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Asian TsunamiAsian Tsunami
December 26December 26thth 2004 2004
Asian Tsunami:Asian Tsunami: December 26 December 26thth 2004 2004
• Largest Earthquake in the World in 40 yearsLargest Earthquake in the World in 40 years• It is the It is the fourth largest earthquake fourth largest earthquake recorded recorded
since seismographic recording in 1900.since seismographic recording in 1900.• Major Tsunami engulfs coasts around the Major Tsunami engulfs coasts around the
Indian Ocean Indian Ocean • Probably the largest and most widespread Probably the largest and most widespread
disaster in modern historydisaster in modern history• Requires and is getting (with your help) the Requires and is getting (with your help) the
Greatest Disaster response in World HistoryGreatest Disaster response in World History
173 981
Totals of fatalities for each countryTotals of fatalities for each country
29 854
68
82
150
5 313
5 554
10 749 59
1
2
10 3
StatisticsStatistics•12 countries around Indian Ocean affected12 countries around Indian Ocean affected
•First estimates on 26/12/04: 15,000 deadFirst estimates on 26/12/04: 15,000 dead
•By 28/12/04 estimated over 50,000By 28/12/04 estimated over 50,000 deathsdeaths
•29/12/04 estimated numbers reach 70,000 by 29/12/04 estimated numbers reach 70,000 by later in the day this figure was 80,000later in the day this figure was 80,000
•UN estimates 5 million survivors are lacking UN estimates 5 million survivors are lacking food, shelter and clean water.food, shelter and clean water.
•30/12/04 estimated fatality figures now 120,000 (of 30/12/04 estimated fatality figures now 120,000 (of which 80,000 thought to be in Indonesia)which 80,000 thought to be in Indonesia)
•31/12/04 Indonesian government announce they have 31/12/04 Indonesian government announce they have stopped counting the number of fatalities.stopped counting the number of fatalities.
The first views of the Tsunami:The first views of the Tsunami:
Afriyanti - has lost everyone in her family and all of her school friends.
A Thai soldier cradles a western child - almost half the disaster's victims in Thailand are thought to have been holidaying foreigners.
Many children – foreign and local – have lost parents
The power of tsunamis only becomes clear as they approach shallow water along the coast
But from the beaches few people recognised the danger of the white line on the horizon
Their full force is unleashed as they break on to land
Sundar Raj, 21, fisherman
I was sleeping in our boat when the sea began making a rumbling sound. I saw the water level rising. I jumped into the water and tied my boat to the wharf as the waves began lashing me from behind. I climbed on to the jetty and ran.
Whole villages were flattened as here in Sri Lanka
Fishing boats, which provide essential food supplies for local people here in India, have been washed ashore
Low lying areas have been left flooded
with seawater which quickly becomes
contaminated with sewage and dead
bodies
Male in the Maldives
Banda Aceh in Sumatra, Indonesia
Millions of people have been left homeless
Cuddalore, south of Madras, India
Penang, Malaysia
A family survey what is left of their home south of Colombo, Sri Lanka
• Freeze Frame - Tsunami swallows the Freeze Frame - Tsunami swallows the Chedi resort beach restaurant in Phuket.Chedi resort beach restaurant in Phuket.
“Thousands are reported to have been killed, but there has been little news from the worst-hit areas where all transport and communication links were destroyed. “ bbc.co.uk 27.12.04
The Aftermath Early reports gave no hint of the scale of the disaster…….
Low lying coastal areas were left obliterated and
flooded as here in Aceh province in
Sumatra, Indonesia
Current reports indicate that the north
and west coasts of Sumatra have
experienced the worst destruction
Whole villages were flattened as here in Sri Lanka
Fishing boats, which provide essential food supplies for local people here in India, have been washed ashore
Scenes which were repeated across the
Indian Ocean
Sri Lanka
Phuket, Thailand
Why it happenedWhy it happened
Subduction zone where the Indian Subduction zone where the Indian dives under the Eurasian Platedives under the Eurasian Plate
Tsunamis are created when:
•Seafloor quickly changes shape
•Water is displaced
•Waves are formed as the displaced water mass, which is affected gravity, tries to move back
Two tectonic plates, the Australian and Eurasian plates, meet just off Sumatra's south-west coast, grinding together and sending periodic seismic tremors through the region. At 0059 GMT a violent rupture occurred on the sea floor along a fault about 1,000km long.
Tectonic FactsTectonic Facts• The earthquake came just three days after a The earthquake came just three days after a
magnitude 8.1 earthquake in an uninhabited magnitude 8.1 earthquake in an uninhabited region west of New Zealand region west of New Zealand
• Possible connection between these two Possible connection between these two earthquakes earthquakes
• Possibility of a seismic chain reaction across Possibility of a seismic chain reaction across neighboring plates has also been considered neighboring plates has also been considered
• Total energy released by a magnitude 9.0 Total energy released by a magnitude 9.0 earthquake exceeds the total amount of energy earthquake exceeds the total amount of energy consumed in the U.S. in one monthconsumed in the U.S. in one month
• Massive release of energy and shift in mass Massive release of energy and shift in mass insignificantlyinsignificantly altered the Earth's rotation altered the Earth's rotation
The USGS (United States Geological Survey) record of the earthquake
The seismograph recording of the earthquake
What is being done?What is being done?
•ReliefRelief
“ “Charities are rarely faced with a Charities are rarely faced with a disaster so geographically widespread; disaster so geographically widespread; almost the whole Indian Ocean rim has almost the whole Indian Ocean rim has been hit, and few of the countries most been hit, and few of the countries most affected have governments strong affected have governments strong enough or with sufficient resources to enough or with sufficient resources to co-ordinate the relief when it arrives.”co-ordinate the relief when it arrives.”
Times 28/12/04 Times 28/12/04
Increasing numbers of homeless people need shelter, food and water
Clean drinking water is required to avoid
the spread of disease
In all affected areas survivors are hungry as
food supplies run out
Indonesian Red Cross workers in Jakarta
South Korean Red Cross assistance
Clean, bottled water supplies are assembled in Penang, Malaysia
Identifying victims is a grim task
Many who died can only be identified by photographs, fingerprints or DNA tests
Tourists in Phuket make contact with frantic family members
Medicines are needed desperately
The threat of disease increases
DiseaseDisease
• Water borne diseases e.g. diarrhoea, Water borne diseases e.g. diarrhoea, typhoid, cholera are more prevalent.typhoid, cholera are more prevalent.
• Possibility of an increase in insect borne Possibility of an increase in insect borne diseases e.g. malaria , dengue fever in the diseases e.g. malaria , dengue fever in the near future.near future.
• Immediate aid - rehydration sachets and Immediate aid - rehydration sachets and tablets, clean water, water purification tablets, clean water, water purification equipment.equipment.
The evacuation of foreign tourists from
the beach resorts begins
Many are severely traumatised
A British holiday maker arrives home from the Maldives three days after the tsunami
Coffins await transport to remote areas near Phuket in Thailand
World Wide response being coordinated World Wide response being coordinated by United Nationsby United Nations
Relief EffortsRelief Efforts
• People around the world started to People around the world started to stretch out a helping hand to the stretch out a helping hand to the tsunami victims.tsunami victims.
• Singapore, Britain, Japan, China Singapore, Britain, Japan, China and the United States sent relief and the United States sent relief efforts and started fund-raising efforts and started fund-raising events to help the worst struck events to help the worst struck countries, e.g. Sri Lanka & countries, e.g. Sri Lanka & Indonesia.Indonesia.
• When everybody was When everybody was traumatized, displaced, traumatized, displaced, hungry, thirsty and hungry, thirsty and helpless… that’s when helpless… that’s when volunteerism steps in.volunteerism steps in.
• Various countries started to collect generous donations Various countries started to collect generous donations from their people. The United States forked out US$360 from their people. The United States forked out US$360 million from it’s national treasury to help the victims.million from it’s national treasury to help the victims.
Indonesians transporting packaged goods to Banda Aceh in a store of an airport.
Volunteerism In Relief EffortsVolunteerism In Relief Efforts• Singapore collects Singapore collects
generous donation of generous donation of clothes and daily clothes and daily necessities from her necessities from her people. These are to be people. These are to be sent to Banda Aceh and sent to Banda Aceh and Sri Lanka.Sri Lanka.
• A Singaporean even A Singaporean even donated 200 bags of donated 200 bags of white rice to the Red white rice to the Red Cross Society.Cross Society.
Volunteerism In Relief EffortsVolunteerism In Relief Efforts• Medical experts from the Medical experts from the
World Health Organisation World Health Organisation (WHO) warned that there (WHO) warned that there might be an outspread of might be an outspread of water-borne disease, e.g. water-borne disease, e.g. malaria.malaria.
• This issue grabbed the This issue grabbed the world attention. Countries world attention. Countries started to send doctors, started to send doctors, nurses and medical nurses and medical necessities to the disaster-necessities to the disaster-struck areas.struck areas.
Volunteerism In Relief EffortsVolunteerism In Relief Efforts
• Singapore donated two Singapore donated two portable desalination machines portable desalination machines to Banda Aceh. The machines to Banda Aceh. The machines are able to produce 5,000 liters are able to produce 5,000 liters of clean water everyday.of clean water everyday.
• A wine-production factory A wine-production factory volunteered to provide victims volunteered to provide victims with free, clean water – it with free, clean water – it eventually becomes a mineral-eventually becomes a mineral-water-production factory.water-production factory.
Up to 36 months
“On your feet”
Disaster
Strikes
Up to 4-6 weeks
• Preventative Medicine Relief
Up to 3-6 months
Health Strategy – 3 Phase Relief
• Acute Medical Relief
• Psychological/ Post traumatic Stress Relief
Welfare
Centres
Temp
Shelter
Interim
Shelter
Permanent
Shelter
Now Beyond…
• Goal : Immediate Relief
• Effort : Provide basic necessities
• Functions: Provide Daily Relief
• End Result: Prevention of disease
• Programs: Medical, Food, Water, Clothing
• Goal : Short-term housing
• Effort : Basic Independence
• Functions: Provide weekly Relief
• End Result: Environment for Independence
• Programs – Income generation, Psychological, Housing Planning, Public Health
• Period - up to I year
• Goal : Financial Independence
• Effort : Self/ Community Initiated Rehabilitation
• Functions: Provide Independence Support
• End Result: Full Rehabilitation
• Programs – Human development/capacity building, Income generation, Psychological, Housing, Public Health
• Period – up to 1-2 years
• Goal : Full Independence
• Effort : Community Services
• Functions: Provide Community Support
• End Result: Establish Village Community
• Programs – Income generation, Perm Housing, Public Health, Infrastructure – Hospital, Schools, Roads, Bridges etc
• Period - Permanent
How do we propose to rebuild…
Housing Strategy – 4 Phase Rehabilitation
2-3 weeks 1-2 months
PHASES BEGINNING
Program Execution Strategy - Phased Execution
Immediate Relief
Rapid Recovery
Permanent Rehabilitation
• Short term relief phase
• For a period of up to 3 weeks from the disaster
• Focus on survival needs – Food, Drinking Water and Medical attention
• Identification & re-unification of missing family members
• Mid term recovery phase
• For a period of up to 3 months to a year
• Focus on shelter and sanitation
- Temporary shelters and semi-permanent houses for up to 1 year
- Supply of high nutrition food
• Preventive needs – epidemics control, psycho-social counseling
• Long term rehabilitation phase
• For a period of 1 to 3 years
• Focus on income generation activities, permanent housing, public health
• Provide skill development trainings
• Marketing & Distribution infrastructure support for rural produce
What is being done?What is being done?
•ReliefRelief•Early Warning SystemsEarly Warning Systems
Early Warning SystemEarly Warning System
• What reasons are there for the Indian What reasons are there for the Indian Ocean region not having a tsunami early Ocean region not having a tsunami early warning system in place ?warning system in place ?
• May this change in the future ?May this change in the future ?
• What differences would it have made ?What differences would it have made ?
‘ ‘ We view with awe a release of power We view with awe a release of power on this scale. We know that this power on this scale. We know that this power is greater than that of our species — is greater than that of our species — nature holds us in its hands. We may be nature holds us in its hands. We may be able to mitigate some of the able to mitigate some of the consequences; in some cases we may consequences; in some cases we may be able to give advance warning of the be able to give advance warning of the threat; but threat; but we are not in controlwe are not in control; the ; the tsunami has demonstrated this ancient tsunami has demonstrated this ancient truth.’truth.’
William Rees-Mogg TheTimes 27/12/04William Rees-Mogg TheTimes 27/12/04
"At least two-thirds of the people who died "At least two-thirds of the people who died should not have died," a natural disaster should not have died," a natural disaster expert, Bill McGuire of University College expert, Bill McGuire of University College London, told the Guardian. "They could London, told the Guardian. "They could have had an hour or so to get a kilometre have had an hour or so to get a kilometre or two inland or to reach high ground."or two inland or to reach high ground."
28/12/0428/12/04
"It is true that an "It is true that an earthquake is earthquake is unpredictable but unpredictable but a tsunami, which a tsunami, which occurs after an occurs after an earthquake, is earthquake, is predictable.”predictable.”
The Guardian The Guardian 28/12/0428/12/04
Warning SystemsWarning Systems
Many countries around the Pacific, including Hawaii, have warning systems and evacuation procedures in the event of a serious tsunami.
In Thailand there was criticism of the In Thailand there was criticism of the government's failure to provide government's failure to provide adequate warning: "The [meteorological adequate warning: "The [meteorological department] had up to an hour to department] had up to an hour to announce the emergency message and announce the emergency message and evacuate people but they failed to do evacuate people but they failed to do so," so,"
Thammasarote Smith, a former senior Thammasarote Smith, a former senior forecaster at the department, told the forecaster at the department, told the Bangkok Post. Bangkok Post.
29/12/0429/12/04
BBC News is reporting the Indian BBC News is reporting the Indian government are pledging to spend government are pledging to spend
£14 million on setting up a tsunami £14 million on setting up a tsunami warning system in the Indian Ocean.warning system in the Indian Ocean.
Do you think this is a good idea or Do you think this is a good idea or could the money be spent on could the money be spent on something else ?something else ?
“ “Societies that have suffered a natural Societies that have suffered a natural catastrophe tend to pull together in the catastrophe tend to pull together in the common challenge to rebuild their broken common challenge to rebuild their broken structures. This, in turn, can build bridges, structures. This, in turn, can build bridges, political as well as economic, between political as well as economic, between communities split along racial, ethnic or communities split along racial, ethnic or religious lines. That can also work across religious lines. That can also work across national borders. In the past year nations of national borders. In the past year nations of southern and South-East Asia have been southern and South-East Asia have been discussing ways to form a more powerful and discussing ways to form a more powerful and coherent grouping; the destruction that they coherent grouping; the destruction that they suffered in common may hasten the suffered in common may hasten the interchange of expertise, aid and political interchange of expertise, aid and political ideas.” ideas.”
Times 27/12/04Times 27/12/04
EmpathyEmpathy
• We live in a coastal area - how would we We live in a coastal area - how would we
feel if our families and homes were feel if our families and homes were
affected ?affected ?
• How much warning would we need to How much warning would we need to
evacuate our homes / places of work ?evacuate our homes / places of work ?
The future ?The future ?
• What What couldcould be done ? be done ?
• What What shouldshould be done ? be done ?
• How feasible is it to prevent a natural How feasible is it to prevent a natural disaster from having such a devastating disaster from having such a devastating effect ?effect ?
• Is it just a matter of money ?Is it just a matter of money ?
• What other factors need to be What other factors need to be considered ?considered ?
“We view with awe a release of power on this scale. We know that this power is greater than
that of our species – Nature holds us in its hands. We may be able to lessen some of its
consequences, sometimes we can give advance warning of the threat but we are not in control.”
The tsunami has demonstrated that Nature, and not Mankind, is
the real master.”
William Rees-Mogg 27.12.04
