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Asian IndianAfrican Bantu
Central & South American
SSWH2 The student will identify the major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 BCE to 500 CE.
a. Describe the development of Indian civilization; include the rise and fall of the Maurya Empire, the “Golden Age” under Gupta, and the emperor Ashoka.
Why study India? Has one-fifth of world’s population Two prominent religions came from it:
Hinduism & Buddhism The geography and climate of an area
explains how and why civilization emerged in that region in the first place. So that’s where we start for India too.
Indian subcontinent natural barriers
North: the Himalayas East: Bay of Bengal West: Arabian Sea South: Indian Ocean
Two major rivers: Indus Ganges
Climate Monsoons - seasonal winds
Summer: bring torrential rains Winter: bring dryer air must come at the right time or agriculture will
fail.
Settled in the valley because of better soil for farming
Built walled cities Technology advanced:
Copper knives, axes and arrows Pottery and small figurines of deities
Had highly planned cities (grid designed) Citadel Temples & granaries Public baths Buildings for public meetings Indoor toilets and a system of clay pipes & a sewer
Size: as big as Mesopotamia & Egypt combined Cities housed as many as 40,000 Economy:
Agriculture Raising sheep, cattle, pigs; Domesticating cats,
horse, elephant Produced pottery, cloth, jewelry, bronze
Mass production Trade by land and boat (to Mesopotamia)
Writing: Dravidian (unreadable)
They migrated into the Indus area ruled after Harappan Civilization
declined No sophisticated government. They
grouped in clans, and were ruled by warrior chiefs called rajas.
constant war amongst themselves
We can learn about them from the Vedas: a collection of poems and sacred hymns Writing system: Sanskrit
Established caste system Rigid social categories based on your position
in society. Could only change castes through death. Castes (Varnas)
Brahmen – priests Kshatriyas – warriors and rulers Vaisyas – common people; merchants,
artisans, and farmers Sudras – servants Dalit – Untouchables
would later be used in Hinduism and permeated the Indian civilization until modern times.
Founded by Chandragupta Maurya Capital city was 8 miles by 1.5 miles with 570
guard towers and a moat 900 feet wide beyond the walls.
feared assassination so had an army & a spy network.
Extensive network of civil servants in government
Flourished under Asoka. Chandragupta’s grandson. Considered to be greatest ruler in Indian
history
Converted to Buddhism Made him a very kind ruler. Examples of leadership:
Religious toleration Required missionary work of himself and
his officials Public works Hospitals for people and animals Provide medicines Planting trees & groves Digging wells Roadside rest houses Prevention of animal cruelty Reducing public slackness
Collapse After Asoka’s death in 232 BC the empire fell
apart. In 183 BC, the last Mauryan ruler was killed.
They took over the area after the Mauryan Empire fell.
They benefited from trade on the Silk Road. trade route between the Roman Empire and
China. Called Silk Road because silk was China’s main
export.
Located over most of Northern India, the region presently in the nation of Pakistan, and what is now western India and Bangladesh.
Chandra Gupta I Reunited India in AD 320
Samudra Gupta Took over after his father’s (Chandra Gupta I)
death Expanded the border of Empire through
conquest Chandra Gupta II AD 375-415
Took Empire to its highest point fostered trade throughout Asia and Eastern
Europe.
The Golden Age of India occurs under the rule of the Gupta Dynasty (320 - 550 CE)
The Gupta established a strong central government which also allowed a degree of local control.
Gupta society was ordered in accordance with Hindu beliefs. This included a strict caste system, or class system.
The peace and prosperity created under Gupta leadership enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors.
The most significant achievements of the Gupta period were in education, mathematics, art, literature and drama, and astronomy.
Math developed the concept of zero & infinity (∞) in the
use of math Algebra developed the decimal system based on the 10. Determined the value of π to 4 decimals created Arabic number writing system that is used
throughout the world today.
Medicine Pharmacological treatments Surgery: cesarean section bone setting skin grafting Vaccinations for smallpox Free hospitals
Art/architecture (influenced by religious toleration) stone temples dedicated to Hindu gods. shrines (stupas) built to house the remains of select holy
people of Buddhism. murals
Literature Styles: fables, folktales, poetry, drama written in Sanskrit.
Astronomy proposed that the earth was round and rotated on
an axis by viewing a lunar eclipses. made discoveries about gravity and the planets of
the solar system, which they used to tell the horoscopes.
Education plan grammar, composition, logic, metaphysics,
mathematics, medicine, and astronomy
SSWH2 The student will identify the major achievements of Chinese and Indian societies from 1100 BCE to 500 CE.
b. Explain the development and impact of Hinduism and Buddhism on India and subsequent diffusion of Buddhism.
Origin unknown but it dates back over 5000 years. Oldest organized religion
Sacred texts: Vedas Spiritual leader: guru or sage Place of worship: Mandir or home
shrine Eastern Religions:
Not concerned with individual Views all living things as part of vast circle of life
Polytheistic Belief in a single, supreme figure:
Brahman All gods are expressions of Brahman. Three gods stand out as most
important. Brahma – creator Vishnu – preserver Siva – destroyer
Afterlife: reincarnation or liberation Purpose of life: to attain liberation
(moksha) from the cycle of reincarnation and oneness with Brahman
How to live: live life according to the dharma to create good karma so you can move forward in your caste (varna)
Varna: social class in the caste system Dharma is the divine law that sets
requirements of your caste (varna) Karma: the force generated by a person’s
actions or the impact of previous deeds on one's current circumstances determines how a person will be reborn in the
next life. directed by Dharma.
Beliefs common to nearly all forms of Hinduism: the authority of the Vedas and the Brahmans
(priests); the existence of an enduring soul that
reincarnates; the law of karma.
Note that a specific belief about God or gods is not considered one of the essentials.
Origins: Founder - Siddhartha Guatama (c.563-
470 BCE) Born into royal family during the Aryan period
of Indian history In his late 20s, he became aware of the pain
of illness, the sorrow of death and the effects of old age.
He dedicated the rest of his life to seeking a cure for human suffering. To do so he began meditating
One day he reached enlightenment as to the meaning of life and began preaching it.
The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism 1. Life is suffering 2. Desire leads only to suffering and ultimately
destruction. 3. Suffering can end. 4. Follow the Eight-Fold Path
Eight-fold Path: 1. Right thought: facing realities of life, including
suffering and death 2. Right speech: avoid lying, divisive and harsh
speech and idle gossip. 3. Right actions: being honest and not breaking laws 4. Right livelihood: living a righteous life 5. Right understanding: developing genuine wisdom –
right and good intentions 6. Right effort: opposing evil 7. Right mindfulness: try to be aware of the "here and
now", instead of dreaming in the "there and then". 8. Right concentration: regular meditation
Sacred texts: Pali Canon (Tripitaka), Original language: Pali Spiritual leader: Monk (lama in Tibetan
Buddhism) Place of ritual: Temple, meditation hall. Type of religion: historically, not a
religion but a lifestyle aimed at relieving suffering. Has polytheistic elements in many of today’s sects.
Ultimate reality: none. Nothing is permanent.
Human nature: there is no self or soul. Purpose of life: historically, attain
enlightenment and nirvana Nirvana is the end of self and union with
the great world soul Afterlife: Reincarnation or nirvana
Rejects the caste system
After Gautama’s death Buddhism spread throughout China, because of the travels of merchants and monks.
Missionary efforts sponsored by Asoka during the Mauryan Empire spread Buddhism throughout India and Southeast Asia.
SSWH6 The student will describe the diverse characteristics of early African societies before 1800.
a. Identify the Bantu migration patterns and contribution to settled agriculture.
Started in Niger River area
Spread South 1st to Congo 2nd to Angola &
Zambia Spread East to
Uganda then South to
Congo, Zimbabwe and Mozambique
Bantus moved like small communities, not like invaders - Assimilating and/or displacing native
populations
Contributions: Farming
Subsistence farming Spread knowledge of high-yield crops
Linguistic Contributions: Languages of eastern, central and southern Africa
show similarities with the mother tongues originally spoken in West Africa
Iron-smelting Creating tools & weapons to assist in survival
Brought development of the system of statehood Government development of leadership state-craft organizing people for campaigns for battles.
SSWH8 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the development of societies in Central and South America.
a. Explain the rise and fall of the Olmec, Mayan, Aztec, and Inca empires.
b. Compare the culture of the Americas; include government, economy, religion, and the arts of the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas.
Mesoamerica is the name for areas of Mexico and Central America that were civilized before the Spaniards arrived.
Rise 1200 B.C. On coast south of Veracruz, Mexico.
Economy farmed along riverbanks.
Arts/Architecture The Olmec had large cities (Teotihuacan) carved colossal stone heads
Fall Around 400 B.C. Don’t know the reason - declined, then
collapsed.
Rise between A.D. 300 and 900. Yucatán Peninsula It covered much of Central America and
southern Mexico.
Government city-states governed by a hereditary ruling
class. The states warred on each other.
Captives given as human sacrifice or enslaved. Mayan rulers claimed to be descended from
the gods. The nobles and a class of scribes helped the
rulers .
Economy/Social Structure Agriculture and trade
(surplus of maize) Most farmed. Labor divided along gender
lines. Men – fought and hunted Women – kept children Both worked the fields.
also had artisans, officials, and merchants.
Religion They believed all life was in the hands of
divine powers. Supreme god = Itzamna (Lizard House) Some gods, like jaguar, god of the night,
were evil. They practiced human sacrifice to appease
the gods and for special ceremonial occasions
Ball courts
Arts/Learning They had a writing
system based on hieroglyphs (pictures)
Unfortunately, the Spaniards assumed the writings were evil because they were not Christian
Arts/Learning cont’d… They had a calendar known as the Long
Count. Based on cycles of Creation and destruction According to the Maya the world started in 3114 BC
and will end December 23, 2012. They had a solar calendar
365 days, 18 months (20 days each) 5 extra days at the end.
They also had a sacred calendar used only by priests.
260 days, 13 weeks of 20 days. Foretell future and know omens associated with
each day
The Maya built splendid temples and pyramids
Fall possibly due to invasion, internal revolt, and
a natural disaster, i.e. volcano may have been overuse of the land that led
to reduced crop yields and eventually starvation.
Rise twelfth century A.D., Migrated to the Valley of Mexico. capital at Tenochtitlán on an island in the
middle of Lake Texcoco, where Mexico City is now.
They also consolidated their rule over much of what is modern Mexico.
Government collection of semi-independent territories
governed by lords. Aztec ruler supported the lords in return for
tribute—goods or money paid by conquered peoples to their conqueror.
Power was in the hands of the king, who claimed descent from the gods.
A council assisted him.
Economy/Social Structure farming was important some people engaged in trade using the
barter system The population consisted of
commoners, indentured servants, Slaves Merchants also lived in the cities.
Boys and girls had different roles from birth. Women were not equal to men
could inherit property and enter into contracts were also allowed to be priestesses.
Religion They were polytheistic Believed in an unending struggle
between good and evil. They practiced human sacrifice to
honor Huitzilopochtli, the god of the sun and of war, in order to delay the final destruction of the world.
Another was Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent.
Aztec mistook the Spanish for Quetzalcoatl’s representatives
Arts/Architecture very advanced in architecture built a magnificent city of temples, other
public buildings, and roadways linking the islands and mainland
built a huge pyramid in Tenochtitlan dedicated to Huitzilopochtli. topped with shrines and an altar for human sacrifice.
Fall Unrest around Aztec territory In 1519, a Spanish force under the command
of Hernán Cortés marched to Tenochtitlán. Cortés was greeted warmly by the Aztec
king, Montezuma, who believed his visitor represented Quetzalcoatl.
By 1520, the Aztec drove the Spaniards from the city
Then Aztec died from European diseases. Cortés returned with help and conquered
Tenochtitlán.
Rise late 1300s, a small
community in the area of Cuzco, a city high in the mountains of Peru.
1440s, the Inca, under Pachacuti, began to conquer the entire region.
Eventually went as far as Ecuador, central Chile, and the edge of the Amazon basin.
Government The Incan state was built on war. Pachacuti divided the empire into
four quarters ruled by a governor Quarters were divided into
provinces also ruled by a governor At the top was the emperor
believed to be descended from Inti, the sun god
Economy/Social Structure agricultural, terraced fields in the mountains
with irrigation systems Forced labor - All subjects served several
weeks each year. moved to building projects. The Inca built 24,800 miles of roads.
Rest houses and storage depots Bridges
Incan society was highly regimented. All young men had to serve in the army Men and women had to marry someone from their
own social group. Women either worked in the home or were
priestesses.
Religion Inti, the Sun God, was believed to be family
with the emperors. They gathered in June and December to chant
and say prayers to Inti
Arts/Architecture very excelled in architecture solar observatory. kept records using quipu, a system of
knotted strings court theatre, with tragedy and comedy recited poetry with music. Required conquered people learn Quechua—
the spoken Incan language.
Fall 1531 – Spanish Francisco Pizarro.
small band of about 180 men Had steel weapons, gunpowder, and horses. Incans experienced a smallpox epidemic.
When the emperor died, his sons fought a civil war for control.
Atahuallpa won but Pizarro then captured and executed him.
Pizarro captured the capital Cuzco with the help of Incan allies.
By 1535, Pizarro had established a new capital at Lima for a new colony of the Spanish Empire
