Asian Development Bank · Asian Development Bank ... Philippines PÖYRY Environment GmbH, Germany ... 2.6 Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, 2006 – Koronada 16

FINAL REPORT

VOLUME 7: SUBPROJECT APPRAISAL REPORT: CITY OF KORONADAL

WATER DISTRICT

Asian Development Bank

LOCAL WATER UTILITIES ADMINISTRATION

WATER DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT SECTOR PROJECT

Project Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) TA No: 7 122 - PHI PÖYRY IDP CONSULT, INC., PHILIPPINES in association with TEST Consultants Inc., Philippines PÖYRY Environment GmbH, Germany

APRIL 2010

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TA No. 7122-PHI: Water District Development Sector Project PPTA – FR Vol. 7 – SPAR: CKWD

This report consists of 12 volumes:

Volume 1 Main Report

Volume 2 Institutional and Financial Assessment of LWUA

Volume 3 Subproject Appraisal Report: Metro La Union Water District

Volume 4 Subproject Appraisal Report: Quezon Metro Water District

Volume 5 Subproject Appraisal Report: Legazpi City Water District

Volume 6 Subproject Appraisal Report: Leyte Metro Water District

Volume 7 Subproject Appraisal Report: City of Koronadal Water District

Volume 8 Report and Recommendation of the President (RRP)

Volume 9 Supplementary Appendices A to G (Technical Aspects)

A Review and Assessment of Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Outside Metro Manila B Water Sector Laws and Policies C Assessment of Existing Water Supply Systems in Pilot Water Districts D Proposed Water Supply Component for Pilot Water Districts E Non Revenue Water Contract Mechanisms F Sanitation G Health

Volume 10 Supplementary Appendices H to J (Social Aspects)

H Socio-economic Survey I Stakeholder Consultation and Participation J Indigenous Peoples

Volume 11 Supplementary Appendices K to S (Financial, Implementation Aspects)

K Financial Management Assessment L Detailed Project Cost and Financing Plans for Water Districts M Financial Analysis N Financial History of Water Districts O Economic Analysis P Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building Q Indicators for Measuring Development Objectives and Performance R Terms of Reference for Consultants (Project Implementation Support

Services) S Profiles of Priority Water Districts from Long-list

Volume 12 Supplementary Appendices T to V (Safeguard Aspects)

T Initial Environmental Examinations U Resettlement Framework

V Resettlement Plans


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SUBPROJECT APPRAISAL REPORT: CITY OF KORONADAL WATER DISTRICT

List of Contents

Glossary and Acronyms vi Location Map xi

1 Executive Summary ................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Conclusions of Socio-economic Survey and Stakeholder Consultations.............. 1 1.3 Water Supply....................................................................................................... 2

1.3.1 Rationale ...................................................................................................... 2 1.3.2 Existing Water Supply System ..................................................................... 2 1.3.3 Scope of Proposed Water Supply Component ............................................. 3 1.3.4 Implementation Schedule ............................................................................. 4

1.4 Water District Capability and Subproject Implementation .................................... 6 1.5 Subproject Cost, Financing Plan and Financial Analysis ..................................... 6 1.6 Economic Analysis .............................................................................................. 9

1.6.1 Economic Internal Rate of Return and Sensitivity Analysis ........................... 9 1.6.2 Subproject Beneficiaries ............................................................................... 9 1.6.3 Subproject Sustainability .............................................................................. 9 1.6.4 Poverty Impact ............................................................................................. 9

2 Description of Study Area ..................................................................................... 11

2.1 Location ............................................................................................................ 11 2.2 Physical Features .............................................................................................. 11

2.2.1 Topography ................................................................................................ 11 2.2.2 Vegetation .................................................................................................. 11 2.2.3 Climate ....................................................................................................... 13 2.2.4 Land Area .................................................................................................. 13 2.2.5 Land Use .................................................................................................... 13 2.2.6 Soil Type .................................................................................................... 14

2.3 Population ......................................................................................................... 14 2.3.1 Demography .............................................................................................. 14 2.3.2 Health ........................................................................................................ 15 2.3.3 Education ................................................................................................... 17

2.4 Economy ........................................................................................................... 18 2.4.1 City Income and Expenditures .................................................................... 18 2.4.2 Agriculture .................................................................................................. 18 2.4.3 Commerce and Trade ................................................................................ 18 2.4.4 Tourism ...................................................................................................... 18

2.5 Social services .................................................................................................. 19 2.5.1 Water Supply ............................................................................................. 19 2.5.2 Health Facilities .......................................................................................... 19 2.5.3 Sanitation Facilities .................................................................................... 19 2.5.4 Transportation and Communication ............................................................ 20 2.5.5 Power Supply ............................................................................................. 20

3 Socio-economic Survey and Stakeholder Consultations ................................... 22

3.1 Socio-economic Survey ..................................................................................... 22 3.1.1 Profile of Households in Subproject Site .................................................... 22 3.1.2 Income and Expenditure Profile ................................................................. 23 3.1.3 Existing Water Service ............................................................................... 23


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3.1.4 Sanitation, Health and Hygiene .................................................................. 24 3.1.5 Willingness to Connect/Willingness to Pay ................................................. 25 3.1.6 Risks and Vulnerabilities ............................................................................ 26 3.1.7 Social Services and Networks .................................................................... 27 3.1.8 Gender Roles, Issues and Concerns .......................................................... 27

3.2 Stakeholder Consultations and Focus Group Discussions................................. 28 3.3 Poverty Analysis, Social Benefits and Recommendations ................................. 30

3.3.1 Poverty Analysis ......................................................................................... 30 3.3.2 Needs and Demand ................................................................................... 30 3.3.3 Gender Analysis ......................................................................................... 31 3.3.4 Social and Environmental Equity ................................................................ 31 3.3.5 Indigenous People, Ethnic Minorities and other Vulnerable

Groups in the Subproject Area ................................................................... 31 3.3.6 Social Benefits ........................................................................................... 32 3.3.7 Recommendations ..................................................................................... 32

4 The Water District and its Existing Facilities ....................................................... 34

4.1 Historical Background ....................................................................................... 34 4.2 Organization and Management ......................................................................... 34 4.3 Water Supply Infrastructure and Service ........................................................... 36

4.3.1 Source Facilities ......................................................................................... 36 4.3.2 Treatment Facilities .................................................................................... 36 4.3.3 Transmission and Distribution Facilities ..................................................... 38 4.3.4 Storage Facilities ........................................................................................ 38 4.3.5 Service Connections and Other Appurtenances ......................................... 38

4.4 Water Utility Management ................................................................................. 39 4.4.1 System Operation and Maintenance .......................................................... 39 4.4.2 Consumption/ Water Use Profile ................................................................ 39 4.4.3 Water Rates ............................................................................................... 41 4.4.4 Water System Deficiencies......................................................................... 42 4.4.5 Non-Revenue Water (NRW) ....................................................................... 42 4.4.6 Operational Activity .................................................................................... 42 4.4.7 Management Information Systems ............................................................. 43

5 Population and Water Demand Projections ......................................................... 44

5.1 General ............................................................................................................. 44 5.2 Service Area Delineation ................................................................................... 44 5.3 Population Projections ....................................................................................... 46

5.3.1 Past Population Growth Rates ................................................................... 46 5.3.2 Future Population Growth Rates ................................................................ 46

5.4 Service Area and Served Population Projections .............................................. 48 5.4.1 Service Area Population ............................................................................. 48 5.4.2 Served Population ...................................................................................... 48 5.4.3 Willingness to Connect ............................................................................... 48

5.5 Water Demand Projections................................................................................ 49 5.5.1 Domestic Water Demand ........................................................................... 49 5.5.2 Commercial/Industrial Water Demand ........................................................ 49 5.5.3 Government/ Institutional Water Demand ................................................... 49 5.5.4 Non-Revenue Water (NRW) ....................................................................... 51 5.5.5 Average-day Demand ................................................................................ 51

5.6 Number of Service Connections and Water Demand Variations ........................ 52 5.6.1 Number of Service Connections ................................................................. 52 5.6.2 Water Demand Variations .......................................................................... 52


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6 Water Resources ................................................................................................... 53 6.1 Water Resources Inventory ............................................................................... 53

6.1.1 Surface Water Inventory ............................................................................. 53 6.1.2 Groundwater Resources Inventory ............................................................. 54 6.1.3 Water Quality ............................................................................................. 56

6.2 Recommendations on Potential Sources ........................................................... 57 6.2.1 Surface Water ............................................................................................ 57 6.2.2 Groundwater .............................................................................................. 58

6.3 Recommended Further Investigations of Potential Sources .............................. 59 7 Analysis of Options and Alternatives ................................................................... 61

7.1 Water Supply..................................................................................................... 61 7.2 Sanitation .......................................................................................................... 64

8 Recommended Plan – Water Supply .................................................................... 66

8.1 Rationale for Subproject .................................................................................... 66 8.2 Recommended Plan .......................................................................................... 66

8.2.1 Source Facilities ......................................................................................... 68 8.2.2 Pumping Facilities ...................................................................................... 68 8.2.3 Treatment Facilities .................................................................................... 68 8.2.4 Transmission and Distribution Facilities ..................................................... 68 8.2.5 Storage Facilities ........................................................................................ 68 8.2.6 Service Connections .................................................................................. 69 8.2.7 NRW Reduction Activity ............................................................................. 69 8.2.8 Total Project Cost ....................................................................................... 69 8.2.9 Operation and Maintenance Cost ............................................................... 71 8.2.10 System Operation and Maintenance .......................................................... 71

8.3 Iimplementation Schedule ................................................................................. 72 8.4 Procurement Packaging .................................................................................... 72

9 Recommended Plan – Sanitation ......................................................................... 73 10 Assessment of Water District Capability ............................................................. 74

10.1 Water District History ......................................................................................... 74 10.2 Technical and Operational Feasibility ................................................................ 74

10.2.1 Debt Servicing ............................................................................................ 75 10.2.2 Performance Parameters ........................................................................... 75 10.2.3 “New Technology” Adopted ........................................................................ 75 10.2.4 NRW Reduction Program ........................................................................... 75 10.2.5 Service Coverage ....................................................................................... 76

10.3 Iinstitutional Feasibility ...................................................................................... 76 10.3.1 Relationship with LGU ................................................................................ 76 10.3.2 Relationship with LWUA ............................................................................. 76 10.3.3 Structure and Staff ..................................................................................... 76 10.3.4 Systems ..................................................................................................... 76

10.4 Subproject Implementation ................................................................................ 78 10.4.1 LWUA Proposed Project ............................................................................ 78 10.4.2 Proposed Set-up for ADB Subproject Implementation ................................ 78

11 Financial Analysis ................................................................................................. 80

11.1 Historical and Existing Financial Performance (2004-2008)............................... 80 11.1.1 Revenues and Expenses ........................................................................... 80 11.1.2 Cash Flow .................................................................................................. 82 11.1.3 Outstanding Obligations ............................................................................. 83 11.1.4 Assets ........................................................................................................ 84


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11.1.5 Liabilities .................................................................................................... 85 11.1.6 Financial Ratios .......................................................................................... 85

11.2 Financial Feasibility ........................................................................................... 86 11.2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 86 11.2.2 Cost Analysis ............................................................................................. 86 11.2.3 Revenue Forecasts .................................................................................... 89 11.2.4 Project Viability........................................................................................... 90

11.3 Impact of the Proposed Subprojects on the WD’s Future Financial Operation .......................................................................................................... 91

12 Economic Analysis ................................................................................................ 93

12.1 Overall Approach to Economic Analysis ............................................................ 93 12.2 Economic Rationale .......................................................................................... 93 12.3 Before- and After-Project Situations .................................................................. 94 12.4 Economic Benefits ............................................................................................ 94 12.5 Willingness to Pay ............................................................................................. 95 12.6 Economic Costs ................................................................................................ 95 12.7 EIRR and Sensitivity Analysis ........................................................................... 96 12.8 Subproject Beneficiaries .................................................................................... 96 12.9 Project Sustainability ......................................................................................... 97 12.10 Poverty Impact ............................................................................................... 97


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Figures

1.1 Schematic of Proposed Water Supply Improvements - CKWD 5 2.1 Location of City of Koronadal Water District 12 4.1 City of Koronadal Water District Organizational Structure 35 4.2 City of Koronadal Water District – Schematic of System 37 5.1 Present and Future Service Areas – CKWD 45 8.1 Schematic of Proposed Water Supply Improvements – CKWD 67 8.2 Water Supply Implementation Schedule – CKWD 72 10.1 Project Management Organization Structure 79 Tables 1.1 Total Development Cost (in PhP’000) - CKWD 7 1.2 Financing Plan (in PhP’000) - CKWD 7 2.1 Slope Classification – City of Koronadal, 2000 11 2.2 Urban Land Use, 2000 – City of Koronadal 13 2.3 General Land Use, 2000 – Koronadal 14 2.4 Soil Type – Koronadal 14 2.5 Urban and Rural Barangays, 2007 Population and Land Area 15 2.6 Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, 2006 – Koronada 16 2.7 Ten Leading Causes of Mortality, 2006 – Koronadal 16 2.8 Sanitation Facilities and Coverage, Koronadal City, 2000 20 2.9 Energy Charge per Type of Connections, CY 2006 – Koronadal 21 4.1 Source Facilities - CKWD 36 4.2 Transmission/Distribution Facilities – CKWD 38 4.3 Breakdown of Service Connections - CKWD 38 4.4 Appurtenances – CKWD 39 4.5 Average Monthly Consumption – CKWD 40 4.6 Schedule of Water Rates - CKWD 41 4.7 Average Monthly Production – CKWD 42 5.1 Historical Population and Growth Rates - CKWD 46 5.2 Projected Growth Rates - CKWD 47 5.3 Population Projections - CKWD 47 5.4 Annual Service Area and Served Population Projections - CKWD 48 5.5 Projected Annual Number of Connections and Water Demand - CKWD 50 5.6 Water Demand Variations - CKWD 51 6.1 CKWD Operational Wells Production 54 7.1 Water Demand Variations - CKWD 62 7.2 Required Storage Capacity - CKWD 63 7.3 Review of Available Septage Treatment Technologies 65 8.1 Proposed Non Revenue Water Measures – CKWD 69 8.2 Estimate of Water Supply Capital Cost – CKWD 70


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Tables (continued) 8.3 Annual Water Supply Operation and Maintenance Cost – CKWD 71 10.1 Summary of Performance Parameters – CKWD 75 10.2 NRW Reduction Activities – CKWD 76 11.1 CKWD Operating Revenues, 2004-2008 80 11.2 CKWD Water Tariff 81 11.3 CKWD Operating Expenses 81 11.4 CKWD Net Income, 2004-2008 82 11.5 Income Statement 2004-2008 – CKWD 82 11.6 Cash Flow Statements, 2005-2008 – CKWD 83 11.7 Details of Existing Loans (as of December 2008) – CKWD 84 11.8 Assets and Other Debts, 2004-2008 – CKWD 84 11.9 Aging of Accounts Receivables – CKWD 85 11.10 Liabilities and Equity, 2004-2008 – CKWD 85 11.11 CKWD Financial Ratios, 2004-2008 86 11.12 Total Development Cost – CKWD 87 11.13 Financing Plan – CKWD 88 11.14 Proposed Tariff Schedule, 2014 – CKWD 89 11.15 Other Parameters and Assumptions – CKWD 90 11.16 Weighted Cost of Capital – CKWD 90 11.17 Summary Result of FIRR – CKWD 91 11.19 Summary of Financial Ratios – CKWD 92

12.1 Before- and After-Project Situations, Water Supply – CKWD 94 12.2 Values for Quantifying Economic Benefits, Water Supply – CKWD 95 12.3 Willingness to Pay (WTP) – CKWD 95 12.4 EIRR and Sensitivity Test Results, Water Supply – CKWD 96 12.5 Subproject Beneficiaries, Water Supply – CKWD 97 12.6 Project Sustainability, Water Supply – CKWD 97 Appendices 3.1 Socio-economic Survey Results – City of Koronadal Water District 98 3.2 Output of Gender Action Planning Workshop August 6 – 7, 2009 190 3.3 Summary of Stakeholder Consultations – CKWD - April–August 2009 191 3.4 Some Specific Recommendations on Social Dimensions in Subproject 193 Implementation 5 Annual Population Projections 196 6.1 Surface Water Data – CKWD 197 6.2 Groundwater Data – CKWD 205 6.3 Water Quality Data – CKWD 229 8 Non Revenue Water Improvement Measures – CKWD 232 11 Financial Analysis Tables – CKWD 238 12 Economic Analysis – CKWD 247


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GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS

ABD Asian Development Bank AIFC average incremental financial cost A/R accounts receivable AP affected person APIS annual poverty indicator survey ARI acute respiratory infection AusAID Australian Aid barangay village BNA basic needs approach BOT build-operate-transfer BSP basic sanitation package BWSA Barangay Water and Sanitation Association CAP community action plan CBO community-based organization CCF community consultation forum CDA Cooperatives Development Agency CDD community-driven development CFR case fatality rate CFT community facilitator team CKWD City of Koronadal Water District CLTS community-led total sanitation COA Commission on Audit C&P consultation and participation CPC certificate of public convenience CSC community sanitation center CSS city sanitation strategy CY calendar year DBL design-build-lease DBO design-build-operate DBM Department of Budget and Management BDP Development Bank of The Philippines DED detailed engineering design DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DFR draft final report DHF dengue hemorrhage fever DILG Department of Interior and Local Government DOF Department of Finance DOH Department of Health DPWH Department of Public Works and Highways DRA demand responsive approach DSA delineated service area DSCR debt service coverage ratio EA executing agency (LWUA) EARF environmental assessment review framework EIA environmental impact analysis EIRR economic internal rate of return EMP environmental management plan EO executive order EOCC economic opportunity cost of capital FGD focus group discussion FMAQ financial management assessment questionnaire forex foreign exchange FS feasibility study


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FY fiscal year (1 January – 31 December) GFI government financial institution GIS geographic information system GOCC government owned and controlled corporation GOP Government of the Republic of the Philippines GR (i) government regulation, (ii) general record (in legal cases) HDI Human Development Index HH household HRD human resources development IA implementing agency IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) ICC Investment Coordinating Council (NEDA) ICG internal cash generation IDAP institutional development action plan IDC interest during construction IDCB institutional development and capacity building IEC information-education-communication IEE initial environmental examination IFS Investment and Financial Services (LWUA) IOL inventory of losses IPDP indigenous peoples’ development plan IRA internal revenue allotment IRR implementing rules and regulations IT information technology IWA International Water Association JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KABP knowledge-attitudes-behavior-practices KFP an adaptation of KAP (knowledge, attitudes and practices) LG local government LGC local government code LGU local government unit LIDAP local institutional development action plan LIHH low income household LLI local level institutions LOI letter of intent lps, l/s liters per second LWUA Local Water Utilities Administration MDFO Municipal Development Fund Office MDG Millennium Development Goals M&E monitoring and evaluation MFF Multitranche Financing Facility (ADB) MIS management information system MLUWD Metro La Union Water District MOU memorandum of understanding MPA Methodology for Participatory Assessments MTPDP Medium Term Philippine Development Plan MTPIP Medium-Term Public Investment Program MWSS Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (Metro Manila) NAMRIA National Mapping and Resources inventory Authority NAPC National Anti Poverty Commission NEDA National Economic Development Authority NGA national government agency


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NGO non-government organization NPV net present value NRW non-revenue water NSCB National Statistical Coordination Board NSO National Statistics Office NSSMP National Sewerage and Septage Management Program NWRB National Water Resources Board OCR Ordinary Capital Resources (ADB) ODA official development assistance OGCC Office of the Government Corporate Counsel OJT on-the-job training O&M operation and maintenance PD presidential decree PFI private funding institution PHAST Participatory Hygiene and Sanitation Transformation PhP, Php Philippine peso PIU project implementation unit PMO project management office PMU project management unit PNSDW Philippine National Standards on Drinking Water PPMS project performance monitoring system PPTA project preparation technical assistance PSA poverty and social assessment psi pounds per square inch PSP private sector participation PWSSR Philippine Water Supply Sector Roadmap QC quality control QM quality management QMWD Quezon Metro Water District RA republic act RG regional government RIAP revenue improvement action plan RRP report and recommendation of the president (ADB) RWSA Rural Waterworks and Sanitation Association SES socioeconomic survey SHBC

sanitation and health behavioral change

SLA sub-loan agreement SPAR subproject appraisal report SSC school sanitation centre SCSS simplified community sewerage system SLA subsidiary loan agreement SWG sanitation working group SWM solid waste management TA technical assistance TB tubercolosis TOR terms of reference TOT training-of-trainers UFW unaccounted-for water UNICEF USAID

United Nations Children Fund United States Agency for International Development

V variation (contract)


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VIP ventilated improved pit (latrine) WASCO Water Supply Coordination Office (NAPC) WD water district WHO World Health Organization WPEP Water Supply and Sanitation Performance Enhancement Project WQ water quality WS water supply WSP water service provider WSP-EAP Water and Sanitation Program – East Asia Pacific WSS water and sanitation WTP willingness-to-pay WWTP wastewater treatment plant


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Location Map

Metro La Union WD

Quezon Metro WD Legazpi

City WD

Leyte Metro WD

City of Koronadal WD


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SUBPROJECT APPRAISAL REPORT: CITY OF KORONADAL WATER DISTRICT

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1. Based on an evaluation of candidate water districts (WD) on criteria such as creditworthiness, interest to participate, and readiness, during the Inception Phase of the PPTA (March 2009), the City of Koronadal Water District (CKWD) was selected as one of five pilot WDs to participate in the PPTA for the preparation of subproject appraisal reports (SPAR).

2. The SPAR is based on data collection field surveys (including a socio-economic survey), stakeholder consultations and analyses carried out during April-August 2009. A participatory approach was adopted, involving close consultation with key stakeholders and target communities which has enabled subproject design and formulation to reflect the views and aspirations of the WD, local government stakeholders and beneficiary communities. The subproject has been prepared in accordance with relevant national legal requirements and standards, and ADB requirements, policies, and guidelines.

3. Through this process, interest was expressed by both the CKWD and the City of Koronadal Local Government Unit (LGU) in cooperating to develop a pilot sanitation (septage management) component—in addition to the proposed improvements and expansion of the WD’s water supply system.

4. Draft outline technical designs, tariff projections and implementation arrangements were presented and discussed with national and subproject stakeholders during a workshop on 26-27 August. Adjustments/ refinements to the subproject design and implementation program resulting from the workshop are incorporated in the SPAR in the Draft Final Report (DFR) submitted in November 2009.

5. For the preparation of the DFR it was assumed that sanitation works would be financed under a grant from AusAID, subject to confirmation. However, during the tripartite meeting for the DFR held on 16 February 2010, ADB informed that AusAID had changed their investment priorities, and grant funds were no longer available for sanitation.

6. On 4 March 2010, CKWD were consulted in this new light, to determine whether they were interested if sanitation was financed from the loan or from their own funds. For the Final Report, it was agreed that the sanitation component for CKWD will be deleted from the proposal; the Final Report will only cover the water supply component. The IGM will relay this latest development to the Board members.

7. The format of the SPAR is based on the standard format for feasibility studies as prepared for the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), the executing agency for the PPTA.

1.2 CONCLUSIONS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY AND STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS

8. The population has been increasing at a very fast rate in Koronadal City. The designation of Koronadal City as a regional center, the rise of subdivisions and migration of the poor to the urban center has put pressure on basic services such as water and sanitation. The socio-economic survey (SES) showed just 18% of respondents in the existing


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and proposed service area had a water connection, and that over three-quarters were willing to connect.

9. Within this context, stakeholder consultations confirmed the immediate need for the subproject. While areas of improvement of WD service were noted, overall there was a positive response to the proposed water service improvement and expansion, as there was a positive response for the sanitation component.

10. Consultations called for the subproject to improve water quality, develop water sources, and expand transmission and distribution lines. However, while many were willing to connect and to pay for improved services, there was a sector that indicated it would be unable to afford piped water services or sanitation improvement. Policies that target the poor can expand the reach of subproject benefits while maximizing cost recovery for the subproject.

11. Feedback confirmed proposed partnership and collaborative strategies to promote access to safe water and sanitation by all. A Gender Action Plan also included community-based initiatives to address identified gender, poverty and environmental issues.

12. CKWD demonstrated the vulnerability to the continuing deterioration of the catchment area/ watershed and the increased cost of water delivery using groundwater sources. Potential degradation of the watershed signals a need to focus not only on water distribution but to also help ensure the sustainability of water resources.

1.3 WATER SUPPLY

1.3.1 Rationale

13. Out of the 27 barangays of Koronadal, only nine (9) barangays are presently served by CKWD.

14. There is a need to increase water production since Koronadal City is planned to become the regional center for Region 12 until 2010 (transfer of regional offices from other provinces, and associated in-migration).

15. The proposed water supply development aims to improve the water supply system of CKWD in order to meet the projected water demand for the design year 2025, both in the existing and proposed service areas.

1.3.2 Existing Water Supply System

16. The present water sources of CKWD consist of five (5) deep wells, namely: Bo.2, Forro, Morales, San Antonio and Sta. Cruz.

17. Reported NRW levels in CKWD are low; the average monthly consumption is 119,865 cum while the average monthly production is 139,915 cum. Therefore, the non-revenue water (NRW) of the WD is 20,050 cum. representing 14.33% of the average monthly production. However, the management of CKWD are aware of the need to ensure continued control of NRW and are taking proactive steps to ensure that production and customer metering is as accurate as possible.

18. Deficiencies in the system are:

• Water Quality. Except for Sta. Cruz Well, all wells have high manganese content which exceed the PNSDW limit of 0.40 mg/l; accordingly, consumers tend to buy


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(expensive) bottled water for their drinking and cooking needs.

• Production meter at Forro Pump Station. The transmission facilities at Forro pump station have a defective mechanical flowmeter which makes it difficult for CKWD to monitor the operation of the said pump station as well as to control non revenue water (NRW).

• Storage Facilities. Since the elevation of the concrete ground reservoir is almost the same as that of the high areas of Brgy. Sta. Cruz, water in those areas is not available during minimum hour demand (late night or wee hours of the morning). At present, the Sta. Cruz pump station is not operating 24 hours, since doing so will be costly because only a few consumers live in the high areas.

1.3.3 Scope of Proposed Water Supply Component

19. Water resources. The year 2025 CKWD’s maximum-day water demands of 244.07 lps (21,088 cumd) can be supplied from groundwater through medium capacity wells. Geo-resistivity survey results identified potential wellfields in the City of Koronadal. Medium to high resistive values which correspond to intercalation of limestone tuff, tuffaceous sandstone, tuffaceous sand and gravel and clay were determined down to 80-150 meters in the alluvial deposits, while in sedimentary formations it is down to about 100 meters.

20. The priority area for development is Wellfield No. 2 (Barangay Santa Cruz) where water quality is better when compared with other proposed wellfields. Should the water quality from the wells yield turned out to be poor, treatment facility should be provided.

21. The Marbel River is also identified as a potential water supply source.

22. Recommended plan. The scope of proposed water supply component is designed to meet the projected water demand of the City of Koronadal Water District for the year 2025, and take into account the following two factors:

(i) LWUA has approved a loan amounting to PhP75 million to finance the improvement and expansion of the water supply system in two additional barangays (Carpenter Hill and San Isidro). It is expected that CKWD will serve 12,000 projected service connections by year 2016. The components of the LWUA project include the development of additional well sources, provision for pumping and treatment facilities, installation of transmission and distribution pipelines and additional service connections. The start of the construction is expected to commence in the fourth quarter of 2009, with the drilling of four new wells.

(ii) During consultations with CKWD, it was agreed that the proposed components under WDDSP be located in the other parts of Caloocan and Carpenter Hill which are assumed to be not included in the LWUA project, and in three additional barangays (Concepcion, Namnama and Sarabia)

23. No investment for Koronadal in NRW reduction has been scheduled at the request of the water district, preferring to focus resources on system expansion activities. The analysis of ILI (Infrastructure Leakage Index) in Supplementary Appendix C indicates that Koronadal NRW management performance is good, which supports their request not to invest in NRW management at this time. Provision has been made, however, for the purchase of specialist equipment for leak detection, flow and pressure monitoring, and for GIS and network modeling software in order to support operational activity related to NRW management and reduction.

24. The recommended plan under WDDSP includes the following elements:


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• Construction of four (4) new wells located in the Carpenter Hill wellfield. • Construction of four (4) new well pump stations. • Provision of a hypochlorinator for each pump station. • Installation of new transmission and distribution pipelines. • Construction of 2,200 cum. concrete ground reservoir at Brgy. Sarabia. • Installation of 1,000 sets of new service connections. • Procurement of operational systems and equipment (NRW). • Land acquisition for the new well sites and reservoir site.

25. A schematic diagram of the proposed improvements is shown on Figure 1.1.

1.3.4 Implementation Schedule

26. The subproject is scheduled to start in July 2011 with the procurement of NRW operational system and equipment. Then, well drilling follows after this activity. After confirmation of the wells of their quality, quantity and location, the detailed engineering design will commence. The construction of civil works will start after the detailed engineering design. The subproject is targeted to be completed in December 2013.


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Figure 1.1: Schematic of Proposed Water Supply Improvements - CKWD


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1.4 WATER DISTRICT CAPABILITY AND SUBPROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

27. Water district performance. I nstitutional problems within CKWD severely affected its ability to operate, and this required LWUA to take over its operations under an Interim Basis. LWUA had to exercise its administrative powers and issue BOT Resolution No. 16 series of 2006 in order to stem further deterioration of the internal problems of the WD and restore order—which it did in less than one year. Since the takeover of LWUA in the interim, the financial well-being of the City of Koronadal Water District has greatly improved.

28. CKWD is well managed. In 2007 it surpassed industry averages in all parameters, i.e. production efficiency, profitability, collection effort, personnel management, cost control, and marketing effort. Moreover, non-revenue water (NRW) is at an acceptable level (14%), although the WD is aware of the need to keep taking proactive steps to ensure that the production metering and customer metering are both accurate. It is believed that with the present NRW level, it is not necessary to invest in NRW reduction at this time and use the money for system expansion instead. All NRW related activities are done in-house by CKWD staff. Illegal use of water is not also considered a serious problem.

29. LWUA proposed project. LWUA has approved a Php75M loan to the WD for the expansion of its water supply service to the city proper. This loan will cover the laying of transmission and distribution mains including their components, pumping facilities, treatment facilities using gas chlorinators, and additional service connections. The WD will construct 4 more wells with a total capacity of around 80 liters/second as its equity.

30. Since the WD has been adjudged by LWUA as a capable WD, this project will be implemented by Administration. LWUA will manage this project together with the Construction Division of the WD. The LWUA resident engineer will have a supervision role while the Construction Division will handle the day-to-day activities of the project including hiring of construction inspectors and workers, securing of permits and activity scheduling.

31. WDDSP subproject implementation. A Water District Implementing Unit (WDIU) within LCWD will act as the central coordinating body for subproject implementation, and be headed by the Construction Division Manager or a senior professional within WD ranks.

32. Blank

33. Blank

1.5 SUBPROJECT COST, FINANCING PLAN AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

34. Development Costs. The total development cost for the water supply subproject is approximately Php174 million ($3.9 million) This is based on the costs presented in Chapters 8 and 9 with additional price contingencies to allow for the timing of implementation. Table 1.1 presents a summary of the development cost for the water supply system.


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Table 1.1: Total Development Cost (in PhP’000) – CKWD

Civil Works Equipment Land1 Source Development

a. Well Drilling/Development m 480 22,000 10,560.0 - - 3,168.0 7,392.0 10,560.0 b. Surface Water / River Intake lot 0 0 - - - - - - c. Spring Intake & Sump Improvement lot 0 0 - - - - - -

Sub-Total 10,560.0 - - 3,168.0 7,392.0 10,560.0 2 Pumping Station

a. Pump House including pipings, ls 1 2,678,400 2,303.6 375.0 - 642.9 2,035.7 2,678.6 production meters, valves, hypochlorinators, etc

b. Electro-mechanical Equipment ls 1 5,279,168 1,319.9 3,959.3 - 3,589.8 1,689.4 5,279.2 including controls & accessories,riser pipes, transformers, powerline extension, etc.

c. Gen-set set 4 1,233,252 493.4 4,439.7 - 3,502.4 1,430.7 4,933.1 Sub-Total 4,116.9 8,774.0 - 7,735.1 5,155.8 12,890.9

3 Transmission Facilities ls 1 50,687,184 45,618.6 5,068.7 - 20,274.9 30,412.4 50,687.3 4 Storage Facilities ls 1 46,741,200 44,404.1 2,337.0 - 8,880.7 37,860.4 46,741.1 5 Service Connections no 1,000 1,950 1,170.0 780.0 - 624.0 1,326.0 1,950.0 6 NRW Reduction ls 1 5,229,000 3,137.4 2,091.7 - 1,673.4 3,555.7 5,229.1 7 Land Acquisition lot 1 1,000,000 - 1,000.0 - 1,000.0 1,000.0

SUB-TOTAL 109,007.0 19,051.4 1,000.0 42,356.1 86,702.3 129,058.4 DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN 8,451.8 - - 2,535.5 5,916.3 8,451.8 CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION 5,634.6 - - 563.5 5,071.1 5,634.6 PHYSICAL CONTINGENCIES - - - 2,442.6 10,413.2 12,855.8 PRICE CONTINGENCIES 14,381.5 2,225.9 116.8 1,176.9 17,049.3 18,226.2

G R A N D T O T A L 137,474.9 21,277.3 1,116.8 49,074.5 125,152.3 174,226.8

Unit CostComponent FEC Local TotalSub-Total

Unit Quantity

35. Financing Plan. The subproject will be financed by ADB through relending by LWUA to the Water District. The ADB loan will finance Php152 million ($3.4 million) of the water supply, while the WD will finance the cost of land acquisition and taxes for both components amounting to Php21.8 million. The financing plan is shown in Table 1.2 .

Table 1.2: Financing Plan (in PhP’000) – CKWD

2011 2012 2013 TOTAL

FUND APPLICATION

Basic Construction Cost - 50,801 77,257 128,058

Land Acquisition/Resettlement 1,000 - - 1,000

Detailed Engineering Design 8,452 - - 8,452

Physical Contingency 50 5,080 7,726 12,856

Price Contingency 617 5,161 12,448 18,226

Supervision - 2,235 3,399 5,635

Interest During Construction -

TOTAL 10,119 63,277 100,831 174,226

FUND SOURCE

WD Equity 1,265 7,913 12,609 21,787

Grant - - - -

Others (LGU) - - - -

Sub-Loan 8,853 55,364 88,222 152,439

ADB Sub-Loan 8,853 55,364 88,222 152,439

LWUA Sub-Loan - - -

TOTAL 10,119 63,277 100,831 174,226


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36. Water Tariff. CKWD has its last increase in water tariff in 2006. It is assumed that even if there is no subproject, the water tariff will have to be increased in the future to cover increases in its operational expenses. For purposes of the projection, it is assumed that water tariffs will increase by 10% every two years in the future.

37. A two-time tariff increase is proposed, the first increase in 2011 and the second increase in 2014. A 30% increase in 2011, even before completion of the subproject, is necessary for the water district to gain sufficient funds to meet its existing operations. Another 30% increase is proposed in 2014. From 2016 onwards, it is proposed that water tariff will have to be increased by 10% every two years. The proposed increases in the tariff are less than 60% of the previous tariff and not more than 5% of the family income of the low income group, which are both in accordance with LWUA’s requirements.

38. Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR). A subproject is considered financially viable if the resulting FIRR of the proposed subproject is higher than the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) that was used in financing the subproject. An FIRR higher than the WACC implies that the incremental net revenues generated by the project will be enough to recover the implementation and operating costs.

39. On the basis of the financing mix and the loan interest of 9.8% and the assumed cost of equity of 12.0% (the economic opportunity cost of capital), the WACC is 7.09%. Sensitivity analyses are likewise conducted to determine the effects of adverse changes on a project such as delay in operation, revenues not realized as expected or increase in capital and O&M cost. The FIRR results under the five scenarios evaluated show that the subproject is viable with FIRR ranging from 10.9% to 15.4%.

40. Affordability of Water Rates. A major consideration in the development of the tariff schedule is the ability of target beneficiaries to pay for their monthly water bill. It is a standing policy of LWUA that the minimum charge for residential connections should not exceed 5% of the family income of the low income group among families connected to the system.

41. For Koronadal, the estimated monthly income for 2014 is Php10,104.00. Using the affordability criteria, the minimum monthly bill (minimum charge) of PhP 202.00 when the project starts to operate in 2014 is only 2% of the estimated monthly income of poor families. In all subsequent years the minimum monthly bill is less than 5% of the estimated monthly income. Hence, the proposed level of water tariff is deemed affordable to the low income or poor families.

42. Impact of the Proposed Subproject on the WD’s Financial Operation. The Projected Income Statement for the period 2009 to 2041 shows that the Water District will generate net income for all years of the projection period.

43. Cash Flow Statements are also developed for the same period. It must be noted that initial analysis shows that the WD’s cash position for the year 2009 is negative. There would be a need for the WD to source out funds to remedy their negative cash balances. For this case, it was assumed that the WD would have to get short term loan in 2009 to cover its negative cash balance. This loan will have to be repaid in 2011. For the succeeding years, the statements show that annual cash inflows will be sufficient to cover all annual cash outflows of the Water District.


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1.6 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

44. The economic viability of the subproject was determined by computing the economic internal rate of return (EIRR) and comparing the result with the economic opportunity cost of capital (EOCC) of 15%.1 An EIRR exceeding the assumed EOCC indicates that the subproject is economically viable.

1.6.1 Economic Internal Rate of Return and Sensitivity Analysis

45. With the stream of economic benefits and costs over the assumed 25-year period, the economic internal rate of return (EIRR) of the water supply investments is 27.1%. The subproject is economically viable, with an EIRR that is above the EOCC of 15%.

46. Sensitivity test results based on (i) a 10% increase in capital costs, (ii) a 10% increase in O&M costs, (iii) a 10% reduction in resource cost savings, and (iv) a 10% reduction in the value of incremental water show that the investments remain economically viable. However, of the four key variables that were considered, the viability of the subproject was found to be most sensitive to decrease in resource cost savings (SI=0.81) followed by increase in capital costs (SI=0.78). The impact of an increase in O&M costs or a decrease in the value of incremental water is quite minimal, with SI of just about 0.26 and 0.40. The switching value for resource cost savings is 123% and for capital costs is 128%.

1.6.2 Subproject Beneficiaries

47. At the end of the 25-year projection period, a total of 8,659 new service connections shall have been added to the existing ones. This consists of 7,759 house connections (90%) and 900 non-domestic connections (10%). This means that a total of 51,552 persons will directly benefit from the improved water supply system.

1.6.3 Subproject Sustainability

48. At full economic costs (i.e., capital investments plus O&M), the average incremental economic cost of water (AIEC), or the marginal cost of producing each cubic meter of water, was computed at Php12.9/m3. Considering only capita costs, the AIEC is Php7.9/m3.

49. The average tariff, which was computed by dividing the present value of revenue by incremental water consumption, is Php13.6/m3. The slightly higher average tariff than AIEC suggests that no economic subsidy will be required. The tariff revenue to be generated during the period would enable CKWD to fully recover all costs, including the full economic cost of the investments consisting of capital and O&M.

1.6.4 Poverty Impact

50. The water supply subproject is expected to generate a total net economic benefits (NEB)2 of about Php202 million. Approximately Php208 million will accrue to water consumers. Local labour will gain about Php25 million while the economy, because of distortions in the exchange rate, will lose around Php18 million. On balance, the economy as a whole will gain the entire NEB of Php202 million.

1 The hurdle rate for water supply investments is prescribed under NEDA-ICC guidelines for project evaluation which also provides shadow prices for foreign exchange (SER), wage rate for unskilled (SWR) and other non-tradable components of investment costs. 2 NEB is the difference between the present value of subproject net economic and financial flows.


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51. The poverty impact ratio (PIR) for the investments is 38 percent which means that more than one-third of the NEB will directly benefit the poor. Based on the socioeconomic survey results, Koronadal City has a poverty incidence of about 46%.


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2 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA

2.1 LOCATION

52. The City of Koronadal is located in the southern part of the Island of Mindanao. It is within the northeastern part of the Province of South Cotabato, lying in the latitude between 60 24’ to 60 34’ north and longitude 1240 47’ to 1240 58’ east. The City is bounded in the northwest by the Municipality of Tantangan, South Cotabato and the Municipality of Lutayan, Sultan Kudarat in the northeast; on the southwest, by the Municipality of Banga and on the southeast by the Municipalities of Tupi and Tampakan, South Cotabato (Figure 2.1) .

53. The City is bounded by Roxas Mountain Range in the southwest and Quezon Mountain Range on the northeast. Roxas Mountain Range extends from Bgy. Sarabia on the southeast to Bgy. Morales on the north, cutting through the barangays of Carpenter Hill, San Isidro, Assumption, Sta. Cruz, Mambukal and Paraiso. Quezon Mountain Range on the other side extends along the barangays of San Jose, Mabini, Esperanza, Cacub and Topland.

2.2 PHYSICAL FEATURES

2.2.1 Topography

54. Koronadal has several distinct physiographic features. The mountain ranges of Roxas and Quezon surround the City with their peaks reaching as high as 700 to 800 meters above sea level (masl) and gradually dropping towards the center of the City. In general, Koronadal has a level to gently sloping terrain, or approximately 50% of the total land area is predominantly flat. Details of the slope classification of Koronadal are shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Slope Classification – City of Koronadal, 2000

Source: CPDO (City Planning and Development Office), City of Koronadal.

2.2.2 Vegetation

55. Prominent economic plants include rice, corn, high value commercial crops which include: fruit crops, root crops, vegetable, legumes and cutflowers. Vegetative covers in idle lands are usually grasses.

56. The total land area of Koronadal is 27,700 hectares. Agricultural lands occupies about 15,225 hectares or about 55% of the total land area, open grass lands comprise around 906 hectares or about 3% of the total land area and forest occupies approximately 7,634 hectares or around 28% of the total land area.

Slope Classification Land Area (ha.)

% to Total

00% - 03% - Level to gently Sloping 13,900 50.18 03% - 08% - Gently Sloping to Undulating 5,100 18.41 08% - 18% - Moderately Sloping to Rolling 3,715 13.41 18% - 30% - Rolling to Hilly 2,885 10.42 30% - 50% - Steep Hills and Mountains 2,100 7.58

Total 27,700 100.00


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Figure 2.1: Location of City of Koronadal Water District

CKWD franchise

area


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2.2.3 Climate

57. The climate condition of Koronadal is mild and sub-tropical which belongs to the fourth type of climate. The City is typhoon free. Rainy months are from June to October. Based on the climatic data of the PAGASA the highest rainfall is 225.60 mm in August 2003, and the lowest rainfall is 3.0 mm in April 2003.

58. The relative humidity of the locality generally varies depending on the rainfall pattern. Highest relative humidity ranging from 82% to 84% falls within the months of June to October 2001 to 2006. The month of April 2006 has the lowest relative humidity at 74%.

59. Warmest temperatures in the City occur during the month of April. Maximum temperature was observed at 35.200C in March 2004, while the coolest was observed at 22.100C in November 2003.

2.2.4 Land Area

60. The City of Koronadal has a total land area of 27, 700 hectares. The area contributed 7.47% to the total land area of South Cotabato of 370,600 hectares.

2.2.5 Land Use

61. The existing total urban land use of the city is 2,011.27 hectares or 7.26% of 27,700 hectares of Koronadal’s land area. Table 2.2 shows land area allocation for urban land use. The urban center of the city includes 4 Zones: Brgys. Morales, General P. Santos, Sta. Cruz, and a portion of Brgy. Sto. Nino, Conception and Paraiso.

62. As per approved general land use of Koronadal, Table 2.3 shows proposed land area allocation for the general land use.

Table 2.2: Urban Land Use, 2000 – City of Koronadal

Urban Land Use Land Area (ha)

% of Total

Residential 1,068.27 53.11 Commercial 136.51 6.79 Institutional 79.07 3.93 Industrial 2.73 0.14 Agro-Industrial 21.88 1.09 Open Space/Parks and Playgrounds

157.74 7.84

Infra/Utilities 11.62 0.58 Special Use/Cemetery 12.34 0.61 Roads 229.88 11.43 Rivers/Creeks 9.87 0.49 Agricultural 281.36 13.99

Total 2,011.27 100.00 Source: CPDO, City of Koronadal.


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Table 2.3: General Land Use, 2000 - Koronadal

General Land Use Land Area % of Total (ha)

Built-up 2,912.45 10.51 Socialized Housing 9.00 0.03 Industrial 576.34 2.08 Agro-Industrial 185.00 0.67 Agricultural 15,224.88 54.96 Open Grassland 906.12 3.27 Mining/Quarrying 7.50 0.03 Special Use/Dump Site/Cemetery

34.40 0.12

Forest 7,634.05 27.56 River/Creeks 210.26 0.76

Total 27,700.00 100.00 Source: CPDO, City of Koronadal.

2.2.6 Soil Type

63. The City of Koronadal has four types of soil, namely: San Manuel fine sandy loam (Koronadal fine sandy loam), New Iloilo sandy loam (Bulol sandy loam), Nupol sandy loam and Faraon clay loam. The identified San Manuel fine sandy loam locally known as koronadal fine sandy loam type of soil with alluvial deposits from mixed origin is found at the low land areas. A large portion of Koronadal’s land area consists of San Manuel fine sandy loam. Refer to Table 2.4 for soil type of Koronadal.

Table 2.4: Soil Type - Koronadal

Source: CPDO, City of Koronadal.

2.3 POPULATION

2.3.1 Demography

64. The total population of Koronadal City is 149,622 as per 2007 NSO census. Rural population accounts for 79,828 representing 53.35 % of the total population, while the urban component is composed of 69,794 population equivalent to 46.65 % of the total population. The annual growth rate is 1.51 % based on the 2000 and 2007 population data.

65. The study area is composed of 27 barangays covering a total land area of 27,700 hectares. With the 2007 population of 149,622, the population density then was about 5.4 persons per hectare. Table 2.5 presents the list of urban and rural barangays showing the land area and 2007 population.

Type of Soil Area(ha.) % to Total

San Manuel fine sandy loam (Koronadal fine sandy loam)

17,363.57 62.68

New Iloilo sandy loam (Bulol sandy loam)

5,508.68 19.89

Nupol sandy loam 3,411.43 12.32 Faraon clay loam 1,416.32 5.11

Total 27,700 100.00


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Table 2.5: Urban and Rural Barangays, 2007 Population and Land Area

2.3.2 Health 3

66. The City of Koronadal plays an active role in the creation of the Local Area Health Development Zone (LAHDZ). LAHDZ or inter-local health zone (ILHZ) refers to a district or a catchment area composed of a number of neighboring municipalities which main function is to improve networking and strengthen cooperation among themselves with regards to health matters. Its mission is to provide quality, efficient and effective healthcare through:

a) provision of entire package of services for its entire populace. b) intensification of information, education activities on the basic health services c) provision of adequate health facilities d) strengthening of personnel/ community involvement.

67. The available data on morbidity and mortality from the City Health Office are those for 2006. Table 2.6 presents the ten leading causes of morbidity. Table 2.7 shows the ten leading causes of mortality.

3 Health statistics are presented in Supplementary Appendix G (Vol. 9).

Barangay 2007 Population Land Area (ha) Urban

1. Gen Paulino Santos 21,161 490.00 2. Morales 7,517 624.50 3. Sta. Cruz 11,046 447.10 4. Zone 1 4,797 62.70 5. Zone 2 4,663 90.00 6. Zone 3 11,376 308.00 7. Zone 4 9,234 178.40

Sub-total Urban 69,794 2,200.70 Rural

8. Assumption 1,674 2,403.98 9. Avanceña 3,588 1,486.35 10. Cacub 2,478 3,068.50 11. Caloocan 3,068 975.50 12. Carpenter Hill 5,361 1,285.75 13. Concepcion 3,522 715.00 14. Esperanza 2,607 371.00 15. Mabini 2,461 1,200.50 16. Magsaysay 2,713 726.50 17. Mambucal 949 354.76 18. Namnama 2,834 436.50 19. New Pangasinan 2,946 957.00 20. Paraiso 4,529 1,621.43 21. Rotonda 2,683 603.50 22. San Isidro 5,066 648.65 23. San Jose 6,711 2,583.25 24. San Roque 3,331 911.25 25. Saravia 7,015 2,623.98 26. Sto. Niño 8,649 733.50 27. Topland 3/ 7,643 1,792.40

Sub-total Rural 79,828 25,499.30 TOTAL Urban and Rural 149,622 27,700.00


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Table 2.6: Ten Leading Causes of Morbidity, 2006 - Koronadal

Source: CHO (City Health Office), City of Koronadal.

Table 2.7: Ten Leading Causes of Mortality, 2006 - Koronadal

Source: CHO, City of Koronadal.

68. Infant Mortality Rate in Koronadal in the past 5 years (2004 –2008) generally shows a decreasing trend. Within this 5 year period, IMR ranges from 15.11 (2004) to 9.81 (2008). It has also significantly improved compared with the NSO national baseline recorded in 1998 when the mortality rate among infant was at 46 per 1,000 live births. Moreover, given the latest figure of 9.81, IMR in the City has already achieved the target set by the National Objectives for Health for 2010 of the DOH (at 17 per 1,000 live birth) and the Millennium Development Goal for child health of at least less than 17 infant deaths per 1,000 live births for the year 2015.

69. Along with the slow progress in attaining these health goals, the City of Koronadal has specific health threats that need to be addressed. These are concerns that pertain to the double burden of disease. While health problems related to poor development like infectious diseases, malnutrition, diseases related to water and sanitation are still not completely controlled, there are indications that so-called lifestyle and development related diseases are beginning to rise in prevalence. According to the City Health Office, while infectious diseases are still considered as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, cardiovascular diseases and other chronic degenerative diseases are becoming significant contributors to the increasing numbers of sickness and deaths in the City.

70. As of the latest official 2007 FHSIS report to the DOH, the whole South Cotabato public health workforce still predominantly rely on the assistance of volunteer health workers or Barangay Health Workers (BHWs) in the delivery of basic public health services. There

CAUSES

NO. OF CASES

MORBIDITY RATE PER 100,000

POPULATION 1. Pneumonia 2,904 1,893.79 2. Diarrhea 864 563.44 3. TB Respiratory 847 552.36 4.Bronchitis Bronchiolitis 416 316.28 5.Essential Hypertension 847 271.29 6. Influenza 308 300.86 7. Dengue 290 189.12 8. Schistosomiasis 116 76.65 9. Typhoid 60 29.13 10. Chicken Pox 58 37.82

CAUSES

NO. OF CASES

MORTALITY RATE PER 100,000

POPULATION 1. Cardiovascular 172 112.16

2. Pneumonia 145 94.55 3. Sepsis 79 51.51 4. Renal Diseases 62 40.43 5. External Injury 50 32.60 6. Cancer (all forms) 49 31.95 7. Diabetes 40 26.08 8. Unknown 33 21.52 9. Peptic Ulcer 26 16.95 10. TB Respiratory 19 12.39


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are about more than 1,800 active BHWs in the whole province as of 2007. Also, traditional birth attendants (TBAs) still are still considered significant providers of health services in the city whose number are almost half of that of public health midwives (202 Rural Health Midwives vs. 121 TBAs).

71. It is also significant to note that the City of Koronadal belongs to the province of South Cotabato whose provision of basic services in general are considered inadequate when compared with the national average on health service utilization or coverage indicators like Fully Immunized Children or FIC (for complete immunization services for children under 1 year of age), Ante-Natal Care or ANC (for pre-natal consultation of pregnant women during the entire course of their pregnancy), Skilled Birth Attendants or SBA (for doctors, nurses or midwives attending to women during actual delivery), Facility Based Deliveries or FBD (for access of women to facilities attended by skilled birth attendants during delivery), and Contraceptive Prevalence Rate or CPR (for access of women of reproductive age to modern family planning method of their choice). For all these indicators, the values for South Cotabato is lower compared to national average, except for CPR where the province has a higher coverage rate.

72. Sanitation and Health Aspects. Incidence of diarrhea among 0-59 months old children (being the vulnerable population age group) in the localities included in the appraisal is used to indicate the magnitude of the health problem related to water and sanitation, and hygiene. In general, the 5-year trend (2004 – 2008) of diarrhea incidence among children below 5 years old and below is increasing, starting at about 8.63 percent in 2004 to about 15 percent in 2008. Aside from diarrhea, the City Health Office of Koronadal also reported cases of Malaria, Schistosomiasis, Hepatitis A, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, and Typhoid/ Parathyphoid in the last five years.

73. Based on the consultation with the City Health Office, there were claims that public health campaign on sanitation and hygiene are regularly being conducted by the local health authorities concerned. These activities range from the conduct of mothers’ class (i.e. bench seminar), to a more organized activities conducted yearly such Sanitation Campaign (for integrated solid waste management implementation) at the barangay level, and the DOH-initiated Garantisadong Pambata where clients (mostly mothers) are given basic health messages including those that deals with sanitation and hygiene. Aside from information dissemination and educational campaign, the local health office selectively conducts water chlorination and water testing using PHC (primary health care) media.

74. According to the DOH, the City of Koronadal has not reported any disease outbreaks due to water contamination or sanitation-related causes in the past 5 years. There are only occasional increases in the incidence of diarrhea but not at epidemic proportion.

2.3.3 Education

75. Formal education is available in different schools in the City offering preschool, primary/elementary, secondary, tertiary and vocational education. For SY (school year) 2006-2007, preschool education is available in 40 public and private schools; primary/elementary level is offered by 54 public and private institutions; secondary/high school level education is offered by 15 government and privately operated schools; tertiary education is only provided by six (6) private institutions; while technical/vocational education is available from 11 private schools.

76. Based on the data provided by the DepEd of the City for 2006, the literacy rate of Koronadal is 95.44%.


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2.4 ECONOMY

2.4.1 City Income and Expenditures

77. Koronadal is a 3rd class City with an average 5-year (2002 to 2006) annual income of P228,101,829.30 and expenditures for the same period averaged P179,073,678.60. Its income is derived from tax revenue, non-tax revenue, service income, business income and other income. Reported actual income of the City in 2006 was P315,428,905.90 and actual expenditure was P232,260410.43 or a surplus income of P83,168,495.47.

2.4.2 Agriculture

78. Agricultural land accounts for about 55 % (15,225 hectares) of the total land area. Major crops include rice, corn, and high value commercial crops such as fruit crops, root crops, vegetable, legumes, and cut flowers are being cultivated. Irrigation system is available for most of rice and corn crops, but there are rice and corn crops which depend on rain for water.

79. Other agricultural endeavors include aqua culture/farming, livestock and poultry. The City is also extending agricultural facilities and other related services.

2.4.3 Commerce and Trade

80. The City, in 2006, had issued a total of 1,633 Mayor’s Permit to various business/commercial establishments.

81. There were 255 registered cooperatives (65 were operating, 95 were non-operating and 95 were dissolved), 13 commercial banks, two (2) rural banks, one (1) savings bank and 23 insurance companies (life and non-life and pre-need).

2.4.4 Tourism

82. Tourist attractions are either natural or man-made.

83. In the late 1990s, the City Government developed a one-hectare lot in Bgy. Sarabia, popularly known as the El Gawel Resort and Wildlife Sanctuary. It used to operate until 2005. It is now in need of rehabilitation.

84. The City has other potential natural tourist destinations: the Millennium and the Cabillion Falls in Bgy. Cacub, the Cadidang Cave and the Supon Falls in Bgy. San Jose, and the Siok Falls in Bgy. Mabini.

85. Koronadal City is home to five (5) resorts: the Agua Frio Garden Resort, the Bedrock Garden Resort, the del Rio Splash Resort, the Jasmine Farms Fish N’ Grill, and the Rem Ching Swimming Resort.

86. Tourist accommodations are available in the City. Tourists can stay in economical dormitories, pension houses, and in hotels.


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2.5 SOCIAL SERVICES

2.5.1 Water Supply

87. Out of the 27 barangays of Koronadal, only nine (9) barangays are presently served by the City of Koronadal Water District (CKWD) covering Bgys. Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, Gen Paulino Santos, Sta. Cruz, Morales, Sto. Niño (Barrio 2), and Caloocan.

88. Barangays not served by the WD and households not connected to the WD get their water from vendors and peddlers, private shallow wells, private deepwells, public faucets, open dug wells, spring/river/pond/stream and from the rain. Other households used mineral or purified bottled water for drinking and cooking purposes.

2.5.2 Health Facilities

89. There are five (5) hospitals in Koronadal City, one (1) government ran (South Cotabato Provincial Hospital) and four (4) privately operated (Allah Valley Medical Specialists Center, Inc., Doctor’s Clinic and Hospital Foundation, Inc., South Cotabato Medical Specialists Center, and Saar Rama Hospital). Allah Valley Medical Specialists Center Inc. is the only tertiary hospital in the City. Aside from the hospitals, there are 28 private medical clinics and eight (8) dental clinics. There are 38 Health Centers in the City; one (1) Main Health Center, four (4) District Health Centers, and 33 Barangay Health Centers.

90. The City Health Office promotes various health care services programs to sustain the physiological well-being of the people, but there are programs that affect the morbidity and mortality rates in the City for which they are vigorously addressed: maternal and child health care, expanded program on immunization, and family planning and responsible parenthood.

2.5.3 Sanitation Facilities

91. Although WDs are mandated under PD 198 to provide sanitation services (wastewater collection and treatment services), this has not been attended to as the focus of WDs is more on the provision of water supply services. The sanitation component is left to the care of the local government.

92. The City of Koronadal has no sewerage system. Although PD 198 requires Water Districts to handle wastewater through sewerage system, this intervention has been neglected for quite some time due to its prohibitive cost.

93. In the absence of a sewerage system, domestic wastewater which includes excreta are collected by septic tanks. However, BOD contents in septic tanks are only partially removed (about a maximum of 60%4). Thus, still a significant proportion of BOD are left untreated.

94. The NSO data of 2000 (Table 2.8) shows that households using septic tanks are about 45%. It basically means that the remaining 55% are at risk of disposing excreta in the environment in an unsafe manner that consequently degrades the quality of bodies of water and increases the risk of infection.

4 Philippine Sanitation Sourcebook and Decision Aid, World Bank, 2006


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Table 2.8: Sanitation Facilities and Coverage, Koronadal City, 2000

Type of Toilet facilities HH coverage

%

Water Sealed + Septic Tank 10,051 36.33

Water Sealed + Septic Tank - Shared 2,447 8.85

Water Sealed + Others 8,220 29.71

Water Sealed + Others - Shared 3,629 13.12

Closed Pit 1,379 4.98

Open Pit 1,410 5.10 Others 105 0.38 None 382 1.38 Total 27,623 100.00

Source: NSO, 2000.

95. The PPTA consultation with communities and LGUs revealed that it is an accepted fact that there are septic tanks in the project area with unsealed bases. The City Planning and Development Office (CPDO) perceived that only 10% of existing septic tanks are functional and within the government standards. This condition makes groundwater vulnerable to excreta pollution. In fact, the City Health Officer revealed that their recent survey showed that about 80% of the shallow wells have microbiological contamination.

96. Moreover, undesludged septic tanks become inefficient in treating excreta. The accumulation of sludge lessens the space and retention time needed for treatment. Consequently, untreated effluent goes out directly from the septic tank and flows to drainage going to bodies of water. The public’s exposure to untreated effluent along the drainage as well as in the bodies of water is a health risk that should be addressed.

97. Much worse is the presence of open defecation or direct disposal to bodies of water. NSO figures (Table 2.8) reflect that around 382 households in the year 2000 had no toilets at all! The CPDO revealed that a community along B’lok Creek have no toilets and directly dispose their waste to the creek. Without addressing this concern, the exposure level to excreta contamination of vulnerable groups (i.e. poor, children, marginalized groups) will remain very high.

2.5.4 Transportation and Communication

98. The City can be reached by land, sea and air. Sea and air transportations are through Gen. Santos City where the port and airport are located. Land transportation has several routes plying to and from the City daily. Land transportation can be availed of through passenger buses, jeepneys, and vans. Within the City, one can take tricycles, jeepneys, multicabs and motorcycle (locally called habal-habal or skylabs) for remote barangays

99. Available communication facilities include broadcast media (radio), television networks, telephone system, cell phone communications, internet, and publications (local and national dailies).

2.5.5 Power Supply

100. Electrification of Koronadal City is generated by the Mindanao Grid of the Maria Cristina Hydro Electric Plant in Lanao del Norte, operated and maintained by the National Power Corporation. The power supply is distributed in the City by the South Cotabato I Electric Cooperative, Inc. (SOCOTECO-1). All 27 barangays are energized, but


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approximately 87.33% of the total households of Koronadal enjoy electricity. For some rural areas in Koronadal which are not yet served by the electrification program of SOCOTECO-1, the City Government provides generator sets with electrical accessories to the mountain areas, and electrical materials for areas near the power sources of SOCOTECO-1.

101. The schedule of power rates as applied by SOCOTECO-1 are shown in Table 2.9 .

Table 2.9: Energy Charge per Type of Connections, CY 2006 - Koronadal

Type of Connections Current Rates (P/KWh)

Residential 5.0399 Commercial 4.6727 Industrial-Demand Energy 25.00 Industrial-Energy Charge 4.5027 Street Lights 5.0843 Public Building 4.7312

Source: SOCOTECO 1 as of Nov. 2006.


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3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY AND STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS

102. The City of Koronadal Water District (CKWD) as a pilot for the Water District Development Sector Project (WDDSP) represents urban growth patterns in the country. On August 1, 2007, the Philippine population reached 88,574,614 persons. The country’s total population in 2000 was 76.50 million indicating an average annual population growth rate of 2.04 percent between 2000 and 2007. The urbanization forecast for the Philippines done in 2006 estimated that level of urbanization may reach 60 percent by 2010, 68 percent by 2020 and 75 percent by 2030.

103. Region 12 is a fast growing region in the country with a growth rate of 2.41%. At the national level, official data shows that 26.9 percent of Filipino families were found to be poor in 2006, compared to 24.4 percent in 2003. South Cotabato province ranked 51st with 31%. The CKWD franchise area is increasingly more urbanized with income inequalities, squatter settlements, entrenched poverty and lack of safe water and septage systems. Urbanization is the context of WDDSP as a response to the Philippines’ and the Millennium Development Goals of poverty reduction through water and sanitation.

3.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY

104. To aid project planning, a household survey was conducted to gather data on socio-economic, gender and water and sanitation conditions of the subproject site. At least three hundred eighty four (actual: 393) respondents were interviewed to reach 95% level of confidence at 0.1 standard deviation. Stratified random sampling was used to determine the survey sample, with three levels of stratification—municipality/city, served/expansion areas, and barangays—in both served and expansion sites. (Please check Appendix 3.1 for Koronadal Sample Site)

105. The survey result is here summarized. The tables are in Appendix 3.1 and can serve as baseline data against which future project impacts are assessed, and as input in the design of education materials and of interventions for identified areas for improvement.

106. Key findings of the survey were presented to the water district and local stakeholders for validation and to gather recommendations on identified problems and concerns.

3.1.1 Profile of Households in Subproject Site

107. The Koronadal City Water District encompasses 27 barangays with a total of 27,623 households and a population of 149,622 as of 2007. It represented 19.5% of the toral population of the province of South Cotabato.

108. Nine barangays have WD water service. Caloocan, the ninth barangay, has one domestic connection. Another 2 barangays, San Isidro and Carpenter Hill, are proposed for service expansion under a recent loan with the Local Water Utilities Administration. Three additional barangays—Saravia, Concepcion and Namnama—shall be covered under the WDDSP. There were 4,791 service connections for households and government establishments as of 2008.

109. The survey sample had the following characteristics: average household size was 5.34 with 36.1% having 3-4 members and another 33.6 having 5 members. This gives a household population estimate of 28,019 for the franchise area and a service coverage estimate of 17% of households as of the survey period.


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110. Highest grade of household heads was college and over with a significant difference of 65.7% for WD connected households as against 34.5% for non-connected households. Other respondents reached or finished high school (17.9% for WD connected; 42.1% for non-connected).

111. Respondents were distributed under a wide occupational range including farming, business, street vending, and government and private employment; 4.3% of non-connected households were unemployed. There was a high level of dependency with over 51% having 3-4 members below 14 years old and over 19% having 1 – 2 members that were 65 or older. Average length of stay in the area was 22 years although a quarter of the population had settled in the city within the last ten years.

112. Ilonggo (68%) was the most spoken language in the area followed by Cebuano (10.5%) and Ilocano (9.5%). Sole occupancy of dwelling was most common at 85.5% with 58.8% owning the house they occupied. Some 31.6% described their dwelling unit to have been made of mixed but predominantly strong housing materials, 29.3% said it was of strong housing materials. Fifty percent (50%) of those who described their dwelling as being made of strong materials had water connection.

3.1.2 Income and Expenditure Profile

113. Average monthly income was P10,762, though 22.9% had incomes of less than P5,000 and another 35.2% had an income range of P5,000 – P9,999. Estimated poverty threshold for 2007 was P8,739 for the survey’s average household size of 5.34 members. This was computed from the official annual per capita poverty threshold for South Cotabato for 2007 which was pegged at P16,136 for urban areas.

114. About 22% spent less than P5,000 per month while a sizable percentage (42.4%) spent about P5,000 – P9,999. Over 58% were unable to save while many of those who could (28.1%) had less than P1,000 in savings per month. Television (88.5%), cellular phones (88%) and refrigerators (61%) were the most common valuable items of the household.

115. Seventy percent of households borrowed money in the last year; major reasons for borrowing were for household expenses (65%) and food (44.2%), rather than for business (20.8%) or education (43%). Health (26.6%) emergencies also represented a significant percentage of borrowing as compared to investments or permanent improvements such as building/renovation of house (0.7%). Lack of safety nets and access to formal credit was indicated with relatives and friends being the main sources of borrowing (51.8%) and with 32.5% resorting to usurious informal lenders called 5-6. On the other hand, 9.9% had access to cooperatives while 13.1% borrowed from micro-finance institutions, and 10.6% from the bank.

3.1.3 Existing Water Service

116. Surveyed respondents were divided into those with and without WD pipe connection.

117. With Piped Water Connection . The survey indicated low service coverage, even in urban barangays. About 18.3% of respondents had piped water with the WD but in certain areas, the water supply was intermittent. Low water connection was regardless of income, though poor households were even less likely to be connected—8.4% of the poor were connected compared to non-poor with a connection rate of 25.7%.

118. Average monthly water consumption was 26.7 cubic meters at an average of P401.28. About 13.9% provided water to neighbors or relatives; this is in addition to sharing


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that occurred where there were multiple families in a household such as the 20% that catered to a household of at least 3 families.

119. Issues on sufficiency and perceived quality of water were indicated for certain areas; additional sources were cited as private deep wells for other domestic uses (with an average volume of 1.2 gallons per day); purified water refilling stations were the source of drinking water for 2.4% with an average volume of 2.4 gallons per day and at an average cost of P16 per day; though not allowed, 1.4% used pump to increase water pressure. Overall, 81.9% assessed that water received from piped connection was sufficient for their needs.

120. CKWD’s non-revenue water is at about 15%. When asked to rate water service, water pressure was considered poor by only 1.4% of respondents. All WD-connected respondents cited that water was available everyday during the rainy season. Performance rating on continuity of water supply was considered poor by 1.4%; on reliability of water, very poor by 1.4%; regularity of billing and collection was satisfactory with none giving a rating of “poor”, while response to customer complaints was rated poor by 5.6% and very poor by 2.8%.

121. There was positive net satisfaction of overall water service, with 42% that reported some area of dissatisfaction. Aspects of water service that bothered households most were price and water quality. Areas for improvement were: water pressure (2.8%), reduction of water rates (20.8%), complaints handling (11.1%), quality of water (15.9%) and billing and maintenance at less than 5%. Aspects of water quality that were at issue were taste (21.7%), color (24.6%) and smell (8.7%). Boiling of drinking water was the only treatment reported by 2.8% of connected households.

122. Without Connection . A majority of eighty-two percent of respondents did not have water connection with the WD; 18.4% of non-connected interviewees got water from water vendors and peddlers; in addition, 3.4% reported paying for supply of piped water from another’s connection. The next most common source was private shallow wells at 40.6% and private deep wells at 30.9%; less common were public faucets at 3.8%, while 0.3% got water from open dug wells.

123. Female-headed and male-headed households relied on water vendors at a similar rate—18.5% by the former compared to 18.4% by the latter. Shallow wells led as a source for bathing (82.2%) and for gardening (83.4%) but only 45.7% used water from these for drinking. The main reason for not being connected as cited by 67.1% was unavailability of water connection; smaller percentages of 9% considered the application fee of P2,005 to be too high or that their present water source was satisfactory (11.2%). About 71.4% of non-connected households assessed overall quality of water from current source as extremely or moderately satisfactory all year round.

124. Collecting water in Koronadal took about 0.5 – 1 hour as reported by 97.5% while 1.3% spent 1.1 to 2 hours collecting water daily using a pail (53.3%) or closed container (19%). Water was usually fetched by male household members (32.4%). Adult female household members (24.8%) and children (13%) or anyone available (29.8%) also fetched water.

125. Bathing had the highest water use per household at an average of 34.94 gallons (132 liters) per day, followed by gardening (19.05), cleaning (17.81), cooking (8.61) and drinking (4.01).

3.1.4 Sanitation, Health and Hygiene

126. Out of the 393 cases in Koronadal, 79.6% of households had water-sealed toilet (flush or pour flush) connected to a septic tank. The next most common type of toilet system


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representing 9.2% of the households was water-sealed toilet (flush or pour flush) connected to a pit; 8.9% shared toilets. All households in the survey sample had toilets, though 0.5% admitted using water-sealed flush or pour flush toilets that connected to the drainage system. All of 80% were satisfied with their current toilet system; the main reason for dissatisfaction was due to a combination of backflow resulting to foul odor and inconvenience (61.8%). Some 27.7% of Koronadal households felt a need to improve their septage system; 43.1% of these preferred to improve their existing septic tanks.

127. The average distance of the septic tank to the nearest water source was 15.1 meters. Of 338 households who responded to the question on distance of toilet to a water source, 5.6% indicated toilets being less than 4 meters from a water source. Over 52% had toilets that were between 5 – 20 meters from a water source; of these, 29% had their septic tanks at 5-9 meters away from a water source.

128. Sanitation and Hygiene Practices. All survey respondents reported washing hands before cooking, before eating, after using the toilet, before feeding children, and after washing the children after toilet. There was less awareness about washing hands before breastfeeding (51.9%). Only 38.5% of female-headed HH washed hands after changing diapers. Male-headed households reported slightly higher scores than female-headed households.

129. Children used the toilet 97.1% in female-headed households. This was slightly lower at 95.4% in male-headed households; children were also allowed to use the backyard (1.3%) in male headed households while waste disposal in the backyard was not practiced among female- headed households.

130. Water-Related Diseases. Non-connected households transported water from source using open (53.3%) and closed containers (19%) or a combination of both open and closed containers (17.1%). Some also used pipe or water hose to connect to a neighbor as reported by 5.7% of 315 cases; 4.1% of 319 cases had at least one member who suffered from a water-related disease during the past year while 0.6% of households had at least one child who suffered from diarrhea, About 6.9% of non-connected households treated water from the faucet before drinking. On the other hand, 7% of households with WD connection had at least one member who had suffered from a water-related disease in the past year. About 2.8% of connected households treated drinking water by boiling.

3.1.5 Willingness to Connect/Willingness to Pay

131. Water. Of those who were not connected, 70.8% were willing to connect. Of these, non-poor (73.6%) were slightly more ready to connect than the poor at 68.1%.

132. The average amount of water bill that unconnected households were willing to pay was P332.65 although a sizable percentage (16.6%) wanted to pay the lowest amount at P150/month, with another 19.1% wanting to pay no more than P200 per month. But many (31.1%) thought paying no more than P250 a month was reasonable. All income levels were willing to connect; there was higher interest to connect among lower income brackets. Over 63% of those earning less than P5,000 and 75.6% of those that had incomes between P5,000 – P9999 were willing to connect to existing water services. Other income brackets had over 60% that were willing to connect.

133. Worries about health risks from current source (43.2%) and convenience (44.9%) were the leading reasons offered by 236 unconnected respondents for wanting piped water service. A significant percentage (25.4%) was willing to connect because of a need to improve water service. In addition, some 4.7% perceived that water bills were reasonable. On the other hand, 37.2% of those who were unwilling to connect were satisfied with their


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services; they were reluctant to connect because water bills could be too high (30.2%). (The average monthly bill was P401.) Furthermore, application fee of P1,800 was considered to be too high by 24.4%.

134. As for reasons for not being connected, 67.1% indicated that connection was not available; high connection charges were cited by 9% while 11.2% viewed their present water source as adequate. High monthly charges were mentioned by 5%. Another 0.6% had been disconnected. The minimum charge was P119.30 for the first 10 cubic meters for domestic users. On the other hand, 4.7% cited being on a waiting list for connection. Some 1.9% perceived water to be unsafe as another reason for not connecting. Most of non-connected households (71.4%) reported availability of water all year round from existing sources. The rest cited insufficiency during certain times. Most (63.9%) were moderately satisfied with the overall quality of water from their current sources.

135. For those who were connected, the perceived need for improved water service (54.2%) led as the motivation of households for staying connected. Second, was worry over health risks from alternative water sources (23.6%), “increased water bill was not too high,” by 1.4% and “convenience” was cited by 16.7%.

136. Affordability level of connected households in accessing improved water service converged at P150 – P300 which was the amount given by 69% of connected households. But a significant percentage of 15.5% said they were willing to pay P500 or more per month. The average amount that connected households were willing to pay for improved service was P308.55 in contrast to P332.65, the average monthly bill unconnected households were willing to pay.

137. Sanitation. The level of satisfaction with respondents’ current toilets and septic tanks was high at 79.9%; dissatisfaction rates were higher among women respondents. In contrast, demand for improved sanitation was significantly lower at 30.4%. For those that saw the need for improvement, 43.1% cited rehabilitation of septic tank, 28.4% preferred installation of septic tanks, and 27.5% cited desludging. Of those who chose desluging, 31% were poor who were also willing to pay for the service.

3.1.6 Risks and Vulnerabilities

138. The assessment was intended to help identify the existence of especially vulnerable households that will require special attention in the design of both water and sanitation components.

139. Poverty Profile. For this study, households were classified between poor and non-poor computed from the annual per capita poverty threshold estimates for South Cotabato for 2007. Survey shows that the pilot site had 45.5% below the poverty threshold of P8,739 monthly household income. About 2% in Koronadal ate 1-2 times a day. Male-headship (82.7%) was more prevalent among poor households.

140. Maternal and infant mortality are poverty indicators. Over three percent (3.1% of 393 respondents) experienced the death of child before reaching the age of 6. The incidence was higher (6.8%) for women-headed households. Similarly, 1.8% of households had a household member die during pregnancy or child birth.

141. Risks and Vulnerability . About 44% indicated that they had been affected by a natural calamity; these were typhoons (4.6%), flood (38.4%), earthquake (1%), fire (1%), and landslide (1.8%). About 3.6% had toilets and septic tanks and water systems (4.6%) that were affected by flooding.


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142. There was no documented incidence of HIV/AIDS in the past years. The sample size indicated that 3.6% had at least one household member with a physical or mental disability. Most (67%) were classified as physical disability. Some 3% of households claimed that at least one member of the household experienced discrimination in the community. One percent said it was due to social status.

3.1.7 Social Services and Networks

143. Social Action and Community-Based Organizations. Membership in people’s organizations is an enabling/security indicator in the Annual Poverty Indicators Survey. Over a third (38.1%) of households had at least one member with a community organization or association. Twenty percent of respondents were members of a community organization such as women’s groups (6.6%), religious (14.8%), home owners associations (2%), cooperatives (2%) and savings groups (4.1%). Others (12%) were mutual assistance groups such as for senior citizens and brotherhood associations. Ninety-four percent exercised their right to vote in the last election.

144. Access to Health Services . Respondents sought medical services primarily from public facilities such as medical centers (55%), government hospitals (16.8%), private hospitals (7.4%) and private clinics (15.3%). The majority (91.3%) of respondents were satisfied with available health services in their locality, with men slightly more satisfied than women; 73.3% of both female and male-headed households had access to Philhealth or had assistance on health expenses; 2.5% relied on self-medication.

3.1.8 Gender Roles, Issues and Concerns

145. Koronadal had 18.6% women-headed household. Women had a central role in decision making. Women’s dominant role was highlighted in such tasks as supervising children to wash hands (46.1%), cleaning toilet and water containers (39.2%), removing garbage (34.1%), and cleaning drainage systems (30.7%). The pattern was even more pronounced in male-headed households where shared decision making was the norm when buying household equipment (67.2%), renovating the house (64.6%), building septic tanks (55.1%), or when deciding on economic activity (67.9%), bringing children to the doctor (64.2%) and on water connection (71%). Decision making by wife was the other main response for both female and male-headed households. Women’s dominant role in decision making including on water and sanitation, highlights the need to involve women in project planning and implementation.

146. Women were more critical than men on water quality by expressing dissatisfaction on taste (women: 22.2%; men: 20%), smell (29.6%) and color (25.9%). Other aspects of improvement that were stressed by women related to reduction of water rates and complaints handling.

147. The WD did not implement a Gender and Development Plan. The Commission on Audit monitored implementation of Gender and Development funds, mandated to be at least 5% of WD budget. Based on this formula, this could have been a budget of close to P1,438,000 for 2008. On the other hand, a Gender Action Plan (GAP) was prepared by the appointed Gender Focal Point, with LWUA support and as part of the PPTA. The GAP included gender-responsive policies and activities at the level of the organization and the clientele. (Please refer to Appendix 3.2 for Gender Action Plan)


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3.2 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS

148. Stakeholder consultation was extensive during subproject preparation. It was an iterative process to comply with ADB’s consultation and participation guidelines for meaningful and gender-responsive consultation with stakeholders and affected persons and communities.

149. Major workshops were held at the stage of inception, and design validation. Data gathering on poverty and social conditions of target clientele used both quantitative and qualitative tools. Some assessment tools were Key Informant Interview and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) which were conducted between May – August 2009 when advocacy on sanitation was also done.

150. Earlier, the reconnaissance survey by the team in April and the socio-economic survey in May were occasions not only for subproject disclosure, but also to scope issues and concerns on water and sanitation through key informant interview with stakeholders such as barangay and municipal officials and the National Commission and Indigenous Peoples. Later FGD allowed for more in-depth consultation on identified water issues, as well as on pro-poor policies and actions for improvement of sanitation and water services.

151. Women and indigenous peoples were part of the consultation process. Gender orientation and analysis sessions at the Water District in July and a national Gender Action Planning Workshop in August resulted in the formation of a GAD Focal Point in CKWD and the identification of gender issues at the organization and client levels. Two stakeholder consultations for water district and local levels were also conducted in August as plans for both water and sanitation were finalized. These validated and solicited recommendations on proposed plans. (Please check documentation on consultations in Appendix 3.3 ).

152. Social and environmental concerns and recommendations raised by stakeholders are summarized in Appendix 3.3.

153. Summary of Consultations. Stakeholder consultations confirmed an immediate need for the subproject and that it stands to benefit the poor. Expansion of services in unserved and underserved areas of the city was much awaited.

154. On the other hand, the demand for improved septage was relatively low among households, indicating the need for social marketing of sanitation. Advocacy and consultations with the LGU of Koronadal City resulted in the expression of interest to participate in sanitation by the local government unit.

155. Consultations recommended that the subproject also target poor areas in coordination with LGUs for the delivery of appropriate and affordable water services. Sanitation hot spots were seen as a priority for septage improvement through microfinance. In order to upgrade septic tanks for the entire project site, it was acknowledged that the championship of local government units was critical, as with their role in public awareness and in legislation and enforcement. It was recognized by the barangays consulted that technical assistance would be needed to enhance integration of sanitation in governance.

156. Consultations called for the subproject to improve water quality and communicate possible solutions to deal with high iron manganese content of water from certain sources.

157. While many were willing to connect and to pay for improved services, there was a sector that indicated it would be unable to afford piped water services or sanitation improvement. While affordability was cited as a cause for non-connection among some, a recent campaign that allowed installation charges to be paid in installments proved very


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successful in generating hundreds of applicants in a short time, demonstrating the value of information and an affordable service package in increasing service connection. A concern relative to proposed expansion is that that improved facilities would raise tariffs considerably.

158. While surface water sources were ruled out under the subproject, ongoing degradation of the watershed was noted in its impact on water supply and quality of an existing water source for Saravia, and by the call of a watershed community for assistance in reversing deterioration of the area. The Roxas mountain range with numerous springs is the ancestral domain of the B’laan indigenous peopes. Consultations showed that the people have become aware of the unsustainability of economic activities such as swidden farming, charcoal making and tree-cutting. They expressed a need for alternative livelihood options such as the development of the area as an ecotourism site and the renovation and turn over of local government resort facilities to be managed by the people. A tree planting project was initiated by the DENR with external assistance, but overall concerned agencies (e.g. NCIP, DENR, LGU) admitted to lack of resources and the need for coordination for watershed conservation.

159. Partnership strategy was validated as a means to expand the reach of the subproject and to ensure sustainability of subcomponents. A barangay has at least 8 committees such as for infrastructure, health and education that can be mobilized for subproject implementation. Barangay Santa Cruz, which implemented a barangay solid waste management system, demonstrated the important role of the most basic political unit in the regulation and improvement of sanitation for the entire barangay, and in implementing pro-poor measures. The barangay allocated funds for water and sanitation for the poor.

160. Water user groups were not organized for the water district and barangay water systems. Communal water and sanitation facilities were considered viable options that would require some level of organization to ensure cost recovery and sustainability of operation and maintenance. Lack of maintenance of some public faucets highlighted the importance of social preparation and interagency cooperation in targeting the poor for improved services for both water and sanitation. Thus, the role of the community in project implementation and watershed management was underscored as with a possible role for NGOs in facilitating community organization for sustainable water and sanitation improvement especially among the poor.

161. NGOs are represented in the pilot water district. In addition are national organizations such as the Ayala Foundation or projects such as the Upland Development Project that supported people’s organizations. Adopt-a-Mountain Project replanted 24 hectares of denuded forest in coordination with NGOs and communities such as Purok Mauswagon, Carpenter Hill. In addition to NGOs, were colleges and universities which also had extension services as well as environmental projects.

162. Notre Dame Marbel had two extension services, the Champagnat Community College (CCC) and AHEAD. CCC was established to implement projects to promote the welfare of the marginalized people and communities. The other is Marist Alternative Home Education Agenda for Development (AHEAD) program which addressed the educational needs of Out-of-School Youths and Adults (OSYA).

163. In this connection, the WD’s Gender and Development resources may also be used for community-based initiatives to address identified gender, poverty and environmental concerns.


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3.3 POVERTY ANALYSIS, SOCIAL BENEFITS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

3.3.1 Poverty Analysis

164. At least 46% in the city were below the poverty line. These were distributed in all barangays and were in informal settlements and in rural barangays of the city. The poor tended to pay more to water vendors. They also spent more time collecting water and were prone to water-related diseases. Diarrhea and water borne diseases were still causes of morbidity. Thus, the poor tended to be doubly disadvantaged with lack of access to safe water and tended to be burdened more heavily with poor water quality since expenses for boiling or buying drinking water from refilling station would translate as a larger fraction of their real income.

165. Inadequate water supply facilities and septage systems was a particular burden on women because women were mainly responsible for water collection, for family health maintenance, and for caring for sick family.

3.3.2 Needs and Demand

166. The WDDSP’s pilot water districts represented major islands, regional centers and growth areas in the Philippines. Koronadal is a regional center for SOCSKSARGEN – South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani, and General Santos City. It is also a hub for the BIMP-EAGA – or the Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines-East Asean Growth Area. It is developing as a major urban and regional center for government, trade and investment and education. Improvements in water and sanitation are needed to support local development plans since water and sanitation are basic infrastructure for growth and development.

167. There were 27 barangays in the city. Of these, only 9 were reached by the water district; furthermore, some barangays were only partially served for a total service connection of 4,791 households as of 2008 and an estimated 17% of households served using 2007 population statistics.

168. Fast population growth placed a heavy burden on social and physical infrastructure such as water and sanitation. With the recent acceleration of urban migration, many barangays such as Carpenter Hill, Zones 3 and 4 and Santa Cruz, reached population growth rates (6.2% – 7.6%) that were way above provincial (1.79%) and national (2.04%) growth standards between 2000-2007. Other barangays, while growing at a slower pace, were expanding faster than many urban centers. Santo Nino and Topland had growth rates of over 5% while the rest had over 3%. Saravia, had a growth rate of close to 5%. Only Zones 3 and 4 and Santo Nino had over 1,000 connections per barangay. The rest had less including Santa Cruz that had at least 9 subdivisions but only had 810 active connections. Zone 1 and GPS had 177 and 680 active connections, respectively.

169. The relocation of government offices in the city as the new regional center for Region 12 put additional pressure for the immediate provision of basic services. Increased population was felt as decreased water pressure and intermittent schedules where there used to be continuous flow. A total of 5 new barangays are proposed for expansion of piped services. Another 14 barangays remain to be covered.

170. As of 2006, the rural population of Koronadal City was more than the urban population at 83,574 as against an urban population of 70,794. Due to distance, cost and the availability of water sources in the upland barangays, many did not aspire to have piped water connection. But improved sanitation is needed to ensure safety of surface water sources that they depend on.


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3.3.3 Gender Analysis

171. Gender and Development is a strategy for inclusive and sustainable development. CKWD had 18.6% of households headed by women. The proportion of households that had WD pipe connection showed that female-headed households (26%) had slightly better access to water service but that in fact many more were unconnected to piped service. This was in comparison to male-headed households which were connected at a rate of 15.9% for an average of 17.8% for both household types.

172. Women shared or took the lead in decision making in the household such as on the installation of septic tanks or water connection. They also had a major role in hygiene and sanitation and looked forward to active participation in project planning as well as in forums to discuss water rate increases and related concerns. Women’s groups in urban poor communities expressed willingness to manage public water facilities as a livelihood option.

173. Inadequate water supply facilities and sewerage systems was a burden on women because women were also responsible for water collection, for family health maintenance, and for caring for sick family. Other gender issues relating to the pilot site include (i) apprehensions on a steep increase in tariff with project improvement and loan; (ii) water quality and service concerns which tended to be noted by women; (iii) lack of livelihood opportunities for the poor and the need for income generating projects; (iv) need for hygiene awareness, especially when dealing with babies, leading to exposure to bacteria; (v) poor women were forced to use contaminated water that was free rather than clean water, which they could not afford; (vi) deterioration of water supply and quality with the increased siltation of the watershed and the installation of a swimming pool at El Gawel; and , for affected persons: (vii) the community may create social and gender issues due to hiring of outside laborers who may be unaware of the local customs and norms of the community or municipality; (viii) disturbance to the privacy of local women with work on structures.

3.3.4 Social and Environmental Equity

174. Social and environmental equity considerations were underscored in the demand for services by underserved water source barangays and by the request for support in restoring forests and in establishing forestry-compatible livelihood options by watershed communities.

175. As in El Gawel, watershed communities may not be able to benefit directly through pipe distribution but need to be part of the benefit stream from water distribution to help protect water resources. The prospect of water scarcity with increasing population and possible impacts of climate change highlight the principle of social equity and justice in the distribution of water resources and the protection of watersheds as a multisectoral undertaking.

3.3.5 Indigenous People, Ethnic Minorities and other Vulnerable Groups in the Subproject Area

176. Indigenous peoples as a group that retain their territory and way of life are accorded protection by the project based on ADB’s Policy on Indigenous Peoples as well as the country’s Indigenous People’s Rights Act.

177. Based on the survey and consultations, no indigenous people will be affected in the subproject area and no ethnic minorities and other vulnerable groups were found to be adversely affected as a result of the subproject. Barangays occupied by the B’laan in the Roxas Mountain Range were not part of the proposed service area due to great distance and elevation. No water sources will also be tapped from the area. However, watershed


32

communities will benefit from sanitation improvement and stand to benefit from advocacy for watershed management.

3.3.6 Social Benefits

178. The subproject will benefit both poor and non-poor. But poor households will be a major beneficiary group of the subproject since expansion areas are urban barangays with both poor and non-poor households. In addition, the subproject will also facilitate water access by poor communities through communal water points. It will reinforce existing practices such as easy water connection plans and coordination with local government units for the provision of public faucets or tanks. The reach of water delivery services can be expanded by serving organized water user groups rather than just individuals. Some GAD funds may be allocated for microfinance for WATSAN-related livelihood opportunities. The component for sanitation and septage management will prioritize on-site sanitation improvement through microfinance for low-income areas.

179. Benefits will include: (i) improved quality of water and improved access to water and sanitation facilities; (ii) empowerment of local groups (especially women’s group) through participation in the project design, implementation and maintenance; (iii) reduced pollution of ground and surface water and improved environmental conditions in poor neighborhoods, leading to improved health, higher productivity and increase in income; (iv) improved management of water sources in coordination with communities and other agencies; (v) improved hygiene practices; (vi) employment generation in civil works will be another direct positive contribution of the subproject to poverty reduction as with employment and livelihood opportunities for women in community-based programs for user groups and for watershed management.

3.3.7 Recommendations

180. The pilot shall support strategies to link water and sanitation to the Project’s overarching goal of poverty reduction. The proposed elements of a plan for the social dimensions of the project reinforce a public service orientation and a Corporate Social Responsibility agenda consistent with delivery of water and sanitation as public service with pro-poor programs.

181. Budget for some specific recommendations as discussed below and in Appendix 3.4 are integrated in technical components for water and sanitation as microfinance or pro-poor allocations such as for public faucets, and in capability building and institutional plans as technical assistance.

182. Pro-Poor Targeting of Participants. In providing water for all, policies are needed that also target the poor to expand the reach of project benefits while maximizing cost recovery.

183. The subproject shall target all households living within the vicinity of the network of the piped water system. The project shall also target disadvantaged groups (e.g. women headed HHs and the poor HHs in the slum areas) and other unserved/underserved areas for appropriate water service such as communal water points. This may also be through easy installation plans.

184. Households for the sanitation component shall be identified in coordination with the local government units that will undertake a survey of sanitation facilities. In coordination with local government units, targets will also be made to cover a set percentage of sanitation hot spots for improvement of septage systems by the end of project loan implementation.


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185. Capability building shall support community management of water and sanitation facilities for the poor. Moreover, the WD’s Gender and Development Fund can be a source of seed capital for water-related livelihood opportunities for the women and the poor. A microfinance facility shall be allocated for priority areas for the sanitation component. This is a revolving fund that may be managed in cooperation with a non-government agency.

186. Micro-finance and Livelihood Options. A micro-finance facility shall be set up to ensure participation in septic tank installation/improvement of targeted participants in sanitation hot spots. A cost recovery scheme shall be established to enable others to benefit from the revolving fund. The WD’s Gender and Development Fund and other sources may be accessed to support water and sanitation-related livelihood options of women and urban poor groups.

187. Special Projects and Community Based Watershed Management. The critical role of watershed communities in natural resource management shall be acknowledged in an implementation plan for the subproject. For instance, the community mobilization and education plan or the gender action plan can address their concerns on water and sanitation and enhance the role of watershed communities in the maintenance of fresh water sources.

188. Sustainable resource management can be promoted by empowering watershed communities to be active participants in social fencing and watershed management. Community-based resource management and support for alternative livelihood options may be promoted and supported by linkages for alternative livelihood options and Capability Building activities.

189. Details will be fleshed out during implementation planning. Other recommendations are in Appendix 3.4.


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4 THE WATER DISTRICT AND ITS EXISTING FACILITIES

4.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

190. The water supply system of the City of Koronadal was originally constructed in 1967 by the Bureau of Public Works and Highways. A deepwell located at the back of the Municipal Building was the original water source. A reservoir is also located at the said place.

191. The City of Koronadal Water District (CKWD), then known as Koronadal Water District (KWD), was created by virtue of Sangguniang Bayan Resolution No. 92 which was passed on December 01, 1980. LWUA issued Conditional Certificate of Conformance (CCC) No. 156 in July 1981 to the water district after it complied with the necessary requirements. With its creation, the CKWD acquired the ownership and management of the water supply system in accordance with the Presidential Decree No. 198.

192. In June 1983, LWUA conducted a feasibility study for a comprehensive improvement of the water supply system. However, after the detailed engineering design, development costs rose to such a high level that the resulting water rates were beyond the paying capacity of the concessionaires. In 1986, LWUA provided the CKWD a PhP 1.1million loan facility to finance a pipeline extension. A re-evaluation of the study was undertaken in 1989 and the result turned out to be favorable, but the scarcity of funds of LWUA hindered the implementation of the project.

193. In 1990, CKWD obtained a grant for the drilling of an exploratory well located at the compound of Magsaysay Memorial College at Bo.2 approximately 2.5 km southeast of the existing service area.

194. In 1993, a comprehensive Level III expansion project finally took off. It includes among others the construction of pump house and the installation of water treatment facilities in Magsaysay Compound.

195. In 1998, an 800 cu.m. concrete ground reservoir located at Estember Subdivision and transmission lines were constructed. Upon its completion, the service area has substantially expanded serving the town proper and nearby areas.

196. In October 2001, CKWD was upgraded from small to average category by LWUA owing to its more than 3,000 concessionaires being served by the district.

197. In July 2002, a second well at Forro Subdivision was commissioned to complement the increasing demand for water supply in the City of Koronadal. In December 2005, a third well was constructed in Brgy. Morales.

198. In August 2007, LWUA took over the management of the CKWD in response to the institutional problems within the water district that adversely affected its operation. The name Koronadal Water District (KWD) was changed to City of Koronadal Water District (CKWD) as per IBOD Res. 23, Series of 2008.

4.2 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT

199. The Water District is governed by a five-member Board of Directors (BOD). The General Manager who is appointed by the BOD manages the WD. The Water District operates and maintains the water supply system and has 18 Regular and 35 “Job Order” employees as of March 2009. The present organizational structure is presented in Figure 4.1.


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Figure 4.1: City of Koronadal Water District Organizational Structure


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4.3 WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICE

200. Refer to Figure 4.2 for the schematic diagram of the existing system.

4.3.1 Source Facilities

201. The present water sources of CKWD consist of five (5) wells namely Bo.2, Forro, Morales, San Antonio and Sta. Cruz. Details are shown in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1: Source Facilities - CKWD

Well Sources

Sta Cruz Well

San Antonio

Well

Morales Well Forro Well Bo.2 Well

Location Brgy. Sta.

Cruz Brgy. Sta.

Cruz Brgy.

Morales Brgy. Gen. P. Santos

Brgy. Sto. Nino

Depth (m) 100 30 102 102 102 Casing/ Screen Diameter (mm) 200 125 300 x 200 250 300 x 200

Type of Pump Submersible Submersible Submersible Submersible Submersible

Motor Rating (HP) 30 5 60 30 30

Voltage/ Phase 440V/ 3-phase

220V/ 1-phase

440V/ 3-phase

440V/ 3-phase

440V/ 3-phase

Pumping Rate(lps)

19.88 3 35 15.6 13.37 Pump Setting (mbgl) 36 12 39 36 39 Static Water Level (mbgl) Free flow Free flow 6.6 2.5 - Pumping Water Level (mbgl) 22 - 31.1 19.8 -

Year Constructed 2008 1996 2005 2002 1990 Standby Genset(KVA) None None None 100 None

Source: WD Records.

4.3.2 Treatment Facilities

202. The water coming from the wells is treated with sodium hypochlorite in liquid form. All well pump stations are equipped with hypochlorinator to treat the water before distribution to the concessionaires. Bo.2, Forro and Morales pump stations were provided with iron and manganese removal and sand separator facilities; however, the iron and manganese removal facilities failed to reduce the amount of manganese to its acceptable level since they were commissioned. The iron and manganese removal and sand separator facilities in Bo.2 and Morales pump stations have long been unusable but in Forro, the facilities are presently being used for the sand separation process since the well there is discharging water with high sand content.


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Figure 4.2: City of Koronadal Water District – Schematic of System


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4.3.3 Transmission and Distribution Facilities

203. The CKWD has a total length of 81,045 lm of PVC transmission/distribution mains with pipe diameters ranging from 50 mm to 250 mm. The summary of transmission/distribution pipelines is shown below in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2: Transmission/Distribution Facilities – CKWD

Diameter Length Material 250 505 PVC 200 3,300 PVC 150 8,990 PVC 100 18,500 PVC 75 11,950 PVC 50 37,800 PVC

4.3.4 Storage Facilities

204. City of Koronadal WD has two (2) existing storage facilities consisting of one (1) concrete ground reservoir and one (1) elevated steel tank.

205. The concrete ground reservoir constructed in 1998 and is located at Brgy. Zone IV has a capacity of 800 cu.m and elevation of 84 masl. The reservoir operates on a floating on the line scheme.

206. The elevated steel tank is located at Brgy. Sta. Cruz and operates on a fill and draw scheme with water coming from the San Antonio Well. The San Antonio Well and the elevated steel tank are used exclusively for the residents of San Antonio Village. There is no data available from the WD regarding the capacity and the elevation of the elevated steel tank.

4.3.5 Service Connections and Other Appurtenances

207. There are about 5,751 active service connections as of May 2009 based on WD records. The breakdown of service connections per barangay is shown in Table 4.3. The present service area consisted of nine (9) barangays.

Table 4.3: Breakdown of Service Connections - CKWD

Barangay Number of Connections

Domestic Government Commercial Total Present Service Area 1.Caloocan 1 0 0 1 2.Gen. Paulino Santos 644 4 44 692 3.Morales 318 5 4 327 4.Sta. Cruz 842 5 7 854

5. Sto. Nino 1,113 2 6 1,121 6.Zone I 54 4 122 180 7.Zone II 370 6 140 516 8.Zone III 610 15 301 926 9.Zone IV 895 38 201 1134

Total 4,847 79 825 5,751


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208. The quantities of gate valves, fire hydrants and blow-offs are shown below In Table 4.4.

Table 4.4: Appurtenances - CKWD

4.4 WATER UTILITY MANAGEMENT

4.4.1 System Operation and Maintenance

209. Water from the Bo. 2, Forro, Morales and Sta. Cruz wells is pumped directly to the distribution system. The Bo. 2, Forro and Sta. Cruz pump stations regularly operate from 4AM to 10 PM daily. The Morales pump station operates intermittently from 3AM to 2PM and from 5PM to 10 PM daily. The operation time of these pump stations maybe modified, shortened or extended depending on what time the concrete ground reservoir has been filled up or emptied. The concrete ground reservoir operates on the floating on the line scheme.

210. Water from San Antonio Well is exclusively for the residents of San Antonio Village. The water is transmitted to the elevated steel tank and distributed by gravity. There is no data provided by the WD as to the operation time of the San Antonio pump station.

211. The CKWD is maintaining the system by performing pump testing, conducting system pressure measurements and undertaking physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis of the water being supplied to the consumers.

4.4.2 Consumption/ Water Use Profile

212. The average monthly consumption by consumer type, as shown in Table 4.5 was derived utilizing WD records on total billed consumption. Referring to Table 4.3, there are about 5,751 active connections as of May 2009 comprising 4,847 domestic, 79 government and 825 commercial connections. The average number of persons served by one (1) domestic connection is 6.5.

Item Quantity Gate Valves 60 Fire Hydrants 17 Blow-Offs 32


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Table 4.5: Average Monthly Consumption - CKWD

Month/ Year Domestic Commercial Government Total

Dec 07 82,222 18,124 4,093 104,439 Jan 08 85,920 19,647 3,967 109,534

Feb 91,175 22,654 4,999 118,828 Mar 70,951 18,921 4,165 94,037 Apr 92,825 19,815 4,550 117,190 May 96,050 19,788 4,778 120,616 Jun 93,392 20,506 4,734 118,632 Jul 86,462 20,574 5,519 112,555 Aug 100,927 23,738 5,768 130,433 Sep 111,271 28,317 10,309 149,897 Oct 96,583 21,838 7,831 126,252 Nov 96,018 20,333 6,338 122,689

Dec 08 94,792 20,679 6,089 121,560 Jan 09 105,538 20,674 5,806 132,018

Feb 92,462 19,873 7,033 119,368 Mar 09 92,789 19,244 7,764 119,797 Total 1,489,377 334,725 93,743 1,917,845

Average 93,086 20,920 5,859 119,865 A. Per Capita Consumption (lpcd) B. Unit Commercial/Industrial Consumption (cumd) C. Unit Government/ Institutional Consumption (cumd)

93,086 cu.m

x 1000 L

= 98.49

mo. cu.m lpcd

30 days

x 4,847connx6.5 persons

mo. conn

20920 cu.m

mo.

= 0.85 cu.m

30

days x 825conn

day

mo.

5,859

cu.m =

2.47

mo. cu.m

30 days

x 79conn day

mo.


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4.4.3 Water Rates

213. The present schedule of water rates (in PhP) is shown in Table 4.6 .

Table 4.6: Schedule of Water Rates - CKWD

Classification Diameter Minimum 11-20 21-30 31-40 Over 40 Size Charge cum cum cum cum

Domestic 1/2" 119.30 14.60 17.30 20.05 22.85 3/4" 190.85 14.60 17.30 20.05 22.85 1" 381.70 14.60 17.30 20.05 22.85 1 1/2" 954.25 14.60 17.30 20.05 22.85 2" 2,385.60 14.60 17.30 20.05 22.85 3" 4,294.05 14.60 17.30 20.05 22.85 4" 8,588.10 14.60 17.30 20.05 22.85 Commercial/Industrial 1/2" 238.60 29.20 34.60 40.10 45.70 3/4" 381.70 29.20 34.60 40.10 45.70 1" 763.40 29.20 34.60 40.10 45.70 1 1/2" 1,908.50 29.20 34.60 40.10 45.70 2" 4,711.20 29.20 34.60 40.10 45.70 3" 8,588.10 29.20 34.60 40.10 45.70 4" 17,176.20 29.20 34.60 40.10 45.70 Commercial A 1/2" 208.75 25.55 30.25 35.05 39.95 3/4" 333.95 25.55 30.25 35.05 39.95 1" 667.90 25.55 30.25 35.05 39.95 1 1/2" 1,669.90 25.55 30.25 35.05 39.95 2" 4,174.80 25.55 30.25 35.05 39.95 3" 7,514.55 25.55 30.25 35.05 39.95 4" 15,029.10 25.55 30.25 35.05 39.95 Commercial B 1/2" 178.95 21.90 25.95 30.05 34.25 3/4" 286.25 21.90 25.95 30.05 34.25 1" 572.50 21.90 25.95 30.05 34.25 1 1/2" 1,431.35 21.90 25.95 30.05 34.25 2" 3,578.40 21.90 25.95 30.05 34.25 3" 6,441.05 21.90 25.95 30.05 34.25 4" 12,882.10 21.90 25.95 30.05 34.25 Commercial C 1/2" 149.10 18.25 21.60 25.05 28.55 3/4" 238.55 18.25 21.60 25.05 28.55 1" 477.10 18.25 21.60 25.05 28.55 1 1/2" 1,192.80 18.25 21.60 25.05 28.55 2" 2,982.00 18.25 21.60 25.05 28.55 3" 5,367.55 18.25 21.60 25.05 28.55 4" 10,735.10 18.25 21.60 25.05 28.55 Bulk/ Wholesale 1/2" 357.90 43.80 51.90 60.15 68.55 3/4" 572.55 43.80 51.90 60.15 68.55 1" 1,145.10 43.80 51.90 60.15 68.55 1 1/2" 2,862.75 43.80 51.90 60.15 68.55 2" 7,156.80 43.80 51.90 60.15 68.55 3" 12,882.15 43.80 51.90 60.15 68.55 4" 25,764.30 43.80 51.90 60.15 68.55


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4.4.4 Water System Deficiencies

Water Quality

214. Recent results of the physical and chemical analysis on all sources showed that manganese exceeded the PNSDW limit, except the Sta. Cruz deepwell. Values of manganese were measured at 0.60, 1.20, 1.20 and 1.50 from San Antonio, Morales, Bo. 2 and Forro wells respectively which exceeded the PNSDW limit of 0.40 mg/l. The value of manganese from the Sta. Cruz well was measured at 0.10 mg/l which is below the PNSDW limit.

Production Meter at Forro Pump Station

215. Forro pump station has a defective mechanical flowmeter which makes it difficult for the CKWD to monitor the operation of the said pump station as well as to control the NRW.

Water Availability in Barangay Sta. Cruz

216. Water is not available in some portions of Brgy. Sta. Cruz during minimum hour demand (late night or wee hours of the morning) when the Sta. Cruz pump station stops operating. The existing reservoir is unable to supply water to the said portion because the elevation of the latter is higher than that of the former.

4.4.5 Non-Revenue Water (NRW)

217. The average monthly consumption is 119,865 cum (Table 4.5) while the average monthly production as indicated in Table 4.7 is 139,915 cum. Therefore, the non-revenue water (NRW) of the WD is 20,050 cum. representing 14.33% of the average monthly production of 139,915 cum. Rounding off to the next whole number, we have a NRW of 15%.

Table 4.7: Average Monthly Production - CKWD

Month/ Year Production (m 3) Jan 08 132,575 Feb 133,916 Mar 141,946 Apr 140,358 May 140,916 Jun 140,633 Jul 146,864 Aug 147,010 Sep 140,885 Oct 140,695 Nov 135,500 Dec 08 137,686

Total 1,678,984 Average 139,915

4.4.6 Operational Activity

218. Management of all operational activity is carried out in house by CKWD staff, e.g. meter reading, leak detection, leak repair, meter replacement, disconnections, etc.

219. The management of Koronadal is focusing on the rehabilitation of the system.


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(i) Loss Reduction 220. Leak Detection. Visible leak detection is carried out by the maintenance team.

221. Illegal Connection and Consumption Reduction Activities. Illegal use of water is not considered to be a serious problem by CKWD. Any reports of illegal use either come from meter readers or from the general public.

222. Customer Meter Management. All customer connections within the system are metered.

(ii) Meter Calibration and Replacement 223. CKWD have a meter calibration facility where they have the capability to refurbish meters with new inserts. They have recently started to install plastic meters due to problems with the theft of the brass meters they were previously using.

224. In the order of 20 meters are replaced per month. “Arad” meters used to be used but are considered too expensive currently.

(iii) Meter Reading, Billing and Collection 225. CKWD have 2 meter readers. Reading is carried out manually and data entry undertaken at the head office. Meter readers also deliver bills 2 days after the meter has been read. The meter readers report any meter problems daily and the maintenance section carries out the necessary replacement on an ad hoc basis.

226. The only payment facility is at the water district office in Koronadal. The billing cycle is spread over 20 days so this is currently not a problem.

227. If customers don’t pay within 60 days they are temporarily disconnected (the water district are trying to amend this to be within one month). If no payment has been received after a further 3 weeks they are permanently disconnected at the main.

(iv) New Connections

228. Applications for new connections are made to the commercial section of the water district. An engineering survey is carried out to confirm if customer can be served.

229. There is an application fee of PhP 1,800 which covers the cost of the meter. The customer pays for all associated costs of installation.

230. If an excavation permit is required CKWD organize with the city government.

4.4.7 Management Information Systems

231. GIS/Mapping. CKWD have digitized their network data onto AutoCad. As yet they don’t have a full GIS.

232. Billing. The billing system for CKWD is the LWUA billing and CPS system—it has recently been computerized.


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5 POPULATION AND WATER DEMAND PROJECTIONS

5.1 GENERAL

233. One of the basic elements in the preparation of a feasibility study involves projections of the population and water demand in a given design period. It involves assessment of the past censal data, delineation of the present and future service area through a consultation process with the WD and concerned agencies.

234. The population and water demand projections become the basis for the development of alternatives of the proposed improvements of the water supply system and the sizing of the various components, as well as the projections of the O&M costs. In this particular study, population and water demand are projected for the years 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2025.

5.2 SERVICE AREA DELINEATION

235. The service area of CKWD has been delineated as per consultation with the WD officials and on the basis of data review and ocular inspection, and discussion with concerned local government officials.

236. The existing service area of CKWD covers 9 barangays, namely: Caloocan, General Paulino Santos, Morales, Sta. Cruz, Sto. Nino, Zone I, Zone II, Zone III and Zone IV. As discussed with the WD officials, the existing service area will eventually be expanded to include 2 more barangays under the LWUA-funded project worth PhP 75M; these are Carpenter Hill and San Isidro. Three (3) more barangays will also be included under WDDSP; these are Concepcion, Namnama, and Sarabia. By design year 2025, the service area would cover 14 barangays out of the 27 barangays of the city.

237. Factors considered in the delineation of future service area include willingness to connect, concentration of population, proximity to existing or proposed system and other technical and economic considerations. Figure 5.1 shows the present and future service area of the CKWD.


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Figure 5.1: Present and Future Service Areas - CKWD


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5.3 POPULATION PROJECTIONS

5.3.1 Past Population Growth Rates

238. The analysis of past population growth was based on census data obtained from NSO. The average annual growth rate of the city from 2000 to 2007 was 1.61%. Table 5.1 shows the comparative growth of the population by the city and barangays in the existing and future service area.

Table 5.1: Historical Population and Growth Rates - CKWD

Historical Population Growth

Rates (%) 2000 2007 2000-2007

A. South Cotobato 690,728 767,254 1.51 B. City of Koronadal 133,786 149,622 1.61 C. Barangays in the Service Areas

Present Service Area 1. Caloocan 2,737 3,068 1.64 2. General Paulino Santos 18,881 21,161 1.64 3. Morales 5,717 7,517 3.99 4. Sta. Cruz 8,988 11,046 2.99 5. Sto.Nino 6,940 8,649 3.19 6. Zone I 4,238 4,797 1.79 7. Zone II 4,635 4,663 0.09 8. Zone III 11,340 11,376 0.05 9. Zone IV 8,855 9,234 0.60

Future Service Area 10. Carpenter Hill 4,794 5,361 1.61 11. Concepcion 3,153 3,522 1.59 12. Namnama 2,453 2,834 2.08 13. San Isidro 3,131 5,066 7.12 14. Sarabia 6,209 7,015 1.76

Source: National Statistics Office.

5.3.2 Future Population Growth Rates

239. The projected growth rates for 2008-2025 for the city and barangays in the present and future service area of the WD were based on their average annual growth rate from 2000-2007.

240. Table 5.2 shows the projected growth rates while Table 5.3 presents the projected population for the years 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2025. Appendix 5 shows the annual population projection of the city and barangays in the present and future service area.


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Table 5.2: Projected Growth Rates - CKWD

Projected Annual Growth Rates (%)

2008-2025 A. South Cotobato 1.51 B. City of Koronadal 1.61 C. Barangays in the Service Areas

Present Service Area 1. Caloocan 1.64 2. General Paulino Santos 1.64 3. Morales 3.99 4. Sta. Cruz 2.99 5. Sto.Nino 3.19 6. Zone I 1.79 7. Zone II 0.09 8. Zone III 0.05 9. Zone IV 0.60

Future Service Area 10. Carpenter Hill 1.61 11. Concepcion 1.59 12. Namnama 2.08 13. San Isidro 7.12 14. Sarabia 1.76

Table 5.3: Population Projections - CKWD

Projecte d Population

2010 2015 2020 2025 A. South Cotobato 802,594 865,147 932,577 1,005,261 B.City of Koronadal 156,970 170,028 184,172 199,493 C. Barangays in the Service Areas

Present Service Area 1. Caloocan 3,222 3,496 3,793 4,115 2. General Paulino Santos 22,219 24,102 26,144 28,360 3. Morales 8,453 10,280 12,501 15,202 4. Sta. Cruz 12,067 13,982 16,201 18,772 5. Sto.Nino 9,505 11,123 13,017 15,234 6. Zone I 5,059 5,527 6,038 6,597 7. Zone II 4,675 4,695 4,715 4,736 8. Zone III 11,391 11,417 11,443 11,469 9. Zone IV 9,401 9,687 9,981 10,285

Future Service Area 10. Carpenter Hill 5,624 6,092 6,598 7,146 11. Concepcion 3,693 3,997 4,326 4,682 12. Namnama 3,015 3,342 3,706 4,108 13. San Isidro 6,226 8,780 12,382 17,460 14. Sarabia 7,392 8,065 8,800 9,601


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5.4 SERVICE AREA AND SERVED POPULATION PROJECTIONS

5.4.1 Service Area Population

241. Service area population is the population within the delineated service area. Table 5.4 presents the annual city, service area and served population projections. The service area population is about 49.21% of the total city population by end of year 2009 and it is projected to increase to 74.55% by year 2025.

Table 5.4: Annual Service Area and Served Population Projections - CKWD

Year City % Service Area

Pop. Service

Area % Served

Pop. % Served

Pop. Total

Served

Population /City Population Population /City

Population /Service

Area Pop. Population 2009 154,482 49.21 76,013 21.87 44.45 33,786 2010 156,970 49.30 77,393 22.93 46.52 36,001 2011 159,499 56.40 89,956 32.75 58.06 52,230 2012 162,069 56.72 91,922 33.53 59.11 54,336 2013 164,680 57.06 93,959 34.35 60.21 56,572 2014 167,332 63.79 106,745 45.25 70.94 75,722 2015 170,028 64.18 109,118 49.15 76.59 83,569 2016 172,767 64.58 111,576 48.95 75.80 84,577 2017 175,551 65.01 114,123 48.83 75.11 85,715 2018 178,379 65.46 116,763 48.75 74.48 86,963 2019 181,252 65.93 119,503 48.73 73.91 88,326 2020 184,172 69.61 128,204 48.75 70.04 89,792 2021 187,139 70.17 131,321 48.86 69.63 91,438 2022 190,154 70.76 134,555 49.00 69.25 93,179 2023 193,217 71.38 137,914 49.19 68.92 95,053 2024 196,330 72.02 141,404 49.40 68.59 96,982 2025 199,493 74.55 148,727 49.64 66.58 99,026

5.4.2 Served Population

242. The served population is about 21.87% of the city population by end of year 2009 and it will be about 49.64% in the year 2025.

5.4.3 Willingness to Connect

243. A random socio-economic survey in the service area was conducted by the Consultant in May 2009 to determine the willingness to connect to the water supply system, among other objectives. It should be noted that the survey concentrated on proposed expansion areas and those within the service area not yet served by the WD. About 322 residents who were not connected were interviewed randomly and asked to answer the prepared questionnaire. The results of the survey showed that 70.8% of the respondents expressed willingness to connect.


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5.5 WATER DEMAND PROJECTIONS

244. The water demand is estimated to be the sum of the domestic, commercial/industrial, government/institutional consumptions and of the non-revenue water.

245. Factors such as living conditions, housing pattern and attitude of population toward water consumption have been considered in the analysis of water demand.

5.5.1 Domestic Water Demand

246. Domestic water consumption is water usage related to the water needs of the household residents. The total domestic water demand is a function of the per capita consumption, the average size of the household and the number of connections within the service area.

247. Water district records on actual consumption pattern in the service area were evaluated. A consumption of about 98.49 lpcd, which was the result of the analysis as presented in Chapter 4, was initially used for the year 2009 and will be projected to increase to about 99.47 lpcd in 2010, 104.40 lpcd in 2015, 109.32 lpcd in 2020 and 114.25 in 2025.

248. The projected domestic water consumption up to 2025 is presented in Table 5.5 , together with the number of domestic service connections.

5.5.2 Commercial/Industrial Water Demand

249. The commercial/industrial establishments are mostly located in the urban areas of the City. These include small and medium scale retail stores, hardware stores, drugstores, telecommunication offices, restaurants and hotels among others.

250. A consumption of 0.85 cu.m/day/connection, which was the result of the analysis as presented in Chapter 4, was initially used for the year 2009 and will be projected to increase to about 0.86 cu.m/day/connection in 2010, 0.90 cu.m/day/connection in 2015, 0.94 cu.m/day/connection in 2020, and 0.99 cu.m/day/connection in 2025.

251. Table 5.5 shows the projected commercial/ industrial water demand and the number of service connections up to year 2025.

5.5.3 Government/ Institutional Water Demand

252. This refers to the demand of government owned buildings such as municipal hall, government schools, barangay halls, health centers, justice halls, etc.

253. A consumption of 2.47 cu.m/day/ connection, which was the result of the analysis as presented in Chapter 4, was initially used for the year 2009 and will be projected to increase to about 2.49 cu.m/day/connection in 2010, 2.62 cu.m/day/connection in 2015, 2.74 cu.m/day/connection in 2020, and 2.87 cu.m/day/connection in 2025.

254. Table 5.5 shows the projected government/institutional water demand and the number of service connections up to year 2025.


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Table 5.5: Projected Annual Number of Connections and Water Demand - CKWD


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5.5.4 Non-Revenue Water (NRW)

255. Non-revenue water is the volume of water that goes into the system but does not generate revenue. Included are wastage, leakage and consumptions from illegal connections as well as water used for fire fighting purposes and under-registration of meters.

256. The existing system has a present NRW of 15% as calculated in Chapter 4. This value is assumed to be maintained up to year 2025.

5.5.5 Average-day Demand

257. The average-day water demand is the sum of the domestic, commercial/industrial, government/institutional consumption plus the non-revenue water. The average-day water demand is expected to increase from 5,548.10 cumd in 2010 to 12,243.26 cumd in 2015, to 14,258.24 cumd in 2020, and to 16,870.12 cumd in 2025.

258. Table 5.6 shows the projected annual average-day demand.

Table 5.6: Water Demand Variations - CKWD


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5.6 NUMBER OF SERVICE CONNECTIONS AND WATER DEMAND VARIATIONS

5.6.1 Number of Service Connections

259. The total active service connections is estimated to increase from 5,751 as of May 2009 to 17,209 in the year 2025 comprising 14,704 domestic, 1,725 commercial/industrial and 600 government/ institutional connections. Population served is assumed to be 6.5 persons for each domestic connection and 2 persons for each commercial/ industrial connection.

260. Table 5.5 gives us the projected annual number of connections per category.

5.6.2 Water Demand Variations

261. Demand variations refers to the fluctuations in the water demand as measured in the system. The average-day demand is the sum of the water demands of the various categories and NRW and it is calculated on a yearly basis.

262. The maximum-day demand is the highest one-day demand in a year while the peak-hour demand is the maximum usage of water during an hour in a given day.

263. For this particular study, the ratio of maximum-day to average-day demand used is 1.25 while the ratio of peak-hour demand to average-day demand used is 2.00.

264. Table 5.6 presents the projected annual water demand variations up to design year 2025.


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6 WATER RESOURCES

265. The City of Koronadal Water District (CKWD) obtains its water supply from groundwater sources through wells. Total production from the five (5) production wells is 86.85 lps (7,504 cumd).

266. The year 2025 CKWD’s maximum-day water demands of 244.07 lps (21,088 cumd) can be supplied from groundwater through medium capacity wells. The Marbel River is also identified as a potential water supply source.

6.1 WATER RESOURCES INVENTORY

6.1.1 Surface Water Inventory

267. The Marbel River originates from the eastern flank of the Roxas Mountain Range and the western flank of the Quezon Mountain Range, and flows in a northeasterly direction before emptying into Lake Buluan. The major tributaries of the Marbel River include the Palian River and the Kipalbig River that drain the southern part of the City of Koronadal. It is also fed by the Taplan River which drains the lowland areas of Tampakan and Zulueta and the Maltana River which drains the highlands of Maltana and Liberty, all located southeast of the City of Koronadal.

268. The National Irrigation Administration (NIA) taps the river with two (2) diversion dams; the Marbel 1 River Irrigation System (RIS) in Barangay Saravia located about 12 km southeast of the city proper and the Marbel 2 River Irrigation System in Barangay Sto. Nino about 3 km southeast of the city proper. Irrigated areas of the Marbel 1 RIS and Marbel 2 RIS cover 1,863.84 hectares and 1,632.94 hectares, respectively. Based on irrigation requirements of 1.0 -1.5 lps per hectare and adopting the lower value of 1.0 lps per hectare, the irrigation requirements of the Marbel 1 RIS and the Marbel 2 RIS are 1,864 lps and 1,633 lps respectively, for a total irrigation requirements of 3,497 lps (302,141 cumd).

269. River discharge measurements were carried on the Palian River, a major tributary of the Marbel River on June 4, 2009 and June 6, 2009 nearer the city center. The first measuring station is located upstream of the Marbel 1 RIS diversion dam near the Palian River Bridge in Barangay Palian, Tupi, South Cotabato about 13.5 km southeast of the city proper. The discharge measured at this station on June 4, 2009 was 2.22 m3/s (191,560 cumd). The second measuring station is near the bridge in Barangay Concepcion about 5 km southeast of city proper. The discharge measured at this station on June 6, 2009 was 4.81 m3/s (415,300 cumd). Figure 6.1 in Appendix 6.1 shows the locations of the measuring stations, while Figures 6-2A and 6-2B show the cross sections of the river channels at respective measuring stations.

270. Streamflow Regime. The Marbel River streamflow records obtained at the NWRC Gauging Station No. 15, located 12 km southeast of the City of Koronadal center at elevation 104 mamsl covering the period May 1950 - December 1970 gave an annual mean discharge of 6.43 m3/s. Maximum flow of 166.86 m3/s was recorded in March 10, 1951 while minimum flow occurred in March 22, 1951 with recorded flow of 1.20 m3/s. Mean monthly flow of the river during the 16–year observation period below the confluence of the Marbel River and the Palian River was 6.826 m3/s (589,766 cumd). The drainage area at the NWRC Gauging Station No. 15 is 290 km2. Based on Table 6-2, its 80% dependable flow is 3.43 m3/s (296,352 cumd).

271. The other tributaries of the Marbel River include the Taplan River and Maltana River with their confluences located between the Marbel River 1 RIS and Marbel River 2 RIS


54

diversion dams. These rivers, which have drainage area of about 120 km2 are not gauged. Based on the drainage area ratio, the 80% dependable flow is 1.42 m3/s

6.1.2 Groundwater Resources Inventory

272. Groundwater in the general area of the City of Koronadal is utilized through wells and springs. Wells are commonly used throughout the city for domestic water supply.

273. The City of Koronadal Water District (CKWD) obtains its water supply from five (5) wells. Households and commercial and industrial establishments in the study area that are not served by the water district operate and maintain their own wells.

274. Springs are utilized by rural barangays for domestic water supply and for irrigation purposes.

275. Geology. The City of Koronadal is underlained with alluvial deposits and sedimentary rocks mostly limestone and sandstone of Miocene and Pleistocene Age, which overly the Basement Complex of plutonic origin. The city is located east of a structural complex characterized by the Roxas and Matulas Anticlines.

276. Springs Inventory. Small to medium capacity springs exist at the southwestern and northeastern sides of the City of Koronadal. A total of ten (10) springs with discharge ranging from 2 - 35 lps and with total yield of 124 lps are located at elevations ranging from 60 – 346 meters above mean sea level (mamsl). Figure 6-4 in Appendix 6.2 shows the location of these springs while Table 3 presents the springs data summary.

277. Well Inventory. Wells drilled in the City of Koronadal provide water supply to the CKWD and to residential subdivisions and commercial establishments not served by the water district.

278. A total of twelve (12) relevant deepwells were inventoried during the groundwater resources investigation. Six (6) of these wells are owned by the CKWD; five (5) of these wells are operational while one (1) is abandoned. The production of the CKWD operational wells are shown in Table 6.1 .

279. Table 6-4 in Appendix 6.2, Well Data Summary, presents the pertinent data of some of the wells within the study area while Figure 6-4 shows the locations of these wells. Stratigraphic logs and well construction details of three (3) of the twelve (12) inventoried wells are shown in Figures 6-5.1A, 6-5.3 and 6-5.4.

Table 6.1: CKWD Operational Wells Production

Name of Well CKWD Production Record (cum/h)

1. Morales Pumping Station Well 126 (35.00 lps)

2. Forro Pumping Station Well 56 (15.60 lps)

3. Sta. Cruz Pumping Station Well 72 (19.44 lps)

4. San Antonio Pumping Station Well 11 (3.00 lps)

5. Barrio Dos Pumping Station Well 48 (13.37 lps)

Total Production 313 (86.85 lps)


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280. Well information as presented in Table 6-4 shows the following:

• Depth of wells ranges from 13 - 103 meters. • The well casing diameter ranges from 50 - 300 mm. Larger capacity wells have

diameter ranging from 200 - 300 mm. Intakes of these wells are through torch perforated casings and stainless steel screens. Some of the domestic wells are with open bottom.

• The static water level (SWL) varies from free flowing to 6.60 meters below ground level (mbgl).

• The pumping water level (PWL) with discharge rates of 3.50 – 35.19 lps ranges from 4.98 – 31.2 mbgl.

• The specific capacity ranges from 0.61 - 1.53 lps per meter of drawdown. • Transmissivity ranges from 1.73 – 5.97 x 10-3 m2/sec.

281. Piezometric Conditions. Figure 6-6 in Appendix 6.2 shows the general piezometric conditions in the study area. Generally, the map shows groundwater flow from the recharge areas in the Roxas Mountain Range and the Quezon Mountain Range towards the flatter areas of the Marbel River Valley. The groundwater flow is generally southeast to northwest towards the downstream areas. The piezometric gradient varies from 0.010 to 0.025, being steeper at the foot of the mountains and becoming flatter towards the plain.

282. Exploration for Groundwater. Low well yield, poor water quality, biological contamination, decline of regional water levels and improper well completion are some of the many problems dealt with in groundwater source development. Geologic information and investigation can commonly give positive guidance for the location of wells, thus avoiding the expense of unsuccessful wells. Selection of proper well location is but one of the problems facing well owners.

283. Geo-electric Resistivity Survey. In March 2008, sixteen (16) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) points were completed by the Mindanao Operations - Project Planning Division of LWUA in Barangays Concepcion, Carpenter Hills, Saravia, Morales, G.P. Santos, Sta. Cruz, San Isidro, all in City of Koronadal and near the town center of the Municipality Tampakan. Results of the survey showed the following:

• The areas investigated are underlain with fine to coarse grained alluvial deposits as indicated by low to high resistivity values. The very low resistivity values could also indicate brackish connate water.

• Potential aquifer layers determined from the survey are electrostratigraphic sections the exhibited resistivity values ranging from 21 - 62 ohm – meter. These values were determined on the VES in Barangays Morales, G.P. Santos, Sto. Nino (formerly Barangay Dos), Concepcion, Carpenter Hills and Saravia (formerly Barangay Otso). This layer thins out towards the southern portion of Barangays Saravia and San Isidro.

• The area bounded by Barangays Morales, G.P. Santos and Sto. Nino is identified as the potential wellfield near the city proper. Another potential wellfield is identified in Barangay Carpenter Hills about 6 km southeast of the city proper.

• In the Municipality of Tampakan, the potential aquifers include the high resistive sections. The aquifers in the area consist of sand and gravel layers. Also, identified as potential wellfield is the area bounded by Barangay Poblacion, Maltana and Kipalbig.

284. In August 2008, fifteen (15) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) points were completed by the Mindanao Operations-Project Planning Division of LWUA to determined areas being considered by the CKWD as future well sites with due consideration to better water quality.


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Some of the areas earlier identified as potential wellfields are characterize by high iron and manganese concentrations. The survey aimed to explore the limestone areas southwest of the city proper. The survey covered Barangays San Isidro, Mambukal, Sta. Cruz, Morales and Paraiso. Results of the survey showed the following:

• In Barangays Paraiso and Tinungkop, the layer that exhibited resistivity of 21 to 60 ohm – meter was determined as the potential aquifer section in the area. It is interpreted to consist of limestone and/or sandstone. The thickness of this layer was undetermined but this layer is 25 – 75 meters below ground surface.

• In Barangays Sta. Cruz, Mambukal and San Isidro the layer that exhibited resistivity of 21 to 81 ohm – meter was determined as the potential aquifer section. It is interpreted to consist of limestone and/or sandstone. The thickness of this layer was undetermined but this layer is 15 – 90 meters below ground surface. The lithologic logs of the recently drilled CKWD well in Barangay Sta. Cruz (Well No. 6) show limestone and tuffaceous sandstone (described by driller as blue adobe mixed with coarse sand) while the lower layers consist of coarse sand mixed with clay, gravel and boulders.

285. Results of the above geo-resistivity surveys served as basis for selection of the well sites for the proposed improvement and expansion of the CKWD’s water supply system in the City of Koronadal.

286. Aquifers and Their Characteristics. The general area of the City of Koronadal is underlained with alluvial deposits, sedimentary rocks and volcanic rocks. The Recent Alluvium dominates the extensive valley, while the foothills are underlain with limestone, sandstone, mudstone, shale and volcanic rocks. The alluvial deposits consisting of layers of sand and gravel and the sedimentary rocks consisting of layers of coarse-grained sandstone and limestone, which exhibited medium to high resistivity values are the productive aquifer sections in the City of Koronadal.

287. The total groundwater potential from the sedimentary rocks aquifer system and the alluvial aquifer system is 718.4 lps (62,070 cumd).

288. Subtracting the existing withdrawal of the CKWD wells of 92.78 lps (8,016 cumd), the potential for additional withdrawal is estimated at 625.52 lps (54,054 cumd).

289. The sustainable yields vary from 1.93 lps at Well No. 7 to 26.6 lps at Well No. 1. Results also show that all the CKWD wells (Well Nos. 1, 2, 6, 7 and 8) are overpumping, with discharges ranging from 3.89 lps – 36.11 lps.

290. Hydrological System. Recharge to the aquifer system comes through direct infiltration of rainfall into the permeable surface within the recharge boundary. Recharge takes place also through underflow of the numerous streams, creeks, and channels into exposed permeable beds. In the deeper aquifer, recharge is through leakage from the phreatic aquifer into the semi-permeable confining layers.

291. Natural discharge on the other hand takes place mainly through the numerous springs that seep along the flanks of the creeks and streams in the area. Artificial discharge takes place through wells which tap the shallow aquifer.

6.1.3 Water Quality

292. Surface water. Appendix 6-5A in Appendix 6.3 presents historical results of the physical and chemical analyses of water samples from the Marbel River, three (3) springs


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and two (2) wells. The result represents the physical state and chemical composition of the water in the given area at the time and point of sampling.

293. The color and turbidity limits set by the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW) at 5 TCU and 5 NTU, respectively were exceeded in the Marbel River sample with color and turbidity of 15.0 TCU and 10.3 NTU. Historical records show color and turbidity of 20.0 TCU and 8.0 NTU. All other parameters tested are within the PNSDW’s permissible limits.

294. Springs. The Paraiso Spring water quality is good except for hardness of 361.23 mg/l as CaCo3 that exceeded the PNSDW limit of 300 mg/l as CaCo3. Results of the physical and chemical analyses of other springs shown in Appendix 6-5 show that all tested parameters are within the PNSDW’s permissible limits.

295. Wells. In the water samples collected from the CKWD wells, the results show that the PNSDW’s permissible limit for manganese at 0.5 mg/l was exceeded in the Forro, San Antonio and Barrio Dos Pumping Station wells, with manganese ranging from 1.20 – 1.50 mg/l.

296. Dissolved solids permissible limit of 500 mg/l was exceeded in the Morales Pumping Station Well. All other parameters tested are within the PNSDW’s permissible limits.

297. TDS concentrations in the samples range from 191 to 717 mg/l with TDS at Morales Pumping Station Well at 717 mg/l exceeding the PNSDW permissible limit of 500 mg/l. Total dissolved solids (TDS) can have an important effect on the taste of drinking water. The palatability of water with a TDS level of less than 600 mg/l is considered to be good; drinking water becomes increasingly unpalatable at TDS levels greater than 1,200 mg/l. Water with extremely low concentrations of TDS may be unacceptable because of its flat and insipid taste. The presence of high levels of TDS may also be objectionable to consumers owing to excessive scaling in water pipes, heaters, boilers and household appliances. Water with concentrations of TDS below 1,000 mg/L is usually acceptable to consumers.

6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ON POTENTIAL SOURCES

6.2.1 Surface Water

298. The Marbel River’s 80% dependable flow at the gauging station located upstream of the Marbel River 1 RIS diversion dam is about 3.43 m3/s (296,352 cumd). Adding the 80% dependable flow of 1.42 m3/s (122,628 cumd) from its tributaries, the Taplan River and Maltana River, the total dependable flow of the Marbel River is 4.85 m3/s (419,040 cumd). With Marbel 1 and Marbel 2 RIS total irrigation requirement estimated at 3.50 m3/s, about 1.35 m3/s dependable flow is available for abstraction.

299. Minimum recorded flow of Marbel River of 1.20 m3/s (103,680 cumd) at the upper reaches of the river indicates that available flow 12 km southeast of the city center will not be sufficient at other times. Larger flow is available at the lower reaches of the Marbel River near the city proper but it is polluted by tributaries coming from the mining areas and from agricultural pesticides, sewage, commercial and industrial wastes from upstream communities. Also, river water is high in turbidity and color during rainy periods. It will necessitate filtration and treatment to bring the river water quality to a standard within the limits set by PNSDW. The presence of potential well sources makes the surface source as the least water supply source alternative for the CKWD improvement and expansion project.


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6.2.2 Groundwater

300. Springs. Springs could not be considered as an additional source for CKWD. The largest of the springs inventoried, the Morales Spring with discharge of 35 lps, is being used for irrigation purposes, while the other smaller springs are being used as water supply sources of the barangays not served by the CKWD.

301. Wells. Geo-resistivity survey results identified potential wellfields in the City of Koronadal. Medium to high resistive values which correspond to intercalation of limestone tuff, tuffaceous sandstone, tuffaceous sand and gravel and clay have been determined down to 80 - 150 meters in the alluvial deposits while in sedimentary formation it is down to about 100 meters.

302. Existing CKWD wells showed that medium to high capacity wells can be drilled and developed in the City of Koronadal. Within the proposed Tinungkop-Paraiso wellfield (Wellfield 1), located west of the City of Koronadal, the fictive flow across the 4 km width of the proposed well field is 139.2 lps (12,027 cumd). To the south of the city proper, in the proposed Sta. Cruz – San Isidro – Mambukal wellfield (Wellfield 2), the fictive flow across the 4 km of the proposed well field is also 139.2 lps (12,027 cumd). The total groundwater potential from sedimentary rocks aquifer system is estimated at 278.4 lps (24,054 cumd).

303. Within the existing and proposed Morales – Gen. P. Santos – Sto. Nino wellfield (Wellfield 3) located northwest to southeast of the City of Koronadal City, the fictive flow across the 4 km wellfield is 176 lps (15,206 cumd). From the proposed 2 km Carpenter Hill wellfield (Wellfield 4), the fictive flow is 88 lps (7,603 cumd) while from the 4 km Tampakan Poblacion,- Maltana - Kipalbig wellfield (Wellfield 5), the fictive flow is 176 lps (15,206 cumd). The total groundwater potential from the alluvial aquifer system is estimated at 440 lps (38,016 cumd).

304. The total groundwater potential from the sedimentary and alluvial aquifer systems is 718.4 lps (62,070 cumd). Subtracting the existing withdrawal of the CKWD wells of 92.78 lps (8,016 cumd), the net potential for additional withdrawal through new wells is estimated at 625.62 lps (54,054 cumd). Appendix 6-6 presents the calculation of groundwater potential.

305. Production wells parameters are as follows:

Wellfield No. 2 Wellfield No. 3 (Sta. Cruz Area) (G.P. Santos Area)

Well Depth (meter): 150 – 180 80 Casing Diameter (mm): 250 300x200 Expected Yield (lps): 15 - 20 25 – 30 (cumd) 1,296 - 1,728 2,160 – 2,5292 Expected Drawdown (m): 20 – 30 20 – 30

306. The preliminary well designs are shown in Figures 6-8A to 6-8B in Appendix 6.2. The wells are proposed to be drilled by rotary method.

307. The priority area for development is Wellfield No. 2 (Barangay Santa Cruz) where water quality test is better when compared with other proposed wellfields. Should the water quality from the wells yield turned out to be poor, treatment facility should be provided.

308. Down-the-hole logging must be performed to determine the permeable sections where stainless wirewound screens will be placed.

309. Sanitary seal of cement grouting on the annular space between the casing and the borehole should be provided to prevent contamination from surface pollutants. Likewise,


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water level sounding pipe shall be installed for aquifer and pump testing that maybe necessary during future well efficiency evaluation.

310. For proper well maintenance, installation of gravel fill pipe is recommended for the purpose of refilling the gravel pack shroud.

311. During construction of the well, it is important that qualified personnel is at the site to see to it that the above mentioned activities are properly observed and also evaluate well performance and determine aquifer characteristics during test pumping. It is equally important that an experienced well drilling firm be contracted for the job so that proper construction methods, techniques and the project's schedule can be met.

312. Simulation of the aquifer system using the aquifer parameters obtained from the newly drilled wells should be made to estimate and predict the maximum volume of groundwater that can be withdrawn without producing undesirable results.

313. Like any other commodity of limited supply, groundwater is a resource that must be carefully managed. A monitoring program for groundwater data must be initiated. All wells should have facilities for the measurement of the rate of production, water level and time of operation. These data should be recorded regularly on standard forms. Water samples for bacteriological and chemical analysis should be collected regularly to check on contamination and chemical content of the groundwater.

314. The data from the well monitoring program will provide the City of Koronadal Water District information on the condition of the aquifer, decline of regional water level and early warning on deterioration of water quality and pump performance. With the available data, problems like overpumping of aquifer and pollution of groundwater can be predicted.

315. Also, in compliance with regulations on proper groundwater use and management, Water Rights must be secured from the National Water Resources Board and other concerned agencies.

6.3 RECOMMENDED FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS OF POTENTIAL SOURCES

316. The absence of wells within the proposed wellfields covering Barangays Tinungkop and Paraiso to the west of the city proper, Barangays San Isidro, Carpenter Hills and Mambukal to the southeast of the city proper, and Barangays Poblacion, Maltana and Kipalbig in Tampakan makes it necessary to construct test wells or exploratory wells during the initial stage of the design phase of the subproject. Test well drilling will confirm the quantity and quality of available groundwater prior to finalization of the project detailed design in these areas. High iron and manganese concentrations will require treatment facilities.

317. An accurate geologic log can best be obtained through sampling during drilling of pilot hole. If the area as indicated from the geological composition, show potential for groundwater availability, the pilot hole should be enlarged to diameter suitable for a water yielding well. Geophysical logging of the test hole is also recommended to determine the exact locations of the well intake. Electric resistivity logging is especially common because it is easy and simple to conduct.

318. Based on the groundwater resources investigation and geo-resistivity survey carried out by LWUA in March 2008 and August 2008 for the CKWD, drilling and construction of exploratory/test wells in Barangays Tinungkop, Paraiso, San Isidro and Mambukal (Wellfields 1 and 2), Barangay Carpenter Hills (Wellfield 4) and Barangays Poblacion, Maltana and Kipalbig in Tampakan (Wellfield 5) can be undertaken as follows:


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Wellfields 1 and 2 Wellfields 4 Wellfield 5

Aquifer Type : Sedimentary Alluvial Pyroclastic/Alluvial Well Depth(meters) : 150 – 180 80 150 Well Diameter (mm) : 250 300x200 300x 200

Expected Yield (lps) : 15 - 20 25 – 30 25 – 30 (cumd) : 1,296 - 1,728 2,160 – 2,5292 2,160 – 2,5292

Expected Drawdown (m): 20 – 30 20 – 30 20 – 30

319. The preliminary well designs are shown in Figures 6-8A to 6-8C in Appendix 6.2. The wells are proposed to be drilled by rotary method.

320. The priority areas for well drilling are Wellfield 2 (Barangays Sta. Cruz, San Isidro and Mambukal) and Wellfield 3 (Barangays Morales, Gen. P. Santos and Sto. Nino). Should the water quality of the wells yield turn out to be poor, treatment facility/facilities are to be provided.

321. During exploratory drilling, it is important that qualified personnel are at the site to monitor and evaluate collected information. Results of pilot hole logging and description of drilling samples shall serve as basis for the course of action to be taken and preparation of the final well design.

322. Pumping test aimed at a quantitative evaluation of aquifer and well performance should also be conducted. Results of test pumping shall serve as basis for further groundwater development through wells.


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7 ANALYSIS OF OPTIONS AND ALTERNATIVES

7.1 WATER SUPPLY

323. In order to meet the projected water demand of the City of Koronadal Water District for the established design year 2025, the identified potential water sources will be evaluated on the principle of least-cost analysis. Alternative schemes will be developed and evaluated to ensure that the most economical and least cost alternative from the technical, social, environmental and financial parameters is selected.

324. However, a couple of events have transpired during the preparation of this feasibility study which produced a lot of constraints that forced the WDDSP Consultant to come out with only one alternative that ultimately becomes the recommended alternative. The said events are discussed below:

• LWUA has approved a loan amounting to PhP 75M that would finance a project for the improvement and expansion of the water supply system of CKWD.

To date, the existing service area of CKWD includes 9 barangays namely: Caloocan, Gen. Paulino Santos, Morales, Sta. Cruz, Sto. Nino, Zone I, Zone II, Zone III and Zone IV. Upon implementation of the proposed LWUA project, 2 additional adjacent barangays will be included to the existing service area, and these are Carpenter Hill and San Isidro. It is expected that CKWD will serve 12,000 projected service connections by year 2016.

The components of the LWUA project include development of additional well sources, provision for pumping and treatment facilities, installation of transmission and distribution pipelines and additional service connections.

The start of the construction is expected to commence in the 4th quarter of 2009, with the drilling of 4 new wells. Hence, the required as-built information is not available at this time.

• During consultations with CKWD through the LWUA Interim General Manager, it was agreed that the proposed components under WDDSP be located in the other parts of Caloocan and Carpenter Hill which are assumed to be not included in the LWUA project, and in the 3 additional barangays to be included under WDDSP—namely: Concepcion, Namnama and Sarabia—to avoid overlapping of scope of the 2 projects. Unfortunately, pertinent data, like the street map or topographic map of the said areas, are also not available. The institutional problem within CKWD that led to the takeover by LWUA of its operations may have contributed to the loss of useful data.

325. The recommended alternative will involve the parameters, components and assumptions described below.

326. Water Demand. The projected water demand as determined in the study shall be the basis for the design capacity of the various facilities. The projected water demand based on the average day, maximum day and peak-hour variations are presented in Table 7.1 ; the demand factors used are:

Maximum Day Demand = 1.25 x Average Day Demand Peak-Hour Demand = 2.00 x Average Day Demand


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Table 7.1: Water Demand Variations - CKWD

Year Average-Day Maximum-Day Peak-Hour

Demand Demand Demand m3/day L/s m 3/day L/s m 3/day L/s

2009 5,104.28 59.08 6,380.35 73.85 10,208.56 118.15

2010 5,548.10 64.21 6,935.12 80.27 11,096.20 128.43

2011 7,642.22 88.45 9,552.78 110.56 15,284.45 176.90

2012 8,082.73 93.55 10,103.41 116.94 16,165.46 187.10

2013 8,532.00 98.75 10,665.00 123.44 17,064.01 197.50

2014 11,059.46 128.00 13,824.32 160.00 22,118.92 256.01

2015 12,243.26 141.70 15,304.07 177.13 24,486.51 283.41

2016 12,597.70 145.81 15,747.13 182.26 25,195.40 291.61

2017 12,974.11 150.16 16,217.64 187.70 25,948.22 300.33

2018 13,373.70 154.79 16,717.12 193.49 26,747.39 309.58

2019 13,810.60 159.84 17,263.25 199.81 27,621.19 319.69

2020 14,258.24 165.03 17,822.80 206.28 28,516.48 330.05

2021 14,723.65 170.41 18,404.57 213.02 29,447.30 340.83

2022 15,219.11 176.15 19,023.88 220.18 30,438.21 352.29

2023 15,723.92 181.99 19,654.90 227.49 31,447.84 363.98

2024 16,284.61 188.48 20,355.76 235.60 32,569.22 376.96

2025 16,870.12 195.26 21,087.64 244.07 33,740.23 390.51

327. Water Sources. As discussed in Chapter 6 (Water Resources), there are no potential surface water or spring sources. Additional supply will come from 4 new wells located in the Carpenter Hill wellfield. Each new well has an expected yield of 20 lps and is assumed to produce water of good quality—that is, results of the necessary tests are within the PNSDW limits.

328. Treatment Facilities. The treatment facility considered is disinfection through chlorination.

329. Transmission and Distribution Facilities. Since there is no hydraulic analysis conducted in this study, the size of the transmission and distribution pipelines is assumed to vary from 50 mm Ø to 250 mm Ø and will be measured as a lump sum. The hydraulic analysis will be done during the detailed engineering design when all the relevant information is presumed available and the well sources are confirmed; at that time, the lump sum measurement of pipelines could be converted to unit price measurements according to diameter and length of the pipelines.

330. Storage Requirement. Storage facilities are constructed to meet variations in water demand, and emergency requirements. The size of the storage facility depends on the water source capacity and the required volume of the water for emergency purposes. In order to reduce capital cost, the fire fighting storage volume will not be considered in this study.

331. The most economical combination of storage volume requirement in relation to the supply rate/ capacity is evaluated based on the following scheme:


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• Minimum supply and maximum storage will be evaluated at a supply rate of maximum day demand and maximum storage requirement to meet the peak-hour demand.

• Intermediate supply and storage will be evaluated at a supply rate of intermediate demand and intermediate storage requirement to meet the peak-hour demand.

• Maximum supply and minimum storage will be evaluated to meet the peak-hour demand.

332. The storage volume for each supply rate is determined based on the population served and is calculated by the following parametric formula:

Operational Storage

F = Supply Rate MDD

Supply Duration Hrs.

1. Minimum Supply Rate: V1.0 = (0.224 - 0.0416 x log SP) x MDD

1.0

24

2. Intermediate Supply Rate: V1.1= (0.19 - 0.041 x log SP) x MDD V1.2 = (0.152 - 0.04 x log SP) x MDD V1.3 = (0.114 - 0.0359 x log SP) x MDD

1.1 1.2 1.3

22 20

18.5 3. Maximum Supply Rate: V1.6 = (0.082 - 0.036 x log SP) x MDD

1.6

16

Where: V F = Operational Storage in cum F = Subscript F is the ratio of Supply Rate over MDD MDD = Maximum-Day Demand in cumd SP = Served Population per 1,000.

333. Emergency Storage: An emergency storage (Vemergency) requirement to meet the demand in case of emergency, such as breakdown of major water supply facilities, in addition to operational storage, shall be included. The emergency storage shall be equivalent to at least 2 hours supply of maximum-day demand. The formula is as follows:

Vemergency = 1/12 x Maximum-Day Demand

334. Based on the above formulas, the required storage capacity would be computed as presented in Table 7.2. The water sources could only supply at minimum rate (maximum day demand); thus, a maximum operational storage plus the emergency requirement will be used for the recommended alternative.

Table 7.2: Required Storage Capacity - CKWD

Scheme Required Storage Capacity (cum) Existing Storage

Additional Volume

Operational Emergency Total (cum) (cum) Maximum Storage

3,000 1,800 4,800 800 4,000

335. Reservoir Location. It is ideal that storage tanks are located in high elevation to meet the hydraulic pressure requirement of the demand center. The recommended alternative considers the construction of the reservoir at Barangay Sarabia where there are many sites of high elevation that can be selected.


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7.2 SANITATION

336. In the selection of the appropriate system for treating septage, there were two steps used: (i) review of available technologies, and (ii) evaluation of short-listed alternatives. The first step reviewed all possible technologies (Table 7.3) and used the following criteria to determine alternatives:

• land availability and site conditions; • buffer zone requirements; • hauling distance; • fuel costs; • labour costs; • costs of disposal; • legal and regulatory requirements.

337. Based on the criteria, the PPTA short-listed the following treatment systems:

Alternative 1: Stabilization ponds Option 1: With settling tanks Option 2: Without settling tanks Alternative 2: Constructed wetlands

338. As a second step, another round of criteria was applied to select the best option, such as:

• Area required for the treatment process • Capital costs of the treatment facilities • Operation & maintenance costs • System robustness and flexibility (fluctuations in the quantity and quality of

septage) • Long term design criteria and data available • Treatment efficiency • Ease of construction (experience of local contractors) • Ease in O&M (skill of staff, time input of staff) • Energy requirements of treatment process • Usability of by-products • Environmental and health implications

339. Weighing all the advantages over the disadvantages, Alternative 1 Option 2 was selected by the PPTA as the best alternative to be used in project areas.


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Table 7.3: Review of Available Septage Treatment Technologies

Treatment Type Advantages Disadvantages Remarks

Aquatic Systems

Stabilization Ponds

Low capital cost Moderate O&M costs Low technical manpower requirement

Requires large area of land May produce undesirable odors

Suitable for the Project

Aerated Lagoons

Requires less land than Stabilization Ponds Produces few undesirable odors

Requires mechanical devices and permanent electricity Needs trained O&M staff

Not recommendable

Constructed Wetlands

Efficient treatment of TSS & bacteria Minimal capital and O&M cost

Remains largely experimental Requires regular harvesting

Suitable for the Project

Terrestrial Systems

Septic Tanks Can be used individually or communal Easy to operate

Low treatment efficiency Needs maintenance and disposal of sludge

Needs a further rehabilitation program

Sludge Drying Beds Low investment cost and little land requirement

High operation costs

Needs regular operation Not very efficient during rainy season

During dry season suitable; during the rainy season less efficient

Landfill Low capital cost Needs suitable dumping area Risky for the environment

Not recommendable

Mechanical Systems

Filtration Systems Needs little land; easy to operate;

Mechanical devices needed

Maintenance required

Not recommendable for the Project

Biological Reactors Highly efficient; requires little land; suitable for medium communities and urban centers

High cost; complex technology, requires highly skilled operators; needs energy; needs much maintenance

Unsuitable for the Project

Activated Sludge Highly efficient; requires little land; suitable for medium communities and urban centers

High cost; complex technology, requires highly skilled operators; needs energy; needs much maintenance

Unsuitable for the Project


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8 RECOMMENDED PLAN - WATER SUPPLY

8.1 RATIONALE FOR SUBPROJECT

340. There is a need to increase water production since Koronadal City is planned to become the regional center for Region 12 until 2010 (transfer of regional offices from other provinces, and associated in-migration).

341. This subproject aims to improve the water supply system of CKWD in order to meet the projected water demand for the design year 2025, both in the existing and proposed service areas.

8.2 RECOMMENDED PLAN

342. The Recommended Plan is based on the Recommended Alternative as described in Chapter 7 (Alternative Analysis). Details of the proposed facilities to be implemented to meet the projected water demand for the design year 2025 are discussed in this Chapter.

343. The Recommended Plan includes the development of new source facilities, construction of new pumping facilities, provision of new treatment facilities, installation of new transmission and distribution pipelines, construction of a new storage tank and provision of new service connections.

344. The scope of work covered by the recommended plan is as follows:

1. Construction of four (4) new wells located in the Carpenter Hill wellfield. 2. Construction of four (4) new well pump stations. 3. Provision of a hypochlorinator for each pump station. 4. Installation of new transmission and distribution pipelines. 5. Construction of 2,200 cum. concrete ground reservoir at Brgy. Sarabia. 6. Installation of 1,000 sets of new service connections. 7. Procurement of operational systems and equipment (NRW). 8. Land acquisition for the new well sites and reservoir site.

345. Refer to Figure 8.1 for the schematic diagram of the proposed improvements. The description of the proposed improvements follows.


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Figure 8.1: Schematic of Proposed Water Supply Improvements - CKWD


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8.2.1 Source Facilities

346. The projected maximum day demand of CKWD for the year 2025 is 244.07 lps and it will be supplied by the following:

a) Utilization of the nine (9) existing wells which could deliver a total capacity of about 166.85 lps. Four of these wells are under the LWUA-funded project, having an assumed capacity of 20 lps per well for a total of 80 lps.

b) Construction of four (4) new wells at the Carpenter Hill wellfield which is expected to yield a total of 80 lps. The design parameters of the wells are:

Well No.1 Well No.2 Well No.3 Well No.4 Total Depth 120 m 120 m 120 m 120 m Borehole Diameter 400 mm 400 mm 400 mm 400 mm Casing Diameter 250 mm 250 mm 250 mm 250 mm Screen Diameter 250 mm 250 mm 250 mm 250 mm Expected Yield 20 lps 20 lps 20 lps 20 lps

8.2.2 Pumping Facilities

347. Four (4) new well pump stations will be constructed that will consist of a pump house and security fence. Each pump station will be equipped with a 30 HP submersible pump, motor and accessories, including the motor control, capable of producing 20 lps. All pump stations shall be provided with discharge pipe assembly that includes the production meter. Each pump station shall be energized by providing 3 units 25 KVA distribution transformers, 3-phase power line extension and demand (KWH) meter. Each pump station shall also be equipped with 80 KVA diesel generator set for standby power.

8.2.3 Treatment Facilities

348. The four (4) new well pump stations will be provided with a hypochlorinator to disinfect the water being withdrawn from the new sources.

8.2.4 Transmission and Distribution Facilities

349. Transmission and distribution pipelines will be installed in Brgys. Caloocan, Carpenter Hill, Concepcion, Namnama and Sarabia, with sizes ranging from 50 mm Ø to 250 mm Ø. This item of work is assumed a lump sum item, and the cost represents approximately 40% of the basic construction cost.

8.2.5 Storage Facilities

350. Since the emergency volume requirement seldom occurs simultaneously with the operational volume requirement, and in order to reduce capital cost, the larger of the two volumes will be used to satisfy both requirements. The operational volume requirement which is larger than the emergency volume requirement is calculated to have a capacity of 3,000 cum, as indicated in Table 7.2 of Chapter 7. The existing 800 cu.m. concrete ground reservoir at Brgy. Zone IV will be retained. Therefore, an additional 2,200 cum concrete ground reservoir will be constructed at Brgy. Sarabia.


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8.2.6 Service Connections

351. A total of 1,000 new service connections will be financed by the Project and will be installed during the construction period. The cost does not include the water meter, which will be supplied by the water district.

8.2.7 NRW Reduction Activity

352. Funds will be provided to purchase operational systems and equipment designed to manage and control NRW. The cost is categorized as a capital expense. The cost requirements are enumerated in Table 8.1 .

353. The complete details of the NRW Reduction Program showing the strategies, benefits, water savings/recovery and payback periods against investments are contained in Appendix 8.

Table 8.1: Proposed Non Revenue Water Measures - CKWD

Description Qty

Leak Detection/ Pipe Location Equipment

Leak Noise Correlator 1

Electronic Listening Sticks 3

Noise Loggers 3

Pipe Location Equipment- All Materials 2

Data Logging Equipment

Dual Flow & Pressure Loggers 10

Pressure Loggers 20

Hardware Purchase-computer 2

GIS

Software Purchase 1

Hardware Purchase-Computers 1

Hydraulic Modeling

Software- Epanet Freeware 1

Hardware Purchase-Computers 1

Model Building 1

8.2.8 Total Project Cost

354. The cost estimate was based on the 2009 In-Place Cost of Waterworks Materials and Facilities of LWUA and on submitted quotations from suppliers.

355. The total project cost is estimated to be PhP 157,081,064.93, as presented in Table 8.2.


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Table 8.2: Estimate of Water Supply Capital Cost - CKWD


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8.2.9 Operation and Maintenance Cost

356. The annual Operation and Maintenance costs from the Year 2009 to 2025 include manpower, power, chemical, maintenance and miscellaneous costs, which are shown in Table 8.3.

Table 8.3: Annual Water Supply Operation and Maintenance Cost - CKWD

Assumptions:

1. Compensation package per employee = P 12,523.20 per month. No. of connection/employee= 120.

2. Power Cost estimated at P1.82/ cum of water produced.

3. Chemical Cost estimated at P0.13/ cum of water produced.

4. Maintenance Cost for the Facilities estimated at P129.82/connection.

5. Miscellaneous Cost estimated at P1,191.62/connection.

8.2.10 System Operation and Maintenance

357. The existing and proposed barangays included in the service area will be served by one integrated water supply system. The system will utilize groundwater through the existing and proposed wells.

358. The total supply from the well sources would be enough to meet the average and maximum day demands of the system. The peak hour demand would be adequately met by supply coming from the existing 800 cum. concrete ground reservoir and from the proposed 2,200 cum. concrete ground reservoir; both reservoirs will operate on a floating on the line scheme. During minimum demand, however, not all well sources will be utilized, to minimize excessive pressure build-up within the distribution system. Water will be disinfected prior to distribution to the system.

359. The system will be maintained by performing pump testing, conducting system pressure measurements, flushing of pipelines, doing valve exercises, cleaning of reservoirs and undertaking physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis of the water being supplied to the consumers.


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8.3 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

360. The subproject is scheduled to start in July 2011 with the procurement of NRW operational system and equipment. Then, well drilling follows after this activity. After confirmation of the wells of their quality, quantity and location, the detailed engineering design will commence. The construction of civil works will start after the detailed engineering design. The subproject is targeted to be completed in December 2013. Figure 8.2 shows the implementation schedule.

Figure 8.2: Water Supply Implementation Schedule - CKWD

8.4 PROCUREMENT PACKAGING

361. It is convenient and advantageous to procure a main contractor to undertake all the activities under a Design-Build scheme. However, for the well drilling activity, the main contractor is supposed to have an approved drilling sub-contractor.


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9 RECOMMENDED PLAN – SANITATION

362. For the preparation of the DFR it was assumed that sanitation works would be financed under a grant from AusAID, subject to confirmation. However, during the tripartite meeting for the DFR held on 16 February 2010, ADB informed that AusAID had changed their investment priorities, and grant funds were no longer available for sanitation.

363. On 4 March 2010, CKWD were consulted in this new light, to determine whether they were interested if sanitation was financed from the loan or from their own funds. For the Final Report, it was agreed that the sanitation component for CKWD will be deleted from the proposal; the Final Report will only cover the water supply component. The IGM will relay this latest development to the Board members.

364. The sanitation component as originally designed (in the DFR) is included in Supplementary Appendix F for reference.


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10 ASSESSMENT OF WATER DISTRICT CAPABILITY

365. This chapter provides an assessment of the WD capability, not only in implementing the project, but also in managing the system.

10.1 WATER DISTRICT HISTORY

366. The Koronadal City Water District provides water service to the population of the City of Koronadal in the Province of Cotabato. The water supply system was originally constructed in 1967 by the Bureau of Public Works. A deepwell located at the back of the Municipal Building was the original water source and a reservoir was also located in the same place.

367. In December 1, 1980, Mayor Ishmael “Mike” Sueno and the Sangguniang Bayan of the City of Koronadal passed Resolution No. 92 creating the Koronadal Water District. Then in July 1981, the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA) issued Conditional Certificate of Conformance No.156 thus allowing the KWD to acquire ownership and management of the water supply system in accordance with PD198.

368. KWD started with about 300 household connections, 3 employees, and covered only the Poblacion area. Then from 1986 to 2000, the Water District expanded its facilities and services. In 1990, KWD obtained a grant for the driling of an exploratory well at the compiund of Magsaysay Memorial College at Barrio 2, approximately 2.5 km from the exsiting service area. In 1993, a comprehensive Level III expansion project took off and it included, among others, the construction of a pumphouse and the installation of water treatment facilities in Magsaysay Compound. In 1998, an 800 m³ concrete ground reservoir was constructed at the Estember Subdivision and transmission lines were laid and the service area was expanded enabling the increase of registered water service connections from several hundreds to thousands.

369. In 2001, the Water District was upgraded from Small Category to Average Category when its customer base exceeded 3,000 connections. In July 2002, a second well was commissioned at Forro Subdivision to meet the increasing demand for water in the City. In December 2005, a third well was commissioned in Barangay Morales.

370. In March 6, 2007, however, LWUA took over the management of KWD in response to institutional problems within the Water District which adversely affected its operation and, up to the time of this writing, the WD is still under the management of LWUA.

371. The name Koronadal Water District was finally changed to City of Koronadal Water District through Interim Board of Directors (IBOD) Resolution No. 23, Series of 2008. The WD increased its registered connections to 6,974 by 2008 and is in the process of being upgraded to Medium Category by LWUA.

10.2 TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY

372. The institutional problems within the Water District severely affected its ability to operate requiring the LWUA to take over its operations under an Interim Basis. The LWUA had to exercise its administrative powers and issue BOT Resolution No. 16 series of 2006 in order to stem further deterioration of the internal problems of the WD and restore order which it did in less than one year.


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10.2.1 Debt Servicing

373. The WD had always been up-to-date in its debt servicing to LWUA but a more detailed discussion is seen in the chapter on the Financial Assessment of the Water District.

10.2.2 Performance Parameters

374. Table 10.1 summarizes the performance of the WD along certain performance parameters.

375. As can be expected, very little or no data is available for the years 2004 to 2007. Only the latest available information, i.e. 2008, can be used for comparison with the latest available information for LWUA Industry Averages for “Average” Category water districts. From the table, it can be seen that CKWD surpassed the 2007 industry averages in all parameters, i.e. production efficiency, profitability, collection effort, personnel management, cost control, and marketing effort.

376. The only available information for 2004 is for profitability and cost control which for this WD do not show healthy pictures. But, since the takeover of LWUA in the interim, the financial well-being of the City of Koronadal Water District has greatly improved.

Table 10.1: Performance Parameters - CKWD

Parameters 05 2004 20085 2007 Actual Industry

Average Actual Industry

Average NRW No data 33.0% 12.2% 24.0% Ave Collection Period No data 37 days 39 days 44 days Connections/Staff No data 119 104 160 Net Income /Operating Revenues

10.0% 15%

43.44%

9.0%

Operating Ratio 90.0% 73.0% 60% 79.0% No. of connections No data 3,239 6,974 3,612

Source: WD Monthly Data Sheet (MDS) & Financial Statements.

10.2.3 “New Technology” Adopted

377. The WD presently uses traditional methods in its operations. Only the billing system is computerized. A Hydraulic Model is being prepared by LWUA for water districts and this will be used also by the CKWD.

10.2.4 NRW Reduction Program

378. The WD is aware of the need to control NRW and is taking proactive steps to ensure that the production metering and customer metering are both accurate. It is believed that with the present NRW level, it is not necessary to invest in NRW reduction at this time and use the money for system expansion instead. All NRW related activities are done in-house by CKWD staff. Illegal use of water is not also considered as a serious problem.

5 The LWUA Water Industry Average for 2008 is still being prepared.


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Table 10.2: NRW Reduction Activities- CKWD

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Illegal connections Detected

No data

No data

No data

No data

18

Pipeline Leaks repaired

No data

No data

No data

No data

40

Connection Leaks repaired

No data

No data

No data

No data

1,560

Source: City of Koronadal Water District.

10.2.5 Service Coverage

379. As of 2008, the WD had a total of 5,598 active service connections covering 9 out of 27 barangays. It is estimated that only 41% of the existing service area population has direct access to WD-piped network.

10.3 INSTITUTIONAL FEASIBILITY

10.3.1 Relationship with LGU

380. Although the WD has many stakeholders, it is the LGU relationship which is most critical to its sustainability. The WD always had a close working relationship with the City government including the period when the WD was experiencing internal problems. Considering the amount of investments the WD will require to expand its service coverage, support of the LGU will be critical in the face of the expected number of diggings which will be done on the City’s streets.

10.3.2 Relationship with LWUA

381. The relationship between the CKWD and the LWUA cannot be any better. The General Manager and the Board of Directors are interim officers who are appointed by LWUA. LWUA’s assistance or intervention in resolving operational problems can almost be assured. A loan from LWUA amounting to PhP75M will be given; but, with an equity portion of PhP20M from the CKWD, the net loan amount will be PhP55M. This will be made available in short order.

10.3.3 Structure and Staff

382. The organizational structure for the CKWD had been approved by the DBM (Department of Budget and Management) and follows the recommended structure for “Average” water districts. There are 37 plantilla positions approved by the Department for Budget and Management (DBM) but only 18 positions are filled. There are 38 “Job Orders” who are relied upon to take up the slack. But, those who are manning present plantilla positions are qualified and have been with the WD for several years.

10.3.4 Systems

383. The Water District is managed well. There is a daily cash position report and there is monthly reconciliation of accounts between the Accounting Department and the Cashier. There is no need for collectors because customers pay at the WD office. LWUA installed a


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billing system and all water bills are computer generated. There are 2 Meter Readers who manually record meter readings, issue the bills 2 days after the books are read, and monitor the area for illegal connections and whether disconnected services have been illegally reopened. The bills are due 15 days after these have been issued to the customer. Abnormal readings are monitored by office staff. In all, the WD has 20 billing zones.

384. However, meter readings are written manually which are prone to error especially when meters are read under adverse climatic conditions and/or when “catch-up” readings are necessary to make up for absences. It is understandable that, for the sake of economy, much responsibility must be placed on the shoulders of all employees, such as the meter readers. But, at this stage of the WD’s existence, especially when service coverage and the number of customers are expected to expand quickly, upgrading of equipment and introduction of control mechanisms must be given serious thought.

385. All other operational activities, i.e. leak detection, leak repair, meter replacement, disconnections, new connections, etc., are carried out in-house by the CKWD staff. Visible leaks are repaired by the maintenance team. Mainlines are relatively new so non-surface leaks are still not a cause for concern. All customer connections are metered and CKWD has the capability of refurbishing meters with new inserts. Brass meters are now being replaced by plastic-bodied meters due to the prevalence of theft. Meters are being replaced in the order of 20 per month and all meters are programmed to be replaced every 5 to 7 years.

386. One-time late payment penalties of 10% are imposed (which is a standard imposition by all water districts) and customers who fail to settle their accounts after 60 days are temporarily disconnected, i.e. at the meter vertical. If after 3 weeks, no payment is still forthcoming, the WD disconnects at the tapping point or mainline. The Water District wants to reduce this grace period to one month but it must first solve the issue of delinquency in payments. About 40% of customers are delinquent at any one time and about 20% are disconnected or threatened with disconnection. Perhaps, a survey to determine causes of delinquency can be conducted so that certain measures to reduce, at least, involuntary delinquency can be made.

387. New water connections are also done in-house. There is an application fee of PhP1,800.00 which covers the cost of the water meter. The customer pays for all associated costs. There is no need for an excavation permit for soil or gravel roads but the WD must apply for an excavation permit for concrete and asphalt roads, also at the expense of the applicant.

388. A “Promo” Program has been instituted where applicants for new connections pay 50% upon filing the application with the balance payable over 6 months and is included in the monthly bill. Under normal circumstances, the WD receives 30 applications a month. With the “Promo”, 100 applications a month have been received. The number of connections targeted for this Program is 1,200 new connections up to the end of 2009. As of July 31, 2009, 550 connections have already been processed.

389. Presently, the laying of 5.0 kilometers of 2-inch diameter mains is being planned; this will increase the present number of services by another 1,000 connections.


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10.4 SUBPROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

10.4.1 LWUA Proposed Project

390. LWUA has approved a Php75M loan to the WD for the expansion of its water supply service to the City proper. This loan will cover the laying of transmission and distribution mains including their components, pumping facilities, treatment facilities using gas chlorinators, and additional service connections. The WD will construct 4 more wells with a total capacity of around 80 liters/second as its equity.

391. Since the WD has been adjudged by LWUA as a capable WD, this project will be implemented by Administration. LWUA will manage this project together with the Construction Division of the WD. The LWUA resident engineer will have a supervision role while the Construction Division will handle the day-to-day activities of the project including hiring of construction inspectors and workers, securing of permits and activity scheduling.

10.4.2 Proposed Set-up for ADB Subproject Implementation

392. The proposed overall project organization management structure is shown on Figure 10.1.

393. A Water District Implementing Unit (WDIU) within QMWD will act as the central coordinating body for subproject implementation, and be headed by the Construction Division Manager or a senior professional within WD ranks.

394. The ADB subproject will be tendered to get contractors responsible for both civil works6 and materials. Another implementation scheme would be the design-build scheme.

395. With contractors, the LWUA will either assign a resident engineer or an account officer with the WD Construction Division doing most of the construction supervisory activities.

6 Well drilling works will be tendered separately.


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Figure 10.1: Project Management Organization Structure

Direction, reporting, supervisionCoordinationCapacity building

Source: PPTA Consultant

National Level Steering

Committee

Local Water Utilities Administration

(Executing Agency)

Project Management Unit

(PMU)Project Management and Advisory Consultants:- Project management- Detailed engineering design and supervision

- Preparation of contract documents

- Assistance with bidding procedures

- Construction supervision- Preparation of resettlement plans

Contractors for Water Supply Component

Ministry of Health

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

Institutional Development and Capacity Building

Consultants

Water District Implementation Units

(WDIUs)


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11 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

396. The financial analysis is done in three levels: (i) an examination of the historical and existing financial performance of the City of Koronadal Water District (CKWD); (ii) an evaluation of the feasibility of the proposed subproject under WDSSP; and (iii) an evaluation of the financial sustainability taking into account the impact of the proposed subproject to the future operation of the CKWD. The analysis presents the results of such evaluation and recommends options for cost recovery and financial sustainability.

11.1 HISTORICAL AND EXISTING FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE (2004-2008)

397. The approach and methodology used in the assessment includes (i) an analysis of historical trends in absolute values as well as in percentages, and (ii) ratio analysis. The study period covers 2004, 2005 and 2008 utilizing audited financial reports for 2004 to 2005 and the WD’s internal annual reports for 2007 and 2008. It examines CKWD financial state through a review of its income statements, balance sheets and cash flow statements, and existing loan obligations. Available secondary data such as the monthly data sheets were also used as reference for some discussions.

398. The financial statements and other pertinent documents for 2006 were not available due to the management conflict that beset the CKWD at the onset of 2007. As a consequence, collection from water sales were undertaken by two opposing groups and record keeping activities and the books of accounts were also affected and disrupted. Likewise, documents were mishandled which prompted LWUA to takeover the WD’s management in September 2007. At present, the District is still under the direction of the LWUA Interim Board.

11.1.1 Revenues and Expenses

399. Revenues. The CKWD derives 94% of its revenues from water sales and the remaining 6% from other water revenues such as service income, fines and penalties, interest income and miscellaneous income.

400. The sharp decline of revenues in 2007 was due to the disruption of activities during the year, as aforementioned, and that the normal activities of the water district were reinstated only by the last quarter of 2007. The interim management had to reconstruct the WD’s accounts and established balances and collection activities almost at the tail end of 2007. With the interim management and the restoration of normal activities in the district in 2008, the WD posted a very remarkable performance despite the adversities. The CKWD revenue base increased by as much as 65% in a span of fours years, that is from Php 17 million in 2004 to Php 28 million in 2008. Table 11.1 summarizes the CKWD revenues from its operations.

401. Water Sales are based on water tariff which was last revised on February 2006. Details of the water tariff are shown in Table 11.2 .

Table 11.1: CKWD Operating Revenues, 2004-2008 (Php)

Year 1 Operating Revenues Increase (Decrease) 2004 17,854,922 2005 19,680,367 10% 2007 5,271,997 (73%) 2008 28,755,629 445%

Average 127% Note: 1 Financial records for year 2006 are not available.


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Table 11.2: CKWD Water Tariff (Php)

Classification Minimum Charge

Commodity Charge (Php/cu.m) 11-20 cu.m.

21-30 cu.m

31-40 cu.m

41-50 cu.m.

Domestic/Government 119.30 14.60 17.30 20.05 22.85 Commercial/Industrial 238.60 29.20 34.60 40.10 45.70 Bulk/Wholesale 357.90 43.80 51.90 60.15 68.55

402. For 2009, target operating revenues is at Php 34 million which is 18% increase over last year’s Php 28 million revenues. The WD targets an additional 1,157 service connection for 2009 increasing the 5,532 active connections to 6,699. The WD will strengthen its collection drive to attain higher collection efficiency rate from the present 60% to the targeted 90% in 2009.

403. Operating Expenses. The operating expenses (OPEX) increased from Php 17 million in 2004 to Php 18 million in 2008. OPEX has generally been maintained at this level which translated to profitability from operations for CKWD in recent years. The OPEX for 2007 registered only at Php 2.2 million due to abnormal operations and due to missing financial records. Table 11.3 presents the CKWD’s operating expenses for the last four years.

404. OPEX comprises (i) personnel services (PS) (ii) maintenance and other operating expenses (MOOE) and (iii) interest and other debt service charges. PS include salaries and wages, bonuses, allowances, additional compensation and benefits, clothing allowances and contributions to various government agencies. PS share an average of 46% of the total OPEX and were generally maintained at the same level from 2004 to 2008.

405. The MOOE which includes other services, utilities, supplies, materials, bad debts and depreciation, constituted almost half of the portion of the total operating expenses. On the average from 2004 to 2008, MOOE share was almost 45% of the total expenses.

406. Interest and other financing charges registered at 10% of the total operating expenses, which averaged at around Php 1.75 million per year.

407. For 2009, expenses are expected to increase by 50% from Php 18.9 million to Php 28.3 million including interest and financing charges. The increase is primarily due to the provision for a 30% basic pay increase effective July 2009, and the possible hiring of additional seven employees in April 2009. There is also a provision for the payment of franchise tax and increase in the general transmission and distribution expenses by 73%.

Table 11.3: CKWD Operating Expenses (Php’000)

Expenses 2004 % 2005 % 2007 % 2008 % Personnel Services

8,135 47% 9,168 47% 592 26% 8,101 43%

MOOE 7,341 43% 8,272 43% 1,660 74% 9,132 48% Financial Charges

1,671 10% 1,883 10% - - 1,714 9%

Total OPEX 17,148 100% 19,324 100% 2,252 100% 18,947 100%

408. Net Operating Revenues. The CKWD profitability showed a rising trend from 2004 up to the present. From a net income of Php .707 million in 2004, the water district posted a high of Php 9.80 million in 2008 (Table 11.4) . The district was able to earn thirteen times more than what it earned in the past four years. From a 4% net profit margin in 2004, the


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district was able to strengthen its revenue base while maintaining the same level of cost in most recent years, increasing the net profit margin to 34% in 2008.

Table 11.4: CKWD Net Income (Php’000), 2004-2008

Year Operating Revenues % Operating Expenses % Net Income %

2004 17,855 100% 17,148 96% 707 4%

2005 19,680 100% 19,324 98% 357 2%

2007 5,272 100% 2,252 43% 3,020 57%

2008 28.755 100% 18,947 66% 9,809 34%

409. For 2009, net income is expected to decline by 42% or from Php 9.8 million to Php 5.7 million, as a result of the 50% foreseen increase in operating expenses. Table 11.5 presents the results of the CKWD operations for the years 2004 to 2008.

Table 11.5: Income Statement 2004-2008 (Php) - CKWD

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Operating Revenues

Water Sales 17,642,471.00 17,606,588.00 0.00 5,038,567.70 26,962,884.53 Domestic Institutional CommercialOther Operating Revenues 212,451.00 2,073,779.00 0.00 233,429.68 1,792,744.24 Total Operating Revenues 17,854,922.00 19,680,367.00 0.00 5,271,997.38 28,755,628.77

Operating ExpensesPayroll 8,135,861.00 9,168,118.00 591,701.42 8,101,365.12Power Cost 105,783.52 2,992,267.36Chemicals 224,107.50Maintenance 459,760.36 726,711.89Other O&M 7,340,783.00 8,272,165.00 1,094,679.57 4,822,033.92Franchise Tax 101,485.59Bad DebtsDepreciation 265,064.18 Total Operating Expenses 15,476,644.00 17,440,283.00 0.00 2,251,924.87 17,233,035.56

Net Operating Income 2,378,278.00 2,240,084.00 0.00 3,020,072.51 11,522,593.21Less: Interest Expense 1,671,207.00 1,883,246.00 0.00 0.00 1,714,071.82

Net Income 707,071.00 356,838.00 0.00 3,020,072.51 9,808,521.39

11.1.2 Cash Flow

410. The CKWD cash flow comes from (1) operating activities, (ii) investing activities, and (iii) financing activities. Cash flow from operating activities includes receipts from water sales and other operating income while disbursements include payment of operating expenses including salaries and remittances to government agencies. Cash inflow from investing activities includes interest income from investments and bank deposits while cash outflow pertains to additions and improvement of property, plant and equipment. Cash flow from financing activities is composed of loan proceeds and debt servicing.

411. The CKWD operations for the last 5 years resulted in an improved cash position, with significant increases in 2008, due to improved collection performance. The total cash inflow from operating activities is at Php 24 million, while proceeds from loan borrowings are at Php 2.88 million. The water district, under the interim management, is exerting efforts to improve its collection performance to compensate for lost revenues brought about by the disruption of management activities. Cash was generally expended for payroll, debt servicing, and capital


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expenditures. The net cash flow for 2008 is Php 3.875 million, while the ending cash balance registered at Php 4.5 million.

412. Table 11.6 presents the CKWD cash flow statement from 2005 to 2008. Cash flow statement for 2006 was not available since the water district still needs to reconstruct the accounts, while the 2007 cash position reflects only the last four months’ operation of the water district (September to December).

413. The CKWD aims to increase collection from water sales, penalties and other charges to Php 36 million in 2009 or a 50% increase from last year. Cash will be expended for debt servicing and capex amounting to Php 6 million and Php 6.5 million, respectively.

Table 11.6: Cash Flow Statements, 2005-2008 (Php) - CKWD

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008Sources of Cash

Collection of Revenues - CY 18,181,481.00 0.00 3,369,537.95 22,778,780.39Collection of Receivables - PY (net of bad debt)Other Receipts 1,821,938.00 0.00 330,194.93 1,812,521.39Grant FundsProceeds of Loan 2,888,945.00 Total Sources of Cash 20,003,419.00 0.00 3,699,732.88 27,480,246.78

Uses of CashCapital ExpendituresEquity Project Investment 12,489,600.00 0.00 48,425.00 3,586,259.28 Other Capex/Payables 15,532,191.00 1,404,979.97 11,899,669.62 Debt Service- Existing Loans 570,937.00 Proposed Loan FOREX Commitment Charges 1,861,228.00 62,400.00 Total Debt Service O & M Expenses and Working Capital 1,222,400.52 8,056,667.45 Reserves Franchise Tax Corporate Income Tax Total Uses of Cash 30,453,956.00 0.00 2,675,805.49 23,604,996.35

Increase(Decrease) in Cash -10,450,537.00 0.00 1,023,927.39 3,875,250.43Add: Cash Balance, Beg. 10,709,236.00 10,291,932.00 632,400.95Cash Balance, End. 258,699.00 0.00 11,315,859.39 4,507,651.38

11.1.3 Outstanding Obligations

414. CKWD has an outstanding Php 19.6 million loan from LWUA. These loans are composed of four regular loans and one soft loan with interest rates ranging from 7.5% to 14.5% and payable between 5 to 26 years. The most recent loan was availed in 2008 amounting to Php 5 million at 7.5% payable in 10 years. Table 11.7 presents details of CKWD existing loans to LWUA.


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Table 11.7 CKWD Outstanding Loans

Balance as of Dec. 31, 2008

(PhP)

Remaining Amortization

Period

LWUA Loan 4-2509 SL 5,000,000.00 7.50% 10 years 2008 5,000,000.00 10 years

LWUA Loan 4-2379 RL 1,000,000.00 12.50% 5 years 2007 1,000,000.00 5 years

LWUA Loan 4-1894 RL 2,681,000.00 14.50% 7 years 2003 653,114.00 2 years

LWUA Loan 3-786 RL 5,832,000.00 12.50% 26 years 1997 4,585,482.00 18 years

LWUA Loan 3-476 RL 15,210,000.00 8.5% - 12.5% 26 years 1995 10,412,897.00 15 years

Status of Loan

Loan NumberAmount of Loan (PhP)

Interest RateRepayment

PeriodDate

Approved

11.1.4 Assets

415. The CKWD fixed assets comprise almost 52% of total assets leaving 48% to current assets. Cash and accounts receivables are about 40% of current assets or 20% of total assets and the remaining 60% of the accounts are for inventories, investments and prepayments. The water district’s total assets increased significantly by 25% from 2004 to 2008. The CKWD total assets increased by Php 12 million in a span of five years, notwithstanding abnormal operations in 2006 and 2007 (Table 11.8) .

416. Total accounts receivable (AR) grew by as much as 125% in a span of 5 years or an average growth rate of 25% per year. This is primarily due to the rise in revenues brought about by the implementation of new tariffs in 2006 and can also be attributed to efficiency in management by the LWUA Interim General Manager. The highest rate of increase was recorded in 2008 at 30%.

417. As of December 31, 2008, total AR amounted to Php 6.5 million net of allowance for bad debts. Per aging schedule provided by the CKWD, 78% of the AR are past due, 31% of which represents collectibles beyond four months. There is also a discrepancy of about Php 0.200 million between the balance sheet figures and the aging schedule. Please see Table 11.9 for the breakdown.

Table 11.8: Assets, 2004-2008 (Php) - CKWD

ASSETS 2004 2005 2007 2008

Fixed Assets Fixed Assets in Operation 39,159,199.00 48,049,184.00 28,349,853.00 32,094,717.57 Less: Accum. Depreciation 7,126,507.00 7,243,984.00 2,875,049.00 3,140,113.18 Net Fixed Assets in Operation 32,032,692.00 40,805,200.00 25,474,804.00 28,954,604.39 Add: Work-in-Progress 320,415.00 7,616,037.00 1,529,161.00 1,529,161.00 Total Fixed Assets 32,353,107.00 48,421,237.00 27,003,965.00 30,483,765.39Current Assets Cash 10,709,236.00 258,699.00 11,315,859.39 4,507,651.38 Accounts Receivable 2,882,620.00 2,706,599.00 4,966,871.98 6,883,740.79 Inventory 931,360.00 304,536.00 2,715,237.70 1,314,467.00 Other Current Assets 0.00 44,774.00 12,000.00 15,233,344.86Total Current Assets 14,523,216.00 3,314,608.00 19,009,969.07 27,939,204.03 ReservesTOTAL ASSETS 46,876,323.00 51,735,845.00 46,013,934.07 58,422,969.42


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Table 11.9: Aging of Accounts Receivable, December 2008 - CKWD

Age Amount % Current 1,372,788 22% 16 – 30 days 447,980 7% 31 – 60 days 982,390 16% 61 – 90 days 804,506 13% 91 – 120 days 733,676 12% Over 120 days 1,964,975 31% Total 6,306,315 100% Per Balance Sheet (2008) 6,499,025 Difference (192,710)

418. Allowance for bad debts is at 5% to total AR based on the 2005 Auditor’s report. However, no provision for bad debts was made for the years 2007 and 2008 since the district is in the process of reconstructing its accounts. Per verification with CKWD, there is no existing policy as to the provision for bad debts, but management is planning to recommend a 1% provision for current year’s AR and 8% for prior year’s AR.

11.1.5 Liabilities

419. In 2008, total current liabilities comprise about 11% of the total liabilities and equity, while long-term loans registered at 34%. Total equity represents 52%, while total debt is at 94% of total equity. The CKWD has kept its debt servicing in current status thus long term loans have been declining.

Table 11.10: Liabilities and Equity, 2004-2008 (Php) - CKWD

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY 2004 2005 2007 2008Current Liabilities

Accounts Payable 230,463.00 4,573,034.00 1,526,799.56 3,465,974.62 Customers' Deposits 91,185.00 91,185.00 Current Maturities 2,544,859.00 2,544,859.00 Other Liabilities 134,353.00 308,063.00 39,057.00 260,738.19 Total Current Liabilities 364,816.00 4,881,097.00 4,201,900.56 6,362,756.81

Long-Term Debts (LTD) Loans Payable 21,263,204.00 20,692,267.00 16,756,179.00 19,620,124.00

Deferred Accounts 2,273,400.00 2,273,400.00Equity

WD Contribution 380,419.00 380,419.00 380,419.00 380,419.00 Other Paid-in Capital 803,952.00 803,952.00 Retained Earnings 24,867,884.00 25,782,062.00 21,598,083.51 28,982,317.61 Total Equity 25,248,303.00 26,162,481.00 22,782,454.51 30,166,688.61

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY 46,876,323.00 51,735,845.00 46,013,934.07 58,422,969.42

11.1.6 Financial Ratios

420. The four key financial indicators that are being considered by LWUA are the current ratio, net profit ratio, debt-equity ratio, and debt service coverage ratio. As presented in Table 11.11 , CKWD substantially improved its liquidity position towards 2008 posting a current ratio of 3.24:1. This means that the water district has enough resources to cover for its currently maturing obligations.


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Table 11.11: CKWD Financial Ratios, 2004-2008

2004 2005 2007 2008

Current Ratios 39.81 0.68 2.94 3.24

LTD to Equity 0.84 0.79 0.74 0.65

Net Profit Ratio 13% 11% 57% 40%

Debt Service Coverage 0.92 4.53

421. The net profit ratios for the past two years indicated a significant increase from previous years. These were during the interim operation under LWUA. With the rising trend of cost of debt-servicing and with an increased revenue base, the debt service coverage ratio showed a very favorable trend from 0.92 in 2005 to 4.53 in 2008. This shows that the water district strives to strengthen its revenue base to keep its debt servicing in current status.

11.2 FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY

11.2.1 Introduction

422. This section presents an evaluation of the financial viability of implementing the proposed improvements for the water supply system of Koronadal City Water District (KCWD) under the Water District Development Sector Project.

423. Following ADB and LWUA guidelines7, four basic indicators for the financial viability of a water supply and sanitation project have been identified. These are the following:

• Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR). It is the discount rate at which the net revenues generated by the project are equal to zero. A project is considered financially viable if the computed FIRR is at least equal to the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) that is used in financing the development of the proposed water supply subproject.

• Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR). It measures the solvency of the water district and shows how many times debt service for a given period is covered by operations. DSCR should at least be 1.3 starting project full operational stage.

• Annual cash balance. Projected annual cash balances should show positive ending position all throughout project operation. Projected annual financial statements are prepared to demonstrate financial implication of the proposed subproject to the yearly financial position of the water district.

• Tariff affordability. Minimum residential water charge should not be more than 5% of the average monthly income of the low income group.

11.2.2 Cost Analysis

424. The water supply component aims to provide improved and effective water supply service to the consumers of KCWD up to the year 2025 and beyond. This plan involves development of new source facilities, provision for pumping station with disinfecting facilities, installation of new transmission and distribution lines for existing and extension areas, construction of new storage reservoir, NRW reduction, provision of new service connections and necessary appurtenances.

7 ADB, Financial Management and Analysis of Projects (2005) and LWUA, Project Operations Manual (2008).


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425. The basic development (investment) cost of the proposed subproject and the operating and maintenance costs are prepared on an annual basis for the purpose of the financial analysis. These costs are estimated in 2009 prices. Increases in costs due to inflation are covered through a provision for price contingencies for the capital costs and relevant inflation factor for each of the O & M cost items.

426. Development Costs. The total development cost for the subproject is approximately Php 174 million. This is based on the costs presented in Chapters 8 and 9 with additional price contingencies to allow for the timing of implementation, both for local and foreign cost components.

427. The project is scheduled to start implementation by the second half of year 2011 and is targeted to be completed by the end of 2013, such that operation of the project will be by 2014. Acquisition of land required for the project and conduct of detailed engineering design, however, has to be done in 2011 prior to construction works. Table 11.12 presents a summary of the development cost for the water supply system.

Table 11.12: Total Development Cost (in PhP’000) – CKWD


a. Well Drilling/Development m 480 22,000 10,560.0 - - 3,168.0 7,392.0 10,560.0 b. Surface Water / River Intake lot 0 0 - - - - - - c. Spring Intake & Sump Improvement lot 0 0 - - - - - -

Sub-Total 10,560.0 - - 3,168.0 7,392.0 10,560.0 2 Pumping Station

a. Pump House including pipings, ls 1 2,678,400 2,303.6 375.0 - 642.9 2,035.7 2,678.6 production meters, valves, hypochlorinators, etc

b. Electro-mechanical Equipment ls 1 5,279,168 1,319.9 3,959.3 - 3,589.8 1,689.4 5,279.2 including controls & accessories,riser pipes, transformers, powerline extension, etc.

c. Gen-set set 4 1,233,252 493.4 4,439.7 - 3,502.4 1,430.7 4,933.1 Sub-Total 4,116.9 8,774.0 - 7,735.1 5,155.8 12,890.9

3 Transmission Facilities ls 1 50,687,184 45,618.6 5,068.7 - 20,274.9 30,412.4 50,687.3 4 Storage Facilities ls 1 46,741,200 44,404.1 2,337.0 - 8,880.7 37,860.4 46,741.1 5 Service Connections no 1,000 1,950 1,170.0 780.0 - 624.0 1,326.0 1,950.0 6 NRW Reduction ls 1 5,229,000 3,137.4 2,091.7 - 1,673.4 3,555.7 5,229.1 7 Land Acquisition lot 1 1,000,000 - 1,000.0 - 1,000.0 1,000.0

SUB-TOTAL 109,007.0 19,051.4 1,000.0 42,356.1 86,702.3 129,058.4 DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN 8,451.8 - - 2,535.5 5,916.3 8,451.8 CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION 5,634.6 - - 563.5 5,071.1 5,634.6 PHYSICAL CONTINGENCIES - - - 2,442.6 10,413.2 12,855.8 PRICE CONTINGENCIES 14,381.5 2,225.9 116.8 1,176.9 17,049.3 18,226.2

G R A N D T O T A L 137,474.9 21,277.3 1,116.8 49,074.5 125,152.3 174,226.8

Unit CostComponent FEC Local TotalSub-Total

Unit Quantity

428. Financing Scheme. The subproject will be financed mainly by ADB through relending by LWUA to the Water District. ADB loan will finance Php152.4 million of the water supply while t he WD will finance the cost of land acquisition and taxes amounting to about Php21.8 million. The financing plan is shown in Table 11.13 .


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Table 11.13: Financing Plan (in PhP’000) – CKWD

2011 2012 2013 TOTAL

FUND APPLICATION

Basic Construction Cost - 50,801 77,257 128,058

Land Acquisition/Resettlement 1,000 - - 1,000

Detailed Engineering Design 8,452 - - 8,452

Physical Contingency 50 5,080 7,726 12,856

Price Contingency 617 5,161 12,448 18,226

Supervision - 2,235 3,399 5,635

Interest During Construction -

TOTAL 10,119 63,277 100,831 174,226

FUND SOURCE

WD Equity 1,265 7,913 12,609 21,787

Grant - - - -

Others (LGU) - - - -

Sub-Loan 8,853 55,364 88,222 152,439

ADB Sub-Loan 8,853 55,364 88,222 152,439

LWUA Sub-Loan - - -

TOTAL 10,119 63,277 100,831 174,226

429. Operation and Maintenance Costs. For the computation of subproject viability, incremental costs as a result of the subproject are used in the evaluation. Projections for both the “without project” and “with project” situation are done.

430. Without the Project O&M. Projected operating and maintenance costs without the project are based on actual O&M costs of the Water District as presented in their revenue and expense statements for the years 2004 to 2008. It is assumed that there will be very minimal increases in connections hence there will be no increases in the number of personnel, power and chemicals. The maintenance cost of facilities and other O & M costs will, however, increase by 5% per year due to natural wear and tear of the facilities.

431. With the Project O&M. Operating and maintenance costs include: 1) salaries and wages of the WD personnel who will be assigned to manage the daily operation of the project; 2) power and fuel; 3) chemicals for the treatment of water; 4) maintenance cost for the facilities; and 5) other operating and maintenance items. The costs are presented in Chapter 8 and are expressed in constant 2009 prices. These costs are then adjusted to current prices by using the following escalation factors: 5% for personnel services; 10% for power/fuel costs; 10% for chemical costs; 7% for maintenance and 7% for other O & M costs.

432. Other Costs. Depreciation Cost. Depreciation cost is considered a non-cash expense; however, for purposes of estimating the net income of the Water District, it is considered as an expense in the Income Statement. Annual depreciation costs for the new facilities are calculated using the straight-line method based on the service life of each specific facility. The calculated total annual depreciation cost for the new facilities is estimated at Php3.191 million annually. For the existing facilities, the depreciation expense of PhP 0.265 million, as reflected in the Water District’s 2008 Income Statement, is assumed as the annual depreciation expense.

433. Debt Service Annual debt service for the Project is also included in the financial income statements and is estimated based on preliminary discussions with LWUA Project Office. The lending terms for the purpose of this study are as follows:


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• Maturity period of 30 years (including grace period) • Grace period on principal payment of 3.5 years (construction period plus 1 year after

project completion); • Fixed interest rate of 9.8% per annum. • Semestral payment computed at equal amortization. • Foreign exchange risk to be borne by the WD.

434. Based on the above loan terms and conditions, annual amortizations will be in the amount of PhP16.225 million and will be paid during the period 2015 to 2041. Interest will be paid during the grace period for actual loan releases.

435. The Water District also has existing loans and are included in the analysis. The debt service schedule for both existing and project loan are shown in Appendix 11.2 .

11.2.3 Revenue Forecasts

436. Water Revenue is estimated for each of the three types of connections-- residential, commercial and institutional. Estimates of annual water revenues are based on the total billed water for the year and the corresponding tariffs for the same year.

437. Water Tariff. Without the Project. Koronadal City Water District has not increased the water tariff since 2006. However, it is assumed that even if there is no project, the water tariff will have to be increased in the future to cover increases in its operational expenses. For purposes of the projection, it is assumed that water tariffs wil increase by 10% every two years in the future.

438. With the Project. A two-time tariff increase is proposed, the first increase in 2011 and the second increase in 2014. A 30% increase in 2011, even before completion of the subproject, is necessary for the water district to gain sufficient funds to meet its existing operations. Another 30% increase is proposed in 2014. From 2016 onwards, it is proposed that water tariff will have to be increased by 10% every two years.The proposed tariff schedule for the three types of connections for 2014 is presented in Table 11.14 . The proposed increases in the tariff are less than 60% of the previous tariff and not more than 5% of the family income of the low income group, which are both in accordance with LWUA’s requirements.

Table 11.14: Proposed Tariff Schedule, 2014 - CKWD

Residential Commercial Institutional

Minimum Charge 202.00 404.00 202.00

11 - 20 cu.m. 24.70 49.40 24.70

21 - 30 cu.m. 29.30 58.50 29.30

31 - 40 cu.m. 33.90 67.70 33.90

above 40 cu.m. 38.40 77.20 38.40

439. Revenue Water. Without the Project. As mentioned earlier, since the existing facilities are already nearing its maximum operating capacities, it is assumed that there will be no further additional connections after 2013 so that the volume of revenue water will remain constant from year 2013 onwards. Any increase in projected revenue is then due to assumed increase in water tariff as discussed earlier.

440. With the Project. Revenue water used in the evaluation is based on the results of the projection of water demand as presented in Chapter 5. According to the recommendations


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of the technical study, the proposed improvements in the water supply system of Koronadal City Water District can provide the water requirements of the projected beneficiaries up to year 2025. Revenue water is therefore assumed to increase up to year 2025 and revenue water from 2025 onwards is assumed to remain constant at the 2025 level.

441. Other Parameters and Assumptions. Other assumptions and parameters used in the projection of revenues are given in Table 11.15 .

Table 11.15: Other Parameters and Assumptions - CKWD

Reserve Funds 3% of total revenues, increasing to 10% in year 2015 onwards

Accounts Receivable 3% of preceeding year's total revenues Inventories 2 months of chemical supplies and maintenance Bad Debt Expense is 1% of total accounts receivables Other Revenues 6% of gross water sales based on actual for 2008 Franchise Tax 2% of total collection from water bills Collection Efficiency 96% based on historical performance

11.2.4 Project Viability

442. Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR) . One of the more accepted financial viability indicators for government projects is the financial internal rate of return. A subproject is considered financially viable if the resulting FIRR of the proposed subproject is higher than the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) that was used in financing the subproject. An FIRR higher than the WACC implies that the incremental net revenues generated by the project will be enough to recover the implementation and operating costs.

443. On the basis of the financing mix and the loan interest of 9.8% and the assumed cost of equity of 12.0% (the estimated economic opportunity cost of capital), the WACC is 7.09%. Table 11.16 shows the computation of the WACC.

Table 11.16: Weighted Cost of Capital – CKWD

ADB Loan WD EquityA. Amount (Php'000) 152,439 21,787 174,226 B. Weighing 87.49% 12.51% 100.00%C. Nominal cost 9.80% 12.00%D. Tax Rate 0.00% 0.00%E. Tax-adjusted nominal cost 9.80% 12.00%F. Inflation rate 1.90% 9.30%G. Real cost 7.75% 2.47%H. Weighted component of WACC 6.78% 0.31% 7.09%

Weighted Average Cost of Capital (Real) 7.09%

Financing Component

444. Sensitivity analyses are likewise conducted to determine the effects of adverse changes on a project such as delay in operation, revenues not realized as expected or increase in capital and O & M costs. The scenarios evaluated and the summary results of the analyses are presented in Table 11.17 with details shown in Appendix 11.4 . The results show that the subproject is viable under the five scenarios evaluated.


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Table 11.17: Summary Result of FIRR - CKWD

Scenario FIRR (%) NPV (Php’000)

Base Case 15.39% 156,973

1-Year Delay in Operation 13.74% 133,887

Capital cost plus 10% 14.19% 143,226

O & M costs plus 10% 14,34% 134,695

Revenues less 10% 12.98% 105,549

All costs +10%, Revenues -10% 10.90% 70,709

445. Affordability of Water Rates. Projected annual financial statements are prepared to demonstrate financial implication of the proposed subproject to the yearly financial position of the Water District.

446. A major consideration in the development of the tariff schedule is the ability of target beneficiaries to pay for their monthly water bill. It is a standing policy of LWUA that the minimum charge for residential connections should not exceed 5% of the family income of the low income group among families connected to the system.

447. For this study, classification of households according to socio-economic status was done using the 2007 per capita thresholds such that those that fall below the poverty threshold are categorized as poor and conversely, those above the threshold level are considered non-poor. Different threshold levels are used corresponding to the geographic location of the study area. The 2007 income level is then adjusted to 2014 levels by assuming an annual increase of 5% per annum.

448. For Koronadal, the estimated monthly income for 2014 is Php10,104.00. Using the affordability criteria, the minimum monthly bill (minimum charge) of Php202.00 when the project starts to operate in 2014 is only 2% of the estimated monthly income of poor families. In all subsequent years the minimum monthly bill is less than 5% of the estimated monthly income. Hence the proposed level of water tariff is deemed affordable to the low income or poor families.

11.3 IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED SUBPROJECTS ON THE WD’S FUTURE FINANCIAL OPERATION

449. Projected Income Statement for the period 2009 to 2041 are developed and shown in details in Appendix 11.5 . The projections show that the Water District will generate net income for all years of the projection period.

450. Cash Flow Statements are also developed for the same period. It must be noted that initial analysis shows that the WD’s cash position for the years 2009 and 2010 are negative. There would be a need for the WD to source out funds to remedy their negative cash balances. For this case, it was assumed that the WD would have to get short term loan in 2009 to cover its negative cash balance. This loan will have be repaid in 2011. For the succeeding years, the statements show that annual cash inflows will be sufficient to cover all annual cash outflows of the Water District. The projected cash flow statements are also shown in Appendix 11.6 .

451. Projected Balance Sheet for the study period showing the Water District’s projected assets as against liabilities and equity is presented in Appendix 11.7 . Further, selected


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financial ratios are computed to provide an indication of the Water District’s future financial performance.

• Current Ratio is above 2.0 from 2011 onwards which means that the liquidity of the Water District is satisfactory;

• Debt Equity Ratio shows that the capital structure consists mostly of loan financing;

• Net Profit Ratio of above 8% shows that the current operation is profitable and shows significant improvement in the later years; and the

• Water District is solvent with Debt Service Coverage Ratio higher than the standard 1.3 for all years.

452. Annual ratios from 2011 to 2040 are shown in the following table and in Appendix 11.8.

Table 11.18: Summary of Financial Ratios – CKWD

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Current Ratio 2.07 1.96 4.88 5.27 6.20 6.74 7.68 15.69 22.69 22.96 14.73 9.19

Debt to Equity Ratio 1.37 1.61 1.09 1.35 1.73 1.46 1.27 0.50 0.27 0.17 0.11 0.04

Net Profit Ratio 21% 15% 43% 34% 33% 19% 17% 28% 17% 14% 2% 8%

Debt Service Coverage Ratio 2.39 1.18 2.74 3.22 2.43 1.87 2.10 3.20 2.81 3.03 1.33 3.45


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12 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

12.1 OVERALL APPROACH TO ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

453. This section of the Report presents the results of the economic evaluation of the proposed investments for water supply that were described in detail in the preceding chapters. The economic feasibility results were derived following the procedures described in Appendix L, using data and assumptions that are summarized in the appendix as well.

454. The economic analysis was undertaken in accordance with the principles and procedures set out in the ADB Handbook for the Economic Analysis of Water Supply Projects (1999) and related ADB guidelines8 as well as LWUA’s Project Operations Manual (2008). The period of analysis extends over 25 years from the start of Project implementation in 2011 up until 2035. Costs and benefits were quantified at September 2009 prices and were converted to their economic cost equivalents using shadow prices. Both costs and benefits were treated as increments to a situation “without project”.

455. The economic viability of the subproject was determined by computing the economic internal rate of return (EIRR) and comparing the result with the economic opportunity cost of capital (EOCC) of 15%9. An EIRR exceeding the assumed EOCC indicates that the investment is economically viable. The viability of the investments was then tested for changes in key variables such as capital costs, O&M costs, resource cost savings, and incremental consumption through sensitivity analysis. A distributional and poverty impact analysis of the subproject benefits was also undertaken to determine how much of the net economic benefits resulting from the investments will directly benefit the poor.

12.2 ECONOMIC RATIONALE

456. The proposed investments for Koronadal City are components of a larger Water District Development Sector Project (WDDSP) which aims to improve access of the local population to piped water supply services in four other areas that are being served by Metro La Union WD, Quezon Metro WD, Legazpi City WD, and Leyte Metro WD.10 The project would form part of the Government’s overall development plan for the water sector which also aims to achieve the targets set under the Millennium Development Goals (MDG).11

457. CKWD, which now operates and maintains the existing water supply system, will also operate and manage the new investments. Direct involvement of the Government in the provision of improved water supply services stems from the lack of participation of the private and non-government sectors in its development. The lack of investments for improving existing service will continue to deprive an increasing number of people of this essential service which could have long-term impact on their health and well-being. Government’s involvement in this Project will address this market failure through the exercise of its basic functions of (i) allocating resources for the provision of basic needs, and (ii) distributing resources to effect equity where market and private decisions (or lack of it) have not resulted in efficient allocation and service provision especially to the poor.

8 Include the Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Projects (1997) and the Framework for the Economic and Financial Appraisal of Urban Development Projects (1994). 9 The hurdle rate for water supply investments is prescribed under NEDA-ICC guidelines for project evaluation which also provides shadow prices for foreign exchange (SER), wage rate for unskilled (SWR) and other non-tradable components of investment costs. 10 In a separate batch of participating cities/towns, WDDSP will also cover the Cabuyao (Laguna) WD, Laguna WD, Camarines Norte WD, Sorsogon WD and possibly a second phase for Metro Leyte WD for source/s development, in addition to the five pilot WDs. 11 MDG goals refer to reducing extreme poverty and hunger (Goal 1), reducing child mortality (Goal 4), combating major diseases (Goal 6), and improving access to improved water supply and basic sanitation services (Goal 7).


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12.3 BEFORE- AND AFTER-PROJECT SITUATIONS

458. At present, only about 44% of the estimated 76,013 service area population (approximately 11,694 households) has access to piped water supply. The remaining population depends on shallow wells (41%), deep wells (31%), water vendors (18%), and other sources of water (10%). Existing production capacity is only 7,504m3/day.

459. Close to 73% of the existing non-connected households, however, have expressed interest to connect to CKWD’s piped water supply system and are willing to pay Php333/month, or Php17.3/m3, for water.

460. Based on the proposed investments, the number of new connections, volume of production, and service coverage are projected as shown in Table 12.1 .

461. After completion of the investments in 2013 and up until 2025, total supply will increase to 21,328m3/day from the current level of 7,504m3/day. The additional supply capacity will enable some 6,359 households to directly connect to the system, benefiting an estimated 41,334 people. In addition, 900 non-domestic users, consisting mostly of commercial/industrial establishments, will also gain access to the expanded water supply network. Service coverage will increase from the current level of 44% to 67% by 2025.

Table 12.1: Before- and After-Project Situations, Water Supply: 2009, 2015, 2020 & 2025

2009 2015 2020 2025 Service area population 76,013 109,118 128,204 148,727

Projected water demand (m3/day) 4,338 10,407 12,120 14,340

Production capacity (m3/day) 7,504 21,328 21,328 21,328

No. of domestic connections 4,881 12,474 13,365 14,704

No. of non-domestic connections 1,167 1,557 1,914 2,325 Service coverage (%) 44.4 76.6 70.0 66.6

12.4 ECONOMIC BENEFITS

462. The economic viability of the proposed investments in water supply was determined considering the following benefits: (i) resource cost savings on non-incremental water in terms of avoided costs of producing, collecting, treating and storing non-piped water because of a shift in demand to piped water supply, (ii) the economic value of incremental water due to increased supply, (iii) the economic value of water that would have been lost due to non-technical reasons, (iv) the value of time saved (or avoided income loss) for not having to collect water from existing non-piped sources, (v) medical cost savings because of reduced morbidity rate for waterborne diseases, and (vi) avoided loss of income (or productivity savings) due to reduced incidence of diseases. For health benefits, impact of the investments focused solely on diarrhea, among waterborne diseases12 that have occurred in the area, because of data limitations.

463. The parameters and values used in quantifying the economic benefits of water supply improvement are shown in Table 12.2 .

12 Other diseases are typhoid, dengue, amoebiasis, and schistosomiasis.


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Table 12.2: Values for Quantifying Economic Benefits, Water Supply

2015 2020 2025 Number of domestic connections 12,474 13,365 14,704 Number of non-domestic connections 1,557 1,914 2,325 Total number of service connections 14,031 15,279 17,029 Average economic cost of water storage (Php/m3) 3.4 - - Average economic cost of treatment (Php/day) 7.2 - - Average economic cost of producing water (Php/m3) 4.8 - - Ave. time spent in collecting water (min/day) 47 - - % of time water collection is done by adults 57 - - Domestic water consumption (lpcd) 104 109 114 Production capacity provided by the Project (m3/d) 6,912 6,912 6,912 Non-revenue water (%) 15 15 15 Non-technical losses (%) 2 2 2 Morbidity rate for diarrhea for under-5 (per 1,000) 5 - - Morbidity rate for diarrhea for over-5 (per 1,000) 17 - - Morbidity reduction for under-5 (%) 39 39 39 Morbidity reduction for over-5 (%) 12 29 29 Average number of days-sick 4.3 - - Average medical cost per diarrhea case (Php/day) 350 - - Ave. economic wage rate for unskilled labor (Php/day) 147 - -

464. There are other benefits that could result from improved water supply but such benefits as income generated from the use of water for livelihood purposes and the multiplier effect of increased income were not included from the analysis for lack of data.

12.5 WILLINGNESS TO PAY

465. As gathered through the socioeconomic survey conducted in April 2009, data on willingness to connect (WTC) and willingness to pay (WTP) for water supply services are presented in Table 12.3 .

466. Nearly 73% of the existing non-connected households have indicated interest to connect to CKWD’s water supply system and are willing to pay an average of Php333/month, or Php17.3/m3, for water. The amount that they are willing to pay is much higher than the existing average water tariff of Php13.2/m3.

Table 12.3: Willingness to Connect (WTC) and Pay (WTP), Water Supply

Mean Value Willingness to connect to an improved water supply service (%) 72.7 Willingness to pay for water (Php/month) 332.7 Willingness to pay for water (Php/m3) 17.3

12.6 ECONOMIC COSTS

467. Economic costs were derived from the financial estimates of capital investments and O&M costs presented in Chapter 11, after eliminating all duties and taxes and multiplying the net results by the appropriate price conversion factors (CF). Traded and non-traded components of costs were estimated for which the following CFs were applied: shadow exchange rate for traded goods of 1.2, shadow wage rate factor of 0.6 for unskilled labour, and a CF of 1.0 for non-traded components. These parameters are prescribed under NEDA-ICC guidelines for evaluating Philippine projects.


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468. By applying the above conversion factors, the weighted overall CF for capital costs for water supply was computed at 1.04. For O&M costs, the computed CF was 0.96. Using these conversion factors, the economic cost equivalents of the proposed capital investments (including the costs of replacing some assets that shall have outlived their useful economic life during the 25-year projection period) and O&M costs are approximately Php153 million and Php400 million, respectively.

469. The economic life of major physical assets were assumed at 50 years for transmission mains, 50 years for distribution pipes, 50 years for treatment plant (15 years for equipment), 50 years for storage facilities, and 15 years for pumps.

12.7 EIRR AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

470. With the stream of economic benefits and costs over the assumed 25-year period, the economic internal rate of return (EIRR) of the water supply investments is 27.1% (see computations in Annex 12-1 of Appendix 12 ). The subproject is economically viable, with an EIRR above the assumed EOCC of 15%.

471. Sensitivity test results based on (i) a 10% increase in capital costs, (ii) a 10% increase in O&M costs, (iii) a 10% reduction in resource cost savings, and (iv) a 10% reduction in the value of incremental water show that the investments remain economically viable. However, of the four key variables that were considered, the viability of the subproject was found to be most sensitive to decrease in resource cost savings (SI=0.81) followed by increase in capital costs (SI=0.78). The impact of an increase in O&M costs or a decrease in the value of incremental water is quite minimal, with SI of just about 0.26 and 0.40. The switching value, or the % change required for EIRR to drop to the cut-off rate of 15%, for resource cost savings is 123% and for capital costs is 128%. Table 12.4 summarizes the results of the base case analysis and the sensitivity tests under the aforementioned four scenarios.

Table 12.4: EIRR and Sensitivity Test Results, Water Supply

Scenario NPV1

(SLR mill.) EIRR (%) SI2

% Change SV3

Base case 94.5 27.1 10% increase in capital costs 84.2 25.0 0.78 +10 128% 10% increase in O&M costs 88.1 26.4 0.26 +10 382% 10% decr. in resource cost savings 75.5 24.9 -0.81 -10 -123% 10% decr. in incremental water 84.8 26.0 -0.40 -10 -247% 1 NPV = Net Present Value discounted at EOCC of 15% 2 SI = Sensitivity Indicator (ratio of % change in EIRR to % change in variable) 3 SV = Switching Value (% change in variable required for NPV to become zero)

12.8 SUBPROJECT BENEFICIARIES

472. 478. At the end of the 25-year projection period, a total of 8,659 new service connections shall have been added to the existing ones. This consists of 7,759 house connections (90%) and 900 non-domestic connections (10%). This means that a total of 51,552 persons will directly benefit from the improved water supply system investments. The impact of the investments in terms of connections and population served are indicated in Table 12.5 .


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Table 12.5: Subproject Beneficiaries, Water Supply

Domestic Conn.

Non-Dom. Conn.

Total Conn.

Population Served

Water supply

7,759

900

8,659

51,552

12.9 PROJECT SUSTAINABILITY

473. At full economic cost (i.e., capital investments plus O&M), the average incremental economic cost of water (AIEC), or the marginal cost of producing each cubic meter of water, was computed at Php12.9. Considering only capita costs, the AIEC is Php7.9/m3.

474. The average tariff, which was computed by dividing the present value of revenue by incremental water consumption, is Php13.6/m3. The slightly higher average tariff than AIEC suggests that no economic subsidy will be required under this subproject.

475. The tariff revenue to be generated by the subproject would enable CKWD to fully recover all costs, including the full economic cost of the investments consisting of capital and O&M.

Table 12.6: Project Sustainability, Water Supply

Value AIEC (Php/m3) Economic capital + O&M (full cost) Economic capital cost only Economic O&M only

12.85

7.94 7.41

Average tariff at EOCC of 15% (Php/m3) 13.60 Economic cost recovery (%) Capital + O&M cost Capital cost only O&M cost only

106% 171% 184%

12.10 POVERTY IMPACT

476. The water supply subproject is expected to generate a total net economic benefits (NEB)13 of about Php202 million. Approximately Php208 million will accrue to water consumers, many of whom are current users of water from wells and other sources and who are expected to connect to the new piped water supply system provided under this project. The labour sector, for which a significant amount of person-days will be needed for the construction of the new facilities and their eventual operation and maintenance, will gain about Php25 million. The economy, because of distortions in the exchange rate, will lose around Php18 million. On balance, the economy as a whole will gain the entire NEB of Php202 million.

477. The poverty impact ratio (PIR) for the water supply investments is 38 percent which means that more than one-third of the NEB will directly benefit the poor (see computations in Annex 12.2 of Appendix 12 ). Based on the socioeconomic survey results, Koronadal City has a poverty incidence of about 46%.

13 NEB is the difference between the present value of subproject net economic and financial flows.


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APPENDIX 3.1: SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY RESULTS – CITY OF KORONADAL WATER DISTRICT

1 INTRODUCTION

1. The following household survey was conducted in May 2009 as part of the formulation of a sector investment plan for urban water and sanitation under the Water District Development Sector Project PPTA (Project Preparation Technical Assistance). The PPTA’s objective was to (i) formulate a sector investment project (WDDSP) in the urban water supply and sanitation sector with funding from ADB and other investment sources, and, (ii) prepare implementation support and institutional development programs addressing sector reform, governance and public awareness.

2. A key task of the PPTA was the preparation of a Subproject Appraisal Report (SPAR) for 5 pilot water districts that participated in the PPTA. These were:

1. Metro La Union Water District, La Union Province, Luzon. 2. Quezon Metro Water District, Quezon Province, Luzon. 3. Legazpi City Water District, Albay Province, Luzon. 4. Leyte Metro Water District, Leyte Province, Visayas. 5. Koronadal City Water District, South Cotabato Province, Mindanao.

3. The SPARs’ subproject scope, cost estimates, financing plan and feasibility were prepared based on an analysis of the existing situation, local development plans and priorities and findings from field surveys. The household survey generated empirical data on the target participants.

4. At least 384 respondents were interviewed to reach a 95% level of confidence at 0.1 standard deviation. Stratified random sampling was used to determine the survey sample, with three levels of stratification—municipality/city, serviced/expansion areas, and barangays—in both service/expansion sites.

5. The survey result is here summarized. The tables also serve as baseline data against which future project impacts can be assessed and as input in the design of information and education materials and of interventions for identified areas for improvement.

6. Some variables that were covered were:

• Demographic characteristics • Gender roles and preferences • Profile on health and hygiene practices • Poverty groups, indicators and responses • Identification of community organizations • Sources of vulnerability and responses • Water and sanitation situation, attitudes, perceptions and preferences

o access to facility and sanitation maintenance practices o attitude towards water and sanitation services o demand by service type (water and sanitation) o sources and levels of water supply accessed o perceptions on sanitation and water and service quality o affordability and willingness to pay


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7. Certain data sets were disaggregated by water district connection (connected or non-connected households) or cross-tabulated by gender and poverty characteristics, corresponding to the different sections of this report. Section 1 is a profile of respondents. Section 2 contains comparisons for connected and non-connected households. Sections 3 and 4 are profiles on water and sanitation by WD-connected or non-connected households. Section 5 covers characteristics and preferences of poor and non-poor respondents.

8. An additional section covers gender disaggregated data by female or male-headed households on such variables as roles and access to resources, or by male or female respondents on attitudes and preferences. The sections are follows:

1. Socio-economic profile of households 2. Socio-economic profile of households classified by type of household 3. Water consumption and preferences of wd-connected households 4. Water consumption and preferences of wd-connected households 5. Water supply and sanitation preferences by socio-economic status of

households.

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page I. Socio-Economic Profile of Households: Koronadal City Water District

100

II. Socio-Economic Profile of Households Classified by Type of Household: Koronadal City Water District

122

III. Water Consumption and Preferences of WD-Connected Households: Koronadal City Water District

132

IV. Water Consumption and Preferences of Non-Connected Households: Koronadal City Water District

143

V. Water Supply and Sanitation Preferences by Socio-Economic Status of Households: Koronadal City Water District

155

Annexes: 1 Gender Tables 158 2 Distribution of Sample Households for the WDDPS Household Survey 188


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I. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF HOUSEHOLDS: KORONADAL CITY WATER DISTRICT

Table 1. Percentage Distribution of Households by Total Number of Household

Members

Total number of HH members Percent

1-2 5.6%

3-4 36.1%

5-6 33.6%

7-8 17.0%

9-10 4.3%

More than 10 3.3%

Average Household Size 5.34

N Cases 393 Very few of the households in Koronadal City WD (6%) have only one or two members, while about seven out of ten (70%) of the households have three to six members and one-fourth (25%) are composed of more than six members. The average size of households in Koronadal City WD is 5.34. Table 2. Percentage Distribution of Households by Total Number of Household

Members who are 14 Years Old and Below

Total number of HH members 14 years old and

below Percent

None 30.1%

1-2 51.3%

3-4 16.8%

5-6 1.3%

7-8 0.3%

9-10 0.3%

Average number of HH members 14 years old and

below 1.39

N Cases 392 A great majority of the Koronadal City WD households (68%) have one to four young household members, while a very few of the households (<5%) have more than four young household members. Three out of ten households in Koronadal City WD (30%) do not have young household members who are 14 years or below. The average number of young members per household in the area is 1.39.


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Members who are 65 Years Old or Older

Total number of HH members Percent

None 80.7%

1-2 19.1%

3-4 0.0%

5 or more 0.3%

N Cases 393

About one in every five households in Koronadal City WD (19%) have one or two elderly person/s as members and very few (<1%) have more than two. Table 4. Percentage Distribution of Households by Number of Households Living in

the Dwelling Unit

Number of HHs in the dwelling unit Percent

1 79.6%

2 12.2%

3 5.1%

4 or more 3.1%

N Cases 393 Most of the households in Koronadal City WD (80%) are sole occupants of their dwelling units. There are some Koronadal households (20%) who share their dwelling units with one or more households.


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Table 5. Percentage Distribution of Households by Length of Stay in the Barangay

Number of years in the barangay Percent

Less than 10 years 24.3% 10-19 years 25.1% 20-29 years 20.7% 30-39 years 16.1% 40-49 years 9.0% 50 years or over 4.9%

Average length of stay in the barangay (in years) 22 years

N Cases 391

About one-fourth of the households in Koronadal City WD (24%) were in the barangay for less than 10 years. On the other hand, more than half of the households (62%) have stayed in the barangay between 10 and 39 years. Few of the households in this district (14%) have stayed in the barangay for 40 years or more. On the average, households in Koronadal City WD have stayed 22 years in their barangay of current residence. Table 6. Percentage Distribution of Households by Total Monthly Household Income

Total Monthly Household Income Percent

No income 2.6%

Less than P5,000 22.9%

P5,000 - 9,999 35.2%

P10,000 - 14,999 14.3%

P15,000 - 19,999 10.2%

P20,000 - 29,999 7.8%

P30,000 - 39,999 4.7%

P40,000 - 49,999 0.8%

P50,000 or more 1.6%

Average Total Monthly Household Income

P 10,782

N Cases 384 More than half of the households in Koronadal (58%) have incomes within the P5,000 – P9,999 bracket. Meanwhile, few of the Koronadal households (14%) have an income of at least P10,000 but below P15,000. Only two percent of the households in Koronadal belong to the highest income bracket (P50,000 or more). The average monthly household income in Koronadal City WD is P10,782.


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Table 7. Percentage Distribution of Households by Total Monthly Household Expenditure

Total Monthly

Household Expenditure Percent


P3,000 - 4,999 15.7%

P5,000 - 9,999 42.4%

P10,000 - 14,999 21.5%

P15,000 - 19,999 8.9%

P20,000 - 29,999 3.7%

P30,000 - 49,999 1.6%

P50,000 or over 0.0%

Average Total Monthly Household Expenditure P 9,432

N Cases 382 Very few of the households in Koronadal City WD (6%) have a total monthly household expenditure of less than P3,000. Meanwhile, about three in five households (58%) spend P3,000 to P9,999 on average per month. More than one-fifth of the households in the area (22%) have a total monthly household expenditure of P10,000 to P14,999. Some of the households (14%) spend P15,000 or more per month. On the average, monthly household expenditure in Koronadal City WD is P9,432. Table 8. Percentage Distribution of Households by Average Total Monthly Household

Savings

Average Total Monthly Household Savings Percent

None 58.7%


P1,000 - 1,999 4.6%

P2,000 - 2,999 2.8%

P3,000 - 3,999 0.8%

P4,000 – 4,999 0.5%

P5,000 or over 4.6%

N Cases 392 There is high incidence of zero savings in Koronadal City WD as observed among three-fifths of the households (59%). More than one-fourth of the households (28%) have average monthly savings of less than P1,000; and less than a one-tenth of the households (9%) have average monthly savings of at least P1,000 but not more than P4,999. Very few of the households (<5%) have more than P5,000 average monthly savings.


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Table 9. Ownership of Valuable Items by Households

Valuable items Percent of HHs

Transport (car, motorcycle, tricycle) 34.7%

Truck 1.3%

Television 88.5%

Refrigerator 61.1%

Telephone/Cellular phone 88.0%

Washing machine 25.7%

Air Conditioner 7.4%

Personal computer 13.5%

Electric water pump/ overhead tank 10.2%

Others items: e.g., DVD player, fan, videoke, etc. 24.9%

N Cases 393 A great majority of the households in Koronadal City WD own television sets (89%) and telephone/cellular phone (88%). Three out of five households (61%) own a refrigerator while one-fourth of the households (26%) own a washing machine. Worth noting is the fact that many households in the area (35%) own some means of transport, e.g. car, motorcycle or tricycle. Only a few of the households could afford the luxury of owning a personal computer (14%) or an air conditioner (7%). Table 10. Percentage Distribution of Households by Gender of the Household Head

Gender of th e Household Head Percent

Male 81.4%

Female 18.6%

N Cases 393

Headship by a male household member is common in Koronadal City WD which is reflected by the four out of five households (81%) with male heads.


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Table 11. Percentage Distribution of Households by Ethnic Affiliation of the Household Head

1. Ethnic

Affiliation of Household

Head

2. Percent

Ilonggo 4. 67.9% Bisaya

(Cebuano) 6. 10.5%

Ilocano 8. 9.5% Tagalog 10. 3.6%

Pangasinan 12. 1.1% Bicolano 14. 1.0% Boholanon 16. 0.9% Waray 18. 0.8% Chavacano 20. 0.5% Aklanon 22. 0.3% Batangueño 24. 0.3% B'laan 26. 0.3% Hiligaynon 28. 0.3% Pampangeño 30. 0.3% Muslim 32. 0.3% No Info 34. 3.3%

35. 36. 37. N Cases 38. 393

The ethnic affiliation of most of the household heads in Koronadal City WD is Ilonggo (68%). One-fifth of the households the district have heads who are either Cebuano (11%) or Ilokano (10%). Table 12. Percentage Distribution of Households by Highest Grade Completed by

the Household Head

Highest Grade Completed by the Household Head Percent

No schooling 1.6%

Elementary 14.6%

High School 37.9%

Vocational training 6.0%

College and over 39.9%

N Cases 383 Very few of the households in Koronadal City WD (<5%) is headed by a person with no schooling. About two out of five households have heads with high school education (38%), while 15% of the households have heads who reached elementary education. Two out of five households in Koronadal City WD are headed by college-educated persons.


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Table 13. Percentage Distribution of Households by Current Occupation of the

Household Head

Current Occupation of the Household Head Percent

Farming or fishing 11.7%

Own business 16.0%

Government employee 10.4%

Private employee 13.2%

Temporary labourer 8.9%

Street vendor 2.3%

Retired/Pensioner 3.6%

Unemployed 3.8%

Others 30.0%

N Cases 393 Very few of the households in Koronadal City WD (<5%) have unemployed heads. Some of the households in the area (16%) have household heads that are self-employed in business. Meanwhile, few of the households are headed by persons who are either a government employee (10%) or a private employee (13%). Also, more than one-tenth of the households in Koronadal City WD (12%) are headed by farmers or fishermen. Table 14. Percentage Distribution of Households by Ownership Status of the House

Occupied

Ownership Status of the House Percent

House owner 85.5%

Caretaker 2.5%

Rent-free occupant 6.4%

Renter 5.3%

Others: relatives, etc 0.3%

N Cases 393 A great majority of the households in Koronadal City WD (86%) own their houses. Renters only account for five percent of the households in the area.


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Table 15. Percentage Distribution of Households by Ownership Status of the Lot on

which House is Built

Ownership Status of the Lot Percent

Owned 58.8%

Caretaker 6.1%

Rented/Leased 10.7%

Common property with other family members or relatives 20.3%

Government land 4.1%

Others 2.5%

N Cases 393 Three out of five households in Koronadal City WD (59%) have houses built on owned lots. Meanwhile, communal ownership of the lot with relatives is reported by one-fifth of the households (20%) and 11% are renting/leasing the lots where their houses are built. A few of the households in the area (<5%) live in houses built on government-owned lands. Table 16. Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Building/House

Type of building/house Percent Single 92.9% Duplex 2.6% Apartment/condominium/townhouse 3.8%

Commercial/industrial/ agricultural bldg 0.3%

Others 0.5%

N Cases 392 Single-detached house is the main type of dwelling unit in Koronadal City WD as exemplified by almost all of the households in this district (93%). Duplex units are reported by a few households in the area (<5%).


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Table 17. Percentage Distribution of Households by Materials that Predominantly Make Up the Dwelling Unit

Observed materials that make

up the dwelling unit Percent

Strong materials 29.3% Light materials 19.4% Mixed but predominantly strong materials 31.6% Mixed but predominantly light materials 16.8% Salvaged/makeshift materials 2.8% Mixed but predominantly salvaged materials 0.0%

N Cases 392

Three in every five households in the district of Koronadal City WD (61%) have dwelling units made up of strong materials or mixed but predominantly strong materials. In contrast, more than one-third of the households in this area (36%) live in a dwelling unit which is of light materials or mixed but predominantly light materials. Table 18. Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Toilet Facility

Type of Toilet Facility Percent Water-sealed (flush or

pourflush) connected to sewerage system 1.0%

Water-sealed (flush or pourflush) connected to septic tank 79.6%

Water-sealed (flush or pourflush) connected to pit 9.2%

Water-sealed (flush or pourflush) connected to drainage 0.5%

Non-water sealed (ventilated improved pit, sanitary pit privy, closed pit) 0.5%

Non-water sealed (open pit privy, overhang) 0.0%

Shared toilet 8.9% Public toilet 0.3% No toilet (wrap and throw,

arinola, bush, sea/marshland, river 0.0

N Cases 393

Four out of five households in Koronadal City WD (80%) have water-sealed toilets connected to a septic tank. Also, some of the households (11%) have water-sealed toilets connected to


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other types of sewerage systems. All of the households in this district have a toilet, either privately owned or shared with others. Table 19. Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction of Households and Reasons Cited for

Dissatisfaction (Multiple Responses) with Current Toilet System

Indicators Percent Percent of households satisfied with current toilet system 79.9%

Percent of households dissatisfied with current toilet system 20.1%

N Cases 393

Reasons for dissatisfaction

Backflow 10.5%

Foul odor 15.8%

Combination of backflow resulting to foul odor and inconvenience 61.8%

Rodent infestation 10.5%

Flies/Insects 1.3%

N Cases 76 Satisfaction over their current toilet system is generally high in Koronadal City WD as reported by four out of five households (80%). Among the households dissatisfied with their current toilet system, the most predominant reasons for dissatisfaction cited are backflow resulting to foul odor and inconvenience (62%) and foul odor (16%). Table 20. Percentage Distribution of Households by Estimated Distance of Septic

Tank from Source of Water

Distance of septic tank to nearest water source Percent

0-4 meters 5.6%

5-9 meters 29.0%

10-14 meters 26.3%

15-19 meters 18.0%

20-29 meters 12.7%

30-39 meters 3.6%

40-49 meters 0.0%

50 meters or over 4.7%

Average Distance (in meters) 15.1 meters

N Cases 338


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A great majority of the households in Koronadal City WD (79%) did not meet the 25-meter minimum distance of septic tank to nearest source of water as set in the National Sanitation Code as their septic tanks are located less than twenty meters from the nearest water source. On the other hand, few of the households in the area (8%) have septic tanks that are 30 meters or more from the nearest water source. Table 21. Percentage Distribution of Households Willing to Improve Septage System

and Type of Improvement

Indicators Percent Percent of HHs that would like

to improve septage system 27.7%

N Cases 393

Type of improvement preferred

Installation of septic tank 26.6%

Improvement/ rehabilitation of existing septic tank 43.1%

De-sludging of septic tank 27.5%

N Cases 109 Twenty eight percent of the households in Koronadal City WD are willing to improve their septage system. Improvements preferred are mostly on the rehabilitation of existing tank (43%), de-sludging services (28%), and installation of septic tank (27%). Table 22A. Percentage Distribution of Households who are Willing to Pay for

Improvement of Septage System and Amount Willing to Pay (In Pesos)

Indicators Percent Percent of households willing to

pay for installation of septic tank

22.0%

N Cases 109

Amount willing to pay

Less than P10,000 41.7%

P10,000 - 14,999 45.8%

P15,000 - 19,999 0.0%

P20,000 – 25,000 0.0%

More than P25,000 12.5%

N Cases 24


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Percent of households willing to pay for improvement/ rehabilitation of existing septic tank

34.9%

N Cases 109



P5,000 - 9,999 0.0%

P10,000 - 14,999 47.4%

P15,000 or over 5.3%

N Cases 38 Twenty two percent of the households in Koronadal City WD who are willing to improve their septage system are willing to pay for the installation of septic tank, 42% of which are willing to pay less than P10,000 while 46% are willing to spend P10,000 to P14,999 for such improvement. On the other hand, 35% of the households who are willing to improve their septage system are willing to pay for the rehabilitation of their existing septic tank. Among these households, less than half (47%) are willing to pay less than P5,000 while more than half of these households (53%) are willing to pay P10,000 or more. Table 22B. Percentage Distribution of Households who are Willing to Pay for

Improvement of Septage System and Amount Willing to Pay (In Pesos)

Indicators Percent Percent of households willing to

pay for de-sludging of septic tank

27.5%

N Cases 109



P1,000 - 1,999 8.3%

P2,000 - 2,999 16.7%

P3,000 - 3,999 16.7%

P4,000 - 4,999 0.0%

P5,000 - 5,999 4.2%

P7,000 - 7,999 0.0%

P9,000 - 9,999 4.2%

P10,000 or more 0.0%

N Cases 24 Twenty-eight percent of the households in Koronadal City WD who are willing to improve their septage system are willing to pay for septic tank de-sludging. Among these households, half (50%) are willing to spend less than P1,000 while 42% are willing to pay at


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least P1,000 but not over P5,000 for this improvement. Eight percent of the households are willing to pay P5,000 or more. Table 23. Percentage Distribution of Households by Primary Source/s of Water

(Multiple Responses)

Primary Source(s) of Water Percent

Piped connection 21.4%

Shallow well 45.3%

Water vendors 7.4%

Deep well 32.3%

Public/Street faucet 1.3%

Spring/River/Pond/Stream 5.3%

Rain 8.1%

N Cases 393 Shallow well is the top primary source of water in Koronadal City WD as reported by less than half of the households (45%). Many households in this area (32%) reported that they also get water from deep wells. Some of the households in the area (21%) source their water from piped connections. Few households, however, get their water from other sources like rain (8%), water vendors (7%), spring/river/pond/stream (5%), and public/street faucet (<5%).

Table 24. Percentage Distribution of Households by WD-Connection

WD-Connection Percent WD-connected Households 18.3%

Non-connected Households 81.7%

N Cases 393 Only 18% of the households in Koronadal City WD have their own piped water connection. Four in every five households (82%) do not have water district connection.


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Table 25A. Percentage Distribution of Households by Hygiene and Health Practices

Hygiene and Health Practices Percent

Percent of households whose members wash hands:

Before cooking 99.7%

N Cases 393

Washing with:

With soap and water 92.9%

With water only 5.1%

Others 2.0%

N Cases 392

Before eating 100.0%

N Cases 393

Washing with:



Others 2.0%

N Cases 393

After using the toilet 100.0%

N Cases 393

Washing with:



Others 2.0%

N Cases 393

Before breastfeeding 51.9%

N Cases 154

Washing with:



Others 0.0%

N Cases 80 Hand washing, as personal hygiene and health practice, is observed by practically all households in Koronadal City WD before cooking (100%), before eating (100%), and after using the toilet (100%). Hand washing before breastfeeding is being practiced by only half of the households (52%). Consistently, almost all of the households that reported washing hands before doing various chores do it with soap and water.


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Table 25B. Percentage Distribution of Households by Hygiene and Health Practices


Percent of households whose members wash hands:

Before feeding children 64.1%

N Cases 167

Washing with:



Others 0.9%

N Cases 107

After changing diapers 52.9%

N Cases 157

Washing with:



Others 0.0%

N Cases 83

After washing the children after toilet

81.7%

N Cases 202

Washing with:



Others 0.6%

N Cases 165 Hand washing is practiced by most of the households in Koronadal City WD before feeding children (64%), after changing diapers (53%) and after washing the children after toilet (82%). Almost all of these households reported washing with soap and water.


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Table 25C. Percentage Distribution of Households by Hygiene and Health Practices


Place where children/infants go for toilet purposes

Toilet 95.7%

Gutter/water canals 0.3%

River 0.0%

Garden/backyard 1.1%

Urinals/urinola 1.6%

Disposable diapers 1.4%

N Cases 370 Almost all of the households in Koronadal City WD (96%) have their children and infants use the conventional toilets. Only a few of the households (1.4%) resort to diapers for their children’s waste disposal. Table 26. Percentage Distribution of Households by Various Health and Food Security

Indicators

Indicators Percent Number of times household eats in a day

1-2 times a day 2.0%

3 times a day 91.6%

4 times or more 6.4%

No information 0.0%

% of households who have children who died before reaching the age of 6 years 3.1%

% of households who have at least one member who died during pregnancy or childbirth

1.8%

N cases 393 In terms of food security, almost all of the households in Koronadal City WD (98%) eat at least three times a day. With regards to child mortality, death of a child who is five years old or below was experienced by three percent of the households in the area. On the other hand, two percent of the households have experienced death of a female member due to pregnancy or childbirth.


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Table 27A. Access to Loans and Borrowings of Households

Indicators Percent % of households with

member(s) who ever borrowed money

69.7%

N Cases 393

Number of times household member(s) borrowed during the past year

0 2.3%

1 21.2%

2 26.2%

3 22.7%

4 8.8%

5 5.8%

6 4.2%

7 0.8%

8 1.2%

9 0.0%

10 1.9%

More than 10 times 5.0%

N Cases 260

Among the seven out of ten households in Koronadal City WD (70%) that have member/s who have ever borrowed money, almost half (47%) have members who have borrowed money once or twice during the past year. Half of the households (51%) have members who have borrowed money more than twice in the past year. A few of the households (2.3%) have not borrowed money during the same period.


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Table 27B. Access to Loans and Borrowings of Households

Indicators Percent Sources of credit

Relative/Friend 51.8%

Five-Six 32.5%

Micro-finance institution 13.1%

Cooperative 9.9%

Bank 10.6%

Employer 6.2%

GSIS/SSS 2.2%

Store 6.9%

Credit card 0.0%

Palay/Copra buyer 0.0%

Pawnshop 0.0%

N Cases 274

Purpose for borrowing

Household expenses 65.0%

Business/Farm inputs 20.8%

Food 44.2%

Education 43.1%

Medical expenses 26.6%

Pay off debt 4.4%

Build/Renovate house 0.7%

Purchase/Repair of furniture/appliances

1.8%

Fiesta/Entertainment 0.7%

N Cases 274

Relatives/friends which are an informal credit sources are the top credit sources in Koronadal City WD as claimed by half of the households (52%). Other main sources of credit by the households are five-six (33%), micro-finance institutions (13%), and banks (11%).

Most of the households in Koronadal City WD (65%) claim that household expenses lead as the main purpose for borrowing. Other main purposes for borrowing as reported by households are food (44%), education (43%), medical expenses (27%) and business/farm inputs (21%).


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Table 28. Calamity Experiences of Households

Indicators Percent

Percent of households that have ever experienced any kind of calamity in the community

43.8%

Percent of households that have ever experienced any of the following in the community

Earthquake 1.0%

Flood 38.4%

Typhoon 4.6%

Fire 0.8%

Landslide 1.8%

Percent of households whose water source has ever been affected by flooding 4.6%

Percent of households whose septic tank/latrine/pit has ever been affected by flooding

3.6%

N Cases 393 Forty four percent of the households in the Koronadal City WD have experienced at least one kind of calamity, particularly flood (38%). Typhoon has been experienced by only 5% of the households. Only very few have witnessed events of earthquake, landslide and fire in their communities. As far as direct impacts of calamities to their abode, lifelines and utilities are concerned, only 5% of the households in the Koronadal City WD had their water sources affected by flood. Only 4% of the households have their septic tanks, latrines or pits affected.


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Table 29. Disability and Experiences of Discrimination Among Households

Indicators Percent

Percent of households with at least one member who is disabled 3.6%

N Cases 393

Form of disability of household member(s)

Physical 76.9%

Mental 7.7%

Both physical and mental 7.7%

No information 7.7%

N Cases 13

Percent of households with at least one member who has been discriminated in the community

1.5%

Percent of households with at least one member who has been discriminated because of disability

0.3%

Percent of households with at least one member who has been discriminated in the community because of social status

1.0%

N Cases 393 Four percent of the households in the Koronadal City WD have at least one physically and/or mentally disabled member. About 77% of the disabled household members are afflicted with physical ailment, 8% are mentally incapacitated and another 8% are both physically and mentally debilitated. Discrimination has been felt by only a very few of the households in the Koronadal City WD. Specifically, one percent of the households have sensed discrimination in their community because of their social status.


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Table 30. Household Access to Health Insurance Benefits and Other Forms of

Assistance

Indicators Percent

Percent of households with at least one member who is a member of PhilHealth or has any health insurance coverage

72.8%

Percent of households with at least one member who has received any form of assistance for health expenses

26.7%

N Cases 393 Seventy three percent of the households in the Koronadal City WD have at least one member who is a member of PhilHealth or has any health insurance coverage. Moreover, 27% of the households have accessed monetary assistance from people or other institutions to cover medical expenses at the time of sickness of their member(s).

Table 31. Membership in Community Organizations and Voting Exercise

Indicators Percent

Percent of households with at least one member who is a member of any community organization

37.9%

Percent of households with at least one member who is a member of the following organizations:

Homeowners’ association 2.0%

Cooperative 2.0%

Women’s association 6.6%

Savings association 4.1%

Religious organization 14.8%

Other organizations 12.0%

N Cases 393

Percent of households whose eligible members have voted during the last election

94.1%

N Cases 393


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Reasons of household member(s) for having not voted during the last election

Not registered 60.9%

Not interested 0.0%

Busy 8.7%

Sick or away during the election 30.4%

N Cases 23

Thirty eight percent of the households in the Koronadal City WD have at least one member who is a member of any community organization. The most popular organizations participated in by the household members are the religious organizations (15%) and women’s association (7%). Other types of community organizations (12%) cited were senior citizens’ clubs and brotherhood associations. Ninety four percent of households have at least one eligible member who voted during the last election, be it national or local. Of those few who did not vote, reason cited by the majority (61%) was that they were not registered.


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II. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF HOUSEHOLDS CLASSIFIED BY TYPE OF HOUSEHOLD: KORONADAL CITY WATER DISTRICT

Table 1. Percentage Distribution of Households by Number of Households Living in

the Dwelling Unit

Number of HHs in the dwelling unit

Type of Household

Total WD-connected

HHs

Non-connected

HHs 1 91.4% 77.1% 79.6%

2 5.7% 13.6% 12.2%

3 2.9% 5.6% 5.1%

4 or more 0.0% 3.7% 3.1%

N Cases 70 323 393 Single household per dwelling unit characterize most of the WD-connected households (91.4%). Dwelling units shared by multiple households is higher in non-connected households (22.9%) than in WD-connected households (8.6%).


Members

Total number of HH members

Type of Household

Total WD-connected

HHs

Non-connected

HHs All members

1-2 10.0% 4.6% 5.6%

3-4 34.3% 36.5% 36.1%

5-6 28.6% 34.7% 33.6%

7-8 15.7% 17.3% 17.0%

9-10 4.3% 4.3% 4.3%

10 or more 7.1% 2.5% 3.3%

Average Household Size 5.56 5.29 5.34

N Cases 70 323 393


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Table 2. Percentage Distribution of Households by Total Number of Household Members (CONTINUATION)

Total number of HH members

Type of Household

Total WD-connected

HHs

Non-connected

HHs Members 14 years old and below

None 31.9% 29.7% 30.1%

1-2 52.2% 51.1% 51.3%

3-4 14.5% 17.3% 16.8%

5-6 1.4% 1.2% 1.3%

7-8 0.0% 0.3% 0.3%

9-10 0.0% 0.3% 0.3%

Average Number of HH members 14 years old & below 1.28 1.42 1.39

N Cases 69 323 392

Members 65 years old or over

None 87.1% 79.3% 80.7%

1-2 12.9% 20.4% 19.1%

3-4 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

5 or more 0.0% 0.3% 0.3%

N Cases 70 323 393

Average household size of 5.56 in WD-connected households is slightly higher than the 5.29 in non-connected households. Moreover, the proportion of households with less than five members is lower in non-connected households (41.1%) than in connected households (44.3%). The average number of household members 14 years old and below is a little higher in non-connected households than in connected households with 1.42 and 1.28, respectively. The proportion of households with at least one elderly household member (65 years old or over) is higher in non-connected households (20.7%) than in connected households (12.9%).


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Table 3. Percentage Distribution of Households by Length of Stay in the Barangay

Number of years in the barangay

Type of Household

Total WD-connected

HHs

Non-connected

HHs Less than 10 years 24.3% 24.3% 24.3%

10-19 years 31.4% 23.7% 25.1%

20-29 years 21.4% 20.6% 20.7%

30-39 years 15.7% 16.2% 16.1%

40-49 years 7.1% 9.3% 9.0%

50 years or over 0.0% 5.9% 4.9%

Average length of stay in the barangay 20 years 23 years 22 years

N Cases 70 321 391 On the average, non-connected households have stayed longer in their present barangay of residence (23 years) compared to the WD-connected households (20 years). The proportion of households with 30 or more years of residence in their barangay is considerably higher among the non-connected households (31.4%) than in connected households (22.8%). Conversely, shorter habitation of 19 years and less in their current residence is higher among connected households (55.7%) than among non-connected households (48%). Table 4. Percentage Distribution of Households by Average Total Monthly

Household Income (in Pesos)

Total monthly income of the HH

Type of Household

Total WD-connected

HHs

Non-connected

HHs No income 3.0% 2.5% 2.6%

Less than P 5,000 6.0% 26.5% 22.9%

P 5,000 - 9,999 22.4% 37.9% 35.2%

P 10,000 - 14,999 23.9% 12.3% 14.3%

P 15,000 - 19,999 11.9% 9.8% 10.2%

P 20,000 - 29,999 13.4% 6.6% 7.8%

P 30,000 - 39,999 9.0% 3.8% 4.7%

P 40,000 - 49,999 3.0% 0.3% 0.8%

P 50,000 and over 7.5% 0.3% 1.6%

Average Total Monthly Household Income P 18,018 P 9,253 P 10,782

N Cases 67 317 384


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The average monthly income earned by the non-connected households is just about one-half of the average monthly income of the WD-connected households. On the whole, the proportion of connected households (32.9%) earning P20,000 and over is significantly higher than that of non-connected households (11%). Table 5. Percentage Distribution of Households by Average Total Monthly

Household Expenditure (in Pesos)

Total Monthly Household Expenditure

Type of Household

Total WD-connected

HHs

Non-connected

HHs Less than P3,000 0.0% 7.6% 6.3%

P3,000 - 4,999 8.8% 17.2% 15.7%

P5,000 - 9,999 30.9% 44.9% 42.4%

P10,000 - 14,999 29.4% 19.7% 21.5%

P15,000 - 19,999 19.1% 6.7% 8.9%

P20,000 - 29,999 10.3% 2.2% 3.7%

P30,000 - 49,999 1.5% 1.6% 1.6%

P50,000 or over 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Average total monthly household expenditure (in Pesos) P 12,607 P 8,745 P 9,432

N Cases 68 314 382

Connected households’ spending is higher than that of the non-connected households, at P12,607 monthly versus P8,745 monthly. Specifically, more of the non-connected households (44.9%) spend P5,000-9,999 monthly compared to connected households (30.9%). Conversely, more of the connected households (48.5%) tend to spend P10,000 – 19,999 monthly than the non-connected households (26.4%).


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Table 6. Percentage Distribution of Households by Average Total Monthly Household Savings (in Pesos)

Average Total Monthly Savings

Type of Household

Total WD-connected

HHs

Non-connected

HHs None 54.3% 59.6% 58.7%

Less than P1,000 18.6% 30.1% 28.1%

P1,000 - 1,999 8.6% 3.7% 4.6%

P2,000 - 2,999 5.7% 2.2% 2.8%

P3,000 - 3,999 2.9% 0.3% 0.8%

P4,000 – 4,999 1.4% 0.3% 0.5%

P5,000 or over 8.6% 3.7% 4.6%

N Cases 70 322 392 More than one-half of the households do not have savings, 54.3% of the connected households and 59.6% of the non-connected households. Comparatively, more WD-connected households (45.7%) are able to save compared to the 40.4% of non-connected households. Less than P1,000 is saved per month by 30.1% of non-connected households and 18.6% of WD-connected households. However, more connected households (8.6%) are able to save at least P5,000 than non-connected households (3.7%).

Table 7. Percentage Distribution of Households by Sex of the Household Head

Sex of the Household Head

Type of Household

Total WD-connected

HHs

Non-connected

HHs Male 72.9% 83.3% 81.4%

Female 27.1% 16.7% 18.6%

N Cases 70 323 393 Majority of the households are headed by male, 72.9% of the WD-connected and 83.3% of the non-connected households. The proportion of female-headed households is higher among the connected households (27.1%) compared to the non-connected households (16.7%).


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Table 8. Percentage Distribution of Households by Highest Grade Completed by the Household Head

Highest Grade Completed by the Household Head

Type of Household

Total WD-connected

HHs

Non-connected

HHs No schooling 1.5% 1.6% 1.6%

Elementary 3.0% 17.1% 14.6%

High School 17.9% 42.1% 37.9%

Vocational training 11.9% 4.7% 6.0%

College and over 65.7% 34.5% 39.9%

N Cases 67 316 383 Majority or 65.7% of the connected households have household heads who have reached college or over, implying higher educational attainment among heads of connected households than those of non-connected households, 34.5% of whom have college education or over and 42.1% have reached the secondary education level. Table 9. Percentage Distribution of Households by Current Occupation of the

Household Head

Current Occupation of the Household Head

Type of Household

Total WD-connected

HHs

Non-connected

HHs Farming or fishing 10.0% 12.1% 11.7%

Own business 14.3% 16.4% 16.0%

Government employee 20.0% 8.4% 10.4%

Private employee 21.4% 11.5% 13.2%

Temporary laborer 0.0% 10.8% 8.9%

Street vendor 2.9% 2.2% 2.3%

Retired/Pensioner 5.7% 3.1% 3.6%

Unemployed 1.4% 4.3% 3.8%

Others 24.3% 31.3% 30.0%

N Cases 70 323 393 Variation in the type of occupation of household heads is evident between the connected and the non-connected households. There are more regularly employed household heads (private firm and government employees) among the connected households (41.4%) than among the non-connected households (19.9%). Temporary labor is engaged in by 10.8% of the household heads of non-connected households. Unemployment, however, is more prevalent among heads of non-connected households (4.3%) than among those in connected households (1.4%).


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Table 10. Percentage Distribution of Households by Ownership Status of the House Occupied

Ownership Status of the House

Type of Household

Total WD-connected

HHs

Non-connected

HHs House owner 84.3% 85.8% 85.5%

Caretaker 4.3% 2.2% 2.5%

Rent-free occupant 5.7%% 6.5% 6.4%

Renter 5.7 5.3% 5.3%

Others: relatives, etc 0.0% 0.3% 0.3%

N Cases 70 323 393 House ownership is high both among the connected and non-connected households, 84.3% and 85.5%, respectively. Table 11. Percentage Distribution of Households by Ownership Status of the Lot on

which House is Built

Ownership Status of the Lot

Type of Household

Total WD-connected

HHs

Non-connected

HHs Owned 57.1% 59.1% 58.8%

Caretaker 7.1% 5.9% 6.1%

Rented/Leased 11.4% 10.5% 10.7%

Common property with other family members or relatives 22.9% 16.7% 17.8%

Government land 0.0% 5.0% 4.1%

Others 1.4% 2.8% 2.5%

N Cases 70 323 393 In terms of ownership of the lots where their houses are built on, there are more non-connected households (59.1%) who are owners compared to households with connection (57.1%). Commonly owned lots are seen more among connected households (22.9%) than in non-connected households (16.7%). However, 5% of households with no connection have their houses built on state-owned lots.


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Table 12. Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Building/House

Type of building/house

Type of Household

Total WD-connected

HHs

Non-connected

HHs Single 87.1% 94.1% 92.9%

Duplex 8.6% 1.2% 2.6%

Apartment/condominium/ townhouse 2.9% 4.0% 3.8%

Commercial/industrial/ agricultural bldg 0.0% 0.3% 0.3%

Others 1.4% 0.3% 0.5%

N Cases 70 322 392 Single-detached type of houses is common among both the non-connected households (94.1%) and non-connected households (87.1%). However, more WD-connected households (11.5%) are dwelling in multiple unit types such as duplex, apartment or condominium/townhouse than non-connected households (5.2%).

Table 13. Percentage Distribution of Households by Materials that Predominantly

Make Up the Dwelling Unit

Observed materials that make up the dwelling unit

Type of Househol d

Total WD-connected

HHs

Non-connected

HHs Strong materials 50.0% 24.8% 29.3%

Light materials 12.9% 20.8% 19.4%

Mixed but predominantly strong materials 25.7% 32.9% 31.6%

Mixed but predominantly light materials 10.0% 18.3% 16.8%

Salvaged/makeshift materials 1.4% 3.1% 2.8%

N Cases 70 322 392 Around three-fourths of connected households and 57.7% of non-connected households live in dwelling units which are made up of strong materials and mixed but predominantly strong materials. In contrast, 39.1% of the homes of non-connected households are made up of light materials and mixed but predominantly light materials.


130

Table 14. Percentage Distribution of Households by Primary Sources of Water (Multiple Responses)

Primary Source of Water

Type of Household

Total WD-connected

HHs

Non-connected

HHs Piped connection 100.0% 4.3% 21.4%

Public/Street faucet 0.0% 1.5% 1.3%

Deep well 5.7% 38.1% 32.3%

Shallow well 11.4% 52.6% 45.3%

Spring/River/Pond/Stream 4.3% 5.6% 5.3%

Rain 15.7% 6.5% 8.1%

Water vendors 17.1% 5.3% 7.4%

N Cases 70 323 393 Of the households connected to the water district, 17.1% avail of additional water from water vendors, 15.7% from rain, 11.4% from shallow wells, 5.7% from deep wells and 4.3% from rain/ponds/streams. On the other hand, the primary sources of water of households without connection are the shallow wells (52.6%) and deep wells (38.1%). A little more than four percent of the households obtain water from piped connection of other households. Table 15. Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Toilet Facility

Type of Toilet Facility

Type of Household

Total WD-connected

HHs

Non-connected

HHs Water-sealed (flush or pourflush)

connected to sewerage system 0.0% 1.2% 1.0%

Water-sealed (flush or pourflush) connected to septic tank 92.9% 76.8% 79.6%

Water-sealed (flush or pourflush) connected to pit 4.3% 10.2% 9.2%

Water-sealed (flush or pourflush) connected to drainage 0.0% 0.6% 0.5%

Non-water sealed (ventilated improved pit, sanitary pit privy, closed pit) 0.0% 0.6% 0.5%

Non-water sealed (open pit privy, overhang) 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Shared toilet 2.9% 10.2% 8.9%

Public toilet 0.0% 0.3% 0.3%

No toilet (wrap and throw, arinola, bush, sea/marshland , river 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

N Cases 70 323 393


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More than ninety percent of connected households and a lower 76.8% of the non-connected households use water-sealed toilets connected to septic tanks. The rest of the 7.1% of the households with water connection use shared toilets and water-sealed toilets connected to a pit. Around 23% of non-connected toilets use various types of toilet facilities: water-sealed connected to pit or drainage, non-water sealed closed pit, shared and public toilet.


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III. WATER CONSUMPTION AND PREFERENCES OF WD-CONNECTED

HOUSEHOLDS: KORONADAL CITY WATER DISTRICT Table 1. Percentage Distribution of Households by Reason for Water Connection

Reasons Percent Convenience 88.9%

Health safeguard against water-borne diseases 26.4%

Reliability of water supply 8.3%

Status symbol (lifestyle) 1.4%

Inadequacy of other sources 0.0%

Cheaper 2.8%

N Cases 72 As reported by nine out of ten households in Koronadal City WD (89%), convenience is the leading reason for water connection. The other main reasons for water connection as cited by the households are health safeguard against water-borne diseases (26%) and reliability of water supply (8%). Table 2. Volume and Cost of Water Consumption of WD-Connected Households

Indicator Amount N Cases WD water consumed by

connected household per month

26.7 cu.m. 60

Average monthly water bill that WD-connected household pays

P 401.28 68

The average volume of piped water consumed by households in Koronadal City WD is 27 cubic meters per month and the average monthly water bill paid by these households is estimated at P401.


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Table 3. Average Volume of Additional Water from Other Sources Used by WD- Connected Households (In gallons per day)

Source Average Volume (gal/day) N Cases

Public faucet - -

Private deep well 1.2 2

Private shallow well - -

Spring/River/ Stream/ Pond

- -

Rain - -

Water vendors - -

Purified water refilling station

2.4 10

The leading water source in terms of additional volume of water consumed by WD-connected households in Koronadal City WD is purified water refilling stations, at a daily average consumption of two gallons. Private deep well is the other source of additional water among Wd-connected households using on average, one gallon per day. Table 4. Average Cost per Day (in Pesos) of Additional Water Collected from Other

Sources of WD-connected Households

Source Average Cost (Pesos/day) N Cases

Public faucet - -

Private deep well - -



- -

Rain - -

Water vendors - -


16.0 10

Spending for additional water accessed by WD-connected households from purified water refilling station is estimated at P16 per day on the average.


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Table 5. Average Time Consumed (in minutes per day) to Collect Additional Water from Other Sources by WD-connected Households

Source Average Time (min/day N Cases

Public faucet - -




- -

Rain - -

Water vendors - -


6.1 10

It takes about six minutes, on the average, for WD-connected households in Koronadal City WD to get additional water from purified water refilling stations, and 3 minutes to collect water from the deep well. Table 6. Average Distance (in meters) of Other Water Sources from the Dwelling Unit

of WD-connected Household

Source Ave. Distance (meters) N Cases

Public faucet - -




- -

Water vendors - -


585.7 7

In Koronadal City WD, the average distance of private deep wells and purified water refilling stations from the dwelling units of WD-connected households are 11 and 586 meters, respectively.


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Table 7. Percentage Distribution of Households by Number of Other Households/Families Using Water from Their Piped Water Connection

Indicators Percent

% of Households providing piped water to neighbors/ relatives 13.9%

N Cases 72

Number of other households/families using water from piped water

1 household/family 80.0%

2 households/families 0.0%



5 or more households/ families 0.0%

N Cases 10 Fourteen percent of the WD-connected households in Koronadal City WD share their piped water to neighbors or relatives. Of these households sharing water from their piped connection, 80% share water with one household/family and 20% share with three households/families. Table 8. Percentage Distribution of Households by Availability of Piped Water during

Ordinary Days (Number of Hours in a Day)

Availability of piped water during ordinary days Percent

Less than 5 hours a day 0.0%

5-9 hours a day 2.8%




24 hours a day 95.8%

N Cases 72 Almost all of the WD-connected households in Koronadal City WD (96%) enjoy a 24-hour piped water supply during ordinary days.


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Table 9. Percentage Distribution of Households by Availability of Piped Water during Ordinary Days (Number of Days in a Week)

Availability of piped water during ordinary days Percent

3 days in a week 0.0%



7 days a week 100.0%

N Cases 72 All of the WD-connected households in the Koronadal City WD (100%) have available piped water supply seven days of the week. Table 10. Percentage Distribution of Households by Availability of Piped Water

during Summer (Number of Days in a Week)

Availability of piped water during summer Percent





7 days a week 97.2%

No information 2.8%

N Cases 72 Almost all of the WD-connected households in Koronadal City WD (97%) enjoy the availability of water seven days a week even during the summer season. Table 11. Percentage Distribution of Households by Availability of Piped Water during

Rainy Season (Number of Days in a Week)

Availability of piped water during rainy season Percent






Everyday of the week 100.0%

N Cases 69


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During the rainy season, all of the WD-connected households in Koronadal City WD (100%) enjoy the availability of water seven days of the week. Table 12. Percentage Distribution of Households by Level of Satisfaction on the

Quality of Piped Water

Level of Satisfaction Percent Taste

Extremely unsatisfied 21.7%

Moderately unsatisfied 29.0%

Moderately satisfied 34.8%

Extremely satisfied 14.5%

Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied 0.0%

Smell






Color






Overall quality of water






N Cases 69 There are differences in the satisfaction level of Koronadal City WD-connected households when asked about the four aspects of water quality, i.e., taste, smell, and color. About half of the households are moderately or extremely satisfied with the taste (49%) and color (52%) of their piped water. About seven out of ten WD-connected households (65%) reported satisfaction with the smell of their piped water. In general, 57% of the WD-connected households in Koronadal City WD are satisfied, either moderately or extremely, with the overall quality of their piped water.


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Table 13. Percentage of Households Using Pump to Increase Pressure, Description of Current Pressure of Piped Water, Sufficiency of Water from Piped Connection, and Percentage with Storage Tank

Indicators Percent

Percent of households using pump to increase the pressure of piped water

1.4%

N Cases 72

Description of current pressure of the household’s piped water

Very adequate 26.4%

Adequate 72.2%

Poor 1.4%

Very poor 0.0%

N Cases 72

Percent of households who said that water received from piped connection is sufficient for basic domestic needs

81.9%

N Cases 72

Percent of households willing to get additional water needs from piped connection

91.7%

N Cases 12

Percent of households with storage tank 1.4%

N Cases 72

Average Capacity of storage tank (in cu. m.)

No info

N Cases 0 Very few of the WD-connected households in Koronadal (1.4%) use pump to increase the pressure of their piped water, and this is supported by the fact that almost all of the households (99%) described their piped water pressure to be either very adequate or adequate. Very few of the WD-households in Koronadal City WD (1.4%) have water storage tanks. Eighty two percent of WD-connected households in Koronadal City WD recognize sufficiency of piped water for their basic domestic needs. On the other hand, 92% of the WD-connected households who perceive insufficiency of piped water for basic domestics needs see the need for additional piped water from WD connection.


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Table 14. Percentage of Households with at Least One Member who Suffered from Water-related Diseases during the Past Year and Percentage of Households Treating Water from the Faucet

Indicators Percent

Percent of households with at least one member who suffered from water-related diseases during the past year (April 2008-March 2009)

7.0%

N Cases 71

Percent of households that treat water from the faucet before drinking

2.8%

N Cases 71 Among the WD-connected households in Koronadal City WD, only seven percent have at least one household member who suffered water-related diseases from April, 2008 to March, 2009. Three percent of the WD-connected households in the area treat their water from the faucet before drinking. Table 15a. Service Performance Rating of Koronadal City WD by Connected

Households

Performance Rat ing Percent Continuity of water supply

Very Poor 0.0%

Poor 1.4%

Neutral 11.1%

Good 50.0%

Very Good 37.5%

Reliability of water meter

Very Poor 1.4%

Poor 0.0%

Neutral 11.1%

Good 54.2%

Very Good 33.3%

N Cases 72 About nine out of ten WD-connected households in Koronadal City WD (88%) rate the continuity of their water supply from good to very good. On reliability of water meter, 88% of the WD-connected households rate it as very good or good. It is interesting to note that one-tenth of the WD-connected households remained neutral when rating the continuity of their water supply (11%) and reliability of their water meter (11%).


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Table 15b. Service Performance Rating of Koronadal City WD by Connected Households (CONTINUATION)

Performance Ratin g Percent

Regularity of billing and collection Very Poor 0.0%

Poor 0.0%

Neutral 4.2%

Good 50.7%

Very Good 45.1%

Response to customer complaints

Very Poor 2.8%

Poor 5.6%

Neutral 16.9%

Good 40.8%

Very Good 33.8%

Repair time/services

Very Poor 1.4%

Poor 5.7%

Neutral 17.1%

Good 48.6%

Very Good 27.1%

Overall water supply service

Very Poor 5.6%

Poor 5.6%

Neutral 6.9%

Good 48.6%

Very Good 33.3%

N Cases 72 The water district of Koronadal City WD is rated as good to very good in terms of regularity of billing and collection by almost all of the WD-connected households in the area (96%). On the other hand, about three-fourths of the WD-connected households in the district (74%) rate the response to customer complaints to be either good or very good while more than three-fourths (76%) have the same positive rating on repair services. For the overall water supply service of Koronadal City WD, more than four out of five WD-connected households (82%) rate it good to very good while 11% have a negative rating (poor to very poor).


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Table 16. Amount of Monthly Water Bill that WD-connected Households are Willing to Pay to Access Improved Water Supply Services

Amount willing to pay Percent P1,000/month 4.2%

P 900/month 0.0%

P 800/month 1.4%

P 700/month 0.0%

P 600/month 1.4%

P 500/month 15.5%

P 450/month 1.4%

P 400/month 4.2%

P 350/month 2.8%

P 300/month 7.0%

P 250/month 14.1%

P 200/month 16.9%

P150/month 31.0%

Average Amount of Monthly Water Bill Willing to Pay P 308.55

N Cases 71 About half of the WD-connected households in Koronadal City WD (48%) are willing to pay P200 or less to access improved water supply services. On the other hand, one-fifth of the WD-connected households in this water district (21%) are willing to spend P250 to P300 for improved water supply services, and three out of ten households (31%) are willing to pay more than P300. Very few of the WD-connected households in the area (<5%) are willing to pay P1,000 to access an improved water supply service. The average amount of monthly water bill that households are willing to pay converges at P309. Table 17. Reason(s) of Households for Staying Connected with Piped Water

System (Multiple Responses)

Reason for staying connected Percent

Convenience 16.7%

Really want/need the improved water service 54.2%

Worried about the health risks of drinking water from other sources 23.6%

Increased water bill is not too high 1.4%

N Cases 72


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Perceived need for improved existing water supply service as reported by more than half of the WD-connected households (54%) is the leading reason of households in Koronadal City WD for staying connected with the piped water system. The other reasons for staying connected with piped water system conveyed by the WD-connected households are the health risks posed by consuming water from other sources (24%) and convenience (17%). Table 18. Aspects of WD Services that Households Want to be Improved (Multiple

Responses)

Aspect of WD Services Percent Water pressure 2.8%

Complaints handling 11.1%

Reduced water rates 20.8%

Repairs 2.8%

Billing 2.8%

Quality of water/ clean water 15.9%

Maintenance of pipes 3.7%

N Cases 72 Many of the WD-connected households in Koronadal City WD reported reduced water rates (21%) and water pressure (16%) as the leading aspects of water district services they want to be improved. The other aspect of WD services that WD-connected households in the area perceive to need improvement is complaints-handling as reported by eleven percent of the WD-connected households in the area.


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IV. WATER CONSUMPTION AND PREFERENCES OF NON-CONNECTED

HOUSEHOLDS: KORONADAL CITY WATER DISTRICT Table 1A. Percentage Distribution of Non-connected Households by Source of Water

for Various Uses

Water Source Percent Drinking

Piped water (not own connection) 3.4%

Public faucet 3.8%

Private deep well 30.9%

Private shallow well 40.6%

Spring/River/ Stream/ Pond 2.5%

Water vendors & peddlers 18.4%

Open dug well 0.3%

Cooking


Public faucet 3.4%




Rain 0.3%


Open dug well 0.9%

N Cases 320 Two out of five of non-connected households in Koronadal City WD (41%) source their drinking water from private shallow wells. Some of the non-connected households identified private deep well (31%) and water vendors & peddlers (18%) as their sources of drinking water. As for water used for cooking, more than half of non-connected households (52%) reported getting it from private shallow wells. Many non-connected households (35%) source water for cooking from private deeps.


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Table 1B. Percentage Distribution of Non-connected Households by Source of Water for Various Uses (CONTINUATION)

Water Source Percent

Bathing


Public faucet 3.1%




Rain 0.3%


Open dug well 0.3%

Gardening


Public faucet 2.8%




Rain 1.0%


Open dug well 1.7%

N Cases 320 With the available sources of water for non-connected households in Koronadal City WD, private shallow well and deep well are identified to be the lead sources of water for bathing and gardening. More than half of the non-connected households in the area (55%) source their water used for bathing from private shallow wells. Same source of water used for gardening is reported by more than half of the non-connected households (57%). Many of the non-connected households get their bathing water (34%) and gardening water (32%) from private deep wells.


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Table 1C. Percentage Distribution of Non-connected Households by Source of Water for Various Uses (CONTINUATION)

Water Source Percent

Cleaning


Public faucet 2.5%




Rain 1.6%


Open dug well 0.9%

N Cases 320 Consistently, most non-connected households in Koronadal City WD collect water used for cleaning from private shallow wells (55%). Private deep well is another source of water used for cleaning as reported by one-third of the non-connected households in the area (33%). Table 2. Percentage of Non-connected Households Paying for Supply of Piped Water

from Other Household’s Connection

Indicators Percent Percent of households paying

for supply of piped water from other’s connection

66.7%

N Cases 14

To whom paying

Neighbor/Relative who has own WD piped connection 90.0%

Barangay association 10.0%

N Cases 10 Majority of the non-connected households in Koronadal City WD (67%) that access piped connection owned by others are paying for that piped water supply. Nine out of ten of these households (90%) are paying either to a neighbor or a relative who has WD piped connection.


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Table 3. Reasons of Non-connected Households for Not Being Connected to the Piped Water System (Multiple Responses)

Reason for not being

connected Percent

Connection is not available 67.1%

Connection fee too high 9.0%

Present water source is adequate & satisfactory 11.2%

Monthly charges too high 5.0%

House is being rented 5.3%

Disconnected 0.6%

WD piped water not safe/clean 1.9%

Waiting list for connection 4.7%

N Cases 322 Non-availability of water connection in their area leads as a reason for not being connected to piped water as reflected in the responses of most of the non-connected households in Koronadal City WD (67%). The other reasons for not being connected to piped water are the current adequate water sources and high connection fees as reported by 11% and 9% of the non-connected households, respectively. Table 4. Percentage Distribution of Non-connected Households by

Perceived/Observed Availability of Water Service in their Household

Indicator Percent Perceived/Observed availability of water service in the household

Sufficient all year round 71.4%

Insufficient during dry season 0.0%

Insufficient sometimes 22.7%

Insufficient mostly 4.0%

No information 1.9%

N Cases 322

Percent of non-connected households with storage tank 9.3%

N Cases 321 Most of the non-connected households in Koronadal City WD (71%) perceive that availability of water service in the household is sufficient all year round. Some of the non-connected


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households in the area (29%) reported insufficiency of water at certain times. Only a few of the non-connected households (9%) have water storage tanks.

Table 5. Average Volume of Water Consumption of Non-connected Households by

Type of Use (In gallons per day)

Type of Use Minimum (gal/day)

Maximum (gal/day)

Average (gal/day) N Cases

Drinking 0.26 16.00 4.01 312

Cooking 0.53 52.84 8.61 309

Bathing 5.00 158.52 34.94 308

Gardening 1.00 264.20 19.05 280

Cleaning 0.53 264.20 17.81 309 Generally, among non-connected households in Koronadal City WD, more water is used in bathing with a daily average household consumption of 35 gallons. Other fundamental uses of water among non-connected households in the area are gardening and cleaning, with a daily average consumption of 19 and 18 gallons per household, respectively. The average daily water consumption of non-connected households for cooking and drinking are nine and four gallons, respectively. Table 6. Percentage Distribution of Non-connected Households by Persons Usually

Fetching Water from the Source

Person(s) usually fetching water from source Percent

Adult male household member(s) 32.4%

Adult female household member(s) 24.8%

Children 13.0%

Anyone available 29.8%

N Cases 315 About one-third of non-connected households in Koronadal City WD (32%) district stated that adult male household members are the usual fetchers of water from the source. Meanwhile, one-fourth of the non-connected households (25%) claim that the persons usually fetching water from its source are adult female household members. Thirty percent of the households reported that there is no specific person who collects water, and any member who is available does the chore.


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Table 7. Percentage Distribution of Non-connected Households by Means of Transporting Water

Means of transport Percent

Water truck 0.6%

Tricycle 2.2%

Carry using pail/open containers 53.3%

Carry using closed containers 19.0%

Pipe or water hose connected to neighbor 5.7%

Carry using both closed & open containers 17.1%

Bicycle/Motorcycle 1.6%

Own car/jeepney 0.3%

Push cart 0.0%

N Cases 315 Majority of the non-connected households in Koronadal City WD (53%) transport water by carrying it using pail or any other open container from the water source to their dwelling units. Some 17% of the households transport water using both closed and open containers. A few of non-connected households (6%), however, use pipe or water hose connected to a neighbor. Table 8. Percentage Distribution of Non-connected Households by Total Spent

Collecting Water per Day (In number of hours) and Schedule of Collecting

Indicators Percent Total time spent

0.5 – 1 hour 97.8%

1.1 – 2 hours 1.8%

2- 4 hours 0.0%

5 hours or more 0.4%

N Cases 278

Schedule of collecting

Morning 2.6%

Evening 0.0%

Afternoon 0.3%

Anytime 97.1%

N Cases 310


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Half of an hour to an hour per day is spent collecting water by almost all of the non-connected households in Koronadal City WD (98%). A very few Koronadal non-connected households (<5%) spends more than an hour daily in collecting water. For almost all of the non-connected households (97%), no particular time of the day is scheduled for water collection as they do it anytime. Table 9. Percentage Distribution of Non-connected Households by Level of

Satisfaction on the Quality of Water from their Current Sources

Level of Satisfaction Percent

Taste






Smell






Color












N Cases 321 When rating the different aspects of water quality such as taste, smell and color, the level of satisfaction of most non-connected households in the Koronadal City WD reflects consistency. Most of the non-connected households affirmed their satisfaction with the taste (87%), smell (89%) and color (89%) of their water. Also, most of the non-connected


150

households (89%) are moderately to extremely satisfied, with the overall quality of their water. Table 10. Percentage of Non-connected Households with at Least One Member who

Suffered from Water-related Diseases during the Past Year and Percentage of Households Treating Water from the Faucet

Indicators Percent

Percent of households with at least one member who suffered from water-related diseases during the past year (April 2008-March 2009)

4.1%

N Cases 319

% of HH with at least one adult member who got sick with:

Diarrhea 0.0%

Amoebiasis 0.0%

Gastroenteritis 0.0%

Dysentery 0.0%

Skin diseases 1.3%

N Cases 319

% of HH with at least one child member who got sick with:

Diarrhea 0.6%

Amoebiasis 0.9%

Typhoid fever 0.0%

N Cases 319

Average number of days sick with:

Diarrhea 4.3 (3 cases)

Amoebiasis 5.0 (5 cases)

Gastroenteritis -

Dysentery -

Skin diseases 19.0 (5 cases)

Average cost of medication for:

Diarrhea P 350

Amoebiasis P 1,738

Gastroenteritis -

Dysentery -

Typhoid fever -

Skin diseases P 203


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Table 10. Percentage of Non-connected Households with at Least One Member who Suffered from Water-related Diseases during the Past Year and Percentage of Households Treating Water from the Faucet (CONTINUATION)

Indicators Percent

Percent of households that treat water from the faucet before drinking 6.9%

N Cases 321 Only four percent of the non-connected households in Koronadal City WD have a member who suffered from water-related diseases during the past year, from April 2008 to March 2009. Very few of the non-connected households in the area (7%) treat water from the faucet before drinking. Table 11. Percentage of Non-connected Households Willing to Connect to the WD

Water Supply System

Indicators Percent Percent of non-connected households willing to

connect with the existing water supply system 70.8%

N Cases 322

Percent of non-connected households willing to connect if existing water supply system will be improved (out of the households who do not want to connect to the existing water supply system)

6.5%

N Cases 92

Absolute proportion of non-connected households willing to connect to the water supply system 72.7%

N Cases 322 Seven out of ten non-connected households in Koronadal City WD (71%) are willing to connect with the existing district water supply system. Among the non-connected households who do not want to connect to the existing water supply system, very few (7%) are willing to connect if improvements were to be made on the existing system. On the whole, improved or not improved, 73% of the non-connected households in the area are willing to have their own connection with the piped water system.


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Table 12. Reasons of Non-connected Households for Their Willingness/ Unwillingness to Connect to the WD Piped Water System (Multiple Responses)

Willingness/ Unwillingness to Connect

to the WD Piped Water System Percent

Reason for willingness to connect

Convenience 44.9%

Really want/need the improved water service 25.4%

Worried about the health risks of the water from current source 43.2%

Water bill is not too high 4.7%

N Cases 236

Reason for unwillingness to connect

Happy with our existing water source 37.2%

Monthly water bill is too high 30.2%

Connection charge is too high 24.4%

Do not own land/house occupied 19.8%

Do not really want/need the improved service 1.2%

Not worried about the health risks from my existing water source 2.3%

N Cases 86 Many non-connected households in Koronadal City WD stated that their leading reasons for their willingness to avail of piped water connection are convenience (45%) and their health worries with the current water source (43%). One-fourth of the non-connected households in the area (25%), however, claimed that they will avail of the piped water connection because they need the improved water service. The leading cause of unwillingness to connect to the existing water supply system is contentment with their existing water source as evinced by the responses of many non-connected households in the area (37%). Interestingly, 30% of the non-connected households in the district perceive the monthly water bill to be too high, hence their reluctance to connect to the piped water supply system. Moreover, about one-fourth of the households (24%) cited high connection charges as a reason that keeps them from connecting to the existing water supply system.


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Table 13. Amount of Monthly Water Bill that Non-connected Households are Willing to Pay to Access Improved Water Supply Services

Amount willing to pay Percent

P1,000/month 9.8%

P 900/month 0.0%

P 800/month 0.0%

P 700/month 0.0%

P 600/month 0.4%

P 500/month 10.2%

P 450/month 0.4%

P 400/month 0.0%

P 350/month 3.4%

P 300/month 8.9%

P 250/month 31.1%

P 200/month 19.1%

P150/month 16.6%

Average Amount of Monthly Water Bill Willing to Pay P 332.65

N Cases 235 Most of the non-connected households in Koronadal City WD who are willing to pay if they were to connect to the water district (67%) are willing to pay in the range of P150 to P250 per month. One third of the non-connected households in the area (33%) are willing to pay P300 to P1,000 per month. On the average, amount of monthly water bill that non-connected households are willing to pay converges at P333. Table 14. Willingness to Connect by Total Household Monthly Income among

Non-connected Households

Total household monthly income % N cases

No income 87.5% 8

Less than P5,000 63.1% 84

P5,000 - 9,999 75.6% 119

P10,000 - 14,999 74.4% 39

P15,000 - 19,999 71.0% 31

P20,000 - 29,999 81.0% 21

P30,000 - 39,999 58.3% 12

P40,000 - 49,999 100.0% 1

P50,000 or more 0.0% 1

Total 70.8% 322


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There seems to be no distinct connection between the willingness of non-connected households in Koronadal City WD to connect with the current water supply system and their income. Three out of five non-connected households with less than P5,000 monthly income (63%) are willing to connect to the current water supply system. Three-fourths of the non-connected households in the district with monthly income that falls between P5,000 and P14,999 declared their willing to connect to the existing water supply system.


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V. WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PREFERENCES BY SOCIO-ECONOMIC

STATUS OF HOUSEHOLDS: KORONADAL CITY WATER DISTRICT Table 1. Socio-Economic Status of Households

Socio-Economic Status Percent Poor 45.5% Non-poor 54.5%

N Cases 393 For this study, classification of households according to socio-economic status was done using the 2007 per capita poverty thresholds – such that those that fall below the poverty threshold are categorized as poor, and conversely, those above the threshold level are considered non-poor. Different threshold levels are used corresponding to the geographic location. The urban poverty threshold used for Koronadal is P16,136. Data shows that there are slightly more non-poor households (55%) in Koronadal City WD. Table 2. Percentage of Households by Household Headship by Socio-Economic

Status

SE Status Total

Poor Non-poor Male-headed 82.7% 80.4% 81.4% Female-headed 17.3% 19.6% 18.6%

N Cases 179 214 393 Regardless of the socio-economic status, households in Koronadal City WD are mostly headed by males. It can be observed from the data, however, that male-headship is slightly more prevalent among the poor households (83%) compared to the non-poor households (80%). Table 3. Percentage of Households by Water Pipe Connection Status by Socio-

Economic Status

SE Status Total

Poor Non-poor WD-Connected 8.4% 25.7% 17.8% Non-connected 91.6% 74.3% 82.2%

N Cases 179 214 393

Generally, there are few WD-connected households in Koronadal City WD. Even with the low WD coverage in the area, the stark difference in water pipe connection between poor and non-poor households can still be observed. There are more non-poor households in Koronadal City WD (26%) that have piped water connection compared to the poor households (8%).


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Table 4. Preference for Septage System Improvement by Socio-economic Status of Households

Indicator SE Status

Total Poor Non-poor

Percent of HHs that would like to improve septage system 21.6% 37.6% 30.4%

N Cases 162 197 359

Type of improvement preferred

Installation of septic tank 22.9% 28.4% 26.6%

Improvement/ rehabilitation of existing septic tank 45.7% 41.9% 43.1%

De-sludging of septic tank 31.4% 25.7% 27.5%

N Cases 35 74 109

Percent of households willing to pay for:

Installation of septic tank 29.2% 30.9% 30.4%

N cases 24 55 79

Improvement/ rehabilitation of existing septic tank 46.2% 50.0% 48.7%

N cases 26 52 78

De-sludging of septic tank 31.0% 26.3% 27.9%

N Cases 29 57 86 In Koronadal City WD, there are more non-poor households (38%) compared to the poor households (22%) that would like to improve their current septage system. There are also marked differences in the type of improvements preferred by poor and non-poor households in the area. More non-poor households have preference for installation of septic tank (28%). Meanwhile, improvement/rehabilitation of existing ones (46%) and de-sludging of septic tank (31%) are more common among the poor households. More non-poor households are willing to pay for the installation of a septic tank (31%) and for the rehabilitation of existing ones (50%), while there are more poor households in the area that are willing to pay de-sludging services (31%).


157

Table 5. Willingness to Connect to the Existing/Improved Water Supply System by Socio-Economic Status of Households

Indicator SE Status

Total Poor Non-poor

Percent of non-connected households willing to connect to the existing water supply system

68.1% 73.6% 70.8%

N Cases 163 159 322


3.8% 9.8% 6.5%

N Cases 52 41 93

Absolute proportion of non-connected households willing to connect to the water supply system

69.3% 76.1% 72.7%

N Cases 163 159 322 Within Koronadal City WD, willingness to connect to the existing piped water system is higher among the non-poor non-connected households (74%) than poor non-connected households (68%). Those who refused to be connected to the existing system were further asked about their willingness to connect if existing water supply system would be improved. More non-poor non-connected households (10%) than poor non-connected households (4%) gave positive responses. Generally, improved or not improved existing water supply system, about seven out of ten poor non-connected households (69%) and three-fourths of the non-poor non-connected households (76%) are willing to be connected to the piped water system.


158

ANNEX 1

Gender Tables

CITY OF KORONADAL WATER DISTRICT


159

Table 1. Percentage Distribution of Households by Number of Households Occupying the Dwelling Unit by Household Headship

Number of Households

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs 1 78.4 84.9 79.6 2 12.8 9.6 12.2 3 5.9 1.4 5.1

4 or more 2.8 4.1 3.1

N Cases 320 73 393 Table 2. Percentage Distribution of Households by Household Size by Household

Headship

Number of Household Members

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs 1 - 2 4.1 12.3 5.6 3 - 4 37.5 30.1 36.1 5 - 6 34.7 28.8 33.6 7 - 8 17.2 16.4 17.0 9 - 10 4.1 5.5 4.3

More than 10 2.5 6.8 3.3

N Cases 320 73 393 Table 3. Percentage Distribution of Households by Total Number of Household

Members 14 Years Old and Below by Household Headship

Number of Household Members 14 Years Old and

Below

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs None 27.3 42.5 30.1 1 - 2 53.0 43.8 51.3 3 - 4 17.9 12.3 16.8 5 - 6 1.3 1.4 1.3 7 - 8 0.3 0.0 0.3 9-10 0.3 0.0 0.3

N Cases 320 73 393


160

Table 4. Percentage Distribution of Households by Total Number of Household Members 65 Years Old or Over by Household Headship

Number of Household Members 65 Years Old or Over

HH Headship Total

Male-

headed HHs Female-

headed HHs None 85.0 61.6 80.7 1 - 2 14.7 38.4 19.1

5 or more 0.3 0.0 0.3

N Cases 320 73 393 Table 5. Percentage Distribution of Households by Length of Stay in the Barangay

by Household Headship

Length of Stay in the Barangay

HH Headship Total

Male-

headed HHs Female-

headed HHs Less than 10 25.1 20.8 24.3 10 – 19 years 26.3 19.4 25.1 20 – 29 years 22.6 12.5 20.7 30 – 39 years 15.4 19.4 16.1 40 – 49 years 6.6 19.4 9.0 More than 50 years 4.1 8.3 4.9

N Cases 319 72 391

Table 6. Percentage Distribution of Households by Total Monthly Household Income

by Household Headship

Total Monthly Household Income

HH Headship Total

Male-

headed HHs Female-

headed HHs

No income 2.9 1.4 2.6

Less than P5,000 23.3 21.1 22.9

P5,000 - 9,999 35.8 32.4 35.2

P10,000 - 14,999 14.7 12.7 14.3

P15,000 - 19,999 9.3 14.1 10.2

P20,000 - 29,999 7.7 8.5 7.8

P30,000 - 39,999 4.2 7.0 4.7

P40,000 - 49,999 0.6 1.4 0.8

P50,000 or more 1.6 1.4 1.6

N Cases 313 71 384


161

Table 7. Percentage Distribution of Households by Total Monthly Household Expenditure by Household Headship

Total Monthly Household Income

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs

Less than P3,000 6.1 6.8 6.3

P3,000 - 4,999 16.2 13.7 15.7

P5,000 - 9,999 42.7 41.1 42.4

P10,000 - 14,999 20.7 24.7 21.5

P15,000 - 19,999 9.4 6.8 8.9

P20,000 - 29,999 2.9 6.8 3.7

P30,000 - 49,999 1.9 0.0 1.6

P50,000 or over 0.0 0.0 0.0

N Cases 309 73 382 Table 8. Percentage Distribution of Households by Average Total Monthly

Household Savings by Household Headship

Average Total Monthly Household Savings

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs

None 57.7 63.0 58.7

Less than P1,000 30.1 19.2 28.1

P1,000 - 1,999 5.0 2.7 4.6

P2,000 - 2,999 1.6 8.2 2.8

P3,000 - 3,999 0.6 1.4 0.8

P4,000 – 4,999 0.6 0.0 0.5

P5,000 or over 4.4 5.5 4.6

N Cases 319 73 392


162

Table 9. Percentage Distribution of Households by Number of Household Members Currently Working or Employed by Household Headship

Number of Household Members Currently Working or

Employed

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs

None 8.9 22.5 11.4

1-2 members 83.2 49.3 77.0

3-4 members 7.9 25.4 11.1

5 or more members 0.0 2.8 0.5

N Cases 316 71 387 Table 10. Proportion of Households With at Least One Member Who Had Borrowed

Money during the Past year by Household Headship

Indicator HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Proportion of households with at

least one member who had borrowed money during the past year

71.9 60.3 69.7

N Cases 320 73 393 Table 11. Percentage Distribution of Households by Highest Grade Completed by

Household Head by Household Headship

Highest Grade Completed by Household Head

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs No schooling 1.9 .0 1.6 Elementary 12.5 23.9 14.6 High School 37.8 38.0 37.9 Vocational training 6.7 2.8 6.0 College and over 41.0 35.2 39.9

N Cases 312 71 383


163

Table 12. Percentage Distribution of Households by Occupation of Household Head by Household Headship

Occupation of Household Head

HH Headship Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Farming or fishing 13.4 4.1 11.7 Own business 12.8 30.1 16.0 Government employee 11.6 5.5 10.4 Private employee 14.7 6.8 13.2 Temporary laborer 10.6 1.4 8.9 Street vendor 2.2 2.7 2.3 Retired/Pensioner 2.5 8.2 3.6 Unemployed 3.4 5.5 3.8 Others 28.8 35.6 30.0

N Cases 320 73 393

Table 13. Percentage Distribution of Households by Ownership Status of House

Occupied by Household Headship

Ownership Status of House Occupied

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs House owner 85.0 87.7 85.5 Caretaker 2.5 2.7 2.5 Rent-free occupant 7.2 2.7 6.4 Renter 5.0 6.8 5.3 Living with relatives 0.3 0.0 0.3

N Cases 320 73 393

Table 14. Percentage Distribution of Households by Ownership Status of the Lot

Occupied on Which House is Built by Household Headship

Ownership Status of the Lot Occupied on Which House is

Built

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Owned 58.1 61.6 58.8 Caretaker 6.3 5.5 6.1 Rented/Leased 10.3 12.3 10.7 Common property w/ other family members/relatives 19.1 12.3 17.8

Government land 4.4 2.7 4.1 Others 1.9 5.5 2.5

N Cases 320 73 393


164

Table 15. Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of House/Building Occupied by Household Headship

Type of House or Building Occupied

HH Headship Total

Male-

headed HHs Female-headed

HHs Single 93.7 89.0 92.9 Duplex 1.9 5.5 2.6 Apartment/condo/townhouse 3.8 4.1 3.8 Commercial/industrial or agricultural bldg 0.3 0.0 0.3

Others 0.3 1.4 0.5

N Cases 319 73 392 Table 16. Percentage Distribution of Households by Observed Materials that Make Up

the Dwelling Unit by Household Headship

Observed materials that make up the dwelling unit

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Strong materials 27.6 37.0 29.3 Light materials 19.1 20.5 19.4 Mixed but predominantly strong materials 34.2 20.5 31.6

Mixed but predominantly light materials 16.6 17.8 16.8

Salvaged/makeshift materials 2.5 4.1 2.8

N Cases 319 73 392 Table 17. Percentage Distribution of Households by Primary Water Sources (Multiple

Responses) by Household Headship

Primary Water Source HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Piped connection 19.4 30.1 21.4 Shallow well 47.5 35.6 45.3 Water vendors 5.6 15.1 7.4 Deep well 31.3 37.0 32.3 Public/Street faucet 3.9 5.4 4.4 Spring/River/Pond/Stream 6.3 1.4 5.3 Rain 6.6 15.1 8.1

N Cases 320 73 393


165

Table 18. Proportion of Households that Have WD Pipe Connection by Household Headship

Indicator HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Proportion of households that

have WD pipe connection 15.9 26.0 17.8

N Cases 320 73 393 Table 19. Percentage Distribution of Households by Type of Toilet Facility

Owned/Used by Household Headship

Type of Toilet Facility Owned/Used

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Water-sealed (flush/pourflush) connected to septic tank 80.6 75.3 79.6

Shared toilet 9.1 8.2 8.9 Water-sealed (flush/pourflush) connected to pit 7.8 15.1 9.2

Water-sealed (flush/pourflush) connected to sewerage system

0.9 1.4 1.0

Water-sealed (flush/pourflush) connected to drainage 0.6 0.0 0.5

Non-water sealed (ventilated improved pit, sanitary pit privy)

0.6 0.0 0.5

Public toilet 0.3 0.0 0.3

N Cases 320 73 393


166

Table 20. Proportion of Survey Respondents Satisfied with Current Toilet System Owned/Used and Willing to Improve Current Septage System by Household Headship

Indicators HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Proportion of survey respondents satisfied with current toilet system owned/used

80.0 79.5 79.9

N Cases 320 73 393 Proportion of survey respondents willing to improve current septage system

31.2 26.9 30.4

N Cases 292 67 359


167

Table 21. Hygiene and Sanitation Practices by Household Headship


Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Percent of households whose members wash hands before cooking

99.7 100.0 99.7

N Cases 320 73 393 Percent of households whose members wash hands before eating

100.0 100.0 100.0

N Cases 320 73 393

Percent of households whose members wash hands after using toilet

100.0 100.0 100.0

N Cases 320 73 393

Percent of households whose members wash hands before breastfeeding

53.8 41.7 51.9

N Cases 130 24 154 Percent of households whose members wash hands before feeding children

66.4 51.9 64.1

N Cases 140 27 167

Percent of households whose members wash hands after changing diaper

55.7 38.5 52.9

N Cases 131 26 157

Percent of households whose members wash hands after washing the children after toilet

85.7 55.6 81.7

N Cases 175 27 202


168

Table 22. Percentage Distribution of Households by Place where Children &Infants go for Toilet Purposes by Household Headship

Place where Children &Infants go for Toilet Purposes

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Toilet 95.4 97.1 95.7 Gutter/water canals 0.3 0.0 0.3 Garden/backyard 1.3 0.0 1.1 Urinals/urinola 2.0 0.0 1.6 Disposable diapers 1.0 2.9 1.4

N Cases 302 68 370 Table 23. Percentage Distribution of Households by Number of Times Household Eat

in a Day by Household Headship

Number of Times Household Eat in a Day

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs 1-2 times a day 1.9 2.7 2.0 3 times a day 93.1 84.9 91.6 4 times or more 5.0 12.3 6.4

N Cases 320 73 393

Table 24. Child and Maternal Mortality Experience by Household Headship


Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Percent of households with children who died before reaching the age of 6

2.2 6.8 3.1

N Cases 320 73 393

Percent of households with member who died during pregnancy or while giving birth

1.3 4.1 1.8

N Cases 320 73 393


169

Table 25. Percentage Distribution of Households by Health Facility Sought for Medical Services by Household Headship

Health Facility Sought for Medical Services

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Health center 56.9 46.6 55.0 Private clinic 13.4 23.3 15.3 Government hospital 15.9 20.5 16.8 Private hospital 8.1 4.1 7.4 Herbolario 2.2 2.7 2.3 Self medication 2.5 2.7 2.5 Others 0.9 0.0 0.8

Percent of survey respondents satisfied with available health services in their locality

90.6 94.5 91.3

N Cases 320 73 393

Table 26. Access to Insurance and Assistance for Health Expenses, and Participation

in Community Organization by Household Headship


Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Percent of households with at least one member who has Philhealth or any health insurance coverage

72.2 78.1 73.3

N Cases 320 73 393 Percent of households with at least one member who gets any form of assistance for health expenses

24.3 42.9 27.7

N Cases 320 73 393

Percent of households with at least one member who is a member of any organization/association in the community

37.4 41.1 38.1

N Cases 320 73 393


170

Table 27a. Percentage Distribution of Households by Household Decision-making Patterns by Household Headship

Member of Household who decides

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs When to buy household equipment

Husband 15.0 5.5 13.2 Wife 15.3 45.2 20.9 Both husband/wife 67.2 17.8 58.0 Other member(s) 2.5 31.5 7.9

N Cases 320 73 393

When to renovate the house


N Cases 316 72 388

When to build a toilet/septic tank


N Cases 314 72 386

On the family’s economic activity


N Cases 318 73 391

To bring the children to the doctor when sick


N Cases 316 72 388


171

Table 27b. Percentage Distribution of Households by Household Decision-making Patterns by Household Headship (CONTINUATION)

Member of Household who decides

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs On water connection


N Cases 293 69 362


172

Table 28. Percentage Distribution of Households by Household Responsibility Patterns by Household Headship

Member of household who is responsible

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Supervising/reminding the children to wash hands


N Cases 316 68 384

Cleaning the toilet and water containers


N Cases 320 73 393

Removing garbage


N Cases 320 73 393

Cleaning drainage/sewage systems


N Cases 276 56 332


173

A. WD-CONNECTED HOUSEHOLDS Table 29. Percentage Distribution of WD-connected Households by Reason for Water

Connection by Household Headship

Table 30. Percentage Distribution of WD-connected Households Providing Water to

Neighbor/ Relatives by Household Headship

Indicators HH Headship Total

Male-headed

HHs

Female-headed

HHs Percentage of WD-connected

Households providing water to neighbor/ relatives

13.2% 15.8% 13.9%

N Cases 53 19 72

Number of other households/families using water from the household’s piped water

1 household/family 85.7% 66.7% 80.0%

2 households/families 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

3 households/families 14.3% 33.3% 20.0%

4 households/families 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 5 or more households/ families 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

N Cases 7 3 10

Household is being charged by WD at:

Residential rate 96.2% 100.0% 97.2% Commercial rate 3.8% .0% 2.8%

N Cases 53 19 72

Reason for Water Connection HH Headship

Total

Male-headed

HHs

Female-headed

HHs Convenience 86.8% 94.7% 88.9% Health safeguard against water-borne

diseases 24.5% 31.6% 26.4%

Reliability of water supply 9.4% 5.3% 8.3% Status symbol (lifestyle) 0.0% 5.3% 1.4% Inadequacy of other sources 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Cheaper 3.8% 0.0% 2.8%


174

Table 31. Proportion of WD-connected Households with at least One Member who Suffered from Water-related Diseases Last Year Due to Consumption of Water Supplied by Household Headship


Total

Male-headed

HHs

Female-headed

HHs Percent of WD-connected

Households with at least one member who suffered from water-related diseases last year due to consumption of water supplied by the water district

3.8% 15.8% 7.0%

N Cases 52 19 71

Percent of WD-connected Households that treat water from faucet before drinking

3.8% 0.0% 2.8%

N Cases 52 19 71 Table 32a. Percentage Distribution of WD-connected Households by Observed

Pressure and Sufficiency of Piped Water and Use of Water Pump/Tank by Household Headship


Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Observed Pressure of Piped Water

Very adequate 26.4% 26.3% 26.4% Adequate 71.7% 73.7% 72.2% Poor 1.9% 0.0% 1.4% Very poor 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

N Cases 53 19 72 Percent of Households using

water pump to increase the pressure

1.9% 0.0% 1.4%

N Cases 53 19 72 Percent of Households with

water storage tank 1.9% 0.0% 1.4%

N Cases 53 19 72


175

Table 32b. Percentage Distribution of WD-connected Households by Observed Pressure and Sufficiency of Piped Water and Use of Water Pump/Tank by Household Headship (CONTINUATION)


Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Percent of Households

receiving water from piped water connection that is sufficient for their basic domestic needs

81.1% 84.2% 81.9%

N Cases 53 19 72 Percent of Households willing to

get additional water needs from the WD piped connection

100.0% 66.7% 91.7%

N Cases 9 3 12 Table 33. Amount of Monthly Water Bill that WD-connected Households are Willing to

Pay to Access Improved Water Supply Services by Household Headship

Amount Willing to Pay to Access Improved Water Supply

Services

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs P1,000/month 5.7% 0.0% 4.2% P 900/month 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% P 800/month 0.0% 5.3% 1.4% P 700/month 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% P 600/month 1.9% 0.0% 1.4% P 500/month 15.1% 15.8% 15.3% P 450/month 0.0% 5.3% 1.4% P 400/month 3.8% 5.3% 4.2% P 350/month 1.9% 5.3% 2.8% P 300/month 7.5% 5.3% 6.9% P 250/month 15.1% 10.5% 13.9% P 200/month 20.8% 5.3% 16.7% P150/month 26.4% 42.1% 30.6%

N Cases 53 19 72


176

Table 34. Percentage Distribution of WD-connected Households by Preferred Aspect of Water District Services Prioritized for Improvement by Household Headship

Number of Households

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Water pressure 1.9% 5.3% 2.8% Billing 1.9% 0.0% 1.4% Complaints handling 13.2% 5.3% 11.1% Reduced water rates 18.9% 26.3% 20.8% Repairs 3.8% 0.0% 2.8% Others 60.4% 63.2% 61.1%


177

B. NON-CONNECTED HOUSEHOLDS

Table 35a. Percentage Distribution of Non-connected Households by Source of

Water for Various Uses by Household Headship

Source of Water for various Uses

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs For Drinking

Piped water (not own connection) 3.0% 5.6% 3.4%

Public faucet/ hydrant 4.1% 1.9% 3.8% Deep well 30.8% 31.5% 30.9% Shallow well 40.6% 40.7% 40.6% Spring/River/Stream/Pond 2.6% 1.9% 2.5% Water vendors & peddlers 18.4% 18.5% 18.4% Open dug well 0.4% 0.0% 0.3%

For Cooking



For bathing



N Cases 266 54 320


178

Table 35b. Percentage Distribution of Non-connected Households by Source of Water for various Uses Household Headship (CONTINUATION)

Table 36. Percentage Distribution of Non-connected Households by Reason for Not

Being Connected to Water District by Household Headship

Reason for Not Being Connected to Water District

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Connection is not available 69.0% 57.4% 67.1% Connection fee too high 9.0% 9.3% 9.0% Present water source is adequate & satisfactory 9.3% 20.4% 11.2%

Monthly charges too high 5.6% 1.9% 5.0% House is being rented 5.2% 5.6% 5.3% Disconnected 0.4% 1.9% 0.6% WD piped water not safe/clean 1.5% 3.7% 1.9% Waiting list for connection 4.5% 5.6% 4.7%

N Cases 268 54 322

Source of Water for various Uses

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs For gardening



N Cases 239 49 288

For cleaning



N Cases 266 54 320


179

Table 37. Percentage Distribution of Non-connected Households by Observed Availability of Water Service in the Household and Ownership of Water Storage Tank by Household Headship


Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Observed availability of water service in the household

Sufficient all year round 70.5% 75.9% 71.4% Insufficient during dry season 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Insufficient sometimes 23.9% 16.7% 22.7% Insufficient mostly 3.7% 5.6% 4.0% No information 1.9% 1.9% 1.9%

N Cases 268 54 322

Percent of Non-connected Households with water storage tank

8.6% 13.0% 9.3%

N Cases 267 54 321 Table 38. Percentage Distribution of Non-connected Households by Person Fetching

Water from Source by Household Headship

Person Fetching Water from Source

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Adult male household member(s) 36.3% 13.2% 32.4%

Adult female household member(s) 26.7% 15.1% 24.8%

Children 9.5% 30.2% 13.0%

Anyone available 27.5% 41.5% 29.8%

N Cases 262 53 315


180

Table 39. Percentage Distribution of Non-connected Households by Means of Transporting Water from the Water Source by Household Headship

Means of Transporting Water from the Water Source

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Water truck 0.8% 0.0% 0.6% Tricycle 1.9% 3.8% 2.2% Carry using pail/open

containers 52.9% 55.8% 53.3%

Carry using closed containers 19.0% 19.2% 19.0% Pipe or water hose connected

to neighbor 5.7% 5.8% 5.7%

Carry using both closed & open containers 17.9% 13.5% 17.1%

Bicycle/Motorcycle 1.5% 1.9% 1.6% Own car/jeepney 0.4% 0.0% 0.3% Push cart 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

N Cases 263 52 315

Table 40. Percentage Distribution of Non-connected Households by Total Time Spent

for Collecting Water per Day (In number of hours) and Schedule of Collecting by Household Headship


Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Total time spent

0.5 – 1 hour 95.8% 95.6% 95.8% 1.1 – 2 hours 1.7% 2.2% 1.8% 2- 4 hours 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 5 hours or more 0.4% 0.0% 0.4% No information 2.1% 2.2% 2.1%

N Cases 239 45 284

Schedule of collecting Morning 2.2% 3.7% 2.5% Evening 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Afternoon 0.4% 0.0% 0.3% Anytime 94.0% 90.7% 93.5% No Information 3.4% 5.6% 3.7%

N Cases 268 54 322


181

Table 41. Proportion of Non-connected Households with at least One Member who Suffered from Water-related Diseases Last Year Due to Consumption of Water Supplied by Household Headship


Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Percent of Non-connected

Households with at least one member who suffered from water-related diseases last year due to consumption of water supplied by the water district

4.1% 3.7% 4.0%

N Cases 268 54 322

Percent of Non-connected Households that treat water from faucet before drinking

6.7% 7.4% 6.8%

N Cases 268 54 322 Table 42. Willingness to Connect to WD Water Supply System of Currently Non-

connected Households by Household Headship


Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed HHs

Percent of non-connected households willing to connect with the existing water supply system

70.5% 72.2% 70.8%

N Cases 268 54 322


7.7% 0.0% 6.5%

N Cases 78 15 93


182

Table 43. Reasons of Non-connected Households for Their Willingness/ Unwillingness to Connect to the WD Piped Water System by Household Headship (Multiple Responses)

Water District HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs Reason for willingness to connect

Convenience 41.1% 64.1% 44.9% Really want/need the

improved water service 24.4% 30.8% 25.4%

Worried about the health risks of the water from current source

44.7% 35.9% 43.2%

Water bill is not too high 5.1% 2.6% 4.7%

N Cases 197 39 236

Reason for unwillingness to connect

Happy with our existing water source 31.0% 66.7% 37.2%

Monthly water bill is too high 33.8% 13.3% 30.2% Connection charge is too

high 28.2% 6.7% 24.4%

Do not own land/house occupied 19.7% 20.0% 19.8%

Do not really want/need the improved service 1.4% 0.0% 1.2%

Not worried about the health risks from my existing water source

2.8% 0.0% 2.3%

N Cases 71 15 86


183

Table 44. Amount of Monthly Water Bill that Non-connected Households are Willing to Pay to Access Improved Water Supply Services by Household Headship

Amount Willing to Pay to Access Improved Water Supply

Services

HH Headship

Total

Male-headed HHs

Female-headed

HHs P1,000/month 10.2% 7.7% 9.7% P 900/month 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% P 800/month 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% P 700/month 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% P 600/month 0.5% 0.0% 0.4% P 500/month 8.1% 20.5% 10.2% P 450/month 0.5% 0.0% 0.4% P 400/month 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% P 350/month 3.6% 2.6% 3.4% P 300/month 8.6% 10.3% 8.9% P 250/month 34.5% 12.8% 30.9% P 200/month 19.3% 17.9% 19.1% P150/month 14.2% 28.2% 16.5% N Cases 197 39 236

Table 45. Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction with Current Toilet System by Gender of Survey

Respondents

Indicators Gender of Respondent

Total Male Female

Percent of households satisfied with current toilet system 83.8% 78.6% 79.9%

Percent of households dissatisfied with current toilet system

16.2% 21.4% 20.1%

N Cases 99 294 393 Reasons for dissatisfaction

Backflow 0.0% 13.1% 10.5% Foul odor 20.0% 14.8% 15.8% Combination of backflow resulting to foul odor and inconvenience

60.0% 62.3% 61.8%

Rodent infestation 13.3% 9.8% 10.5% Flies/Insects 6.7% 0.0% 1.3%

N Cases 15 61 76


184

Table 46. Satisfaction Level on the Quality of Water District Piped Water by Gender of Survey Respondents

Satisfaction Level Gender of Respondent

Total Male Female

Taste

Extremely unsatisfied 20.0% 22.2% 21.7% Moderately unsatisfied 33.3% 27.8% 29.0%

Moderately satisfied 26.7% 37.0% 34.8%

Extremely satisfied 20.0% 13.0% 14.5% Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Smell




Color

Extremely unsatisfied 20.0% 25.9% 24.6% Moderately unsatisfied 33.3% 20.4% 23.2% Moderately satisfied 33.3% 40.7% 39.1%






N Cases 15 54 69


185

Table 47. Water District Service Performance Rating by Gender of Survey Respondents

Performance Rating Gender of Respondent Total

Male Female Continuity of water supply

Very Poor 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Poor 0.0% 1.8% 1.4% Neutral 6.3% 12.5% 11.1% Good 62.5% 46.4% 50.0% Very Good 31.3% 39.3% 37.5%

Reliability of water meter Very Poor 0.0% 1.8% 1.4% Poor 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Neutral 6.3% 12.5% 11.1% Good 56.3% 53.6% 54.2% Very Good 37.5% 32.1% 33.3%

Regularity of billing and collection Very Poor 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Poor 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Neutral 0.0% 7.2% 5.6% Good 56.3% 48.2% 50.0% Very Good 43.8% 44.6% 44.4%

Response to customer complaints Very Poor 0.0% 3.6% 2.8% Poor 6.3% 5.4% 5.6% Neutral 12.5% 19.7% 18.1% Good 50.0% 37.5% 40.3% Very Good 31.3% 33.9% 33.3%

Repairtime/services Very Poor 0.0% 1.8% 1.4% Poor 12.5% 3.6% 5.6% Neutral 0.0% 23.6% 18.3% Good 62.5% 43.6% 47.9% Very Good 25.0% 27.3% 26.8%

Overall water supply service Very Poor 6.3% 5.4% 5.6% Poor 6.3% 5.4% 5.6% Neutral 0.0% 8.9% 6.9% Good 50.0% 48.2% 48.6% Very Good 37.5% 32.1% 33.3%

N Cases 16 56 72


186

Table 48. Aspects of WD Services that Survey Respondents want to be improved by Gender of Survey Respondents (Multiple Responses)

Aspects of WD Services Gender of Respondent

Total Male Female

Water pressure 0.0% 3.6% 2.8% Complaints handling 12.5% 10.7% 11.1% Reduced water rates 18.8% 21.4% 20.8% Repairs 0.0% 3.6% 2.8% Billing 0.0% 1.8% 1.4%

Quality of water/ clean water 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%

Others 68.8% 58.9% 61.1%

N Cases 16 56 72 Table 49a. Satisfaction Level on the Quality of Water from Various Sources of Non-

connected Households by Gender of Survey Respondents


Total Male Female

Taste Extremely unsatisfied 3.6% 3.8% 3.7% Moderately unsatisfied 6.0% 9.2% 8.4% Moderately satisfied 63.9% 65.3% 64.9% Extremely satisfied 25.3% 20.9% 22.0% Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied 1.2% 0.4% 0.6%

No Information 0.0% 0.4% 0.3% Smell

Extremely unsatisfied 2.4% 4.2% 3.7% Moderately unsatisfied 6.0% 7.5% 7.1% Moderately satisfied 63.9% 64.4% 64.3% Extremely satisfied 26.5% 23.0% 23.9% Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied 1.2% 0.4% 0.6%

No Information 0.0% 0.4% 0.3%

N Cases 83 239 322


187

Table 49b. Satisfaction Level on the Quality of Water from Various Sources of Non-

connected Households by Gender of Survey Respondents (CONTINUATION)


Total Male Female

Color Extremely unsatisfied 3.6% 3.8% 3.7% Moderately unsatisfied 3.6% 7.9% 6.8% Moderately satisfied 63.9% 64.0% 64.0% Extremely satisfied 27.7% 23.4% 24.5% Neither satisfied nor unsatisfied 1.2% 0.4% 0.6%







N Cases 83 239 322

Table 50. Proportion of Survey Respondents who are Satisfied with Available Health

Services in Their Locality by Gender of Respondent

Health Facility Sought for Medical Services

Gender of Respondent Total

Male Female Percent of survey respondents satisfied with available health services in their locality

92.9% 90.8% 91.3%

N Cases 99 293 392


188

ANNEX 2

DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS FOR THE

WDDSP HOUSEHOLD SURVEY

KORONADAL CITY WATER DISTRICT


189

DISTRIBUTION OF SURVEY SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS

KORONADAL CITY WATER DISTRICT

Barangay # of HHs

(2007) Sample

HHs Remarks

TOTAL 21,968 384

Combination Serviced and Expansion Areas 15,689 274

General Paulino Santos (Bo. 1) 4,232 74

Morales 1,503 26

Zone I (Pob.) 959 17

Zone II (Pob.) 933 16

Zone III (Pob.) 2,275 40

Zone IV (Pob.) 1,847 32

Santa Cruz 2,209 39

Santo Niño (Bo. 2) 1,730 30

Expansion Areas 6,279 110

Caloocan * 614 11

Carpenter Hill 1,072 19 Water source

Concepcion (Bo. 6) * 704 12

Namnama * 567 10

Paraiso 906 16

San Isidro 1,013 18 3 wells; relocation*

Sarabia (Bo. 8) * 1,403 25 Spring and pump; IP


190

APPENDIX 3.2: OUTPUT OF GENDER ACTION PLANNING WORKSHOP AUGUST 6 – 7, 2009

1. The following is the result of a national workshop on Gender and Development workshop held in August 6-7, 2009. All pilot water districts under the WDDSP sent 3 representatives each as designated Gender focal point persons. The objective of the workshop was to identify gender issues and concerns during the planning phase of the WWDSP. Gender issues identified in each water district will be the bases for Gender Action Plans. One or two issues were treated in the following action plan.

2. It was agreed that these action plans will be presented to the management and board of directors so that the GAP can be funded out of the 5% Gender and Development Fund mandated by the government. It was also agreed that LWUA will continue to work with the pilot districts follow up sessions on Gender and Development appreciation sessions and in the GAP implementation.

CITY OF KORONADAL

GAD Budget Allocation for 2009 - Prepared by CKWD GAD Focal Point

Programs/ Projects

Gender -related Issues

GAD Objectives/

Targets

Strategies/ Activities to addr ess

gender issues

Performance Indicator Schedule

Budget Allocation (in P’000)

GAD Awareness

Lack of GAD awareness among WD employees Lack of GAD awareness among concession-aires

To create GAD awareness among employees

To create GAD awareness among concessionaires

Conduct Sportsfest

Conduct team-building seminar for both male & female employees Include in the orientation seminars for new concessionaires lecture about GAD

Purchase LCD projector and sound system for seminars/ lectures

Number of employees actually attending seminars

Number of concessionaires attending the orientation seminar

Completed

4th quarter

3rd & 4th quarter 3rd quarter

50

250

50

150


191

APPENDIX 3.3: SUMMARY OF STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS - CKWD APRIL–AUGUST 2009

Stakeholder Office/ People Met

Objective Date/Venue 2009

Gender of Participants

Result

Small Group Discussion with WD

Interim GM Explore interest on sanitation; discuss survey results and finalize expansion site for water component

June 9 WDDSP Office

M – 1 WDDSP – F – 3; M – 8

WD expressed willingness to participate as pilot if LGU is interested; expansion sites for water supply finalized

FGD with Barangay LGU Santa Cruz officials

Barangay Secretary and Council members

Project disclosure FGD to identify problems and explore perceived roles of LGU in water and sanitation

May 3 Santa Cruz Barangay Hall

M – 3 F – 5

Water and sanitation needs and priority areas identified Barangay implments independent income generating solid waste management program; LGU sees role of barangay in legislation, pro-poor policies, mobilization for water and sanitation

Barangay LGU Saravia

Barangay council members and WD represntative

Project disclosure FGD to identify problems and explore perceived roles of LGU in water and sanitation

May 3 Saravia Barangay Hall

M – 1 F - 2

Water and sanitation needs and issues – poor water pressure since installation of El Gawel swimming pool; turbid water when it rains; many springs in the upland; deforestation and landslide; sanitation issue of river from upstream LGU is willing to coordinate with WD in project implementaqtion and programs for poor

National Commission on Indigenous Peoples

Administrative Officer, Research Officer, Officer-in-charge, Cashier

Project disclosure; data gathering on IPs in the area, NCIP programs, needs of clientele

May 3 NCIP Koronadal Office

M – 1 F - 2

Facilitated consultation with a IP watershed community; 160 HH in El Gawel; 2000 hectares of ancestral domain Limited NCIP resources and services but office is willing to cooperate to address watershed issues

IP – B’laan of Mount Roxas

Chief and men and women of the community NCIP and barangay representatives

Project disclosure; identification of issues and concerns

May 3 El Gawel Chieftain’s House

M – 40 F - 40

Watershed problems confirmed; springs and rivers as water source; limited sanitation facilities; people were relocated due to landslide but maintain economic activities in the area; Support on watershed management and alternative livelihood needed; request for turn over of abandoned resort facilities for ecotourism and community management; transmitted


192

Stakeholder Office/ People Met

Objective Date/Venue 2009

Gender of Participants

Result

to LGU and NCIP WD Gender Focal

Point 3 batches – management and staff

Gender orientation and analysis; FGD on gender and water and sanitation issues and concerns

July 16 Board Room, WD

M F

Organization of Gender Focal Point; sanitation, gender and operational issues identified that can be addressed in Gender Action Plan

Public Consultation with LGUs, NGOs

Mayor and agency representative of 5 LGUs, NGO representatives for vulnerable groups, women and environment

Disclosure and consultation on proposed plans for SPAR

August 2009 Water and sanitation plans and priority target areas approved

Stakeholder Consultation

WD board member, GM and technical staff

Validation of proposed plans for SPAR

August 26 – 27 INNOTECH, Quezon City

M -3 F - 1

Water and sanitation plans validated

Public consultation


193

APPENDIX 3.4: SOME SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS ON SOCIAL DIMENSIONS IN SUBPROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

1. Based on analysis of results, the incorporation of the following recommendations for a participatory, socially inclusive, gender-responsive plan shall be supported through technical assistance and pro-poor provisions for water and sanitation.

2. Promotion of Social and Environmental Equity. The Water District shall incorporate social and environmental equity into its program development and implementation so that no segment of the population bears a disproportionate share of the risks and consequences of environmental pollution and that there is equitable sharing of water as an environmental benefit and that there is sharing of costs in the upkeep of water resources.

3. Pro-Poor Targeting of Participants. The Project shall target all households living within the vicinity of the network of the piped water system. The project shall also target disadvantaged groups (e.g. women headed HHs and the poor HHs in the slum areas) for appropriate water service for piped water or communal water points. This may also be through easy installation charges.

4. Households for the sanitation component shall be identified in coordination with the local government units that will undertake a survey of sanitation facilities. In coordination with local government units, targets will also be made to cover a set percentage of sanitation hot spots for improvement of septage systems by the end of project loan implementation.

5. Capability building shall support community management of water and sanitation facilities for the poor. Moreover, the WD’s Gender and Development Fund can be a source of seed capital for water-related livelihood opportunities for the women and the poor. A microfinance facility shall be allocated for priority areas for the sanitation component. This is a revolving fund that may be managed in cooperation with a non-government agency.

6. Partnership Strategy. A partnership strategy shall involve the WD with local government units, NGOs, community based organizations, the private sector and the WD clientele in achieving the aims of the project. The strategy uses community mobilization techniques and takes advantage of the mandate of local government units in implementing national projects including water and sanitation improvement and water resource management.

• Role of NGO/CBOss . NGOs will be engaged to support the PMU and local governments in mobilizing communities and delivering essential training for water and sanitation user groups and Communty Based Organizationss in planning, monitoring, and evaluating sanitation and hygiene improvement. NGOs will also receive training support for this role.

• Role of LGUs . Local authorities acknowledge that the passage and enforcement of legislation on environmental sanitation is a role of local government. LGUs shall also be invited to play an active role in service delivery planning and administration functions and community leaders will be invited to actively participate in the Project's awareness campaign. A Social Marketing Plan for sanitation shall be prepared as part of technical assistance at implementation phase at the sectoral level.

7. Social Marketing of Sanitation. Lack of awareness on the linkage of safe water and sanitaiton shows that septage management depends for itsr success on effective advocacy and public awareness through information, education and communication. Thus, the preparation of a social marketing plan shall be an area of assistance undfer the WDDSP’s


194

sectoral capability building component. A plan shall be prepared in coordination with LGUs, agency and NGO/CBO partners.

8. Community Organization and Formation of Water User and Sanitation Associations especially for Common Facilities . The main objective of these associations will be to ensure the sustainability of the WSS facilities by delegating some O&M duties and responsibilities to community members including the collection of water and sanitation tariffs. Full disclosure and agreement with beneficiaries will be facilitated through joint assessment and planning. User groups will each be composed of at least 10 HHs who reside proximate to each other and decide to cluster to avail of the common services (water standpipes and community latrines) and agree on the mechanism for participation in project implementation.

9. Capacity Building, Training and Institutional Linkages. Capacity building will be directed at both individuals and organizations for effective and sustainable operation of water and sanitation facilities.

10. LGUs have a mandate for delivery of safe water and sanitation to their constituent. Decentralisation has shifted roles and responsibilities to local governments and stakeholders. Many of these actors struggle with their newly assigned roles for which they are not fully 'equipped' in terms of financial resources, knowledge, methodologies, tools and experiences. Strengthening these intermediate actors is crucial to achieving good governance.

11. Participation of disadvantaged groups will be made possible through skills development, training and provision of linkages to institutions, which will ensure access of technical services and financial support. Representatives of households which were organized as user groups will be given thorough orientation on the project, roles and expectations as well as skills training to enable them to undertake their expected tasks. Technical assistance shall be provided in the preparation of a Social Marketing Plan on sanitation and of public relations and communications program that is attuned to the principles of public service in the delivery of water and sanitation.

12. Gender and Development. GAD is a key strategy for inclusive and sustainable development. It is central in water and sanitation. Ensuring both women and men’s participation improves project performance. Gender issues can be addressed in the project components in the following ways:

• The Project will strengthen the role of women in planning and operation and management of facilities (i) capacity building and training on the role and responsibility of women, and planning of development activities that involve them; (ii) training workshops on gender sensitization for men and women; (iii) representation of women in user group/community planning committee

• Community-level project activities. (i) NGOs and CBOs to form/strengthen women/user groups in neighborhoods for social mobilization activities. (ii) Women will be represented in the planning of infrastructure and facilities for water, sanitation services. (iii) Poor people and women headed households will be targeted for appropriate service delivery; (iv) Employment opportunities in civil works will be made available to interested women from poor households. Thirty percent of employment opportunities will be reserved for women from the low income communities; (v) Women’s groups will be represented in the management of new facilities; (vi) Training and social mobilization campaigns for project beneficiaries will ensure active participation of women. Women will be the primary target for public health and hygiene campaigns. (vii) Women community volunteers will be trained for health and hygiene campaigns; (viii) Women-headed households will be target beneficiaries of micro-finance facilites; (ix) linkaging for livelihood options for interested and qualified user groups.


195

• Gender and Environment. The WD shall coordinate with the Provincial Gender and Development Office for active participation of the sector in the office’s Gender and Environment initiatives.

• Staffing. The Gender Focal Point and Gender Action Planning shall be institutionalized; with technical assistance from a national consultant on social dimensions and gender and development.

Santa Cruz, Koronadal. Community-based monitoring of the barangay solid waste program was shown as proof that with technical assistance, the LGU is an ideal partner for septage improvement.


196

APPENDIX 5: ANNUAL POPULATION PROJECTIONS


197

APPENDIX 6.1: SURFACE WATER DATA - CKWD

Table 6 – 1A Palian River Streamflow Measurement (Marbel River Tributary) Table 6 – 1B Marbel River Streamflow Measurement Table 6 - 2 Marbel River Flow Frequency

Figure 6 - 1 Vicinity Map of the Measuring Points at the Marbel River Figure 6 – 2A River Section at Measuring Station of the Palian River Figure 6 – 2B River Section at Measuring Station of the Marbel River Figure 6 – 2C Marbel River Flow Frequency Analysis

Appendix 6 - 1 Mean Monthly Discharge of Marbel River

Appendix 6 – 2 Flow Frequency Statistical Analysis of Marble River


198

Stream flow upstream of Palian Bridge

Location: Brgy. Palian, Tupi, South Cotabato CoordinatesSream Name: Marbel River Tributary (Palian) Latitude: 06o 23' 20"Date Longitude: 124o54' 04"Time: 10:53 AM Elevation: 120 mamslWeather: Sunny Measured by: vsdRemarks:Used current meter. All measurements in cm, Counts over 30 sec period

Observ Pt.

Distance Depth, d Depth of Meas.

Cumul. Reading

Actual Reading

Counts per

second

Velocity (cm/s)

Ave Vel at Obs. Pt. (cm/s)

Ave Vel at section (cm/s)

Area (cm2)

Discharge, Q (cu. cm/s)

156500

A 0 0 156500 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0

B 100 12 0.6d 156686 186 6.2 21.9 21.9 11.0 600 6,576.0

C 100 10 0.6d 157282 596 19.9 56.3 56.3 39.1 1100 43,000.4

D 100 9 0.6d 157705 423 14.1 40.8 40.8 48.5 950 46,105.7

E 100 30 0.8d 158173 468 15.6 44.8 49.4 45.1 1950 87,957.9

0.2d 158787 614 20.5 57.9

0.6d 159263 476 15.9 45.5

F 100 53 0.8d 159809 546 18.2 51.8 54.9 52.1 4150 216,367.6

0.2d 160394 585 19.5 55.3

0.6d 161004 610 20.3 57.5

G 100 40 0.8d 161797 793 26.4 73.9 77.8 66.3 4650 308,370.7

0.2d 162639 842 28.1 78.2

0.6d 163514 875 29.2 81.2

H 100 37 0.8d 164261 747 24.9 69.8 75.8 76.8 3850 295,572.9

0.2d 165109 848 28.3 78.8

0.6d 165957 848 28.3 78.8

I 100 39 0.8d 166021 64 100.7 88.2 3800 335,343.7

0.2d 167205 1184 39.5 108.8

0.6d 168208 1003 33.4 92.6

J 100 34 0.8d 169274 1066 35.5 98.3 99.4 100.1 3650 365,217.7

0.2d 170451 1177 39.2 108.2

0.6d 171444 993 33.1 91.7

K 100 35 0.8d 172268 824 27.5 76.6 88.0 93.7 3450 323,341.1

0.2d 173298 1030 34.3 95.0

0.6d 174299 1001 33.4 92.5

L 50 36 0.8d 175192 893 29.8 82.8 82.4 41.2 1775 73,171.7

0.2d 176123 931 31.0 86.2

0.6d 176966 843 28.1 78.3

M 50 36 0.8d 177520 554 18.5 52.5 46.6 64.5 1800 116,098.5

0.2d 177932 412 13.7 39.8

0.6d 178428 496 16.5 47.3

4-Jun-09

TABLE 6 - 1A STREAMFLOW MEASUREMENT CALCULATION OF PALIAN RIVER

(Initial reading)

(MARBEL RIVER TRIBUTARY)


199

Stream flow upstream of Badok Bridge

Location: Brgy. Concecion, City of Koronadal CoordinatesSream Name: Marbel River (Barrio 6) Latitude: 06o 28' 42"Date Longitude: 124o52' 49"Time: 9:06 AM Elevation: 65 mamslWeather: Sunny Measured by: vsdRemarks:Used current meter. All measurements in cm, Counts over 30 sec period

Observ Pt.

Distance Depth, d Depth of Meas.

Cumul. Reading

Actual Reading

Counts per

second

Velocity (cm/s)

Ave Vel at Obs. Pt. (cm/s)

Ave Vel at section (cm/s)

Area (cm2)

Discharge, Q (cu. cm/s)

178500

A 0 0 178500 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0

B 40 26 0.8d 179032 532 17.7 50.5 52.2 26.1 520 13,559.4

0.2d 179600 568 18.9 53.8

C 100 18 0.6d 180313 713 23.8 66.7 66.7 59.4 2200 130,757.1

D 100 18 0.6d 181066 753 25.1 70.3 70.3 68.5 1800 123,310.4

E 100 20 0.6d 181806 740 24.7 69.1 69.1 69.7 1900 132,453.2

F 100 28 0.8d 182156 350 11.7 34.3 62.8 66.0 2400 158,354.8

0.2d 183145 989 33.0 91.4

G 100 22 0.8d 183535 390 13.0 37.9 58.1 60.5 2500 151,156.9

0.2d 184378 843 28.1 78.3

H 100 33 0.8d 185017 639 21.3 60.1 63.4 60.7 2750 167,009.9

0.2d 185729 712 23.7 66.6

I 100 30 0.6d 186671 942 31.4 87.2 92.1 77.8 3150 244,928.9

0.2d 187724 1053 35.1 97.1

J 100 30 0.8d 188755 1031 34.4 95.1 93.3 92.7 3000 278,105.4

0.2d 189744 989 33.0 91.4

K 100 32 0.8d 190873 1129 37.6 103.9 110.0 101.6 3100 315,079.2

0.2d 192139 1266 42.2 116.1

L 100 30 0.8d 193866 1727 57.6 157.3 126.0 118.0 3100 365,846.2

0.2d 194892 1026 34.2 94.7

M 100 30 0.8d 195797 905 30.2 83.9 83.7 104.8 3000 314,500.0

0.2d 196697 900 30.0 83.4

N 100 34 0.8d 197577 880 29.3 81.6 81.2 82.4 3200 263,830.3

0.2d 198448 871 29.0 80.8

O 100 46 0.8d 199120 672 22.4 63.1 66.9 74.0 4000 296,186.0

0.2d 199877 757 25.2 70.7

P 100 42 0.8d 200957 1080 36.0 99.5 96.3 81.6 4400 358,932.8

0.2d 201965 1008 33.6 93.1

Q 100 35 0.8d 202606 641 21.4 60.3 76.7 86.5 3850 333,075.6

0.2d 203615 1009 33.6 93.2

R 100 36 0.8d 203858 243 8.1 24.7 45.5 61.1 3550 217,022.2

0.2d 204567 709 23.6 66.4

S 100 30 0.8d 205297 730 24.3 68.2 74.2 59.9 3300 197,536.5

0.2d 206160 863 28.8 80.1

T 100 30 0.8d 206988 828 27.6 77.0 78.1 76.1 3000 228,439.9

0.2d 207841 853 28.4 79.2

U 100 26 0.8d 208677 836 27.9 77.7 79.5 78.8 2800 220,654.8

0.2d 209553 876 29.2 81.3

V 100 22 0.6d 210083 530 17.7 50.4 50.4 64.9 2400 155,834.6

W 100 18 0.6d 210534 451 15.0 43.3 43.3 21.7 2000 43,304.4

X 100 22 0.6d 210917 383 12.8 37.2 37.2 40.3 2000 80,531.8

Y 80 0 0 210917 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.6 880 16,380.1

6-Jun-09

TABLE 6 - 1B STREAMFLOW MEASUREMENT OF MARBEL RIVERIN BARANGAY CONCEPTION

(Initial reading)


200

% Equalled Discharge

or Exceeded Cum/s

100 3.04

95 3.12

90 3.22

85 3.32

80 3.43

75 3.55

70 3.69

65 3.84

60 4.01

55 4.21

50 4.43

45 4.69

40 5.01

35 5.38

30 5.86

25 6.47

19 7.52

15 8.55

11 10.13

4.9 15.75

4 17.59

3 20.59

2 25.69

1 37.50

0.5 54.75

TABLE 6 - 2 STREAM FLOW FREQUENCY OF MARBEL RIVERAT DISCHARGE POINT IN MARBEL, KORONADAL, SOUTH COTOBATO 1


201

FIGURE NO. AND TITLEP R O J E C T N A M E

WATER DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT SECTOR PROJECTProject Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) TA No. 7122-PHI

I M P L E M E N T I N G A G E N C Y


PÖYRY Environment GmbH, Germany

F U N D I N G A G E N C Y


C O N S U L T A N T S

PÖYRYIDP CONSULT, INC., PHILIPPINES in association with

Test Consultants Inc., Philippines

FIGURE 6 - 2A PALIAN RIVER CROSS SECTION

MEASURING STATION 1


202

FIGURE NO. AND TITLEP R O J E C T N A M E

WATER DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT SECTOR PROJECTProject Preparatory Technical Assistance (PPTA) TA No. 7122-PHI

I M P L E M E N T I N G A G E N C Y


PÖYRY Environment GmbH, Germany

F U N D I N G A G E N C Y


C O N S U L T A N T S

PÖYRYIDP CONSULT, INC., PHILIPPINES in association with

Test Consultants Inc., Philippines

FIGURE 6 - 2B MARBEL RIVER CROSS SECTION

MEASURING STATION 2


203

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

1950 ***** ***** ***** ***** ***** 6.97 7.33 6.50 14.60 7.50 28.91 2.74

1951 2.46 4.21 8.26 7.21 7.26 6.50 4.38 4.29 13.46 5.52 8.64 5.28

1952 2.65 3.33 2.85 4.82 35.69 33.16 12.49 22.90 25.62 5.03 6.86 9.50

1953 3.82 5.66 3.55 5.29 6.78 6.60 5.41 5.81 6.49 12.11 6.71 8.33

1954 2.62 5.45 5.03 5.01 11.31 8.34 8.42 7.96 9.00 6.56 6.49 4.18

1955 3.58 3.93 3.92 4.40 5.27 12.62 26.20 25.37 31.86 35.96 35.00 41.08

1956 34.51 22.62 7.33 8.14 15.98 8.89 7.71 7.17 12.80 12.80 7.91 5.89

1957 7.07 5.79 4.44 7.79 7.33 7.35 5.80 6.22 6.28 5.50 4.89 4.39

1958 3.97 3.88 3.97 4.02 5.80 4.18 4.24 3.89 4.26 3.60 4.82 3.24

1959 3.22 2.90 2.45 2.17 3.30 3.60 3.68 3.73 4.94 2.02 1.61 1.42

1960 2.94 2.75 2.75 2.93 3.65 3.40 4.17 5.40 5.96 6.80 6.24 4.22

1961 4.07 4.29 4.10 3.83 4.01 3.96 4.44 4.05 4.07 3.72 3.54 3.63

1962 4.50 6.29 5.19 4.86 4.95 4.71 5.05 5.02 5.55 4.62 4.11 3.51

1963 3.59 4.11 3.97 3.75 3.77 3.70 3.86 4.25 ***** 5.70 5.48 *****

1964 ***** ***** ***** ***** 5.01 5.49 5.06 ***** ***** ***** ***** *****

1965 4.73 3.61 3.64 3.80 5.08 5.61 6.00 5.43 5.59 5.59 3.82 3.57

1966 3.39 3.31 3.37 3.38 3.52 3.61 3.69 3.84 3.83 4.47 4.24 *****

1967 ***** ***** 3.60 3.88 3.84 4.90 3.97 3.64 ***** ***** 3.04 2.54

1968 2.69 2.47 2.45 ***** ***** 2.67 2.99 3.76 3.96 3.51 2.50 2.05

1969 2.23 2.02 1.98 1.86 1.76 2.49 4.19 4.24 4.74 5.31 6.09 6.22

1970 4.68 4.04 3.45 3.12 3.07 3.29 3.42 3.96 3.93 5.69 6.18 6.00

Mean = 5.37 5.04 4.02 4.46 7.23 6.76 6.31 6.87 9.27 7.47 7.85 6.54

ST. DEV = 7.36 4.54 1.58 1.76 7.63 6.52 5.05 6.05 7.93 7.39 8.49 8.87

SKEWSS = 4.077 3.778 1.501 0.857 3.252 3.627 3.403 2.694 2.000 3.529 2.722 3.864

KURTSS = 19.511 17.851 5.717 3.713 14.476 17.358 15.662 9.462 6.793 16.369 9.841 18.288

NO. YRS = 18 18 19 18 19 21 21 20 18 19 20 18

APPENDIX 6 - 1

MARBEL RIVER MEAN MONTHLY DISCHARGE (cu.m/sec.)


204

Year Total

Less than 3.0 3.1 to 4.0 4.1 to 6.0 6.1 to 8.0 8.1 to 10More than

10.0

1951 1 0 5 3 2 1 12

1952 2 1 2 1 1 5 12

1953 0 2 4 4 1 1 12

1954 1 0 4 3 3 1 12

1955 0 3 2 0 0 7 12

1956 0 0 1 4 2 5 12

1957 0 0 6 6 12

1958 0 6 6 12

1959 6 5 1 12

1960 4 2 4 2 12

1961 0 5 7 12f

1962 0 1 10 1 12

1965 0 5 7 12

1969 6 0 4 2 12

1970 0 7 4 1 12

Σ 20 37 67 27 9 20 180

Xn=Σ/n 1.3 2.5 4.5 1.8 0.6 1.3 12

Σj 12.0 10.7 8.2 3.7 1.9 1.3

Σj/Nx100 100.0 88.9 68.3 31.1 16.1 11.1

Note:Cotabato1 Gaging sttation is about 80 km downstream of Marbel and Palian River confluence

at lat. 6°-24"- 26' and long. 124°-54" -28'N = months of the yearn = number of obsrvation yearsf = observed frequency: number of months of the year during which discharge was within a

given frequency intervalΣ = total number of months during which the flow was within a given discharge for the periodΣj = cumulative number of monthsXn = average frequency

Σj/Nx100 = cumulative frequency in percent reported graphically against discharge

Frequency Intervals, cum/s

MARBEL RIVER FLOW FREQUENCY ANALYSIS

APPENDIX 6 - 2

.


205

APPENDIX 6.2: GROUNDWATER DATA - CKWD

Table 6 - 3 Spring Data Summary Table 6 – 4B Well Data Summary Table 6 – 5 Test Pumping Results Summary Table 6 – 6 Sustainable Yields Summary Table 6 – 7 Test Pumping Results Summary

Figure 6 – 3 Geologic Map of the Study Area Figure 6 - 4 Wells and Springs Location Map Figure 6 – 5.1A Well Construction : Well No. W-1 (Morales Well) Figure 6 – 5.1B Plots and Analysis of Recovery Test: Well No. W-1 (Morales Well) Figure 6 – 5.1C Plots and Analysis of Step-drawdown Test: Well No. W-1 (Morales

Well) Figure 6 – 5.2A Plots and Analysis of Recovery Test: Well No. W-2 (Forro Well) Figure 6 – 5.2B Plots and Analysis of Step-drawdown Test: Well No. W-2 (Forro Well) Figure 6 – 5.3 Plots and Analysis of Constant Discharge Test:

Well No. W-3 (Barangay GPS BPW Well) Figure 6 – 5.4A Plots and Analysis of Constant Discharge Test:

Well No. W-4 (PS No. 1 Well) Figure 6 – 5.4B Plots and Analysis of Step-drawdown Test:

Well No. W-4 (PS No. 1 Well) Figure 6 – 5.5A Borehole Logs and Well Construction: Well No. W-6 (Sta. Cruz Well) Figure 6 – 5.5B Plots and Analysis of Constant Discharge Test:

Well No. W-6 (Sta. Cruz Well) Figure 6 – 5.5C Plots and Analysis of Step-drawdown Test:

Well No. W-6 (Sta. Cruz Well) Figure 6 – 5.6 Well Design : Well No. W-8 ( Barrio Dos Well) Figure 6 – 5.7 Plots and Analysis of Constant Discharge Test:

Well No. W-9 (New Pangasinan Well) Figure 6 – 5.8 Plots and Analysis of Constant Discharge Test:

Well No. W-12 (San Miguel Corp. Well) Figure 6 – 6 Piezometric Contour Map Figure 6 – 7A Recommended Wellfields Map: Wellfield Nos. 1 and 2 Figure 6 – 7B Recommended Wellfields Map: Wellfield Nos. 3, 4 and 5 Figure 6 – 8A Preliminary Well Design: Wellfield Nos. 1 and 2 Figure 6 – 8B Preliminary Well Design : Wellfield Nos. 3 and 4 Figure 6 – 8C Preliminary Well Design: Wellfield Nos. 5 Appendix 6 – 3.1A RT Data: Well No. W-1 (Morales Well) Appendix 6 – 3.1B SDT Test Data: Well No. W-1 (Morales Well) Appendix 6 – 3.2A RT Data: Well No. W-2 (Forro Well) Appendix 6 – 3.2B SDT Test Data: Well No. W-2 (Forro Well) Appendix 6 – 3.3 CDT Data: Well No. W-3 (BPW Well at Barangay GPS)

Appendix 6 – 3.4A CDT Data: Well No. W-4 (PS No. 1 Well)


206

Appendix 6 – 3.4B SDT Data: Well No. W-4 (PS No. 1 Well)

Appendix 6 – 3.5A CDT Data: Well No. W-6 (Sta. Cruz Well)

Appendix 6 – 3.5B SDT Data: Well No. W-6 (Sta. Cruz Well)

Appendix 6 – 3.6 CDT Data: Well No. W-9 (New Pangasinan Well)

Appendix 6 – 3.7 CDT Data: Well No. W-12 (San Miguel Well)

Appendix 6 – 4.1 Calculation of Long term Drawdowns: Well No. W-1 (Morales Well)

Appendix 6 – 4.2 Calculation of Long term Drawdowns: Well No. W-2 (Forro Well)

Appendix 6 – 4.3 Calculation of Long term Drawdowns: Well No. W-6 (Sta. Cruz Well)

Appendix 6 – 4.4 Calculation of Long term Drawdowns: Well No. W-7 (San Antonio Well)

Appendix 6 – 4.5 Calculation of Long term Drawdowns: Well No. W-8 (Barrio Dos Well)

Appendix 6 – 6A Groundwater Potential at Wellfields

Appendix 6 – 6B Potential Well Yield From a Single Well


207

Location Distance From

(Barangay) Poblacion Conductivity Temperature Hardness pH Iron Mn Chloride

(km) (m) (L/s) (µmhos/cm) °C (mg/l CaCO3) (mg/l) (mg/l) (m g/l)

S - 1 Sta. Cruz Brgy. Sta. Cruz 2.0 62 15 730 27 308 308 0.01 nil 18

S - 2 Morales Brgy. Morales 3.5 60 35 760 27 325 325 0.02 nil 40

S - 3 Paraiso I Brgy. Paraiso 3.5 65 12 800 28 189 189 0.02 nil 20

S - 4 Tuburan Brgy. San Isidro 5.5 112 8 600 26 325 325 nil nil 10

S - 5 Tupod Brgy. Carpenter Hill 7.2 110 15 590 26 325 325 0.04 nil 20

S - 6 Paraiso II Brgy. Paraiso 4.5 80 2 485 28 291 291 0.05 0.05 10

S - 7 Sarcon Brgy. Paraiso 5.5 120 7 - - - - - - -

S - 8 Mambucal Brgy. Mambucal 5.5 346 3 570 24 308 308 0.05 0.30 5

S - 9 Supon Brgy. San Jose 13.0 330 12 320 25 137 137 nil nil 7

S - 10 Sioc Brgy. Esperanza 13.0 250 15 265 28 58 58 nil 0.20 55

TABLE 6 - 3 SPRING DATA SUMMARY

Field Water Quality TestElevation Discharge

NameSpring

No.


208

SPAR Well Owner / Location Year Elevation Depth Casing Size SWL PWLTest

DischargeTransmissivity Sp. Cap. Iron Manganese

No. Completed (m asl) (m) (mm) (m bgl) (m bgl) (lps) (x10-3 m2/sec) (lps/m dd)) (mg/l) (mg/l)

W - 1CKWD Morales PS/ Brgy. Morales, City of Koronadal

2005 45 102 300 x 200 5.08 31.2 35.19 1.73 1.35 0.23 1.20 operational

W - 2CKWD Forro PS/ Brgy. Gen. Paulino Santos, City of Koronadal

2002 50 102 250 1.97 21.05 22.12 5.13 1.16 0.63 1.50 operational

W - 3BPW/ Brgy. Gen P. Santos, City of Koronadal

1956 50 13 100 2.00 4.98 3.50 5.97 1.17 - - abandoned

W - 4CKWD - PS1/Poblacion, City of Koronadal

1964 52 31 200 2.15 7.50 8.20 4.85 1.53 0.06 - abandoned

W - 5Prov'l Hospital/Prov'l Hospital Compound, City of Koronadal

- 57 61 75 FF - 1.00 - - - - operational

W - 6CKWD Sta. Cruz PS/ Brgy. Sta Cruz City of Koronadal

2008 62 100 200 0.00 25.52 16.91 1.74 0.66 0.30 0.10 operational

W - 7CKWD San Antonio PS/ Brgy. Sta. Cruz City of Koronadal

1996 65 30 No data 0.00 6.00 3.89 - 0.65 0.16 0.60 operational

W - 8CKWD Barrio Dos PS/ Brgy.Sto. Niño City of Koronadal

1990 65 102 300 x 200 6.20 29.00 13.89 - 0.61 0.43 1.20 abandoned

W - 9BPW/Brgy. Gen. New Pangasinan, City of Koronadal

1980 71 49 150 2.80 5.76 3.20 4.25 1.08 0.04 - operational

W - 10Brgy. Sta Cruz PS/ Brgy. Sta Cruz, City of Koronadal

- 70 43 50 FF - 1.00 - - - - operational


- 70 43 50 FF - 3.00 - - - - operational


1980 81 76 250 5.69 34.18 22.20 4.40 0.78 - - operational

TABLE 6 - 4B WELL DATA SUMMARY

Remarks


209

Depth SWL Test Q Drawdown Sp. Cap. B C

(m) (m) (lps) (m) (lps/m) (sec/ m2) (sec/ m5)

W - 1 102 5.08 35.19 26.12 1.35 205 9,625 operational

W - 2 102 1.97 22.12 19.08 1.16 250 34,167 operational

W - 3 13 2.00 3.50 2.98 1.17 - - abandoned

W - 4 31 2.15 8.20 5.35 1.53 340 57,333 abandoned

W - 5 61 FF 1.00 - - - - operational

W - 6 100 0.00 16.91 25.52 0.66 1,020 18,000 operational

W - 7 30 0.00 - - 0.55 - - operational

W - 8 102 6.20 - - 0.65 - - abandoned

W - 9 49 2.80 3.20 2.96 1.08 - - operational

W - 10 43 FF 1.00 - - - - operational

W - 11 43 FF 3.00 - - - - operational

W - 12 76 5.69 22.20 28.49 0.78 - - operational

B – formation loss factor

C – well loss factor

Q – discharge

T – transmissivity

CDT – constant discharge test

RT – recovery test

5.97

4.85

SWL – static water level Sp. Cap. – specific capacity

-

-

4.25

-

-

4.40

-

1.74

TABLE 6 - 5 TEST PUMPING RESULTS SUMMARY

SPAR Well No:T

Remarks(x10 -3 m2/sec)

1.73

5.13


210

Well Location Depth SWL Total PWL First Saturated Available Sustainable Limiting

No. (m) ( m bgl) Drawdown ( m bgl) Screen Thickness, H Drawdown Yield Factor

(m) (m bgl) (m) 20%H (m) (lps)

W - 1 Brgy. Morales, City of Koronadal 102 5.08 19.28 - 49 96.92 19.38 26.6 20% H

W - 2Brgy. Gen. Paulino Santos, City of Koronadal

102 1.97 19.96 - 49 100.03 20.01 17.40 20% H

W - 6 Brgy. Sta Cruz City of Koronadal 100 0.00 19.99 19.99 43 100.00 20.00 10.20 20% H

W - 7 Brgy. Sta. Cruz City of Koronadal 30 0.00 5.99 5.99 - 30.00 6.00 1.93 20% H

W - 8 Brgy.Sto. Niño City of Koronadal 102 6.20 19.12 25.32 - 95.80 19.16 11.10 20% H

TABLE 6 - 6 SUSTAINABLE YIELD SUMMARY


211

NSDW* Brgy. Sta. Cruz PS Forro PS Forro PS Deepwell Deepwell Morales PS Deepwell Flowing (untreated) Spring Marbel River

Parameters Permissible City of Koronadal City of Koronadal Koronadal City Barrio 2 PS Morales PS City of Koronadal San Antonio Village Brgy. Sta Cruz, Brgy. Paraiso Concepcion

Limits (untreated) City of Koronadal City of Koronadal (untreated) City of Koronadal City of Koronadal City of Koronadal City of Koronadal

Temperature °C 17.10 27.40 27.10 27.30 27.40 27.10 23.5 0 17.10 27.30 27.10

Color TCU 5 2.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 15.00

Odor unobjectionable unobjectionable unobjectionable unobjectionable unobjectionable unobjectionable unobjectionable unobjectionable unobjectionable unobjectionable

Turbidity NTU 5 1.04 1.34 10.30

pH 6.5 -8.5 7.50 7.22 7.18 7.20 7.63 7.26 7.61 7.50 7.14 7.72

Dissolved Solids mg/L 500 461.00 289.00 717.00 461.00 191.00

Specific Conductance µ mhos/cm 451.00 1,120.00 298.00

Alkalinity mg/l CaCO3 399.21 217.75 224.00 241.81 391.19 343.00 316.00 399.21 361.23 114.00

Hardness mg/l CaCO3 300 237.83 162.74 191.00 191.58 267.80 272.00 195.74 237.83 346.08 132.00

Acidity mg/l CaCO3 19.82 14.40 23.00 18.00 10.80 9.00 25.62 19.82 25.20 9.00

Calcium Ca++ mg/L 75 46.32 39.55 71.00 48.88 65.06 68.00 41.13 46.32 70.68 35.00

Magnesium Mg++ mg/L 50 29.83 15.63 4.00 16.99 25.74 26.00 22.72 29.83 41.42 11.00

Carbonates CO3 0.00 0.00 0.00

Bicarbonate HCO3- mg/L 273.00 418.00 139.00

Chloride Cl- mg/L 250 107.60 17.74 9.00 14.98 216.81 140.00 102.54 107.06 11.43 15.00

Iron Fe++ mg/L 1.0 0.30 0.63 0.10 0.43 0.23 0.14 0.16 0.30 0.00 0.51

Manganese Mn++ mg/L 0.5 0.10 1.50 1.20 1.20 1.20 < MDL ( 0.01) 0.60 0.10 0.20 < MDL (0.01)

Date of Sampling 1/9/2009 5/19/2008 6/5/2009 5/19/2008 5/19/2008 6/6/2009 4/25/2008 1/9/2009 5/19/2008 6/6/2009

Date of Examination 1/9/2009 5/19/2008 6/5/2009 5/19/2008 5/19/2008 6/6/2009 4/25/2008 1/9/2009 5/19/2008 6/6/2009

TABLE 6 - 7 WATER QUALITY TEST RESULTS


212

Name : Well No. W - 3 (BPW Well) Testing Period :Location : Brgy. Gen. Paulino Santos, Duration : 180 mins

City of KoronadalTesting Period : naDuration : na minsAve. Discharge : na lpsMeasuring Point : m aglCasing Diameter : 300x200 mm

TIME PWL TIME PWL TIME PWL TIME PWL TIME PWL TIME PWL

(mins) (m bgl) (mins) (m bgl) (mins) (m bgl) (mins) (m bgl) (mins) (m bgl) (mins) (m bgl)

0 38 0.0 30.87 80 6.70

1 40 0.5 90 6.45

2 45 1.0 15.40 100 6.31

3 50 1.5 110 6.07

4 55 2.0 12.58 120 5.96

5 60 2.5 140 5.72

6 70 3.0 11.98 160 5.49

7 80 3.5 180 5.30

8 90 4.0 11.55

9 120 4.5

10 150 5.0 11.15

11 180 6.0 10.79

12 240 7.0 10.59

13 300 8.0 10.39

14 9.0 10.20

15 10.0 10.01

16 12.0 9.56

17 14.0 9.50

18 16.0 9.31

19 18.0 9.14

20 20.0 8.96

22 25.0 8.61

24 30.0 8.33

26 35.0 8.05

28 40.0 7.81

30 45.0 7.65

32 50.0 7.45

34 60.0 7.20

36 70.0 6.91

APPENDIX 6 - 3.1A

CONSTANT DISCHARGE TEST DATA RECOVERY TEST DATA

June 5, 2009


213

Name : CKWD Morales PS (Well No.W - 1) Measuring Point (m agl) : 0.52Location : Brgy. Morales, City of Koronadal Static Water Level (m bmp) : 6.15Date Conducted : 60 Hp Pump Setting (m agl) : 85.4No. of Steps : 3 Steps and 60 mins/step Casing Diameter (mm) :Ground Elevation (m amsl) : Volumetric (l) : 110

TIME PWL Q TIME PWL Q TIME PWL Q TIME PWL Q TIME PWL Q(mins) (m bgl) (l/s) (mins) (m bgl) (l/s) (mins) (m bgl) (l/s) (mins) (m bgl) (l/s) (mins) (m bgl) (l/s)

0.0 5.63 0.0 21.85 0.0 30.89 0.0 0.00.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.51.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.01.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.52.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.02.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.53.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.03.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.54.0 4.0 26.10 37.89 4.0 4.0 4.04.5 4.5 37.84 4.5 4.5 4.55.0 5.0 26.88 37.81 5.0 32.93 5.0 5.06.0 6.0 27.73 0.00 6.0 33.19 39.20 6.0 6.07.0 7.0 28.69 0.00 7.0 0.00 7.0 7.08.0 8.0 0.00 8.0 32.77 0.00 8.0 8.09.0 9.0 28.88 37.75 9.0 32.92 0.00 9.0 9.0

10.0 10.0 28.81 0.00 10.0 32.93 0.00 10.0 10.012.0 12.0 29.27 37.72 12.0 33.04 39.17 12.0 12.014.0 11.68 30.08 14.0 30.52 37.70 14.0 33.24 39.14 14.0 14.016.0 11.63 30.05 16.0 30.49 37.59 16.0 33.01 39.09 16.0 16.518.0 12.80 30.08 18.0 0.00 18.0 32.96 39.09 18.0 18.020.0 13.09 30.08 20.0 30.56 37.56 20.0 33.08 39.17 20.0 20.025.0 14.68 30.05 25.0 30.91 37.70 25.0 33.28 39.11 25.0 25.030.0 15.79 30.08 30.0 30.96 37.70 30.0 33.56 39.11 30.0 30.035.0 16.41 30.08 35.0 0.00 35.0 33.15 39.14 35.0 35.040.0 18.01 30.05 40.0 30.89 37.64 40.0 33.66 39.14 40.0 40.045.0 17.91 30.02 45.0 30.88 37.64 45.0 33.68 39.11 47.5 45.050.0 19.20 29.97 50.0 30.89 37.64 50.0 33.82 39.11 50.0 50.055.0 20.84 29.97 55.0 30.89 37.61 55.0 33.89 39.11 55.0 55.060.0 21.85 29.97 60.0 30.89 0.00 60.0 33.93 39.11 60.0 60.0

APPENDIX 6 - 3.1B

STEP-DRAWDOWN TEST DATA

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 STEP 5

June 5, 2009


214


City of KoronadalTesting Period : naDuration : na minsAve. Discharge : na lpsMeasuring Point : m aglCasing Diameter : 300x200 mm



0 38 0.0 21.05 80 2.23

1 40 0.5 90 2.19

2 45 1.0 7.46 100 2.16

3 50 1.5 110 2.12

4 55 2.0 3.55 120 2.09

5 60 2.5 140 2.03

6 70 3.0 3.31 170 1.97

7 80 3.5 180 1.97

8 90 4.0 3.29

9 120 4.5

10 150 5.0 3.21

11 180 6.0 3.12

12 240 7.0 3.04

13 300 8.0 3.00

14 9.0 2.96

15 10.0 2.93

16 12.0 2.86

17 14.0 2.81

18 16.0 2.76

19 18.0 2.70

20 20.0 2.68

22 25.0 2.61

24 30.0 2.55

26 35.0 2.50

28 40.0 2.45

30 45.0 2.41

32 50.0 2.38

34 60.0 2.32

36 70.0 2.27

APPENDIX 6 - 3.2A


June 5, 2009


215

Name : Well No. W - 2 (CKWD Forro PS Well) Measuring Point (m agl) : 0.85Location : Brgy. Gen. Paulino Santos, City of Koronadal Static Water Level (m bmp) : 2.5Date Conducted : 60 Hp Pump Setting (m agl) : 36No. of Steps : 4 Steps and 60 mins/step Casing Diameter (mm) : 250Ground Elevation (m amsl) : Volumetric (l) :


0 1.65 0 4.41 0 8.59 0 15.63 01 1 1 9.30 1 17.87 12 3.79 2 5.11 2 10.07 2 19.68 1.86 23 4.30 3 5.34 3 9.94 3 20.68 34 4.56 4 5.68 4 10.61 3.06 4 22.72 45 4.66 5 5 10.77 3.06 5 23.35 56 4.01 6 7.24 6 11.15 3.06 6 24.18 67 4.12 7 8.49 8 12.81 3.06 7 24.39 2.08 78 4.02 8 9 3.06 8 24.47 2.08 89 4.07 9 9 3.06 9 24.58 2.08 9

10 4.08 10 9.66 10 13.65 3.06 10 24.76 2.11 1012 4.06 12 10.61 16.08 12 13.47 3.06 12 24.98 2.11 1214 4.07 4.63 14 10.68 14 13.73 3.06 14 25.08 2.11 1416 16 11.15 16 13.73 3.06 16 25.07 2.11 1618 4.53 7.49 18 4.25 7.82 18 13.78 3.06 18 25.59 2.11 1820 4.89 5.19 20 5.25 20 13.75 2.88 20 26.02 2.14 2025 3.89 25 7.34 10.87 25 15.15 2.88 25 26.28 2.14 2530 4.40 5.28 30 8.52 11.21 30 15.32 2.88 30 27.05 2.17 3035 4.40 38 8.53 11.42 35 15.41 2.88 35 27.29 2.17 3540 4.41 5.16 40 8.55 11.34 40 15.48 2.88 40 27.40 2.17 4045 4.42 45 8.56 10.82 47 15.56 2.88 45 27.42 2.17 4550 4.42 5.21 50 8.57 10.99 50 15.60 2.88 50 27.67 2.17 5055 4.43 55 8.58 10.82 55 15.60 2.88 55 27.95 2.17 5560 4.41 60 8.59 60 15.63 2.88 60 28.11 2.17 60

APPENDIX 6 - 3.2B

STEP-DRAWDOWN TEST DATA


June 5, 2009


216


City of KoronadalTesting Period :Duration : 300 minsAve. Discharge : 3.50 lpsMeasuring Point : m aglCasing Diameter : 100 mm



0 2.00 38 4.98 0.0 4.98 30 2.06

1 4.58 40 4.98 1.0 32 2.06

2 4.72 45 4.98 1.5 2.46 34 2.05

3 4.72 50 4.97 2.0 2.35 36 2.04

4 4.73 55 4.98 2.5 2.30 38 2.03

5 4.75 60 5.01 3.0 2.27 40 2.03

6 4.75 70 5.03 3.5 2.25 45 2.02

7 4.85 80 5.02 4.0 2.23 50 2.02

8 4.87 90 5.02 4.5 2.22 55 2.01

9 4.89 120 5.02 5.0 2.21 60 2.00

10 4.93 150 5.02 6.0 2.20

11 4.97 180 4.96 7.0 2.18

12 4.94 240 4.98 8.0 2.17

13 4.95 300 4.98 9.0 2.16

14 4.92 10.0 2.15

15 4.82 11.0 2.14

16 4.98 12.0 2.13

17 4.92 13.0 2.12

18 4.92 14.0 2.12

19 4.92 15.0 2.11

20 4.93 16.0 2.11

22 4.95 17.0 2.10

24 4.92 18.0 2.10

26 4.97 19.0 2.09

28 5.00 20.0 2.09

30 4.98 22.0 2.08

32 4.98 24.0 2.08

34 4.98 26.0 2.07

36 4.98 28.0 2.07


APPENDIX 6 - 3.3

July 15, 1982

July 15, 1982


217

Name : Well W - 4 (CKWD PS No. 1 Well) Testing Period :Location : Brgy. Poblacion, City of Koronadal Duration : 80 minsTesting Period : Aug. 23 - 24, 1981Duration : 720 minsAve. Discharge : 8.20 lpsMeasuring Point : 1 m aglCasing Diameter : 200 mm



0.0 2.15 65 1340 0.0 43.05 80 34.45

0.5 70 7.47 1460 0.5 3.49 90

1.0 5.57 80 7.47 1580 1.0 100

1.5 90 7.47 1700 1.5 2.92 120

2.0 6.41 100 1820 2.0 140

2.5 120 7.48 1940 2.5 2.57 150

3.0 6.80 140 2060 3.0 180

3.5 150 7.49 2180 3.5 2.36 200

4.0 6.96 180 7.50 2300 4.0 230

4.5 200 2420 4.5 2.19 260

5.0 7.06 240 7.52 2540 5.0 2.07 290

6.0 7.13 260 2660 6.0 1.97 320

7.0 7.22 290 2780 7.0 1.89 380

8.0 7.23 300 7.52 2880 8.0 1.82 440

9.0 7.24 360 7.53 9.0 1.77 500

10.0 7.27 380 10.0 1.67

12.0 7.31 410 12.0 1.61

14.0 7.34 420 7.53 14.0 1.55

16.0 7.35 470 16.0 1.50

18.0 7.37 480 7.53 18.0 1.47

20.0 7.38 540 7.53 20.0 1.38

25.0 7.40 560 26.0 1.34

30.0 7.41 600 7.52 30.0 1.29

35.0 7.43 660 7.51 36.0 1.27

40.0 7.44 720 7.50 40.0 1.24

45.0 7.45 860 45.0 1.22

50.0 7.45 980 50.0 1.18

55.0 7.46 1100 60.0 1.16

60.0 7.46 1220 70.0 2.16

RECOVERY TEST DATACONSTANT DISCHARGE TEST DATA

APPENDIX 6 - 3.4A

August 24, 1981


218

Name : Well No. W - 4 (CKWD PS No. 1 Well) Measuring Point (m agl) :Location : Brgy. Poblacion, City of Koronadal Static Water Level (m bmp) : 2.95Date conducted : July 13, 1982 Pump Setting (m agl) :No. of Steps : 5 Steps Casing Diameter (mm) : 200Ground Elevation (m amsl) : Volumetric (l) :

STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 STEP 5 TIME PWL Q TIME PWL Q TIME PWL Q TIME PWL Q TIME PWL Q(mins) (m bgl) (l/s) (mins) (m bgl) (l/s) (mins) (m bgl) (l/s) (mins) (m bgl) (l/s) (mins) (m bgl) (l/s)

0 2.95 5.30 0 6.25 7.50 0 7.95 12.20 0 10.52 15.50 0 11.76 21.601 6.40 5.30 1 6.90 7.50 1 9.01 12.20 1 10.75 15.50 1 12.30 21.602 5.30 2 7.01 7.50 2 9.21 12.20 2 10.84 15.50 2 12.44 21.603 6.95 5.30 3 7.50 3 9.23 12.20 3 10.87 15.50 3 12.91 21.604 5.30 4 7.38 7.50 4 9.29 12.20 4 10.86 15.50 4 13.08 21.605 6.58 5.30 5 7.50 5 9.32 12.20 5 10.70 15.50 5 13.13 21.606 6.04 5.30 6 7.50 6 9.36 12.20 6 11.12 15.50 6 13.13 21.607 6.09 5.30 7 7.50 7 9.39 12.20 7 11.32 15.50 7 13.07 21.608 6.06 5.30 8 7.50 8 9.45 12.20 8 11.45 15.50 8 13.09 21.609 6.06 5.30 9 7.68 7.50 9 9.50 12.20 9 11.20 15.50 9 13.14 21.6010 6.06 5.30 10 7.76 7.50 10 9.55 12.20 10 11.10 15.50 10 13.15 21.6012 6.06 5.30 12 7.88 7.50 12 9.58 12.20 12 11.03 15.50 12 13.10 21.6014 6.05 5.30 14 7.92 7.50 14 9.58 12.20 14 11.67 15.50 14 12.95 21.6016 6.09 5.30 16 8.23 7.50 16 9.60 12.20 16 11.68 15.50 16 12.98 21.6018 6.09 5.30 18 8.38 7.50 18 9.65 12.20 18 11.59 15.50 18 12.98 21.6020 6.11 5.30 20 8.42 7.50 20 9.72 12.20 20 11.61 15.50 20 13.02 21.6025 6.14 5.30 22 8.32 7.50 22 9.83 12.20 22 11.69 15.50 22 13.32 21.6030 6.17 5.30 24 8.34 7.50 24 9.85 12.20 24 11.76 15.50 24 13.37 21.6035 6.18 5.30 26 8.35 7.50 26 9.89 12.20 26 12.00 15.50 26 13.34 21.6040 6.16 5.30 28 8.30 7.50 28 9.92 12.20 28 12.06 15.50 28 13.40 21.6045 6.17 5.30 30 8.28 7.50 30 10.01 12.20 30 12.08 15.50 30 13.45 21.6050 6.20 5.30 45 8.29 7.50 45 10.01 12.20 45 11.95 15.50 45 13.40 21.6055 6.20 5.30 50 8.24 7.50 50 9.95 12.20 50 12.06 15.50 50 13.45 21.6060 6.20 5.30 55 8.12 7.50 55 9.98 12.20 55 11.96 15.50 55 13.56 21.6070 6.20 5.30 60 8.14 7.50 60 10.01 12.20 60 11.55 15.50 60 13.58 21.6080 6.19 5.30 65 8.14 7.50 65 10.08 12.20 65 12.03 15.50 65 13.62 21.6090 6.20 5.30 70 8.15 7.50 70 9.94 12.20 70 12.05 15.50 70 13.67 21.60100 6.23 5.30 80 8.09 7.50 80 9.98 12.20 80 11.52 15.50 80 13.64 21.60110 6.28 5.30 90 8.12 7.50 90 10.10 12.20 90 11.63 15.50 90 13.62 21.60120 6.30 5.30 100 7.84 7.50 100 10.25 12.20 100 11.65 15.50 100 13.70 21.60135 6.26 5.30 110 7.95 7.50 110 10.30 12.20 110 11.69 15.50 110 13.69 21.60150 6.20 5.30 120 7.98 7.50 120 10.40 12.20 120 11.72 15.50 120 13.65 21.60165 6.28 5.30 130 7.87 7.50 130 10.50 12.20 130 11.72 15.50 130 13.62 21.60180 6.25 5.30 135 7.87 7.50 135 10.50 12.20 135 11.75 15.50 135 13.64 21.60200 150 8.02 7.50 150 10.50 12.20 150 11.76 15.50 150 13.67 21.60220 165 8.02 7.50 165 10.52 12.20 180 155 13.70 21.60240 180 7.95 7.50 180 10.52 12.20 200 170 13.67 21.60260 200 200 220 200 13.67 21.60280 220 220 240 260 13.67 21.60300 240 240 260 290 13.67 21.60320 250 250 280 320 10.85 21.60

STEP DRAWDOWN TEST DATA

APPENDIX 6 - 3.4B


219

Name : Well No. W - 6 (CKWD Sta. Cruz PS Well) Testing Period :Location : Brgy. Sta. Cruz, Koronadal City Duration : 150 minsTesting Period :Duration : 3060 minsAve. Discharge : 16.91 lpsMeasuring Point : m aglCasing Diameter : 200 mm

TIME PWL TIME PWL TIME PWL TIME PWL TIME PWL TIME PWL(mins) (m bgl) (mins) (m bgl) (mins) (m bgl) (mins) (m bgl) (mins) (m bgl) (mins) (m bgl)

0 0.70 160 23.85 1560 25.31 0.0 25.50 90 23.29

1 15.02 180 24.00 1680 25.34 0.5 105 0.00

2 16.85 200 24.07 1800 25.42 1.0 120 23.11

3 18.45 240 24.15 1912 24.42 1.5 140

4 19.55 270 24.19 1920 25.40 2.0 150 23.03

5 19.98 300 24.22 2040 25.42 2.5 180

6 20.37 330 24.24 2071 25.47 3.0 210

7 20.67 360 24.55 2160 3.5 240

8 390 24.87 2280 25.48 4.0 270

9 402 24.20 2400 25.47 4.5 300

10 21.40 420 24.65 2520 25.50 5.0 300

12 21.50 450 24.89 2640 25.50 6.0 360

14 480 24.91 2760 25.52 7.0 420

16 18.50 510 24.93 2880 25.51 8.0 480

18 21.54 540 24.97 3060 25.50 9.0 540

20 21.83 570 25.00 10.0 600

25 22.24 600 25.03 12.0 660

30 22.52 660 25.25 14.0 720

35 22.71 720 25.10 16.0 780

40 22.86 780 25.16 18.0 24.93 840

45 22.98 840 25.16 20.0 24.62 900

50 23.05 900 25.21 25.0 24.45 960

60 23.18 960 25.25 30.0 24.26 1020

80 23.45 1020 25.29 35.0 24.13 1080

90 21.53 1110 25.27 40.0 23.98 1140

100 23.56 1200 25.32 45.0 23.90 1200

110 23.63 1290 25.37 50.0 23.80 1260

120 23.75 1380 25.39 60.0 23.64 1320

140 23.79 1470 25.35 70.0 23.51 1380

Dec. 6 - 8, 2008


APPENDIX 6 - 3.5A

December 8, 2008


220

STEP DRAWDOWN TEST DATA

Name : Well No. W - 6 (CKWD Sta. Cruz PS Well) Measuring Point (m agl) :Location : Brgy. Sta. Cruz, Koronadal City Static Water Level (m bmp) : 0.7Date Conducted : 60 Hp Pump Setting (m agl) :No. of Steps : 5 Steps and 60 mins/step Casing Diameter mm : 200Ground Elevation (m amsl) : Volumetric (l) : 60


0.0 0.70 0.0 1.37 0.0 7.01 0.0 12.91 0.0 18.350.5 1.00 3.10 0.5 6.56 0.5 9.59 10.03 0.5 13.50 0.5 20.64 16.971.0 1.26 1.0 4.94 1.0 10.57 1.0 16.03 1.01.5 1.34 1.5 5.40 1.5 11.05 1.5 16.40 1.5 22.032.0 1.38 2.0 5.68 2.0 11.32 2.0 16.62 2.0 22.242.5 1.42 2.5 5.80 2.5 11.47 2.5 16.77 2.5 22.433.0 1.44 3.0 5.91 3.0 11.60 3.0 16.87 3.0 22.513.5 1.52 3.5 5.93 3.5 11.70 3.5 16.96 3.5 22.584.0 1.52 4.0 5.99 4.0 11.77 4.0 17.02 4.0 22.674.5 1.55 4.5 6.03 4.5 11.83 4.5 17.08 4.5 22.725.0 1.56 5.0 6.13 5.0 11.89 5.0 17.11 5.0 22.786.0 1.57 6.0 6.20 6.0 11.98 6.0 17.36 6.0 22.927.0 1.60 7.0 6.26 7.0 12.05 7.0 17.43 7.0 23.008.0 1.60 8.0 6.29 8.0 12.12 8.0 17.52 8.0 23.239.0 1.55 9.0 6.39 9.0 12.18 9.0 17.58 9.0 23.0810.0 1.55 10.0 6.43 10.0 12.21 10.0 17.62 10.0 23.1012.0 1.57 12.0 6.50 12.0 12.29 12.0 17.70 12.0 23.1714.0 1.58 14.0 6.50 14.0 12.37 14.0 17.77 14.0 23.2516.0 1.58 16.0 6.55 16.0 12.43 16.0 17.83 16.5 23.2918.0 1.58 18.0 6.58 18.0 12.48 18.0 17.88 18.0 23.3620.0 1.58 20.0 6.61 20.0 12.52 20.0 17.92 20.0 23.4125.0 1.59 25.0 6.70 25.0 12.61 25.0 18.01 25.0 23.4930.0 1.57 30.0 6.73 30.0 12.67 30.0 18.06 30.0 23.5935.0 1.43 35.0 6.78 35.0 12.73 35.0 18.12 35.0 23.6640.0 1.43 40.0 6.86 40.0 12.78 40.0 18.18 40.0 23.7145.0 1.42 45.0 6.97 45.0 12.81 47.5 18.22 45.0 23.7750.0 1.42 50.0 6.99 50.0 12.83 50.0 18.25 50.0 23.8260.0 1.37 60.0 7.01 60.0 12.91 60.0 18.35 60.0 23.85

December 5, 2008

APPENDIX 6 - 3.5B



221

Name : Well No. W - 9 (BPW Well) Testing Period :Location : Brgy. Gen. New Pangasinan, Duration : 180 mins

City of KoronadalTesting Period :Duration : 600 minsAve. Discharge : 3.20 lpsMeasuring Point : m aglCasing Diameter : 150 mm


0 2.80 38 5.68 0 5.76 75 2.91

1 4.12 40 5.69 1 4.53 40 2.90

2 4.70 45 5.69 2 3.94 45 2.89

3 4.99 50 5.70 3 3.73 50 2.88

4 5.17 55 5.70 4 3.56 55 2.87

5 5.27 60 5.70 5 3.48 60 2.86

6 5.34 70 5.71 6 3.26 70 2.86

7 5.40 80 5.72 7 3.19 80 2.85

8 5.95 90 5.73 8 3.15 90 2.85

9 5.46 120 5.74 9 3.11 120 2.84

10 5.51 150 5.73 10 3.09 150 2.84

11 5.53 180 5.73 11 3.06 180 2.83

12 5.55 240 5.72 12 3.05

13 5.57 300 5.72 13 3.02

14 5.58 360 5.74 14 3.01

15 5.59 420 5.75 15 3.00

16 5.60 480 5.76 16 2.99

17 5.60 540 5.76 17 2.98

18 5.61 600 5.76 18 2.98

19 5.62 19 2.90

20 5.62 20 2.95

22 5.63 22 2.95

24 5.64 24 2.94

26 5.65 26 2.93

28 5.66 28 2.92

30 5.67 30 2.92

32 5.68 32 2.91

34 5.68 34 2.91

36 5.68 36 2.91


APPENDIX 6 - 3.6

October 22, 1981

October 22, 1981


222

RECOVERY TEST DATA

Name : Well No. W - 12 (San Miguel Corp. Well) Testing Period :Location : Brgy. Sta. Cruz, City of Koronadal Duration : 120 minsTesting Period : Dec. 5 - 6, 1981Duration : 480 minsAve. Discharge : 22.20 lpsMeasuring Point : m aglCasing Diameter : 250 mm


0 5.69 38 31.68 0 34.15 38 5.86

1 12.17 40 31.70 1 24.00 40 5.85

2 13.28 45 31.72 2 12.70 45 5.83

3 15.19 50 32.74 3 7.20 50 5.81

4 17.40 55 33.76 4 6.67 55 5.79

5 18.90 60 33.78 5 6.54 60 5.77

6 19.85 70 33.79 6 6.47 70 5.75

7 21.52 80 33.89 7 6.41 80 5.73

8 23.53 90 33.91 8 6.37 90 5.72

9 25.10 120 34.16 9 6.32 120 5.71

10 28.55 150 34.16 10 6.28

11 29.90 180 34.16 11 6.25

12 30.11 240 34.17 12 6.21

13 30.34 300 34.18 13 6.18

14 30.72 360 34.17 14 6.16

15 30.99 420 34.18 15 6.13

16 31.15 480 34.18 16 6.11

17 31.24 17 6.09

18 31.29 18 6.07

19 31.34 19 6.05

20 31.38 20 6.03

22 31.40 22 6.00

24 31.42 24 5.98

26 31.46 26 5.95

28 31.50 28 5.93

30 31.53 30 5.92

32 31.57 32 5.90

34 31.61 34 5.89

36 31.64 36 5.87

CONSTANT DISCHARGE TEST DATA

APPENDIX 6 - 3.7

December 5, 1981


223

Parameters Units

Formation Loss Factor, B 205 205 205 205 s/m2

Coefficient of Well Loss, C 9,625 9,625 9,625 9,625 s2/m5

Discharge Rate, Q 0.02 0.025 0.0266 0.03 m3/s

20.00 25.00 26.60 30.00 lps

317 396 422 475 gpm

Transmissivity, T 0.00451 0.00451 0.00451 0.00451 m2/s

First Hour Pumping Time, t 1 3600 3600 3600 3600 seconds

Long Term Pumping Time, t 2 20736000 20736000 20736000 20736000 seconds

Depth of Well 102 102 102 102 m bgl

Saturated Thickness, H 96.92 96.92 96.92 96.92 meters

2H 193.84 193.84 193.84 193.84

swtotal (as confined aquifer) 9.30 11.09 11.66 12.88 meters

sw in water table aquifer: 9.80 11.81 12.47 13.87

Drawdown Components:

BQ 4.10 5.13 5.45 6.15 meters

slt 3.05 3.81 4.06 4.58 meters

si 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 meters

sd 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 meters

sc 0.50 0.72 0.80 0.99 meters

CQ2 3.85 6.02 6.81 8.66 meters

Total 13.65 17.83 19.28 22.53 meters

SWL 5.08 5.08 5.08 5.08 m bgl

PWL 18.73 22.91 24.36 27.61 m bgl

Top of screens 49.00 49.00 49.00 49.00 m bgl

Available sw, 20% m 19.38 19.38 19.38 19.38 meters

NOTE:Based on test pumping results and long term drawdown analysis of the aquifer, the well can sustain withdrawal of 26.6 lps (422 gpm) using allowable drawdown equivalent to 20% of the saturated thickness.

APPENDIX 6 - 4.1

CALCULATION OF LONG TERM PUMPING WATER LEVELWELL NO. W - 1 (CKWD MORALES PS WELL)

Projected Discharge


224

Parameters Units




15.00 17.00 17.40 20.00 lps

238 269 276 317 gpm






2H 200.06 200.06 200.06 193.84




BQ 3.75 4.25 4.35 5.00 meters

slt 2.29 2.59 2.65 3.05 meters

si 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 meters

sd 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 meters

sc 0.37 0.45 0.46 0.60 meters

CQ2 7.69 9.87 10.34 13.67 meters

Total 16.24 19.32 19.96 24.47 meters

SWL 1.97 1.97 1.97 5.08 m bgl

PWL 18.21 21.29 21.93 29.55 m bgl



NOTE:Based on test pumping results and long term drawdown analysis of the aquifer, the well can sustain withdrawal of 17.40 lps (276 gpm) using allowable drawdown equivalent to 20 % of the saturated thickness.

APPENDIX 6 - 4.2

CALCULATION OF LONG TERM PUMPING WATER LEVELWELL NO. W - 2 (CKWD FORRO PS WELL)

Projected Discharge


225

Parameters Units




5.00 10.00 10.20 11.00 lps

79 158 162 174 gpm






2H 200.00 200.00 200.00 200.00




BQ 5.10 10.20 10.40 11.22 meters

slt 1.92 3.84 3.92 4.23 meters

si 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 meters

sd 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 meters

sc 0.46 1.58 1.64 1.90 meters

CQ2 0.45 1.80 1.87 2.18 meters

Total 10.09 19.58 19.99 21.68 meters

SWL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 m bgl

PWL 10.09 19.58 19.99 21.68 m bgl



NOTE:Based on test pumping results and long term drawdown analysis of the aquifer, the well can sustain withdrawal of 10.20 lps (162 gpm) using allowable drawdown equivalent to 20% of the saturated thickness.

APPENDIX 6 - 4.3

CALCULATION OF LONG TERM PUMPING WATER LEVELWELL NO. W - 6 (CKWD STA. CRUZ PS WELL)

Projected Discharge


226

Parameters Units

Specific Capacity 0.8 0.75 0.7 0.6 lps/m

s2/m5


1.00 1.93 2.00 3.00 lps

16 31 32 48 gpm






2H 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00




BQ 1.00 2.06 2.29 4.00 meters

slt 0.40 0.76 0.79 1.19 meters

si 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 meters

sd 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 meters

sc 0.24 0.50 0.56 1.22 meters

CQ2 0.25 0.51 0.57 0.00 meters

Total 4.04 5.99 6.36 8.56 meters

SWL 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 m bgl

PWL 4.04 5.99 6.36 8.56 m bgl




APPENDIX 6 - 4.4

CALCULATION OF LONG TERM PUMPING WATER LEVELWELL NO. W - 7 (CKWD SAN ANTONIO PS WELL)

Projected Discharge


227

Parameters Units

Specific Capacity 0.80 0.80 0.75 0.70 lps/m

s2/m5


10.00 11.10 15.00 20.00 lps

158 176 238 317 gpm






2H 191.60 191.60 191.60 191.60




BQ 10.00 11.10 16.00 22.86 meters

slt 1.53 1.70 2.29 3.06 meters

si 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 meters

sd 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 meters

sc 1.15 1.39 2.83 6.09 meters

CQ2 2.50 2.78 4.00 0.00 meters

Total 17.33 19.12 27.27 34.16 meters

SWL 6.20 6.20 6.20 6.20 m bgl

PWL 23.53 25.32 33.47 40.36 m bgl




APPENDIX 6 - 4.5

CALCULATION OF LONG TERM PUMPING WATER LEVELWELL NO. W - 8 (CKWD BARRIO DOS PS WELL)

Projected Values


228

Darcy's Equation on Goundwater Flow:

Q/km = T*G*1000 m/km

Where:Q/km groundwater flow per kilometer bandT transmissivityG groundwater flow gradiend

Wellfield Coverage Area Tx10 -3 G Q/km Width of Aquifer Potential Q Potential Q

No. m2/sec lps/km km lps cumd

1 Tinungkop-Paraiso Area 1.74 0.0200 34.8 4 139.20 12,026.9

2Morales-Gen. Santos- Sto. Nino Area

4.40 0.0100 44.0 4 176.00 15,206.4

3Sta. Cruz-San Isidro-Mambukal Area

1.74 0.0200 34.8 4 139.20 12,026.9

4 Carpenter Hill Area 4.40 0.0100 44.0 2 88.00 7,603.2

5 Tampakan Area 4.40 0.0100 44.0 4 176.00 15,206.4

Logan' s Approximation Formula

Q = T*Dd/1.22

Where:Q well yield T transmissivityDd drawdown

Wellfield Coverage Area T*10-3 DdNo. m2/sec m lps cumd

1 Tinungkop-Paraiso Area 1.7 20 28.52 2,464.5

2Morales-Gen. Santos- Sto. Nino Area

4.4 20 72.13 6,232.1

3Sta. Cruz-San Isidro-Mambukal Area

1.7 20 28.52 2,464.5

4 Carpenter Hill Area 4.4 20 72.13 6,232.1

5 Tampakan Area 4.4 20 72.13 6,232.1

628.1 54,263.5

POTENTIAL YIELD FROM A SINGLE WELL

Potential Yield/Well

APPENDIX 6 - 6A

GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL

APPENDIX 6 - 6B

Total ground water potential 718.4 62,069.8

Less present CKWD withdrawal, lps -90.4 -7,806.2

Additional withdrawal potential


229

APPENDIX 6.3: WATER QUALITY DATA - CKWD

Appendix 6 – 5A Water Quality Test Results (Laboratory Test)

Appendix 6 – 5B Field Water Quality Analysis


230

NSDW* Marbel River Well No. 4 Well No. 9 Sta Cruz Spring (S-1) Morales Spring (S-2) Tubod Spring (S-6)

Parameters Permissible Brgy. Maribel (CKWD PS No. 1 Well) (BPW Well) Brgy Sta Cruz Brgy. Morales Brgy. Paraiso

Limits City of Koronadal City of Koronadal City of Koronadal City of Koronadal City of Koronadal City of Koronadal

Color TCU 5 20.00 nil nil nil nil nil

Odor unobjectionable unobjectionable unobjectionable unobjectionable unobjectionable unobjectionable unobjectionable

Turbidity NTU 5 8.00 nil nil nil nil

pH 6.5 -8.5 6.95 7.70 7.25 7.70 7.55 7.65

Alkalinity mg/l CaCO3 20.00 150.00 60.00 193.00 196.00 240.00

Potassium K mg/L 3.90 4.60 5.40 27.10 7.30 11.20

Sodium Na mg/L 20.60 29.00 13.50 10.80 36.20 22.80

Hardness mg/l CaCO3 300 50.00 55.00 180.00 210.00 150.00

Calcium Ca++ mg/L 75 14.00 20.00 14.00 46.00 68.00 40.00

Magnesium Mg++ mg/L 50 1.20 7.30 8.00 15.80 9.70 12.10

Carbonates CO3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Bicarbonate HCO3- mg/L 24.40 18.30 73.20 23.60 240.00 292.80

Sulfates Na2SO4 250 33.00 3.00 3.00 10.00 4.00 8.00

Chloride Cl- mg/L 250 10.00 10.00 10.00 20.60 41.10 12.50

Iron Fe++ mg/L 1.0 0.03 0.06 0.04 - - 0.05

Date of Sampling 3/23/1982 3/23/1982 3/23/1982 3/23/1982 3/23/1982 3/23/1982

Date of Examination 3/23/1982 3/23/1982 3/23/1982 3/23/1982 3/23/1982 3/23/1982

WATER QUALITY LABORATORY TEST RESULTS

APPENDIX 6 - 5A


231

LWUA Temperature Conductivity pH Fe Mn Cl Hardness Date of Remarks

No. °C µmhos/cm mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L Visit

1 27 330 7.7 0.02 1.65 10 171 23-Oct-81 Lab. Analysis

2 - - - - - - - 28-Oct-81 conducted

3 - - - - - - - 28-Oct-81

4 29.5 242 7 0.2 .4* 15 69 28-Oct-81

4-A 29 700 7 .4* .3* 15 85 28-Oct-81

5 28 860 6.6 0.1 .7* 90 257 28-Oct-81

6 28 - 8 - 0.2 160 291 28-Oct-81

7 28 290 7.3 0 .3* 10 188 22-Oct-81

8 28 - 7.6 0.1 .3* 10 188 22-Oct-81

9 26 620 7.7 0.02 0 13 342 27-Oct-81

10 26 600 7.7 0 0 10 325 27-Oct-81

11 27 - 7.3 0 0 10 257 25-Oct-81

12 - - - - - - - 20-Oct-81

13 - - - - - - - 20-Oct-81

14 - - - - - - - 20-Oct-81

15 28.5 - 6.5 1.1 0 20 120 20-Oct-81

16 29.5 280 6.4 0.1 0 25 103 28-Oct-81

17 28 212 6.9 .95* 0.2 10 85 28-Oct-81

18 28.5 300 6.7 .70* 0.2 40 137 28-Oct-81

19 28 110 6.5 0.1 .6* 15 223 20-Oct-81 Lab. Analysis

19-A 28 300 7.2 0.1 0.1 15 154 23-Oct-81 conducted

20 - - - - - - - 20-Oct-81

21 28 230 6.3 0 .3* 52 120 20-Oct-81

22 - - - - - - - 20-Oct-81

23 28 250 6.8 0.25 .4* 10 188 20-Oct-81

24 27.3 150 6.4 0.3 .3* 10 86 20-Oct-81

25 27 148 6.5 0.1 0 22 68 20-Oct-81

26 28 220 7.2 0.1 0 25 120 22-Oct-81

27 - - - - - - - 24-Oct-81

28 28.5 - 7.2 1 0 15 106 24-Oct-81

29 26 285 7 0.15 0.9 15 86 24-Oct-81

30 29 310 7.1 0.04 0 12 103 26-Oct-81

31 - - - - - - - 26-Oct-81

32 30 355 7.3 0.2 0 35 103 26-Oct-81

33 28.5 265 7 .80* .8* 12 103 26-Oct-81

34 29 290 6.8 .70* .8* 5 103 26-Oct-81

35 - - - - - - - 26-Oct-81

36 28 350 6.7 0.1 .4* 20 154 26-Oct-81

37 - - - - - - - 24-Oct-81

38 28 240 6.8 0.1 0 15 171 24-Oct-81

39 29 290 6.5 0 0 10 154 24-Oct-81

40 28.5 245 70 0.3 .7* 10 86 26-Oct-81

41 28.5 800 7.7 0.1 .3* 85 445* 21-Oct-81

42 28.5 680 7.4 0.1 1.5* 75 223 21-Oct-81

43 29 765 7.6 0.15 1.1* 30 277 21-Oct-81

44 28 530 7.8 0.1 0 15 205 26-Oct-81

* Exceed permissible limits set by the National Standard for Dringking Water (NSDW).

FIELD WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS

APPENDIX 6 - 5B


232

APPENDIX 8: NON REVENUE WATER IMPROVEMENT MEASURES – CKWD

1 NRW Asset Improvement 2 NRW Operational Activity Improvement 2.1 Leak Detection and Repair 2.2 Illegal Loss Reduction 2.3 Water audit 2.4 Outsourcing of Operational Services 3 NRW Improvement Costs 3.1 Costing Rationale


233

1. NRW improvement has been considered in terms of both asset and operational activity improvement. These are reported on separately below.

1 NRW ASSET IMPROVEMENT

2. No investment for Koronadal in NRW reduction has been scheduled at the request of the water district, preferring to focus resources on other activities. The analysis of ILI in Supplementary Appendix C indicates that Koronadal NRW management performance is good, which supports their request not to invest in NRW management at this time.

3. Provision has been made, however, for the purchase of specialist equipment for leak detection, flow and pressure monitoring, and for GIS and network modeling software in order to support operational activity related to NRW management and reduction. A summary of investment items is given in Table 1 .

Table 1: NRW Capital Investment Requirements - CKWD

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

NRW MANAGEMENT/CONTROL COSTS

Leak Detection/Pipe Location Equipment

Leak Noise Correlator 1

Electronic Listening Sticks 3

Noise Loggers - set 3

Pipe Location Equipment - All Materials 2


Dual Flow & Pressure Loggers 10

Pressure loggers 20

Hardware purchase - computer 2

NRW REDUCTION CAPEX

MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS COST

GIS

Software Purchase 1

Hardware Purchase - Computers 1

Hydraulic Modelling

Software - Epanet Freeware 1

Hardware Purchase - Computers 1

Model Building 1

Expenditure Type

Quantities

2 NRW OPERATIONAL ACTIVITY IMPROVEMENT

2.1 LEAK DETECTION AND REPAIR

4. LCWD are not proactively carrying out leak detection and repair activity. These are key activities in the reduction and control of NRW.

5. Further, the analysis of ILI in Supplementary Appendix C, para 114, indicates a relatively good network condition. This being the case, leak detection and repair (as opposed to mains and service replacement, etc.) becomes the prime means of loss reduction.

6. It is suggested that CKWD set up a team to more proactively manage leak detection and repair—this could be either in-house or could be contracted out either on a rate basis or a performance basis or combination of both—with supervision responsibility remaining with CKWD.


234

7. The current level of leaks within the system is unknown; however, an attempt at estimating the number of distribution leaks (mains equal to or less than 300mm diameter) has been made based on an average number of leaks per km of main. The estimated number of leaks to be repaired per year along with an estimate of the repair cost are to be included in the operational budget are shown in Table 2 . No attempt has been made to attribute savings to the leaks repaired.

8. LCWD should ensure that adequate budget for leak repair is provided in their expense forecast.

Table 2: Estimated Distribution Main Line Leaks and Costs - CKWD

250 0.5 505 0 1,269

200 0.5 3,300 2 7,037

150 1 8,990 9 28,062

100 2 18,500 37 98,475

75 3 11,950 36 72,848

50 4 37,800 151 284,863

235 492,554

No. Of

Repairs

TOTAL LEAKS PER YEAR

Diameter

(mm)

Leaks/yr/

km

Network

Length (m)

Leak Repair

Cost (PhP)

2.2 ILLEGAL LOSS REDUCTION

9. It is considered that illegal connections are not a significant problem within the CKWD network. However, the conversion of illegal connections to legal connections is a double win for any utility, with a reduction in the NRW as well as a revenue gain for no additional production or distribution effort.

10. It is suggested that CKWD strengthen their activity vis a vis illegal connections and consumption to ensure the best control possible of their supply.

2.3 WATER AUDIT

11. It is recommended that CKWD adopt the IWA water audit methodology as described in Supplementary Appendic C, para 108, Section 4.2, as a performance measurement tool. A key part of this is the recording of unbilled authorised consumption within the water district—this is not currently being done by CKWD—and using this information to inform operational decisions.

12. Quantifying the amount of water used for operational activities allows comparison to be made with the cost of mitigating the need for the operational use, e.g. if water used for flushing was quantified and a value assigned to it, it would be possible to calculate when remedial action such as swabbing or scouring would have a greater cost benefit.

2.4 OUTSOURCING OF OPERATIONAL SERVICES

13. CKWD currently carry out all operational activity in-house. As they are a rapidly growing organization with some positions unfilled there is scope for QMWD to enter into out-sourcing contracts to support the efficient operation to the business. Similarly for specific and enhanced programs of activity (e.g. a crash leak detection and repair program) it may be beneficial to undertake some of the work through outsourcing to have a quick impact.


235

14. Outsourcing can be used for many of the routine activities, either individually or in combination, e.g.

meter reading; billing; collection; meter replacement; reduction of illegal connections; leak detection; leak repair; M&E maintenance activity; NRW reduction.

15. All these contracts should be set up with performance in mind—rewarding out performance and penalizing under performance. For performance contracts to be successful, however, the risk-reward criteria and payment mechanisms need to be clearly thought out in order to reinforce the desired performance. Such contracts should also be regarded as a partnership rather than a one-sided opportunity by either party to gain benefit at the expense of the other.

16. The use of outsourcing contracts brings with it the requirement for effective supervision—this should be viewed as an opportunity to develop staff within the water district and appropriate capacity building activity undertaken.

17. Supplementary Appendix E shows the types of outsourcing that can be carried out and suggests some performance criteria that could be used to improve utility efficiency.

3 NRW IMPROVEMENT COSTS

3.1 COSTING RATIONALE

18. NRW reduction activities fall into both capital investment (pipelines, meters, PRVs, specialist equipment, etc.) and operational expense categories (leak repair, equipment licensing and battery replacement). Both of these categories are further described below.

Capital Investment. Capital Investment costs can be broken down into investment for control and management of NRW reduction activity (production metering, district metering, specialist equipment purchase, etc.) and investment that directly leads to reduction of NRW (pipe replacement, pressure reduction, meter replacement, etc.).

A further type of cost presented here is for Management System Capex—this is related more to effective utility management but impacts on NRW reduction performance in terms of supporting the activities carried out in NRW management, and so has been included here.

Operational Activity Costs. Operational activity costs have also been considered in relation to NRW Control, NRW Reduction and Management Systems.

NRW Control operational expense covers licensing and batteries for the Control Capex assets (leak detection equipment, data loggers etc.).

NRW Reduction operational expense covers leak repair.

NRW Management System operational expense covers licensing and batteries for the management system assets.


236

19. CKWD expressly advised that they didn’t want to include any investment in NRW reduction in the loan. The only capital costs proposed that have been included is for specialist equipment to be used in the support of operations—leak detection, flow and pressure management and for mapping and modeling.

20. Table 3 shows a summary of all proposed investment expenditure items for CKWD. Costs are in Philippine Peso.

21. Table 4 shows the detailed breakdown of these costs by expense category. Costs are in Philippine Peso.

22. Unit costs that have been used in the analysis are based on costs provided included in LWUA Form No. 21 where possible, and also costs kindly provided from the Engineering Department of Maynilad Water.

23. Assumptions on leak repair numbers and costs are included in Table x in Section 5.3.

Table 3: Summary of Proposed NRW Investment Expenditure - CKWD

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 TOTAL % of TOTAL

3,889,000 0 0 0 0 0 3,889,000 46.4%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%

1,340,000 0 0 0 0 0 1,340,000 16.0%

5,229,000 0 0 0 0 0 5,229,000 62.4%

0 0 0 45,000 0 0 45,000 0.5%

492,554 492,554 492,554 492,554 492,554 492,554 2,955,322 35.3%

0 0 34,500 43,500 34,500 34,500 147,000 1.8%

492,554 492,554 527,054 581,054 527,054 527,054 3,147,322 37.6%

5,721,554 492,554 527,054 581,054 527,054 527,054 8,376,322

5,721,554 6,214,107 6,741,161 7,322,215 7,849,269 8,376,322TOTAL CUMULATIVE

NRW CONTROL OPEX

NRW REDUCTION OPEX

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OPEX

Total Opex

TOTAL ANNUAL

EXPENSE CATEGORY

NRW CONTROL CAPEX

NRW REDUCTION CAPEX

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CAPEX

Total Capex


237

Table 4: Detailed NRW Cost Breakdown - CKWD

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 TOTAL % of TOTAL

3,889,000 0 0 0 0 0 3,889,000

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%

1,850,000 0 0 0 0 0 1,850,000 47.6%

2,039,000 0 0 0 0 0 2,039,000 52.4%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%

1,340,000 0 0 0 0 0 1,340,000

795,000 0 0 0 0 0 795,000 59.3%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%

545,000 0 0 0 0 0 545,000 40.7%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%

5,229,000 - - - - - 5,229,000

- - - 45,000 - - 45,000

0 0 0 45,000 0 0 45,000 100.0%

492,554 492,554 492,554 492,554 492,554 492,554 2,955,322

492,554 492,554 492,554 492,554 492,554 492,554 2,955,322 100.0%

0 0 34,500 43,500 34,500 34,500 147,000

0 0 34,500 43,500 34,500 34,500 147,000 100.0%

492,554 492,554 527,054 581,054 527,054 527,054 3,147,322

Licensing & Batteries

TOTAL OPEX

Licensing & Batteries

NRW REDUCTION OPEX

Leak Repair

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OPEX

Hydraulic Modelling

Meter Reading Automation

MIS

TOTAL CAPEX

NRW CONTROL OPEX

Service Pipe replacement

Valve Rehabilitation

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CAPEX

GIS

Bill ing System


NRW REDUCTION CAPEX

Customer Meter Replacement

Pressure Reduction (PRVs)

Mains replacement

EXPENSE CATEGORY

NRW CONTROL CAPEX

Production Metering

District Metering

Leak Detection/Pipe Location Equipment


238

APPENDIX 11.1: DETAILED PROJECT COST – CKWD (Php’000)


a. Well Drilling/Development m 480 22,000 10,560.0 - - 3,168.0 7,392.0 10,560.0 1,131.4 9,428.6 b. Surface Water / River Intake lot 0 0 - - - - - - - - c. Spring Intake & Sump Improvement lot 0 0 - - - - - - - -

Sub-Total 10,560.0 - - 3,168.0 7,392.0 10,560.0 1,131.4 9,428.6 2 Pumping Station

a. Pump House including pipings, ls 1 2,678,400 2,303.6 375.0 - 642.9 2,035.7 2,678.6 287.0 2,391.6 production meters, valves, hypochlorinators, etc

b. Electro-mechanical Equipment ls 1 5,279,168 1,319.9 3,959.3 - 3,589.8 1,689.4 5,279.2 565.6 4,713.6 including controls & accessories,riser pipes, transformers, powerline extension, etc.

c. Gen-set set 4 1,233,252 493.4 4,439.7 - 3,502.4 1,430.7 4,933.1 528.5 4,404.6 Sub-Total 4,116.9 8,774.0 - 7,735.1 5,155.8 12,890.9 1,381.2 11,509.7

3 Transmission Facilities ls 1 50,687,184 45,618.6 5,068.7 - 20,274.9 30,412.4 50,687.3 5,430.8 45,256.5 4 Storage Facilities ls 1 46,741,200 44,404.1 2,337.0 - 8,880.7 37,860.4 46,741.1 5,008.0 41,733.1 5 Service Connections no 1,000 1,950 1,170.0 780.0 - 624.0 1,326.0 1,950.0 208.9 1,741.1 6 NRW Reduction ls 1 5,229,000 3,137.4 2,091.7 - 1,673.4 3,555.7 5,229.1 560.3 4,668.8 7 Land Acquisition lot 1 1,000,000 - 1,000.0 - 1,000.0 1,000.0 107.1 892.9

SUB-TOTAL 109,007.0 19,051.4 1,000.0 42,356.1 86,702.3 129,058.4 13,827.7 115,230.7 DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN 8,451.8 - - 2,535.5 5,916.3 8,451.8 905.6 7,546.3 CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION 5,634.6 - - 563.5 5,071.1 5,634.6 603.7 5,030.9 PHYSICAL CONTINGENCIES - - - 2,442.6 10,413.2 12,855.8 1,377.4 11,478.4 PRICE CONTINGENCIES 14,381.5 2,225.9 116.8 1,176.9 17,049.3 18,226.2 1,952.8 16,273.4

G R A N D T O T A L 137,474.9 21,277.3 1,116.8 49,074.5 125,152.3 174,226.8 18,667.2 155,559.6

Taxes & Duties

Unit CostTotals (excl

tax)Component FEC Local Total

Sub-TotalUnit Quantity


239

APPENDIX 11.2: DEBT SERVICE SCHEDULE – CKWD (Php’000)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040Proposed WDSSP Loan

Disbursement 8,853 55,364 88,222 - - - Capitalized Interest - - - - - - Operational Interest - 2,224 8,455 14,939 14,908 14,775 14,630 14,470 14,294 14,100 12,796 10,693 7,300 1,825 Principal - 1,317 1,449 1,595 1,755 1,931 2,125 3,428 5,532 8,925 14,400 Debt Service - 2,224 8,455 14,939 16,225 16,225 16,225 16,225 16,225 16,225 16,225 16,225 16,225 16,225 Loan Outstanding 8,853 64,218 152,439 152,439 151,122 153,467 153,384 153,126 152,675 152,014 144,712 127,853 95,573 38,414 Less: Current Portion - 1,317 1,449 1,595 1,755 1,931 2,125 2,338 3,773 6,087 9,821 7,733 Foreign Exchange Loss - - - - 3,794 1,511 1,497 1,481 1,463 1,444 1,314 1,105 767 221 Long-Term Portion 8,853 64,218 152,439 151,122 153,467 153,384 153,126 152,675 152,014 151,119 142,253 122,870 86,519 30,902

Existing Loans

Operational Interest 3,373 5,791 7,932 7,807 6,062 5,915 5,780 5,630 5,464 5,281 5,093 4,922 4,101 4,029 - - Principal 1,347 4,164 5,175 1,300 3,456 3,400 3,468 3,618 3,784 3,967 3,562 3,614 2,492 1,917 - - Debt Service 4,720 9,955 13,107 9,107 9,518 9,315 9,248 9,248 9,248 9,248 8,655 8,536 6,593 5,946 - - Loan Outstanding 88,790 84,626 79,451 78,151 74,695 71,295 67,827 64,208 60,424 56,457 52,895 49,281 32,844 23,000 21,083 21,083 Less: Current Portion 4,164 5,175 1,300 3,456 3,400 3,468 3,618 3,784 3,967 3,562 3,614 3,806 2,178 - - - Long-Term Portion 84,626 79,451 78,151 74,695 71,295 67,827 64,208 60,424 56,457 52,895 49,281 45,475 30,667 23,000 21,083 21,083

Summary Operational Interest 3,373 5,791 7,932 10,031 14,516 20,854 20,687 20,405 20,094 19,751 19,386 19,021 16,897 14,722 7,300 1,825 Principal 1,347 4,164 5,175 1,300 3,456 3,400 4,785 5,067 5,379 5,722 5,493 5,739 5,920 7,448 8,925 14,400 Debt Service 4,720 9,955 13,107 11,331 17,973 24,254 25,473 25,473 25,473 25,473 24,880 24,761 22,817 22,170 16,225 16,225 Loan Outstanding 88,790 84,626 79,451 78,151 227,134 223,734 218,949 217,676 213,808 209,583 205,571 201,294 177,556 150,853 116,656 59,497 Less: Current Portion 4,164 5,175 1,300 3,456 3,400 4,785 5,067 5,379 5,722 5,493 5,739 6,144 5,950 6,087 9,821 7,733 Long-Term Portion 84,626 79,451 87,004 138,912 223,734 218,949 217,676 213,808 209,583 205,571 201,294 196,595 172,920 145,870 107,602 51,985


240

APPENDIX 11.3: PROJECTED WATER TARIFF – CKWD (Php)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040Domestic/Residential - Minimum Charge 119.30 119.00 155.00 155.00 155.00 202.00 202.00 222.00 222.00 244.00 244.00 268.00 325.00 433.00 524.00 797.00 11 - 20 cu.m. 14.60 14.60 19.00 19.00 19.00 24.70 24.70 27.20 27.20 29.90 29.90 32.90 39.80 53.00 64.10 97.50 21 - 30 cu.m. 17.30 17.30 22.50 22.50 22.50 29.30 29.30 32.20 32.20 35.40 35.40 38.90 47.10 62.70 75.90 115.50 31 - 40 cu.m. 20.05 20.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 33.90 33.90 37.30 37.30 41.00 41.00 45.10 54.60 72.70 88.00 133.90 41 - up 22.65 22.70 29.50 29.50 29.50 38.40 38.40 42.20 42.20 46.40 46.40 51.00 61.70 82.20 99.40 151.10 Institutional - - Minimum Charge 119.30 119.00 155.00 155.00 155.00 202.00 202.00 222.00 222.00 244.00 244.00 268.00 325.00 433.00 524.00 797.00 11 - 20 cu.m. 14.60 14.60 19.00 19.00 19.00 24.70 24.70 27.20 27.20 29.90 29.90 32.90 39.80 53.00 64.10 97.50 21 - 30 cu.m. 17.30 17.30 22.50 22.50 22.50 29.30 29.30 32.20 32.20 35.40 35.40 38.90 47.10 62.70 75.90 115.50 31 - 40 cu.m. 20.05 20.10 26.10 26.10 26.10 33.90 33.90 37.30 37.30 41.00 41.00 45.10 54.60 72.70 88.00 133.90 41 - up 22.65 22.70 29.50 29.50 29.50 38.40 38.40 42.20 42.20 46.40 46.40 51.00 61.70 82.20 99.40 151.10 Commercial/Industrial - - Minimum Charge 238.60 239.00 311.00 311.00 311.00 404.00 404.00 444.00 444.00 488.00 488.00 537.00 650.00 866.00 1,048.00 1,594.00 11 - 20 cu.m. 29.20 29.20 38.00 38.00 38.00 49.40 49.40 54.30 54.30 59.70 59.70 65.70 79.50 105.90 128.20 194.90 21 - 30 cu.m. 34.60 34.60 45.00 45.00 45.00 58.50 58.50 64.40 64.40 70.80 70.80 77.90 94.30 125.50 151.90 231.00 31 - 40 cu.m. 40.10 40.10 52.10 52.10 52.10 67.70 67.70 74.50 74.50 82.00 82.00 90.20 109.10 145.20 175.70 267.30 41 - up 45.70 45.70 59.40 59.40 59.40 77.20 77.20 84.90 84.90 93.40 93.40 102.70 124.30 165.40 200.10 304.30

Affordability of Proposed Water Rates2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Average Income per month 7,917 8,313 8,729 9,165 9,623 10,104 10,610 11,140 11,697 12,282 12,896 13,541 17,282 22,057 28,150 35,928 Minimum Charge (MC) 119.30 119.00 155.00 155.00 155.00 202.00 202.00 222.00 222.00 244.00 244.00 268.00 325.00 433.00 524.00 797.00 Add: Sanitation Fee (P/cum) - - - - - - - - - - - Total Minimum Charge 119.30 119.00 155.00 155.00 155.00 202.00 202.00 222.00 222.00 244.00 244.00 268.00 325.00 433.00 524.00 797.00 % of MC to Average Income 1.51% 1.43% 1.78% 1.69% 1.61% 2.00% 1.90% 1.99% 1.90% 1.99% 1.89% 1.98% 1.88% 1.96% 1.86% 2.22%Increase in Water Rates 30% 30% 10% 10% 10% 10% 15%Increase in Income (%) 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%


241

APPENDIX 11.4: FINANCIAL INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN – CKWD (Php’000)

Revenues O&M Revenues O&M Revenues O&M RevenuesO&M

(+10%)Revenues

(-10%)O&M

Revenues (-10%)

O&M (+10%)

2011 9,502 (9,502) 9,502 (9,502) 10,452 (10,452) 9502 (9,502) 9,502 (9,502) 9,502 (9,502)

2012 - - 58,116 (58,116) - - 58,116 (58,116) - - 63,927 (63,927) - - 58116 (58,116) - - 58,116 (58,116) - - 63,927 (63,927)

2013 - - 88,383 (88,383) - - 88,383 (88,383) - - 97,221 (97,221) - - 88383 (88,383) - - 88,383 (88,383) - - 97,221 (97,221)

2014 24,498 16,001 8,497 - - - - 24,498 16,001 0 8,497 24,498 17,601 0 6,897 22,048 16,001 0 6,048 22,048 17,601 0 4,447

2015 31,939 19,695 12,244 24,498 16,001 - 8,497 31,939 19,695 0 12,244 31,939 21,665 0 10,274 28,745 19,695 0 9,050 28,745 21,665 0 7,080

2016 46,382 20,107 26,275 31,939 19,695 - 12,244 46,382 20,107 0 26,275 46,382 22,117 0 24,264 41,744 20,107 0 21,637 41,744 22,117 0 19,626

2017 41,382 20,518 20,864 46,382 20,107 - 26,275 41,382 20,518 0 20,864 41,382 22,570 0 18,812 37,244 20,518 0 16,726 37,244 22,570 0 14,674

2018 53,376 20,999 32,377 41,382 20,518 - 20,864 53,376 20,999 0 32,377 53,376 23,099 0 30,277 48,039 20,999 0 27,039 48,039 23,099 0 24,939

2019 48,581 21,545 27,035 53,376 20,999 - 32,377 48,581 21,545 0 27,035 48,581 23,700 0 24,881 43,723 21,545 0 22,177 43,723 23,700 0 20,023

2020 61,491 22,142 39,349 48,581 21,545 - 27,035 61,491 22,142 0 39,349 61,491 24,356 0 37,135 55,342 22,142 0 33,200 55,342 24,356 0 30,986

2021 56,661 22,734 33,927 61,491 22,142 - 39,349 56,661 22,734 33,927 56,661 25,007 31,654 50,995 22,734 28,261 50,995 25,007 0 25,988

2022 68,198 23,397 44,801 56,661 22,734 - 33,927 68,198 23,397 44,801 68,198 25,736 42,462 61,378 23,397 37,982 61,378 25,736 0 35,642

2023 59,122 24,084 35,037 68,198 23,397 - 44,801 59,122 24,084 35,037 59,122 26,493 32,629 53,209 24,084 29,125 53,209 26,493 0 26,717

2024 68,708 24,873 43,835 59,122 24,084 - 35,037 68,708 24,873 43,835 68,708 27,360 41,348 61,837 24,873 36,964 61,837 27,360 0 34,477

2025 59,531 25,633 33,898 68,708 24,873 - 43,835 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2026 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2027 59,531 25,633 9,554 24,344 59,531 25,633 9,554 24,344 59,531 25,633 11,465 22,433 59,531 28,197 9554 21,781 53,578 25,633 9,554 18,391 53,578 28,197 10,509 14,872

2028 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2029 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2030 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2031 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2032 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2033 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2034 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2035 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2036 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2037 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2038 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2039 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2040 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2041 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

FIRR 15.39% FIRR 13.74% FIRR 14.19% FIRR 14.34% FIRR 12.98% FIRR 10.90%

NPV 156,973 NPV 133,887 NPV 143,226 NPV 134,695 NPV 105,549 NPV 70,709

Incremental

Base Hypothesis

Incremental IncrementalNet

Project Cost

NetIncrementalYear Incremental

Project Cost

Net Project

Cost (+10%)

NetProject Cost

Sensitivity Analyses1 Year Delay in

Operation Project Cost

Net Project

Cost (+10%)

Net


242

Revenues O&M Revenues O&M Revenues O&M RevenuesO&M

(+10%)Revenues

(-10%)O&M

Revenues (-10%)

O&M (+10%)

2011 9,502 (9,502) 9,502 (9,502) 10,452 (10,452) 9502 (9,502) 9,502 (9,502) 9,502 (9,502)

2012 - - 58,116 (58,116) - - 58,116 (58,116) - - 63,927 (63,927) - - 58116 (58,116) - - 58,116 (58,116) - - 63,927 (63,927)

2013 - - 88,383 (88,383) - - 88,383 (88,383) - - 97,221 (97,221) - - 88383 (88,383) - - 88,383 (88,383) - - 97,221 (97,221)

2014 24,498 16,001 8,497 - - - - 24,498 16,001 0 8,497 24,498 17,601 0 6,897 22,048 16,001 0 6,048 22,048 17,601 0 4,447

2015 31,939 19,695 12,244 24,498 16,001 - 8,497 31,939 19,695 0 12,244 31,939 21,665 0 10,274 28,745 19,695 0 9,050 28,745 21,665 0 7,080

2016 46,382 20,107 26,275 31,939 19,695 - 12,244 46,382 20,107 0 26,275 46,382 22,117 0 24,264 41,744 20,107 0 21,637 41,744 22,117 0 19,626

2017 41,382 20,518 20,864 46,382 20,107 - 26,275 41,382 20,518 0 20,864 41,382 22,570 0 18,812 37,244 20,518 0 16,726 37,244 22,570 0 14,674

2018 53,376 20,999 32,377 41,382 20,518 - 20,864 53,376 20,999 0 32,377 53,376 23,099 0 30,277 48,039 20,999 0 27,039 48,039 23,099 0 24,939

2019 48,581 21,545 27,035 53,376 20,999 - 32,377 48,581 21,545 0 27,035 48,581 23,700 0 24,881 43,723 21,545 0 22,177 43,723 23,700 0 20,023

2020 61,491 22,142 39,349 48,581 21,545 - 27,035 61,491 22,142 0 39,349 61,491 24,356 0 37,135 55,342 22,142 0 33,200 55,342 24,356 0 30,986

2021 56,661 22,734 33,927 61,491 22,142 - 39,349 56,661 22,734 33,927 56,661 25,007 31,654 50,995 22,734 28,261 50,995 25,007 0 25,988

2022 68,198 23,397 44,801 56,661 22,734 - 33,927 68,198 23,397 44,801 68,198 25,736 42,462 61,378 23,397 37,982 61,378 25,736 0 35,642

2023 59,122 24,084 35,037 68,198 23,397 - 44,801 59,122 24,084 35,037 59,122 26,493 32,629 53,209 24,084 29,125 53,209 26,493 0 26,717

2024 68,708 24,873 43,835 59,122 24,084 - 35,037 68,708 24,873 43,835 68,708 27,360 41,348 61,837 24,873 36,964 61,837 27,360 0 34,477

2025 59,531 25,633 33,898 68,708 24,873 - 43,835 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2026 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2027 59,531 25,633 9,554 24,344 59,531 25,633 9,554 24,344 59,531 25,633 11,465 22,433 59,531 28,197 9554 21,781 53,578 25,633 9,554 18,391 53,578 28,197 10,509 14,872

2028 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2029 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2030 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2031 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2032 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2033 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2034 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2035 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2036 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2037 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2038 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2039 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2040 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

2041 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 25,633 - 33,898 59,531 25,633 33,898 59,531 28,197 31,335 53,578 25,633 27,945 53,578 28,197 0 25,382

FIRR 15.39% FIRR 13.74% FIRR 14.19% FIRR 14.34% FIRR 12.98% FIRR 10.90%

NPV 95,090 NPV 74,376 NPV 82,110 NPV 77,867 NPV 55,593 NPV 26,476

Incremental

Base Hypothesis

Incremental IncrementalNet

Project Cost

NetIncrementalYear Incremental

Project Cost

Net Project

Cost (+10%)

NetProject Cost

Sensitivity Analyses1 Year Delay in

Operation Project Cost

Net Project

Cost (+10%)

Net


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APPENDIX 11.5: PROJECTED INCOME STATEMENT – CKWD (Php’000)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040Operating Revenues Water Sales 29,623 31,642 53,893 56,338 64,641 90,049 105,696 169,223 214,955 286,105 346,187 526,507 Domestic 17,752 18,955 36,398 37,879 43,372 63,944 78,105 121,535 152,912 203,525 246,266 374,539 Institutional 1,922 2,439 3,753 4,282 5,188 5,633 6,259 12,761 17,055 22,700 27,467 41,774 Commercial 9,948 10,248 13,742 14,177 16,081 20,472 21,332 34,927 44,988 59,879 72,454 110,194 Other Operating Revenues 5,925 6,328 10,779 11,268 12,928 18,010 21,139 23,691 30,094 40,055 48,466 73,711 Total Revenues 35,547 37,970 64,672 67,606 77,569 108,059 126,835 192,915 245,048 326,159 394,653 600,218

Operating Expenses Payroll 11,752 12,340 12,957 13,604 14,285 21,897 25,108 34,718 49,093 62,656 79,967 102,061 Power Cost 5,448 5,993 6,592 7,251 7,976 12,186 14,798 27,726 52,506 84,561 136,187 219,330 Chemicals 396 436 479 527 580 845 1,029 1,936 3,678 5,924 9,540 15,365 Maintenance 825 927 1,041 1,170 1,314 3,087 3,548 5,318 8,129 11,402 15,992 22,429 Other O & M 5,192 5,833 6,554 7,363 8,272 22,821 26,659 40,521 62,989 88,346 123,909 173,789 Franchise Tax 592 633 1,078 1,127 1,293 1,801 2,114 3,384 4,299 5,722 6,924 10,530 Bad Debts 65 76 79 83 88 94 102 160 246 352 487 665 Depreciation 265 265 265 3,456 3,456 3,456 3,456 3,456 3,456 3,456 3,456 3,456Total Operating Exp. 24,535 26,502 29,044 34,581 37,264 66,186 76,814 117,219 184,396 262,419 376,461 547,625

Net Operating Income 11,012 11,468 35,628 33,025 40,305 41,873 50,021 75,696 60,652 63,740 18,191 52,593Less: Interest Expense 3,373 5,791 7,932 10,031 14,516 20,854 24,482 20,465 18,211 15,827 8,066 2,046 Foreign Exchange Loss 3,794 1,444 1,314 1,105 767 221Net Income 7,639 5,676 27,696 22,994 25,789 21,019 21,745 53,787 41,127 46,809 9,358 50,326

Projected


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APPENDIX 11.6: PROJECTED CASH FLOW STATEMENT – CKWD (Php’000)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Sources of Cash

Collection of Revenues - CY 28,438 30,376 51,738 54,085 62,055 86,447 101,468 162,455 206,356 274,660 332,339 505,446 Collection of Receivables - PY - 949 1,617 1,690 1,939 2,701 3,171 5,077 6,449 8,583 10,386 15,795 Other Receipts 5,925 6,328 10,779 11,268 12,928 18,010 21,139 23,691 30,094 40,055 48,466 73,711 Grant Funds 3,000 3,000 3,000 - - - - Proceeds of Loan 34,750 28,750 8,853 55,364 88,222 - - LWUA and NLIF 34,750 28,750 WDDSP 8,853 55,364 88,222 - - Total Sources of Cash 72,112 69,403 75,986 122,407 165,144 107,158 125,778 191,222 242,899 323,298 391,191 594,952

Uses of Cash

Equity 7,500 - 1,265 7,913 12,609 - -

Project Investment - 8,853 55,364 88,222 - - Other Capex/Payables 38,250 31,750 3,000 - - Debt Service-

Existing Loans 4,720 9,955 13,107 9,107 9,518 9,315 9,248 8,536 6,593 5,946 - -

Proposed Loan - - 2,224 8,455 14,939 16,225 16,225 16,225 16,225 16,225 16,225

Total Debt Service 4,720 9,955 13,107 11,331 17,973 24,254 25,473 24,761 22,817 22,170 16,225 16,225

Foreign Exchange Loss - - - - - - 3,794 1,444 1,314 1,105 767 221

O & M Expenses and Working Capital23,569 25,140 27,516 29,797 32,295 60,687 70,977 109,932 175,899 252,030 364,108 530,394 Reserves 889 949 1,617 1,690 1,939 4,502 8,456 16,922 21,495 28,610 34,619 52,651 Franchise Tax 592 633 1,078 1,127 1,293 1,801 2,114 3,384 4,299 5,722 6,924 10,530 Corporate Income Tax - - - - - - - - - - - Total Uses of Cash 75,520 68,428 56,437 107,222 154,330 91,245 110,814 156,443 225,825 309,638 422,641 610,021

Increase(Decrease) in Cash (3,408) 976 19,550 15,185 10,814 15,914 14,964 34,780 17,073 13,661 (31,450) (15,069) Add: Cash Balance, Beg. 4,507 1,099 2,075 21,625 36,809 47,624 63,537 183,229 346,850 428,880 427,415 295,406

Cash Balance, End. 1,099 2,075 21,625 36,809 47,624 63,537 78,502 218,009 363,923 442,541 395,965 280,338

Projected


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APPENDIX 11.7: PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET – CKWD (Php’000)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040ASSETS

Fixed Assets Fixed Assets in Operation 70,344 102,094 110,153 146,851 228,905 279,320 279,320 279,320 279,320 279,320 279,320 279,320 Less: Accum. Depreciation 3,405 3,670 3,935 7,391 10,846 14,302 17,757 35,035 52,313 69,591 86,869 104,147 Net Fixed Assets in Operation 66,939 98,424 106,218 139,461 218,059 265,019 261,563 244,285 227,007 209,729 192,451 175,173 Add: Work-in-Progress 16,046 16,046 21,105 47,685 66,461 16,046 16,046 16,046 16,046 16,046 16,046 16,046 Total Fixed Assets 82,985 114,470 127,324 187,145 284,520 281,065 277,609 260,331 243,053 225,775 208,497 191,219Current Assets Cash 1,099 2,075 21,625 36,809 47,624 63,537 78,502 218,009 363,923 442,541 395,965 280,338 Accounts Receivable (net) 7,619 7,859 8,319 8,800 9,358 10,165 11,120 17,580 26,486 37,739 51,665 71,105 Accounts Receivable- others 385 385 385 385 385 385 385 385 385 385 385 385 Inventory 489 204 210 218 225 233 241 290 352 431 532 660 Prepayments 15,233 15,233 15,233 15,233 15,233 15,233 15,233 15,233 15,233 15,233 15,233 15,233Total Current Assets 24,825 25,755 45,772 61,445 72,825 89,554 105,481 251,496 406,379 496,329 463,779 367,721 Reserves 889 1,838 3,455 5,145 7,084 11,587 20,042 91,387 190,940 318,859 479,650 703,490

TOTAL ASSETS 108,699 142,063 176,551 253,735 364,429 382,205 403,133 603,214 840,372 1,040,963 1,151,927 1,262,430LIABILITIES AND EQUITYCurrent Liabilities

Accounts Payable 920 1,022 1,135 1,262 1,402 1,559 1,733 2,947 5,026 8,595 14,738 25,340 Current Maturities 6,709 7,720 3,845 6,001 5,945 7,330 7,612 8,689 8,495 8,632 12,366 10,278 Accounts Payable -Others 4,390 4,390 4,390 4,390 4,390 4,390 4,390 4,390 4,390 4,390 4,390 4,390 Total Current Liabilities 12,018 13,132 9,371 11,653 11,737 13,279 13,735 16,026 17,911 21,617 31,494 40,009Long-Term Debts (LTD) Loans Payable 55,876 79,451 87,004 138,912 223,734 218,949 217,676 196,595 172,920 145,870 107,602 51,985Equity Donated Capital 3,000 6,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 9,000 Other Paid-in Capital 1,184 1,184 1,184 1,184 1,184 1,184 1,184 1,184 1,184 1,184 1,184 1,184 Retained Earnings 36,620 42,296 69,992 92,985 118,774 139,793 161,538 380,409 639,357 863,292 1,002,646 1,160,252 Total Equity 40,804 49,480 80,176 103,169 128,958 149,977 171,722 390,593 649,541 873,476 1,012,830 1,170,436

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY 108,699 142,063 176,551 253,735 364,429 382,205 403,133 603,214 840,372 1,040,963 1,151,927 1,262,430

Projected


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APPENDIX 11.8: PROJECTED FINANCIAL RATIOS - CKWD

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

Current Ratio 2.07 1.96 4.88 5.27 6.20 6.74 7.68 15.69 22.69 22.96 14.73 9.19

Debt to Equity Ratio 1.37 1.61 1.09 1.35 1.73 1.46 1.27 0.50 0.27 0.17 0.11 0.04

Net Profit Ratio 21% 15% 43% 34% 33% 19% 17% 28% 17% 14% 2% 8%

Debt Service Coverage Ratio 2.39 1.18 2.74 3.22 2.43 1.87 2.10 3.20 2.81 3.03 1.33 3.45


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APPENDIX 12: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS – CKWD

1. INTRODUCTION 1. This note presents the economic feasibility evaluation of the proposed investments in water supply for Koronadal City. It describes the overall approach to economic analysis, the data and assumptions used, the procedures for estimating economic costs and benefits, the results of the analysis in terms of economic internal rate of return (EIRR) and poverty impact ratio (PIR), and an assessment of the long-term economic sustainability of the proposed investments. It also discusses the overall impact of the investments in terms of the estimated number of new service connections and population that will gain direct access to the improved water supply system to be made possible by the Project. 2. This section starts with a general overview of the macroeconomic environment and the current situation in the water supply sector in the Philippines as well as in Koronadal City as background for a clearer understanding of the context of the Project and for assessing its economic impact. 2. MACROECONOMIC AND SECTORAL CONTEXT 3. Before the global economic slowdown hit the country in 2008, the Philippine economy has been growing at rates averaging 5.7%. From 5% in 2005, GDP growth increased to 5.4% in 2006 and further accelerated to its highest rate of 7.2% in 2007. However, in 2008, largely as a result of the global economic downturn, the economy grew at a much slower pace of only 4.6%. The pace of growth further decelerated up until about the middle of 2009 but which appears to have picked up some steam during the second half of the year. By the end of 2009, economic growth is projected to reach 1.6%; in 2010, it is expected to gradually accelerate to 3.3%.14 Inflation is currently at its lowest level and is expected to average 4% in 2009 and 4.5% in 2010. 4. Despite the consistent, positive growth of the domestic economy during the past years, however, poverty incidence in the country still remains high. In 2006, the number of families falling below the poverty line was estimated at 26.9%15. Although no recent poverty estimates have yet been released for both national and regional levels which reflect the possible impact of the current economic downturn, it is generally believed that the number of poor has risen. As an indicator, the latest Social Weather Survey undertaken by the Social Weather Station (SWS) indicates that self-rated poverty during the fourth quarter of 2008 was up to 52%, from the average of 50% in 2007.16 Based on the socioeconomic survey conducted by the Project, Koronadal City has a poverty incidence close to 46%. 5. In the water supply sector, the situation across the country and in the Project area needs further improvement. Available statistics show that 80% of the country’s current population have access to safe water supply but only 67% percent are connected to the piped network.17 Still a large proportion of the population depends on non-piped sources like shallow wells and deep wells, most of which are unprotected, and on more unsafe origins like rivers and springs.

14 Based on the most recent growth forecasts, ADB Economic Outlook, Philippines, 2009. 15 Latest official poverty estimate from the National Statistical Coordination Board (NCSB). 16 The Social Weather Survey was conducted on November 22-December 1, 2008. 17 Philippine Water Supply Sector Roadmap, 2008.


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6. The Philippine Government has set a target of achieving population service coverage for safe drinking water of 92%-96% by 2010.18 Under the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), the coverage target is 86.8%. 7. In Koronadal City,19 service coverage for piped water supply is limited in terms of capacity and coverage. At present, it is estimated that only about 44% of the existing service area population have direct access to the WD-piped network. 3. ECONOMIC RATIONALE OF THE PROJECT 8. The proposed investments in water supply are designed to increase service coverage for piped, treated water supply in the area. Providing safe water supply is not only one of the Government’s important economic and social objectives but also aims to address the MDG goals of: (i) eradicating extreme poverty and hunger (Goal 1), reducing child mortality (Goal 4), (iii) combating major diseases (Goal 6), and (v) improving population access to improved water supply and sanitation services (Goal 7). 9. The proposed investments for Koronadal City are a component of a larger Water District Development Sector Project (WDDSP) which also includes the Metro La Union WD, Quezon Metro WD, Legazpi City WD and Leyte Metro WD.20 10. CKWD will partly finance but fully implement, but fully operate, and manage the Project investments as it does for the existing system. Direct intervention by the Government in the provision of improved water supply services stems from the lack of participation of other sectors, particularly the private investors, in its development. With a growing population, the lack of investments in capacity expansion and proper maintenance of the facilities in the area will continue to deprive an increasing number of the local population of this essential service which could have long-term effects on their health and well-being. 11. The direct involvement of the Government in this Project is therefore aimed at addressing this market failure in the provision of improved water supply services. In doing so, the Government will be exercising two of its basic functions, namely: (i) allocating resources for the provision of basic needs, and (ii) distributing resources to effect equity where market and private decisions (or lack of it) have not resulted in efficient allocation and service provision especially to the poor. 4. OVERALL APPROACH TO ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 12. The economic analysis of the proposed water supply investments was undertaken in accordance with the principles and procedures set out in the ADB Handbook for the Economic Analysis of Water Supply Projects (1999) and related guidelines21 as well as LWUA’s Project Operations Manual (2008). The analysis was undertaken over a 25-year period although most investments have useful economic life that extends beyond this time horizon. Costs and benefits were quantified at constant September 2009 prices and as increments to a situation “without project”. 13. The economic feasibility of the subprojects was determined by computing the economic internal rate of return (EIRR) and comparing the result with the assumed economic

18 Medium Term Philippine Development Plan, 2004-2010. 19 The existing service area covers 9 of the 14 existing barangays comprising the city. 20 The Water District Development Sector Project (WDDSP) also includes the Cabuyao (Laguna) WD, Laguna WD, Camarines Norte WD, Sorsogon WD and possibly a second phase for Metro Leyte WD focused on source development, in addition to the five pilot WDs. 21 Includes the Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of Projects (1997) and the Framework for the Economic and Financial Appraisal of Urban Development Sector Projects (1994).


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opportunity cost of capital (EOCC) of 15%22. An EIRR exceeding EOCC indicates that the subproject is economically viable. The robustness of the subproject’s EIRR was then tested for changes in key variables such as capital costs, O&M costs, water consumption, number of connections and other economic benefits through sensitivity analysis. A distributional and poverty impact analysis of the water supply subproject was also undertaken to determine how much of the net economic benefits that are expected to accrue from the investments will directly benefit the poor. 5. DEMAND FORECASTS 14. Water demand projections were prepared by the Project as basis for facility design and subsequent analysis (see Chapter 5 – Population and Water Demand Projections - for more detailed discussions of the methodology and results of the projections). Water demand in the Project area was forecast using a per capita domestic water consumption of 99 lpcd for residential connections and an average of 32m3/connection/month for non-domestics, both derived from actual 2009 figures. 15. Table 12-1 shows the projected population and water demand in 2015, 2020 and 2025. In 2015, the total population within the service area was projected to be around 109,118 while water demand is forecast to reach 10,407m3/day. In 2020, the projections are 128,204 for population and 12,120m3/day for water demand. By 2025, population and water demand are expected to reach 148,727 and 14,340m3/day, respectively. 16. CKWD’s existing water production system has a capacity of only 7,504m3/day. The demand for piped water remains high, as indicated by the willingness to connect (WTC) data that were obtained through the socioeconomic survey conducted in the area in April 2009.

Table 12-1: Population and Water Demand Forecasts: 2015, 2020 & 2030

2015

2020

2025 Total city population 170,028 184,173 199,493 Service area population 109,118 128,204 148,727 Water demand (m3/day) 10,407 12,120 14,340

6. BEFORE- AND AFTER-PROJECT SITUATIONS 17. At present, around 44% of the service area households have access to CKWD piped water supply. The remaining non-connected households depend on shallow wells (41%), deep wells (31%), water vendors (18%), and other non-piped sources of water (10%). 18. Domestic piped water consumption is currently at 99 lpcd. At an average household size of 6.5 members, each household consumes an average of about 19.3m3/month. Non-piped water users, on the other hand, consume around 18.7m3/month. 19. The results of the socioeconomic survey also show that 72.7% of the existing non-connected households are willing to connect to the piped water supply system. 20. Based on the proposed investments, the number of service connections, volume of production and service coverage were projected as shown below.

22 Per NEDA-ICC Project Evaluation Procedures and Guidelines. ADB sets an EOCC of 10%-12% for similar projects.


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21. After completion of the investments in 2013, total supply will increase to 21,328m3/d from the current level of 7,504m3/day. The additional capacity will enable approximately 6,359 households to connect to the system until 2025, directly benefiting an estimated 41,334 persons. In addition, 900 non-domestic users, which consist mostly of commercial establishments, will also have direct access to the expanded piped water supply network. Service coverage will increase from the present level of 44% to about 67% by 2025.

Table 12.2: Before- and After-Project Situations, Water Supply: 2009, 2015, 2020 & 2025

2009 2015 2020 2025 Service area population 76,013 109,118 128,204 148,727

Projected water demand (m3/day) 4,338 10,407 12,120 14,340

Production capacity (m3/day)1 7,504 21,328 21,328 21,328

No. of domestic connections 4,881 12,474 13,365 14,704

No. of non-domestic connections 1,167 1,557 1,914 2,325 Service coverage (%) 44.4 76.6 70.0 66.6

1Includes LWUA’s investments that would add 80 lps of supply which is assumed to become operational in 2011. 7. ECONOMIC BENEFITS 22. The economic and social impact of an improved water supply could include the following: (i) time saved from not having to collect water from distant wells or other water sources which could be used for productive activities, (ii) health benefits in terms of lower medical expenditures and reduction of long-term debilitating effects of waterborne diseases, (iii) improved income opportunities through home-based livelihood activities that use the new water supply, (iv) multiplier effects from increased incomes and new enterprises based on improved water supply, (v) wider social mobilization that could lead to the empowerment of women and greater social cohesion, (vi) development of wider access to credit and improved financial management skills, and (vii) wider social and political system that could influence government policies and bring about more balanced representation. 23. The economic analysis of the proposed water supply investments for Koronadal City focuses on six types of benefits that could be easily quantified and for which data are available. The benefits consist of: (i) resource cost savings on non-incremental water in terms of avoided costs for producing, collecting, treating and storing water from non-piped sources, (ii) economic value of incremental water due to increased supply, (iii) economic value of non-technical losses, (iv) time saved from not having to collect water which could translate to avoided income loss or productivity gains for those gainfully employed or are engaged in income-generating activities, (v) medical cost savings from reduced incidence of waterborne diseases, and (vi) avoided income loss (productivity savings) for those who are gainfully employed due to reduced morbidity rates. 24. Resource cost savings represents the foregone costs of producing, collecting, treating and storing non-piped water due to the shift in demand to piped water supply as a result of the Project. Total resource cost savings were computed based on estimated demand and the economic cost of non-piped water. Based on the socioeconomic survey results, the average economic cost of storage using storage tanks, drums, buckets and other storage facilities is about Php3.4/m3. This amount was computed based on the cost of storage tank (Php20,000), drums (Php300) and buckets (Php150) as well as the frequency distribution of their usage among households of 9%, 11% and 80%, respectively. The economic cost of producing water, based on the annualized cost of constructing and


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operating deep/shallow wells, was estimated at Php4.8/m3. Filtering and/or boiling, which are the common methods used by households for treating their water, costs an average of about Php7.2/day in economic price. 25. The value of incremental water was derived by multiplying the quantity of additional water consumed by the average of the supply price and the demand price, or willingness to pay (WTP). At present, the average domestic tariff (which was computed by dividing actual water sales revenue by billed consumption volume) in Koronadal City is Rs13.2/m3 and for non-domestic water, Php28.1/m3. The average WTP for water, based on the socioeconomic survey, is Php333/month or Php17.3/m3. 26. Non-technical water losses were estimated at 2% out of the current NRW of 15%. Its economic value was computed by multiplying the amount of water lost due to non-technical reasons by the average of supply price and WTP. 27. Based on the survey results, collecting water from wells and other non-piped sources requires an average of about 47 minutes. More than half (57%) of the time, it is the adult male or female member of the household who collects water from the source. Existing daily wage rate in the area is Php245 and applying a SWRF of 0.6 translates the financial wage to economic wage for unskilled worker of Php147/day. The time spent in collecting water is therefore valued, in economic price, at around Php4.7/day. 28. The health impact of improved water supply, as considered in the analysis, does not encompass all types of waterborne diseases23 known to exist in the area because of data limitations. The evaluation was confined only to diarrhea for which DOH and local health units have more reliable estimates. Such cases as typhoid fever, amoebiasis, dengue, schistosomiasis and water-related skin diseases are not adequately supported with data. 29. Health statistics obtained from the Department of Health (DOH) indicate that in 2008 about 15.3% of the under-5 year old population in Koronadal City had diarrhea and were given oral rehydration solution (ORS). This statistics translates to a morbidity rate for this most vulnerable age-group of 3.3 per 1,000 population. For other age-groups including the adult population, the socioeconomic survey revealed that 4.1% of the households had at least one member who got sick of diarrhea last year. The incidence figures are deemed to reflect only those cases that are believed to have been reported to government hospitals/clinics in the process of securing medical treatment and are estimated to account for just about 30% of the total number of actual cases that have occurred which should include those cases that could have been treated in private clinics, have resorted to self-medication, have sought alternative cures or simply been ignored for poverty reasons. It was estimated that morbidity rate for under-5 and over-5 years old are 5 and 17 per 1,000 population respectively. 30. Reduction in morbidity incidence was assumed at 39% for under-5 year olds and 29% for those above-5 years during the life of the subproject. This assumption was based on World Health Organization’s (WHO) data that estimated morbidity reduction rate from 22.7% to 37.5%. Another study estimated diarrhea reduction at 36%.24 31. On the average, also based on survey results, it takes 4.3 days for diarrhea patients to fully recover from sickness. The average cost of medication is Php350 per day (for more acute cases, the number of days-sick and health care cost should be much higher).

23 Other diseases that have occurred in the area are typhoid, dengue, amoebiasis, and schistosomiasis. 24 Esrey, S.A., Potash, J.B. Roberts, L and Shiff, C. Health Benefits from Improvements in Water Supply and Sanitation – Survey and Analysis of the literature on Selected Diseases. WASH Technical Report No. 66.


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32. Because of the number of days that an adult (especially one who is gainfully employed) is kept out of work because of sickness, income lost is also an important consideration in the analysis of the impact of improved water supply. The avoided loss-of-income benefit was computed based on the number of days that a patient is sick by the wage rate. Based on local labour statistics, the average labour wage in the area is Php245/day, or for unskilled worker, about Php147/day in economic price. 33. The parameters and values used in quantifying the economic benefits are given in Table 12-3 below. 34. Resource cost savings, the value of incremental water, the value of water saved, the value of time saved from not collecting water, and health impact benefits therefore constitute the set of economic benefits that was considered in determining the economic viability of the proposed investments. Such benefits as improved income arising from the use of water for livelihood purposes and the multiplier effect of increased income and new enterprises because of improved supply, though important in terms of economic impact, were not included in the analysis in the absence of data and the difficulty of quantifying them.

Table 12-3: Values for Quantifying Economic Benefits, Water Supply

2015 2020 2025 Number of domestic connections 12,474 13,365 14,704 Number of non-domestic connections 1,557 1,914 2,325 Total number of service connections 14,031 15,279 17,029 Average economic cost of water storage (Php/m3) 3.4 - - Average economic cost of treatment (Php/day) 7.2 - - Average economic cost of producing water (Php/m3) 4.8 - - Ave. time spent in collecting water (min/day) 47 - - % of time water collection is done by adults 57 - - Domestic water consumption (lpcd) 104 109 114 Production capacity provided by the Project (m3/d) 6,912 6,912 6,912 Non-revenue water (%) 15 15 15 Non-technical losses (%) 2 2 2 Morbidity rate for diarrhea for under-5 (per 1,000) 5 - - Morbidity rate for diarrhea for over-5 (per 1,000) 17 - - Morbidity reduction for under-5 (%) 39 39 39 Morbidity reduction for over-5 (%) 12 29 29 Average number of days-sick 4.3 - - Average medical cost per diarrhea case (Php/day) 350 - - Ave. economic wage rate for unskilled labor (Php/day) 147 - -

8. WILLINGNESS TO PAY 35. The willingness of the existing households to connect (WTC) to, and to pay (WTP) for, piped water supply services were also obtained through the socioeconomic survey and the data are presented in Table 12-4 . 36. Nearly 73% of the households indicated that they are willing to connect to CKWD’s improved water supply system and are also willing to pay Php333 for water per month. The amount is higher than the actual average monthly bill of current users of Php225/month. On a per unit basis, based on the monthly average consumption of 19.3m3/household, this WTP translates to Php17.3/m3 which is higher than the average domestic tariff of Php13.2/m3.


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Table 12-4: Willingness to Connect (WTC) and to Pay (WTP)

Mean Value Willingness to connect to an improved water supply service (%) 72.7 Willingness to pay for water (Php/month) 332.7 Willingness to pay for water (Php/m3) 17.3

9. ECONOMIC COSTS 37. The financial capital investments presented in Chapter 11 (Financial Aspects) were converted to their economic cost equivalent by removing all taxes and duties and then applying appropriate conversion factors to traded, unskilled labour, and non-traded components. Traded and non-traded components were estimated from the detailed financial cost estimates. The unskilled labour cost component was calculated at 18% of the total cost of civil works. 38. A shadow exchange rate factor (SERF) of 1.2 and a shadow wage rate factor (SWRF) of 0.6 were applied to the traded and unskilled labour components of cost following the NEDA-ICC guidelines for evaluating local investment projects. For non-traded components, the conversion factor is 1.0. 39. By applying the above conversion factors, the weighted overall CF for capital costs was computed as shown in Table 12-5 . Using a conversion factor of 1.04, the economic cost equivalent of the financial investments (including asset replacement costs), amounts to approximately Php153 million. 40. For O&M costs, the CF is 0.96 (Table 12-6 ) and the total amounts to Php400 million. 41. The economic life of physical assets were assumed at 50 years for transmission mains, 50 years for distribution pipes, 50 years for treatment plant, 50 years for storage/reservoir facilities, and 15 years for pumps (see additional assumptions in Table 12-7).

Table 12-5: Conversion Factor for Capital Costs, Water Supply

Cost Component

Proportion %

C.F.

Weighted CF (%)

Traded Non-traded Unskilled labour Others Total

27

5 68

100

1.20

0.60 1.00

33

3 68

104 Conversion Factor 1.04

Table 12-6: Conversion Factor for O&M Costs, Water Supply

Cost Component

Proportion %

C.F.

Weighted CF (%)

Traded Non-traded Unskilled labour Others Total

10

15 75

100

1.20

0.60 1.00

12

9 75 96

Conversion Factor 0.96


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Table 12-7: Economic Life of Physical Assets, Water Supply

Physical Assets

Economic Life (Yrs) C. Works Equipment

Source (wells) Source (spring) Water treatment plant Pumping station Transmission pipes Storage/reservoir Distribution pipes Service connections Flow meters/pressure reducing valves Buildings

30 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

15 50 15 15

50

15 15 15

10. EIRR AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS 42. Given the stream of net economic benefits that resulted from the computations using the foregoing data and assumptions over the 25-year projection period, the EIRR of the proposed water supply investments for Koronadal City is 27.1% (see computations in Annex 12-1). The subproject is economically viable, with an EIRR higher than the assumed EOCC of 15%. 43. Sensitivity tests were performed to evaluate the robustness of the EIRR for changes in key variables. The scenarios include: (i) a 10% increase in capital costs, (ii) a 10% increase in O&M costs, (iii) a 10% reduction in resource cost savings, and (iv) a 10% decrease in the value of incremental water. 44. The results of the sensitivity tests, as presented in Table 12.8 , show that a 10% increase in either capital investments or O&M costs and the same-rate reductions in economic benefits (i.e., resource cost savings and value of incremental water) would not render the water supply investments economically unviable. The investment remains viable, with EIRR still way above the cut-off rate. However, of the four key variables considered, the viability of the investments was found to be most sensitive to decrease in resource costs savings (SI=0.81) followed by increase in capital costs (SI=0.78). The impact of an increase in O&M costs and a decrease in the value of incremental water are quite insignificant, with SI of only 0.26 and 0.40. The switching value for resource cost savings is 123% while for capital costs, SV is 128%.

Table 12-8: EIRR and Sensitivity Test Results, Water Supply

Scenario NPV1

(SLR mill.) EIRR (%) SI2

% Change SV3

Base case 94.5 27.1 10% increase in capital costs 84.2 25.0 0.78 +10 128% 10% increase in O&M costs 88.1 26.4 0.26 +10 382% 10% decr. in resource cost savings 75.5 24.9 -0.81 -10 -123% 10% decr. in incremental water 84.8 26.0 -0.40 -10 -247% 1 NPV = Net Present Value discounted at EOCC of 15% 2 SI = Sensitivity Indicator (ratio of % change in EIRR to % change in variable) 3 SV = Switching Value (% change in variable required for NPV to become zero)


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11. SUBPROJECT BENEFICIARIES 45. Table 12-9 provides estimates of the total number of direct beneficiaries of the proposed investments in water supply up to the end of the 25-year period. These include households and non-domestic establishments that would have direct connection to the improved water system. 46. A total of 8,659 connections are expected to be generated by the water supply investments, consisting of 7,759 house connections (90%) and 900 non-domestic connections (10%). This means that about 51,552 persons will directly benefit from the investments.

Table 12-9: Subproject Beneficiaries up to 2035, Water Supply

Domestic Conn.

Non-Dom. Conn.

Total Conn.

Population Served

Water supply

7,759

900

8,659

51,552

12. PROJECT SUSTAINABILITY 47. At full economic cost (i.e, capital investments plus O&M), the average incremental economic cost of water (AIEC), which is a measure of the long-run average marginal cost of producing water, is Php12.9/m3. Considering only capital costs, the AIEC is about Php7.9/m3. 48. The average tariff, which was computed by dividing the present value of revenue by the incremental water consumption, is Php13.6/m3. The slightly higher average tariff suggests that no economic subsidy will be required. 49. The water tariff revenue to be generated by the investments would be able to fully recover all costs, including the full economic cost of the investments which consists of capital and O&M.

Table 12-16: Project Sustainability, Water Supply

Value AIEC (Php/m3) Economic capital + O&M (full cost) Economic capital cost only Economic O&M only

12.85

7.94 7.41

Average tariff at EOCC of 15% (Php/m3) 13.60 Economic cost recovery (%) Capital + O&M cost Capital cost only O&M cost only

106% 171% 184%


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13. DISTRIBUTIONAL ANALYSIS AND POVERTY IMPACT 50. The water supply subproject is expected to generate a total net economic benefits (NEB)25 of approximately Php202 million. About Php208 million will accrue to water consumers, many of whom are current users of water from wells and other non-piped sources and who are expected to connect to the expanded piped water system provided under this Project. The labour sector, for which a significant amount of person-days will be needed for the construction of the new facilities and in their eventual operation and management, will gain about Php25 million. The economy, because of distortions in the current exchange rate, will lose around Php18 million. On balance, the economy will gain the full amount of NEB of Php202 million. 51. The poverty impact ratio (PIR) of the water supply investments is 38%, which means that more than one-third of NEB will accrue to the poor who are expected to come mostly from the area where poverty incidence was estimated, based on the socioeconomic survey, at 46% of households. Annex 12-2 presents the details of the distributional and poverty impact analysis of the investments.

25 NEB is the difference between the present value of subproject net economic and financial flows.


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Annex 12-1 EIRR & Sensitivity Tests, Koronadal City Water District(Values in Php million)

Res. Cost Increm. Non-Tech Time Med Cost Prod. Total Eco. Capital O&M Total Net. Eco.Year Savings Water Losses Savings Savings Savings Benefits Costs Costs Costs Benefits +10% Invst. +10% O&M -10% RCS -10% IM

2011 8.7 0.0 8.7 -8.7 -9.5 -8.7 -8.7 -8.72012 53.0 0.4 53.4 -53.4 -58.7 -53.4 -53.4 -53.42013 80.6 0.4 81.0 -81.0 -89.1 -81.1 -81.0 -81.02014 27.3 12.3 0.5 7.4 0.2 0.0 47.81 8.5 8.5 39.3 39.3 38.5 36.3 37.82015 32.7 12.5 0.7 8.9 0.4 0.1 55.21 12.0 12.0 43.3 43.3 42.1 39.5 41.52016 33.3 12.8 0.7 9.1 0.6 0.1 56.50 12.6 12.6 43.9 43.9 42.6 39.9 41.92017 34.0 13.0 0.7 9.3 0.7 0.1 57.92 13.3 13.3 44.6 44.6 43.2 40.3 42.42018 34.8 13.3 0.8 9.5 0.9 0.2 59.44 1.9 14.1 16.0 43.4 43.2 42.0 38.9 41.02019 35.7 13.5 0.8 9.7 0.9 0.2 60.88 15.0 15.0 45.9 45.9 44.4 41.2 43.52020 36.7 14.3 0.9 10.0 1.0 0.2 62.96 15.9 15.9 47.1 47.1 45.5 42.2 44.52021 37.7 14.5 0.9 10.3 1.0 0.2 64.66 16.8 16.8 47.8 47.8 46.1 42.9 45.22022 38.9 14.8 1.0 10.6 1.0 0.2 66.45 17.8 17.8 48.6 48.6 46.8 43.5 45.92023 40.1 15.1 1.0 10.9 1.0 0.2 68.35 18.9 18.9 49.4 49.4 47.6 44.2 46.72024 41.3 15.3 1.1 11.3 1.1 0.2 70.31 20.1 20.1 50.2 50.2 48.2 44.8 47.42025 42.7 15.6 1.1 11.7 1.1 0.2 72.41 21.2 21.2 51.2 51.2 49.0 45.5 48.32026 43.8 15.9 1.2 12.0 1.1 0.2 74.18 8.8 21.2 30.0 44.2 43.3 42.1 38.4 41.22027 44.7 16.2 1.2 12.2 1.2 0.2 75.66 21.2 21.2 54.4 54.4 52.3 48.5 51.42028 45.5 16.4 1.2 12.4 1.2 0.2 77.00 21.2 21.2 55.8 55.8 53.6 49.8 52.72029 46.2 16.7 1.3 12.6 1.2 0.2 78.19 21.2 21.2 56.9 56.9 54.8 50.9 53.82030 46.7 17.0 1.3 12.8 1.2 0.2 79.25 21.2 21.2 58.0 58.0 55.9 51.9 54.82031 47.2 17.3 1.3 12.9 1.2 0.3 80.16 21.2 21.2 58.9 58.9 56.8 52.7 55.72032 47.6 17.6 1.4 13.0 1.3 0.3 81.07 21.2 21.2 59.8 59.8 57.7 53.5 56.62033 48.1 17.9 1.4 13.1 1.3 0.3 81.98 21.2 21.2 60.7 60.7 58.6 54.4 57.42034 48.5 18.2 1.4 13.2 1.3 0.3 82.90 21.2 21.2 61.7 61.7 59.5 55.2 58.32035 49.0 18.5 1.4 13.4 1.3 0.3 150.66 21.2 21.2 129.4 129.4 127.3 122.9 126.0

NPV 94.5 84.2 88.1 75.5 84.8EIRR 27.1% 25.0% 26.4% 24.9% 26.0%

Sensitivity Tests


258

Annex 12-2 Distribution of Net Economic Benefits, City of Koronadal WD

Economic Financial Economic Minus Gov't/

PV CF PV Financial Utility Economy Labor Consumers Total

Benefits: Total benefits 186.8 395.2 208.3 208.3 208.3

Costs: Investments -civil works, equipment, non-labor, etc. -79.3 1.2 -95.2 -15.9 -15.9 -15.9 Installation (labor) -21.3 0.6 -12.8 8.5 8.5 8.5 Operation (labor) -41.5 0.6 -24.9 16.6 16.6 16.6 Electricity -23.4 1.1 -26.0 -2.6 -2.6 -2.6 Other operating costs -49.3 1.0 -49.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 Total costs -214.7 -208.1 6.7 6.7

Net benefits 401.6 603.2 201.7 401.6 201.7Gains and losses 401.6 -18.4 25.1 208.3 616.6

Poverty Impact Ratio (PIR)Gov't/

Economy Consumers Labor TotalGains and losses (NEB-NFB) -18.4 208.3 25.1 215.0Financial return utility 401.6 401.6

Benefits 383.1 208.3 25.1 616.6

Proportion of poor 0.33 0.46 0.46Benefits to poor 126.1 95.8 11.6 233.4

Poverty Impact Ratio (PIR) 38%

Distribution of Net Economic Benefits

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