gj thok.kq mlhtSls vU; thok.kq ls iSnk gksrk gSA

blls ,d egRoiw.kZ ckr r; gqbZA tc dHkh ik'pj dks fdlh txgdksbZ ,slk thok.kq feyk ftls ogka ugha gksuk Fkk] rks oks fuf'pr gh dgha vkSjls vk;k gksxkA vkSj fuf'pr gh oks thok.kq ml tSls fdlh vU; thok.kq ls ghiSnk gqvk gksxkA

ik'pj dss bl Kku vkSj vU; 'kks/ksa dks foKku ds bfrgkl esa ,dvR;Ur egRoiw.kZ [kkst ekuk tkrk gSA mudh [kkstksa dk lh/k vlj euq";ksa dsjksx fuokj.k ij iM+kA

16

3 jksxchekfj;ksa ls gjsd dk okLrk iM+rk gSA fdlh dks ugha irk fd oks dc

vkSj dgka chekj iM+ tk,A yksxksa dh rfc;r dHkh Hkh [kjkc gks ldrh gS & mUgsacq[kkj vk ldrk gS ;k fiQj [kqtyh ;k [kljk gks ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkh chekjh esayksx ne Hkh rksM+ nsrs gSaA

tc ,d O;fDr chekj iM+rk gS rks mlds lkFk&lkFk vU; yksxksa dks Hkhoks jksx yx ldrk gSA dqN chekfj;ka rsth ls iQSy dj ,d 'kgj] ;k iwjs {ks=k dhturk dks izHkkfor dj ldrh gSaA dqN chekfj;ksa rks tkuysok gks ldrh gSa vkSjrckgh epk ldrh gSaA

mnkgj.k ds fy, 1300 esa dkyk&Toj (CySd MsFk) uke ds jksx ls ;wjksi],f'k;k vkSj vÚhdk esa yk[kksa yksxksa dh e`R;q gqbZZA ekuoh; bfrgkl dk ;g lclscM+k gknlk ekuk tkrk gS ftlesa ;wjksi dh ,d&frgkbZ vkcknh ekjh xbZA

ml le; fdlh Hkh dks Hkh bl jksx dk dkj.k ugha irk FkkA dqN yksxekurs Fks fd chekjh ds nkSjku jk{kl vkSj pqM+Syas yksxksa ds 'kjhj dks ncksp ysrh gSaAdqN yksx [kjkc] nwf"kr gok dks jksx dk dkj.k ekurs FksA dqN yksx bls vius [kjkcdeksZa dk iQy ekurs FksA

chekjh dk pkgsa dqN Hkh dkj.k jgk gks] fdlh dks muds jksdFkke dkdksbZ Kku ugha FkkA yksxksa dks ;g rd ugha irk Fkk fd vxyk dkyk&Toj dcvk,xkA

;g chekjh fdlh O;fDr dks fliQZ ,d ckj vkrh FkhA ;g t:j ,dvk'kk dk fpUg FkkA vxj fdlh dks pspd ;k [kljk ,d ckj gqvk gks fiQj mls;g chekjh dHkh nqckjk ugha gksrh FkhA ;kuh ejht esa ml chekjh ls yM+us dh {kerkiSnk gks tkrh Fkh & oks mlls ̂ bE;wu* gks tkrk FkkA chekjh ls tw>us ds nkSjku ejhtds ftLe esa jksx dk izfrjks/ djus dh {kerk fodflr gksrh vkSj fiQj cjlksa rdmls oks chekjh ugha gksrh FkhA

pspd ,d ,slh Hk;kud chekjh Fkh tks dsoy ,d ckj vkrh FkhA ijmldk ,d ckj vkuk gh tkuysok lkfcr gksrk FkkA T;knkrj jksxh ej tkrs FksA tkscprs muds psgjs Nkyksa ds nkxksa ls ges'kk ds fy, cnlwjr gks tkrs FksA dHkh&dHkhfdlh dks gYdh pspd gksrh ftlls psgjs ij nkx Hkh de gksrsA ijUrq pspd gYdhgks ;k Hkh"k.k nksuksa ds ckn ejht dk izfrjks/ mruk gh c<+rk FkkA

;kuh pspd dh chekjh u gksus ls gYdh pspd gksuk csgrj FkkA gYdhpspd gksus ds ckn ejht lkjh ftUnxh ds fy, bl chekjh ls lqjf{kr gks tkrk FkkAgYdh pspd u gksus ls bl Hk;kog chekjh dk Mj ges'kk yxk jgrk FkkA

17

yksx tkurs Fks fd pspd ds ejht ds lEidZ esa vkus ls mUgsa Hkh pspdgks ldrh gSA rks fiQj gYdh pspd okys ejht ds bnZ&fxnZ jgus esa gh HkykbZ FkhAmlls vkidks Hkh gYdh pspd gksxh vkSj fiQj vki lkjh ftUnxh mlls lqjf{krjgsaxsA blds fy, yksx lqbZ dks pspd ds ejht ds Nkys esa Mqcksdj viuh Ropkesa [kqjp ysrs FksA bls ^bUkkD;wys'ku* ;k Vhdk ysuk dgrs FksA

1348 esa dkys Toj ds nkSjku yaMu dk ,d n`';

18

ij blesa ,d fnDdr FkhA dbZ ckj gYdh pspd dk Vhdk ysus ds ckotwnejht dks Hkh"k.k pspd gks tkrhA ;kuh ;g Vhds vHkh lqjf{kr ugha FksA

1770 esa ,d fczfV'k MkDVj ,MoMZ tsuj us ̂ dkvks&ikWDl* uked chekjhij 'kks/ 'kq: fd;kA ;g chekjh xk;ksa vkSj [ksrh esa dke vkus okys vU; tkuojksaesa ikbZ tkrh FkhA ;g chekjh ,d izdkj ls gYdh pspd FkhA dkvks&ikWDl okysejht dks cl ,d&nks Nkys iM+rs vkSj fiQj oks Bhd gks tkrkA yksxksa dks bl chekjhdk fcYdqy vglkl rd ugha gksrk FkkA

ftl xzkeh.k bykds esa tsuj jgrk Fkk ogak yksx dkvks&ikWDl dh chekjhgksuk 'kqHk ekurs Fks] D;ksafd mlds ckn mUgsa dHkh pspd ugha gksrh FkhA T;knkrjMkDVj bls egt ,d va/fo'okl ekurs FksA ij tsuj dks bl ckr ij vpjt FkkAmlus ik;k fd [ksfrgj tkuojksa ds lkFk dke djus okys yksxksa dks pspd cgqr degksrh FkhA

chl lkyksa ds vè;;u ds ckn tsuj us ,d [krjukd iz;ksx djus dhBkuhA 14 ebZ 1796 dks mls ̂ dkvks&ikWDl* ls ihfM+r ,d Xokfyu feyhA tsuj uslqbZ dkss Xokfyu us Nkys ds rjy esa fHkxks;kA fiQj mlus mlh lqbZ dh uksd ls ,dyM+ds dh Ropk dks [kjkspk ftls u igys dHkh dkvks&ikWDl gqvk Fkk vkSj u ghpspdA mlds ckn yM+ds dks dkvks&ikWDl gqvk vkSj [kjksps LFkku ij mls NkykiM+kA

tsuj us nks eghus rd bartkj fd;k ftlls fd yM+dk iwjh rjg LoLF;gks tk,A yM+dk vc dkvks&ikWDl ls ^bE;wu* gks x;k FkkA ij D;k oks pspd lsHkh lqjf{kr Fkk\ tsuj us vc ,d cM+k [krjukd dke fd;kA mlus ,d lqbZ dkspspd ds Nkys okys rjy esa Mqcksdj fiQj ls ml yM+ds dh Ropk dks [kjksapkA bldsckotwn yM+ds dks pspd ugha gqbZA

tsuj us nks cjl ckn blh iz;ksx dks dkvks&ikWDl ,d yM+dh ds lkFknksgjk;kA mls nqckjk liQyrk gkfly gqbZA dkvks&ikWDl dk Vhdk yxkdj oks fdlhHkh balku esa pspd dh izfrjks/ {kerk iSnk dj ldrk FkkA

esfMdy Hkk"kk esa dkvks&ikWDl dks ̂ oSfDlfu;k* dgrs gSa tks ySfVu Hkk"kkesa ̂ xk;* ds 'kCn ls vkrk gSA tsuj }kjk dkvks&ikWDl dk Vhdk yxkdj yksxksa dkspspd ls cpkus dk rjhdk blfy, ^oSfDlus'ku* ds uke ls tkuk x;kA tsuj ds'kks/dk;Z ds urhtksa ds ,syku ds ckn oSfDlus'ku ;k Vhdkdj.k dk dk;ZØe iwjhnqfu;k esa ykxw gqvkA tgka&tgka Vhds yxs ogak ls pspd yqIr gqbZA

pspd dh rjg vU; chekfj;ksa dks gjkuk lEHko ugha FkkA nwljh fdlhvU; chekjh ds gYds laLdj.k ugha feyus ds dkj.k mlus izfrjks/h Vhds ugha cuik,A

19

Vhdksa ij 'kks/ dk ,d ykHk vo'; gqvkA chekjh dks ,d balku ls nwljsesa dSls LFkkarfjr djrs gSa blds ckjs esa yksxksa dh le> c<+hA vxj chekjh dkLFkkuakrj.k fdlh rjg can fd;k tk lds rks mlls 'kk;n yksx jksxeqDr gks tk,aA

,d gaxsfj;u MkDVj bXukt fiQfyi tseyokbZt fuf'pr :i ls blhfn'kk esa lksp jgk FkkA 1840 esa oks ,d tPpk&cPpk vLirky esa dke dj jgkFkk tgak vDlj efgyk,a izlo ds nkSjku vkrh FkhaA cgqr lh efgyk,a cPpksa ds tUeds ckn ej tkrh FkhaA ftu efgykvksa ds cPps ?kj ij tUe ysrs oks vDlj bl rjgls ugha ejrh FkhaA

bruh vf/d la[;k esa xHkZorh efgyk,a vLirky esa D;kas ejrh gSa\

,MoMZ tsuj }kjk fn;k igyk Vhdk dk iqryk

20

tseyokbZt bl ij fopkj djus yxkA bu efgykvksa dk mipkj vU; chekj ejhtksadk bykt djus okys gh MkDVj djrsA ?kj esa tks nkbZ izlo esa enn djrh mudkchekj ejhtksa ds lkFk dksbZ lEca/ ugha gksrkA D;k vU; chekj ejhtksa ds jksx MkDVjksa}kjk xHkZorh efgykvksa dks LFkkukarfjr gks jgs Fks\

1847 esa tseyokbZt dks ,d vLirky ds lapkyu dk dke feykA mlus,d fu;e cuk;kA gj MkDVj dks ejht ds djhc vkus ls igys vius gkFkksa dksvPNh rjg ,d jklk;fud ?kksy ls /ksuk t:jh FkkA fLFkfr esa ,dne lq/kj gqvkAizlo ds nkSjku efgykvksa dh e`R;q nj ,dne de gqbZA

ij MkDVj blls cgqr [kiQk vkSj ukjkt gq,A MkDVjksa dks xa/ okysjklk;uksa esa gkFk /ksuk vPNk ugha yxrk FkkA MkDVj chekfj;ka LFkkukarfjr dj jgsFks ftlls efgyk,a ej jgh Fkha] ;g ckr Hkh mUgsa ugha taphA mudk rdZ Fkk% gekjsgkFkksa esa dgak chekjh ds thok.kq gSa] gesa fn[kkvks\ MkDVjksa dh lkewfgd rkdr dhotg ls tseyokbZt dks viuk in NksM+uk iM+kA vc MkDVjksa us nqckjk gkFk /ksukcan dj fn;kA vc fiQj ls izlo ds nkSjku efgykvksa dh e`R;q igys tSlh c<+ xbZA

ij vlyh leL;k D;k Fkh\ D;k dksbZ vn``'; pht jksx iQSyk jgh Fkh\

Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu dh vo/kj.kk dk [kaMu djus ls dqN le; igys ywbZik'pj us bl leL;k ij xEHkhjrk ls lkspuk 'kq: fd;k vkSj varr% mldk gy[kkstkA

Úkal dk okbu ('kjkc) m|ksx ml le; cM+h leL;k esa FkkA lkekU;vPNh okbu yxkrkj [kV~Vh gksrh tk jgh FkhA blls okbu m|ksx dks djksM+ksa Mkyjdk uqdlku gks jgk FkkA

1856 esa ik'pj ls bl leL;k dh tkap djus dks dgk x;kA ik'pj uslcls igys okbu dk ekbØksLdksi ls fujh{k.k fd;kA mlesa mls [kehj ds lw{ethohfn[ksA blesa dksbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha FkhA [kehj] okbu dk fgLlk gksrk gSA [kehjiQyksa ds jl esa iuirk gS vkSj mldh 'kDdj dks 'kjkc esa cnyrk gSA

ij tc ik'pj us [kV~Vh okbu dk ckjhdh ls fujh{k.k fd;k rks mlesamls dqN lkekU; ls vyx vkdkj ds [kehj ds lw{ethoh utj vk,A bldkeryc [kehj ds nks vyx&vyx fdLe ds lw{ethoh FksA vPNs lw{ethoh 'kDdjdks 'kjkc esa vkSj [kjkc lw{ethoh mls vEy esa cnyrs FksA

xeZ djus ls [kehj dh dksf'kdk,a vklkuh ls ej tkrh gSaaA ik'pj usokbu cudj rS;kj gksus ds ckn mls gYds ls xeZ djus dk lq>ko fn;kA mlls [kjkc[kehj dh dksf'kdk,a [kRe gks tkrhaA vPNk [kehj 'kDdj dks 'kjkc esa cnyus dkdke iwjk dj pqdk Fkk vkSj vc mldh dksbZ t:jr ugha FkhA xeZ djus ls xyr

21

izdkj dk [kehj igys gh u"V gks tkrk vkSj 'kDdj dks vEy esa ugha cny ikrkA

okbu fuekZrk okbu dks xe djukZ ugha pkgrs FksA fiQj Hkh mUgksaus iz;ksxfd;k vkSj oks liQy jgkA okbu [kV~Vh gksuk can gqbZ vkSj mlls okbu dk m|ksxcp x;kA rc ls xeZ djds gkfudkjd lw{ethfo;ksa dks ekjus dh izfØ;k dks^iS'pjkbZts'ku* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA cM+s lqijekjdsV~l ls [kjhnk nw/ ges'kkiS'pjkbtM gksrk gSA

Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu dh vo/kj.k iw.kZr% xyr gS ;g ik'pj okbu ij'kks/ djds vPNh rjg le>s FksA vxj Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu lpeqp gksrk rks fiQj[kehj dks u"V djus ls dksbZ ykHk ugha gksrkA okbu esa nksuksa rjg ds [kehj nqckjsiuirs vkSj okbu dks [kV~Vk cukrsA

;g lqfuf'pr djus ds ckn fd e`r inkFkZ esa ls dksbZ lw{ethoh iSnk ughagksrs] ik'pj vc Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu ds vius egku iz;ksx dh vksj c<+sA

okbu ij iz;ksxksa ls ik'pj le>s fd lw{ethfo;ksa ds LFkkukarj.k ds nkSjkuHkh xEHkhj leL;k,a iSnk gks ldrh gSaA felky ds fy, vki vPNh okbu esa FkksM+hlh [kV~Vh okbu feyk,aA vc vEy iSnk djus okyk [kehj iuisxk vkSj vPNh okbutYn gh [kV~Vh gks tk,xhA

vc dYiuk djsa ,d etnwj dh ftlds okbu myVrs le; gkFk essa dqNokbu yx tkrh gSA vxj mlds gkFk esa igys ls okbu dks [kV~Vk djus okyk dqN[kjkc [kehj yxk gksxk rks dqN le; ckn lkjh vPNh okbu [kV~Vh gks tk,xhA

vxj oks okbu dh gjsd ubZ [ksi ij dke djus ls igys gj ckj vius

[kehj dh dksf'kdk,a

22

gkFk /ks;sxk rks 'kk;n ,slk ugha gksxkA

tseyokbZt dk ekuuk Bhd gh Fkk fd MkDVjksa ds gkFkksa esa jksx dslw{ethoh FksA mUgha thok.kqvksa ls vU; ejhtksa esa chekfj;ka iQSyrh FkhaA MkDVjksa dksdqN fn[kkbZ blfy, ugha fn;k D;ksafd NksVs lw{ethoh vka[k ls fn[kkbZ ugha nsrs FksA

ml le; bl rjg ds fopkj t:j ik'pj ds tgu esa jgs gksaxsA ijUrqdqN Hkh fuf'pr :i ls dgus ls igys mls izekf.kr djuk Fkk fd lw{ethfo;ksals jksx iSnk gksrs FksA

4 jksxk.kq vkSj chekfj;kaftl le; ik'pj Loa;%LiQwrZ iztuu dh vo/kj.k dk [kaMu ds iz;ksx

dj jgs Fks mlh le; Úakl esa ,d ubZ foifRr vk [kM+h gqbZA

nf{k.k Úakl esa yksx js'ke ds dhM+ksa dks 'kgrwr ds iRrs f[kykrs FksA dPpsjs'ke ds dksokas (,d izdkj dh bYyh) ls js'ke dk /kxk fudkyk tkrk FkkA

js'ke dk m|ksx Úakl ds fy, cgqr egRoiw.kZ Fkk ijUrq oks vc u"V gksjgk FkkA js'ke ds dhM+s chekjh ls ej jgs Fks vkSj bls jksduk dk dksbZ jkLrk ughafn[k jgk FkkA

gy [kkstus ds fy, ik'pj ls vihy dh xbZA vxj ik'pj okbu m|ksxdh leL;k dks lqy>k ldrs Fks rks oks js'ke m|ksx dh ijs'kkfu;ksa dk Hkh fujkdj.kdj ldrs FksA ik'pj us dgk fd oks js'ke ds dhM+ksa ds ckjs esa dqN Hkh ugha tkurs]ij fiQj Hkh yksxksa us muls bl leL;k dks lqy>kus dh izkFkZuk dhA

1865 esa ik'pj nf{k.k Úakl x,A bl ckj mUgksaus nqckjk ekbØksLdksi dkmi;ksx fd;kA mUgsa 'kgrwr ds dqN iRrksa ij lw{ethok.kq fn[ks vU; ij ughaA ftuiRrksa ij jksx yxk Fkk mUgsa [kkus ls js'ke ds dhM+s chekj iM+ tkrs vkSj muds 'kjhjesa os thok.kq ekStwn gksrsA

ik'pj dks bruk iDdh rjg irk Fkk fd os thok.kq dhM+ksa ds vanj ftUnkgSa vkSj iui jgs gSaA ,d NksVk tho tks fdlh cM+s tho ds vanj iyrk&iuirk gSmls ̂ ijthoh* (iSjklkbWV) dgrs gSaA ;g lw{ethoh js'ke ds dhM+ksa ds ijthoh FksA

blds ckjs esa D;k fd;k tk ldrk Fkk\ okbu dks xeZ dj [kehj dks u"Vfd;k tk ldrk FkkA mlls okbu dk dksbZ uqdlku ugha gksrk FkkA ij js'ke ds dhM+ksadks xeZ djus ls lw{ethoh;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk dhM+s Hkh ej tk,axsA

'kk;n jksxh dhM+ksa dks ejuk gh FkkA blds vykok vkSj dksbZ pkjk Hkh uFkkA chekjh dks jksdus dk ,d gh bykt Fkk & lkjs jksxh dhM+ksa vkSj 'kgrwr dh lkjh

23

jksxh ifRr;ksa dks u"V djukA js'ke ds LoLF; u, dhM+ksa vkSj 'kgrwr dh vPNhifRr;ksa ls u, fljs ls 'kqjQvkr djuh FkhA

yksxksa us ik'pj dh lykg ekuh vkSj oks vius eqfge esa liQy gq,A js'kem|ksx cp x;kA

ik'pj vc bl urhts ij igaqps & fd lw{ethoh chekjh iSnk dj ldrsgSaA vxj jksx laØked gS & ;kuh oks ,d tho ls nwljs esa iQSyrk gS rks fuf'prgh mldk izlkj fdlh lw{ethoh dh ekiQZr gh gksrk gksxkA dksbZ NksVk ijthoh ;kiSjklkbV jksxh ls LoLF; tho esa tkrk gSA mlds ckn LoLF; tho Hkh chekj iM+rkgSA

;g lw{ethoh [kaklus ;k Nhadus ls Hkh iQSy ldrs gSaA oks gkFkksa vkSj 'kjhjds nwljs vaxksa ls Hkh iQSy ldrs gSaA oks 'kjhj ds vif'k"V & ey] ew=k] Fkwd vkfnls Hkh iQSy ldrs gSaA ;g lw{ethoh vR;Ur NksVs gksrs gSaA D;ksafd oks fn[kkbZ ughansrs blfy, chekj iM+us ds ckn gh yksxksa dks budk irk pyrk gSA

ik'pj us vius 'kks/dk;Z dk ,syku fd;k tks ^jksxk.kqvksa ls chekfj;kas*ds fl¼akr ds uke ls tkuk x;kA

jksx iQSykus okys reke lw{ethoh cSDVhfj;k gksrs gSaA ge mUgsa jksxk.kqcqykrs gSaA ij lHkh jksx jksxk.kqvksa ls ugha iQSyrsA dqN chekfj;ka [kehj] izksVkstksvkvkSj vU; lw{ethfo;ksa ls iQSyrh gSaaA

D;ksafd dqN lw{ethoh chekjh iQSykrs gSa bldk eryc ;g ugha fd lHkhlw{ethoh gkfudkjd gksrs gSaA njvly pan lw{ethoh gh thoksa ds fy, gkfudkjdgksrs gSaA vf/dka'k lw{ethoh ikuh] feV~Vh ;k gok esa jgrs gSa vkSj oks dksbZ uqdlkuugha igaqpkrsA muesa ls dqN cgqr mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA dqN lw{ethoh feV~Vh dks moZj

dhV

js'ke dh dhV ds fodkl pj.k

vaMksa dslkFk eknk dhV

bYyh

dksok

24

cukrs gSaA dqN vU; e`r thoksa vkSj iRrksa dks lM+kdj mUgsa jklk;uksa esa cnyrs gSaftUgsa vU; izk.kh vkSj ikS/s vius fodkl ds fy, mi;ksx djrs gSaA

dqN jksx ,sls gSa tks laØked ugha gksrs vkSj tks lw{ethfo;ksa }kjk ughaiQSyrs gSaaA

,sls reke lw{ethoh gSa tks jksx ugha iQSykrs vkSj ,sls dbZ jksx gSa tkslw{ethfo;ksa ls ugha iQSyrs mlds ckotwn ik'pj ds tekus esa vf/dka'k chekfj;kajksxk.kqvksa ls iQSyrh FkhaA ik'pj ds jksxk.kqvksa ds fl¼akr ds ,syku ds ckn dqNMkDVj mlds ckjs esa xEHkhjrk ls lkspus yxsA

muesa tkstsiQ fyLVj uke ds ,d vaxzst MkDVj Hkh FksA muds firk usigyk ekbØksLdksi cukdj cSDVhfj;k dks Li"V :i ls ns[kk FkkA ik'pj ds fl¼akrds ckjs esa i<+us ds ckn fyLVj dks tseyokbZt dh ckr ;kn vkbZA rkdroj jklk;uksals gkFk /ksus ls gkFkksa ij yxs lw{ethoh u"V gks x, gksaxs vkSj mlls ejhtksa dh e`R;qnj ?kVh gksxhA

1867 esa fyLVj us MkDVjksa ls rkdroj jklk;uksa ls gkFk /ksus ds ckngh vkizs'ku djus dks dgkA blls igys vkizs'ku ds liQy gksus ds ckotwn vDljejht cq[kkj ls ej tkrs FksA ij MkDVjksa ds gkFk vkSj midj.kksa dks /ksus ds cknls ejhtksa dk ejuk can gks x;kA

1870 esa Úakl us ;q¼ esa Hkkx fy;kA ik'pj ,d egku ns'kHkDr Fks vkSjoks iQkSt esa HkrhZ gksuk pkgrs Fks ij ipkl lky dh mez gksus ds dkj.k ÚsapviQlj'kkgh us mUgsa ,slk u djus ls jksdkA oSls Hkh ik'pj dk lgh mi;ksx yM+kbZds eSnku dh ctk, iz;ksx'kkyk esa FkkA vc ik'pj vLirkyksa esa dke djus yxstgka mUgksaus t[eh iQkSft;ksa dh rhekjnkjh ls igys MkDVjksa dks gkFkksa] midj.k vkSjifV~V;ksa dks mckyus ds fy, ckè; fd;kA

;q¼ ds ckn ik'pj ^,sUFkzSDl* uke dh chekjh ij 'kks/ djus yxsA ;gHk;kud jksx tkuojksa esa [kklrkSj ij HksM+ksa dks gksrk FkkA tgka e`r HksM+ksa dks niQuk;ktkrk oks tehu iwjh rjg jksxk.kqvksa ls Hkj tkrh gSA

teZu MkDVj jkcVZ dkWp us dksgu ds lkFk feydj thok.kq foKku dhuhao j[kh FkhA mudh Hkh ̂ ,sUFkzSDl* jksx esa jQfp FkhA mUgksaus jksxk.kqvksa ds fl¼akr dksLohdkjk] chekj tkuojksa dk vè;;u fd;k vkSj fiQj jksx iQSykus okys thok.kq dksvyx fd;kA

dkWp us fn[kk;k fd tc ,sUFkzSDl dk thok.kq tkuoj ds 'kjhj ds ckgjgksrk gS rks oks vius bnZfxnZ ,d eksVk dop cukrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa mls chtk.kq(Liksj) dgrs gSaA ;g chtk.kq fcuk Hkkstu ;k ikuh ds yEcs vlsZ rd ftUnk jg

25

ldrk gSA bl otg ls tgka ,sUFkzSDl ls ejs tkuojksa dks niQuk;k tkrk Fkk ogka,sUFkzSDl cSDVhfj;k ds chtk.kq feV~Vh esa thfor jgrs Fks vkSj ml eSnku dh ?kkl [kkusls LoLF; tkuojksa dks Hkh ;g jksx yx ldrk FkkA

tc ik'pj dks ;g irk pyk rks mlus e`r tkuojksa dks niQukus ls igysmUgsa tykus dk lq>ko fn;kA tykus ls e`r tkuojksa esa jksx ds chtk.kq Hkh iwjh rjgu"V gks x,A

ijUrq ik'pj dks tsuj dk dke Hkh ;kn FkkA vxj dksbZ tkuoj ,sUFkzSDljksx >syus ds ckn ftUnk cprk rks mls fiQj ;g chekjh dHkh u gksrhA vxj ,sUFkzSDlls feyrk&tqyrk dksbZ gYdk jksx gksrk rks mldk Vhdk yxus ds ckn tkuojksa dks,sUFkzSDl dh chekjh fiQj dHkh ugha gksrhA nqHkkZX; ls ,slk dksbZ vU; jksx ugha feykA

vc yksxksa us jksxk.kqvksa ds fl¼akr dks vPNh rjg le> fy;k FkkA D;k,sUFkzSDl ls feyrh&tqyrh fdlh gYdh chekjh dks iz;ksx'kkyk esa x<+uk lEHko Fkk\ik'pj dks yxk fd ;g lEHko gksxkA

ik'pj us ,sUFkzSDl ls chekj tkuojksa ls dqN thok.kq ,df=kr fd, vkSjfiQj mUgsa ,d fo'ks"k Hkkstu esa mxk;kA mlds ckn mlus dqN thok.kq dks xeZ fd;kAmlus mUgsa FkksM+k gh xeZ fd;k ftlls iwjs ugha cfYd fliQZ vk/s gh thok.kq ejsaA mueasvk/s vHkh ftUnk Fks ij oks detksj Fks vkSj vkxs iui ugha jgs FksA

,sUFkzSDl dk thok.kq

26

chekj tkuojksa dks ,sUFkzSDl ds bu detksj thok.kq dk Vhdk yxkus lsD;k gksxk\ thok.kqvksa ds cgqr detksj gksus ds dkj.k Vhdk yxs tkuoj chekj ughaiM+saxsA ijUrq bu detksj thok.kqvksa ls yM+rs oDr tkuojksa ds 'kjhj esa bl rkdrojcSDVhfj;k ds f[kykiQ ,d izfrjks/ iSnk gksxkA ik'pj us bl iz;ksx dks fd;k vkSjmlesa mls liQyrk gkfly gqbZZA

1881 esa ik'pj us blds fy, ,d lkoZtfud lHkk esa VsLV fd;kA mlusHksM+ksa ds ,d lewg esa ls dsoy vk/h HksM+ksa dks ,sUFkzSDl dk detksj Vhdk fn;kAfiQj mlus bu HksM+ksa esa ,sUFkzSDl ds f[kykiQ izfrjks/ iSnk gksus ds fy, dqN fnubartkj fd;kA mlds ckn mlus HksM+ksa ds iwjs lewg dks rkdroj ,sUFkzSDl ds thok.kqvksads batsD'ku fn,A

dqN fnuks i'pkr og lHkh HksM+sa ftUgsa Vhdk ugha yxk Fkk chekj iM+ha vkSjej x;haA ij ftu HksM+ksa dks Vhdk yxk Fkk oks LoLF; jgha vkSj ?kkl pjrh jghaA

blds ckn ls fdlh dh Hkh jksxk.kq fl¼akr ds f[kykiQ vkokt mBkus dhfgEer ugha gqbZA bl iz;ksx ls MkDVj laØked jksxksa dks fu;af=kr djuk Hkh lh[kldrs FksA

ik'pj ds ckn jkcVZ dkWp us jksxk.kqvksa ls chekfj;ksa ds iQSyus ij lclsegRoiw.kZ 'kks/ fd;kA oks chekj yksxksa vkSj tkuojksa ls fofHkUu jksxksa ds thok.kqvksadks bdV~Bk djrs vkSj mudk vè;;u djrsA

,d leL;k Fkh fd mUgsa uewuksa esa vDlj dbZ vyx&vyx izdkj dsthok.kq feyrs FksA muesa ls jksx iQSykus okyk thok.kq dkSu lk Fkk ;g irk djukeqf'dy dke FkkA blfy, 'kksjcs esa thok.kqvksa dks mxkus dh ctk, mUgksaus tsykfVutSls ,sxj&,sxj esa thok.kqvksa dks fodflr fd;kA

dkWp us thok.kqjfgr ,sxj&,sxj dks ,d piVh r'rjh ds isans esa MkykABaMk gksus ds ckn ,sxj&,sxj Bksl gks x;kA fiQj mlus mldh lrg ij thok.kqvksaokys 'kksjcs dh dqN cwansa MkyhaA ,d LFkku ij ,d thok.kq rks nwljh txg dksbZ vkSjthok.kq iuikA lHkh ,sxj&,sxj esa iys vkSj c<+s ij muesa ls dksbZ Hkh ml Bksl inkFkZesa b/j&m/j py&fiQj ugha ik;kA vyx&vyx cSDVhfj;k fHkUu&fHkUu LFkkuksa ijc<+rs vkSj iQyrs&iQwyrs jgsA /hjs&/hjs vyx&vyx txgksa ij vyx&vyxcSDVhfj;ksa dh dkWyksfu;ka rS;kj gks x;haA

dkWp gjsd dkWyksuh dk vyx ls fujh{k.k&ijh{k.k djrs vkSj blls mUgsaml cSDVhfj;k }kjk iSnk gksus okys jksx dk irk py tkrkA bl izdkj dkWp us^CySd&MsFk* ;kuh dkyk&Toj iQSykus okys cSDVhfj;k dk Hkh irk [kkst fudkykA

,d ckj chekjh iSnk djus okys jksxk.kq dk irk py tk, rks fiQj ml

27

chekjh dks jksdus okyk Vhdk Hkh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA ik'pj us ,d rjhdk lq>k;kFkk ftlesa cSDVhfj;k dks xeZ djus ls detksj cSDVhfj;k feyrk FkkA dkWp dslgk;d ,fey ,MkYiQ cs;fjax us ,d nwljk rjhdk lq>k;kA

cs;fjax us ik;k fd fdlh jksx ds f[kykiQ izfrjks/ gjsd tkuoj ds [kwueas dasfnzr gksrk gSA cSDVhfj;k ls [kwu esa gYdk tgj iQSyrk gS vkSj mlls gh jkssxiSnk gksrk gSA bl fo"k dks ̂ VkWfDlu* dgrs gSaA [kwu esa VkWfDlu ls j{kk ,aVh&VkWfDludjrk gSA dYiuk djsa ,sls tkuoj dh ftls VsVul uked jksx gqvk gS tks fd VsVulcSDVhfj;k ls gksrk gSA igys rks bl tkuoj dk FkksM+k [kwu fudkysa vkSj fiQj bl [kwuesa ekStwn ,aVh&VkWfDlu dks fofHkUu rjhdksa ls vyx djsaA vc vxj bl ,aVh&VkWfDludks ,d LoLF; tkuoj ds 'kjhj esa batsDV fd;k tk,xk rks mlesa VsVul ds jksxls yM+us dk izfrjks/ iSnk gksxkA vc vxj ml tkuoj esasa VsVul dk cSDVhfj;k batsDVHkh fd;k x;k rks Hkh mls Hkh chekjh ugha yxsxhA dqN le; ds fy, oks tkuoj VsVulls jksxeqDr jgsxkA

D;k vU; jksxksa ds fy, Hkh ,aVh&VkWfDlu fodflr djuk lEHko gksxk\cs;fjax bl ckjs esa vpjt djus yxkA ml le; cgqr ls cPpksa dks fMiQFkhfj;k ukedh ,d Hk;kud chekjh gksrh FkhA cs;fjax vkSj ,d vU; teZu MkDVj ikWy,vjfyd us igys rks tkuojksa esa fMiQFkhfj;k cSDVhfj;k batsDV fd;k vkSj fiQj dqNle; ckn muls gh [kwu ckgj [khapkA bu [kwu ds uewuksa esa fMiQFkhfj;k ds,aVh&VkWfDlu ekStwn FksA

vxkj esa c<+rh cSDVhfj;k dh iQiQawn

28

1892 esa mUgksaus izpqj ek=kk esa fMiQFkhfj;k ,aVh&VkWfDlu bdV~Bk fd;kAblls u dsoy LoLF; cPpksa esa fMiQFkhfj;k ds f[kykiQ izfrjks/ c<+k ijUrqfMiQFkhfj;k jksx ls ihfM+r cPpksa ds bykt esa Hkh enn feyhA blls igyh ckj yksxksads fny ls fMiQFkhfj;k dk Hk; fudykA

fofHkUu izdkj ds cSDVhfj;k

fueksfu;k

iQVs nw/ esa cSDVhfj;k

,ukjksfcd cSDVhfj;k

29

,vjfyd us cSDVhfj;k ls yM+us ds ,d vkSj rjhds dh ryk'k dhA 'kk;ndqN ,sls jklk;u gksa ftUgsa ,d jksxh esa batsDV djus ij fliQZ chekjh ds thok.kqejsa ij ejht dks dksbZ uqdlku u igqapsA blls jksx ds funku esa vo'; enn feysxhA1909 esa ,vjfyd vkSj mlds lgk;dksa us ^vklZiQsukehu* uked jklk;u [kkstfudkykA blls euq";ksa esa fliQfyl uke dh chekjh ds cSDVhfj;k u"V gks tkrs FksA

ik'pj] dkWp] cs;fjax vkSj ,vjfyd ds ckn ls cSDVhfj;k u"V djus okysvusdksa u, ,aVh&VkWfDlu vkSj jklk;u [kksts x,A mlds lkFk&lkFk yksxksa dksLoPNrk vkSj lkiQ&liQkbZ dh mi;ksfxrk Hkh ekywe iM+h gSA yksxksa dks gkFk /ksuk]vklikl liQkbZ j[kuk] rktk Hkkstu] LoPN ikuh vkSj xanxh dks lgh rjg ls iQsadusdk egRo irk pyk gSA blls jksxk.kq dkcw esa jgrs gSaA

jksxk.kqvksa dh le> ds ykHkdkjh urhtksa ds ckn ls vc lkjh nqfu;k esacgqr ls laØked jksxksa dk Hk; fudy x;k gSA dkys Toj ls vk/h vkcknh dkliQk;k gks tk,xk ;g [kkSiQ vc feV x;k gSA vxj dksbZ ,slh chekjh vkbZ Hkh rksHkh MkDVjksa dks mlls yM+us dk jkLrk irk gksxkA

vkt ge mu cgqr ls NksVs jksxk.kqvksa ls Hkh yM+ ldrs gSa ftUgsaekbØksLdksi esa ls ns[k ikuk Hkh lEHko ugha gSA ik'pj us ,d ,slh gh chekjhigpkuh Fkh tks cgqr NksVs jksxk.kqvksa ls iSnk gksrh FkhA

5 lw{ere jksxk.kq

jscht ,d Hk;kog chekjh gSA dHkh&dHkh tc dqRrksa dks jscht gksrh gSrks mldk vlj lh/s muds fnekx ij gksrk gSA muds eaqg ls >kx fudyrs gSa vkSjoks tks Hkh feyrk gS mlds dkVus dks nkSM+rs gSaA bUgsa yksx ̂ ikxy dqRrk* dgrs gSaAtc ,sls dqRrs fdlh balku dks dkVrs gSa rks mls Hkh oks jksx gks tkrk gSA jksx dsy{k.k djhc nks gÝrs ckn utj vkrs gSa D;ksafd jksx ds jksxk.kqvksa dks efLr"d rdigqapus esa bruk le; yxrk gSA ,slk gksus ds ckn ml O;fDr dh dkiQh nnZukdekSr gksrh gSA

ik'pj us bl jksx dk xgu vè;;u fd;kA ik'pj vkSj mlds lgk;ddks us txg&txg ij vusdksa ^ikxy dqRrksa* dks idM+kA fiQj mu dqRrksa dks cak/us ds ckn muds eqag ds >kx bdV~Bs fd,A ;g djuk ,d cgqr [krjukd dkeFkkA mUgksaus >kx ds vlj dks tkuus ds fy, mUgsa [kjxks'kksa esa batsDV fd;kA

varr% [kjxks'kksa dks Hkh jksx yxk ij mlesa dkiQh le; yxkA fiQj ik'pjus >kx dks [kwu dh /efu;ksa dh ctk, lh/s [kjxks'kksa ds efLr"d esa batsDV djkA

30

vc [kjxks'kksa dks ;g jksx cgqr tYnh gqvk vkSj 'kks/dk;Z rsth ls vkxs c<+kA

<sjksa jksxh [kjxks'kksa ds ckn D;k fd;k tk,\ D;k ,UFkjSDl cSDVhfj;k dhrjg ik'pj bl jksx dks Hkh dqN gYdk cuk ldrk Fkk\ ik'pj us bldh dksf'k'kdhA jksx ds thok.kq [kjxks'kksa ds efLr"d vkSj jh<+ dh gM~Mh esa FksA ik'pj us jh<+dh gM~Mh dks dkVdj mls FkksM+k xeZ fd;kA gj jkst oks uewus esa ls ,d VqdM+kdkVdj ckdh dks xeZ djrs FksA

mlds ikl jh<+ dh gM~Mh ds cgqr ls VqdM+s Fks ftUgsa vyx&vyxvof/;ksa rd xeZ fd;k x;k FkkA mlus gj VqdM+s dks rjy esa Mqcksdj ml rjydks LoLF; [kjxks'kksa ds efLr"d esa batsDV fd;kA mlus ik;k fd ftruk vf/d nsjVqdM+k xeZ fd;k x;k Fkk mlls mruk gh gYdk jksx iQSykA tks VqdM+k nks gÝrs rdxeZ fd;k x;k Fkk mlls jksx ds dksbZ Hkh y{k.k iSnk ugha gq,A

ij D;k mlls [kjxks'k dk jksx ds f[kykiQ izfrjks/ c<+k\ ik'pj us [kqncuk, jschl ds gYds jksxk.kqvksa dks ,d LoLF; dqRrs esa batsDV fd;kA mls dqN ughagqvkA fiQj ml dqRrs dks ,d jschl okys dqRrs ds lkFk ,d fiatM+s esa j[kk x;kAjksxh dqRrs us rqjUr yM+uk 'kq: fd;k vkSj LoLF; dqRrs dks dkVkA ckn esa dqRrksa dksvyx fd;k x;kA dqRrs ds dkVs t[e dqN fnuksa esa Bhd gks x, vkSj mls jschtHkh ugha gqbZA

euq";ksa ij ;g iz;ksx dSls fd;k tk,\ vki fdlh vPNs Hkys balku dksHkyk tkucw> dj jscht dSls ns ldrs gSaA ij tqykbZ 4] 1885 dks ,d ukS cjl dsyM+ds tkstsiQ ehbLrj dks cqjh rjg ,d ikxy dqRrs us dkVkA cPps dks rqjUrik'pj ds ikl Hkstk x;kA

ik'pj dks irk Fkk fd vxj jksx rarqvksa vkSj efLr"d rd igqap x;krks oks ckyd fuf'pr gh ej tk,xkA ik'pj ds iz;ksx ls tkstsiQ dks dksbZ uqdlkurks gks gh ugha ldrk FkkA ik'pj dks tks dqN djuk Fkk mls cgqr tYnh djuk FkkAik'pj us [kqn cuk;s lcls detksj jscht ds jksxk.kqvksa dks batsDV fd;k ftlls fdtkstsiQ esa jksx ds f[kykiQ izfrjks/ iSnk gks ldsA ,d fnu ckn mlus igys ls dqNrst jksxk.kqvksa dks batsDV fd;kA tSls&tSls tkstsiQ ds 'kjhj esa izfrjks/ c<+rk x;koSls&oSls ik'pj mls vkSj rst jksxk.kqvksa ds batsD'ku nsrk x;kA X;kjgosa fnu tkstsiQdks lcls 'kfDr'kkyh jksxk.kqvksa dk batsD'ku fn;k x;kA tkstsiQ dks dHkh jscht ughagqbZA

yqbZ ik'pj ds fy, ,d vR;Ur egku liQyrk FkhA jscht ij vius 'kks/dk;Z ds nkSjku ik'pj dHkh Hkh jscht jksx dks mRiUu djus okyk jksxk.kq ugha [kkstik;kA

31

D;k bldk eryc Fkk fd thok.kqvksa ls iSnk gksus okys jksxksa dk fl¼akrxyr Fkk\ ugha] ik'pj ds vuqlkj fl¼akr fcYdqy lgh FkkA jscht Nwus lsLFkkukarfjr gksus okyk jksx FkkA vkSj bl LFkkukarj.k dks djus okyk dksbZ rRo gksxkA'kk;n jscht dk jksxk.kq bruk NksVk gks fd mls ekbØksLdksi ls Hkh ns[k ikuk vlEHkogks\

vkSj ;gh ckr 'kk;n vU; cgqr lh chekfj;ksa ij Hkh ykxw gksrh gksA cgqr[kkstus ds ckn Hkh fdlh dks Hkh pspd] [kljk] tqdke vkfn ds jksxk.kq ugha feysAcgqr NksVs vkdkj dh otg ls oks fn[krs gh ugha FksA

euq"; ds vykok vU; thoksa dks gksus okyh chekfj;ksa ds lkFk Hkh ;g ckrlp FkhA felky ds fy, rEckdw ds ikS/ksa dh ,d chekjh esa muds iRrs fldqM+dj>M+ tkrsA chekjh ds ckn iRrksa ij ,d rjg dk tkyhnkj uewuk cu tkrk FkkA rHkhbl chekjh dk uke ^rEckdw ekslsbd* chekjh iM+kA

,d :lh oSKkfud nfe=kh bZokuvksoLdh us bl chekjh ds jksxk.kq dhryk'k dh ij oks mUgsa ugha feykA jksxh ikS/ksa ds iRrksa ds jl ls LoLF; ikS/ksa Hkhjksxh gks tkrsA ijUrq mlds ckotwn mUgsa dHkh Hkh jl esa dksbZ jksxk.kq ugha fn[kkbZiM+kA

bZokuvksoLdh us jl dks Nkuus dk iz;kl fd;kA vxj oks jl dks ,dneeghu Nyuh & ftlds Nsnksa dks vka[k ls ns[k ikuk eqf'dy gks ls xqtjus nsrk rks'kk;n oks cgqr NksVs jksxk.kqvksa dks Hkh ns[k ikrkA rc jl dk rjy Nyuh ls xqtjtkrk vkSj jksxk.kq cp tkrsA vc bl jl dks fNM+dus ls ikS/ksa dks jksx ugha yxrkA

bZokuvksoLdh us blds fy, fo'ks"k izdkj ds NksVs Nsnksa okys ikslZysu dsfiQYVj mi;ksx fd,A 1892 esa mlus jksxh rEckdw dh ifRr;ksa dk jl bu fiQYVlZls xqtkjkA 'kk;n muls jksxk.kq t:j jQdsaxsA

ijUrq ,slk ugha gqvkA Nus jl dks fNM+dus ds ckotwn LoLF; ifRr;ksa esajksx iSnk gksrk jgkA bZokuvksoLdh dks vc Li"V gqvk fd jksxk.kq brus NksVs Fks fdoks eghu ls eghu Nyuh esa ls Hkh vklkuh ls fudy tkrs FksA oks Hkyk jksxk.kq brusNksVs dSls gks ldrs gSa\ oks vpjt djus yxk fd vkSj mlds ckn ls mlus fn'kkesa iz;ksx djuk can dj fn;kA

1898 esa Mp ouLifr'kkL=kh ekjfVuql fofye ck;jfud us Hkh fcYdqyoSls gh iz;ksx nksgjk,A mlus Hkh jksx yxh rEckdw dh ifRr;ks ds jl dks izkslZysufiQYVj ls NkukA mlus Hkh ik;k fd Nus jl dks fNM+dus ls LoLF; ikS/s fiQj jksxhgks tkrs FksA

oks de&ls&de ;g ekuus ds fy, rS;kj Fkk fd rEckdw ikS/ksa ds jksxk.kq

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brus NksVs Fks fd oks mlds fiQYVj esa vklkuh ls fudy tkrs FksA mls yxk fd jksxk.kq'kk;n inkFkZ ds lcls NksVs vo;o;ksa & ikuh ds ijek.kqvksa ds vkdkj ds gksasxsA rHkhoks ikuh ds lkFk Nyuh esa ls Nudj fudy x,A

ikS/ksa ds fo"kSys jl dks ySfVu esa ̂ ok;jl* dgrs gSaA ck;jfud dks ,slkyxk tSls jksxh rEckdw ds iRrksa dk jl LoLF; iRrksa ds fy, fo"k dk dke djjgk gksA blfy, mlus mu jksxk.kqvksa dks ̂ ok;jl* dk uke fn;kA jl esa ekStwn cgqrlw{e jksxk.kqvksa dks ckn esa ^ok;jl* ds uke ls cqyk;k x;kA

ok;jl (thok.kq)

NksVh pspd

iksfy;ks

rEck[kw ekslk,d

baÝyw,sUtk

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vly esa ;g ̂ ok;jl* fdrus cM+s Fks\ D;k oks yxHkx ikuh ds ijek.kqvksads eki ds Fks\ cgqr le; rd blds ckjs esa dksbZ Hkh dqN ugha dg ldkA

1931 esa fczfV'k oSKkfud fofy;e tkstsiQ ,yiQksMZ us bl leL;k dk gy[kkstus dh BkuhA D;ksa u eSa Nyuh ds Nsnksa dks izkslZysu ls Hkh NksVk cukmQa\ 'kk;nmlls ̂ ok;jl* idM+ esa vk tk,A blds fy, mlus ̂ dksyk;Mu* dk mi;ksx fd;kA;g ,d lsyksiQsu tSlh ikjn'khZ f>Yyh gksrh gSA blesaa Nsnksa ds eki dks cukrs le;NksVk&cM+k fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa Nsnksa dks NksVk] lw{e vkSj vfrlw{e cuk;ktk ldrk gSA

,yiQMZ us ok;jl ds jl dks nkc yxkdj ^dksyk;Mu* dh Nyuh lsNkukA Nyuh ds Nsn vkSlru jksxk.kqvksa ds ,d&lkSoak fgLlk FksA ^dksyk;Mu* dsmi;ksx ls Nyuh esa ls ikuh rks fudy x;k ijUrq ok;jl cp x;kA tks ikuh Nyuhesa ls ckgj fudyk mls fNM+ds ls rEckdw ds LoLF; iRrksa dks jksx ugha yxkA

blls yxk fd ok;jl dk eki ikuh ds ijek.kq ls dbZ xquk cM+k gksxkA

1930 esa u, fo'ks"k ekbØksLdksi fodflr fd, x, tks izdk'k dh fdj.kdh txg lw{e ̂ bysDVªkal* dk mi;ksx djrs FksA bu ̂ bysDVªku ekbØksLdksIl* ls mulw{ere phtksa dks Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk Fkk ftUgsa lk/kj.k ekbØksLdksi ls ns[k ikukvlEHko FkkA ^bysDVªku ekbØksLdksIl* ls varr% oSKkfud ok;jl dks ns[k ik,A

rEckdw ekslsbd ok;jl dk vkdkj ,d iryh NM+ tSlk FkkA okslk/kj.k cSDVhfj;k ls yEckbZ esa vk/k Fkk vkSj cgqr iryk FkkA lk/kj.k cSDVhfj;kesa ml tSls 7000 ok;jl lek ldrs FksA

vU; ok;jl vkSj Hkh NksVs FksA ihys Toj (;syks&iQhoj) ds ok;jl rks brusNksVs Fks fd 40]000 ok;jl ,d lk/kj.k cSDVhfj;k esa lek ldrs FksA

ok;jl cgqr lw{e Fks] os fo'ks"k midj.kksa ds fcuk fn[krs ugha Fks fiQjHkh muls lqjf{kr jgk tk ldrk FkkA pspd oks igyh chekjh ftl ij euq"; dkcwik ldk vkSj oks ,d ok;jl ls gh gksrh FkhA

fiNys lok&lkS lkyksa esa oSKkfudksa ds 'kks/dk;Z ds dkj.k vkt yksxksa dkLokLF; T;knk vPNk gS vkSj oks vf/d yEch mez th jgs gSaA ik'pj ds le; lsiwoZ ;wjksi vkSj vejhdk esa yksxksa dh vkSlru vk;q ek=k 40 o"kZ dh gksrh FkhAvktdy vkSlr vk;q djhc 70 lky gSA

ik'pj vkSj vU; oSKkfudksa ds 'kks/dk;Z dh cnkSyr ge esa ls gjsd dkthoudky djhc 30 lky c<+k gSA

var