Asian Barometer Survey Wave 4 2014-2016 Barometer Survey Wave 4 2014-2016 ... 1.1 LOCATION The Asian Barometer ... Gebeng refinery known as Lynas Advanced Materials Plant (LAMP)

Asian Barometer Survey Wave 4

2014-2016

TECHNICAL REPORT

(MALAYSIA)

By

Merdeka Center for Opinion Research

for

Asian Barometer Survey

Center for East Asia Democratic Studies

National Taiwan University

October 2014

Contact Information Merdeka Center for Opinion Research

901B, Kompleks Diamond, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43650 Selangor, Malaysia.

Tel: +6 03 8210 1488

Fax: +6 03 8210 1466

Email: [email protected]

Asian Barometer Survey

No.1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan

Center for East Asia Democratic Studies, College of Social Sciences

National Taiwan University

Tel: 886-2-3366-8456

Fax: 886-2-2365-7179

Email: [email protected]

1. BASIC INFORMATION 1.1 LOCATION

The Asian Barometer 2014 survey for Malaysia covered the entire country and the

study areas were divided into two (2) principal regions- Peninsular Malaysia and East

Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak)

1.2 POPULATION

In 2014, the current population1 of Malaysia in total is 30,267,367, a slight increase

from 2013’s estimate of 29,791,949. Of this number, 50.7% (or 15,345,555) is the

male population, and the remaining 49.3% (which is 14,921,811) is female

population.

According to Department of Statistics Malaysia 2010, the population of Malaysia was

28,334,135. Of this number, 91.8% were Malaysian citizens and the remaining were

non-citizens (8.2%). Malaysia consists of people of different cultures and religions.

Among the Malaysian citizens, the Malays were the predominant ethnic group in

Peninsular Malaysia comprises of 50.4 percent of the population, and the rest is

Bumiputera, Muslim, etc., including majorities and minorities. Moving to the

population distribution, Selangor (5.46 mil) was the most populous state compared

with others larger states in Malaysia, followed by Johor (3.35 mil) and Sabah (3.21

mil).

1.3 GOVERNMENT

The Government of Malaysia refers to the Federal Government or national

government based in the federal territories of Putrajaya. Malaysia is a federation of 13

states and federal territories which operating within a constitutional monarchy under

the Westminster parliamentary system.

The federal government adopts the principle of separation of powers and has three

branches: executive, legislature and judiciary. The state governments in Malaysia also

have their respective executive and legislative bodies. The judicial system in Malaysia

is a federalised court system operating uniformly throughout the country.

Elections in Malaysia exist at two levels: federal level and state level. Federal level

elections are those for membership in the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of

Parliament, while state level elections are for membership in the various State

1 http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/malaysia-population/

Legislative Assemblies. The third level – local election was suspended in 1964 during

confrontation with Indonesia till now.

The heads of executive branch at both the federal and state levels, the Prime Minister

and Menteri Besar/Chief Ministers respectively, are indirectly elected, usually filled

by a member of the majority party/coalition in the respective legislatures.

While any state may dissolve its assembly independently of the Federal Parliament,

the traditional practice is for most state assemblies to be dissolved at the same time as

Parliament, with the exception of Sabah and Sarawak, although these two states had

held elections simultaneously with the rest of the country, as it is the case for Sabah in

the 2004, 2008 and 2013 elections, and Sarawak in the 1969 and 1974 elections.

At the federal level, voters elect the 222-member House of Representatives of the

bicameral Parliament. Members are elected from single-member constituencies drawn

based on population using the first past the post system. The party that has the

majority of the House of Representatives will form the federal government.

The Constitution of Malaysia requires that a general election must be held at least

once every five years. However, the Prime Minister can ask the Yang di-Pertuan

Agong (King) to dissolve the Parliament at any time before this five-year period has

expired. A general election should be held no later than two months in West Malaysia

and three months for East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) after the dissolution of the

Parliament.

Since independence in 1957, Barisan Nasional (formerly Alliance), a coalition of

fourteen parties, had won all 13 general election. The 1969 election saw the first time

the Alliance failed to obtain a two-thirds majority in Parliament (two-thirds majority

being the majority required to pass most constitutional amendments). BN again lost

the 2/3 majority in the 2008 and 2013 elections, the latter also saw the BN losing the

popular vote while retaining the majority of seats.

At the state level, voters elect representatives to the Dewan Undangan Negeri (State

Legislative Assembly). The number of representatives varies between the different

states, with as many as 71 electorates in Sarawak and as little as 15 in Perlis.

Members are elected from single-member constituencies drawn based on population

using the first-past-the-post system. State assembly constituencies are usually smaller

(in area and population) than the parliamentary constituencies. The party that forms

the majority of the state assembly will form the state government.

Malaysia held 13th general elections on 5 May 2013 following the dissolution of the

Parliament announced on 3 April 2013. Both the House of Representatives and 12 out

of 13 state legislative assemblies (with the exception of Sarawak) were renewed.

The federal ruling coalition - Barisan Nasional (BN), which dominated by the United

Malays National Organisation (UMNO) party, managed to form the government with

60% of the parliament seats even though it won just a mere 47.48% of the popular

votes. The opposition coalition – Pakatan Rakyat (PR) which lead by charisma

leader Anwar Ibrahim failure to gain majority seats in the parliament to form the

government although his coalition won the popular votes (50.87%) in the 13th GE.

The election result is the worst ever showing for the ruling coalition BN (before 1970

was Alliance) , outmatching the 1969 election that triggered the May 13 riot.

For state legislative assemblies’ elections, Barisan Nasional won 9 out of 12 states,

including Kedah and Perak which were won by Pakatan Rakyat in the 2008 elections.

Pakatan Rakyat retained state government in Kelantan, Penang and Selangor with

better result.

1.4 ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE

According to MITI Report 2014, Malaysia posted a strong GDP growth of 6.0% for

2014 and this growth has been the highest achieved since 2010. Malaysia is a highly

open upper-middle income2 economy. Malaysia was one of 13 countries identified by

the Commission on Growth and Development in its 2008 Growth Report to have

recorded average growth of more than 7 percent per year for 25 years or more.

Economic growth was inclusive, as Malaysia also succeeded in nearly eradicating

poverty: the share of households living below the national poverty line (USD 8.50 per

day in 2012) fell from over 50 percent in the 1960s to less than 1.0 percent currently.

1.5 IMPORTANT POLITICAL AND SOCIAL EVENTS

A year before the survey was started; a few controversial events were highlighted in

Malaysia socio-politics scene.

1. On the Oct 14, 2013, Federal court had made their decision that the Non-Muslim in

Peninsular Malaysia cannot use the word ‘Allah’ in the publication to refer to ‘God’

which disappointed the editor of The Herald Father Lawrence Andrew. Back in

Dec 31, 2009, KL High Court judge Justice Lau Bee Lan had ruled that the Home

2 http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/malaysia/overview

Ministry’s ban on the use of the word was unlawful and unconstitutional as it

violated Article 11 of the federal constitution. On Sept 10, 2013, the Home

Ministry and government had submitted the grounds of their appeal against the

decision. The chronology of Roman Catholic Church's case of over the usage of

'Allah' issue becoming a sensitive issue between the Malay-Muslim and the

Non-Muslim community in Malaysia begin from 2009 to 2014 as reported in Astro

Awani. In April 2011, Prime Minister Najib Abdul Razak, endorsed the

government's 10-point solution, to allow the publication and importation of the

Bible in Bahasa Indonesia and Bahasa Malaysia for use by the Christian

community just before the Sarawak state election. The court ruling in October

2014 just contradict which the 10-points solution proposed by PM Najib.

2. A large number of Malaysian public consider Lynas rare earth processing plant as

an unwelcome investment in Malaysia. As reported in Malaysia Insider News, the

experts said the prevailing problems in waste management, storage, disposal

facility and waste cleaning at the Lynas factory can lead to radioactive leakages if

the Australian firm fails to address the issues. According to earlier reports, the

Gebeng refinery known as Lynas Advanced Materials Plant (LAMP) produces a

by-product known as Thorium (Th), a radioactive element that can causes cancer

and is easily transported through wind and water. The public also lack of confident

on the public institution that supposed to safe guard the safety of the plant. Back in

2012, about 3,000 Malaysians and global environmental activist have staged a

protest against the refinery for rare earth elements being built by the Australian

mining company Lynas over fears of radioactive contamination. It was the largest

rally so far against the £146m plant in a Pahang state of the Malaysian peninsula.

In 2014, it was the 4th year of protest of Malaysian residents against the

Australian’s rare earth processing facility.

3. Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappeared on 8 March 2014, bound from Kuala

Lumpur for Beijing with 239 passengers and crew members on board. The slow

response and handle for the search and rescue attracted heavy criticize from local

and abroad. Until now, that is still no sign of debris of the flight but the authority

declared flight as accident in accordance with Annexes 12 and 13 to the Chicago

Convention with no survivors on 29 January 2015.

4. Opposition Leader – Anwar Ibrahim was sentenced to 5 years’ jail by the court of

Appeal on the charge of sodomised his former aides – Mohd. Saiful Bukhkari

Azlan on 7 March 2014. The senstence technically barred him to run in a

by-election that would allow him to take over as Chief Minister of Selangor. The

court ruling viewed as political by the general public. His wife, Dr. Wan Azizah

Wan Ismail replaced him to run in the by-election and won. The event later later

triggered the Chief Minister crisis in Selangor which dragged on for a few months.

The Sultan of Selangor (ruler) refused the nomination of Dr Wan Azizah Wan

Ismail to replace Tan Sri Abdul Khalid Ibrahim and the Pakatan Rakyat later had to

accept appointment of Azmin Ali, deputy President of PKR (Dr Wan Azizah’s

deputy) as the new Chief Minister. Azmin Ali sworn in as Chief Minister on 23

September 2014.

5. Another Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down by missile near eastern

Ukraine on 17 July 2014. The flight bound from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur with

283 passenger and 15 crew members on board. This second air tragedy added to

the sourness of the country.

2. TIMETABLE

Activity Duration

Preparation 2014/09/15-30

Pre-Test 2014/09/30-10/1

Fieldwork 2014/10/11-11/2

Peninsular Malaysia 2014/10/11-11/2

Sabah 2014/10/15-28

Sarawak 2014/10/16-31

3. RESPONDENTS 3.1 CRITERIA OF SELECTING RESPONDENTS

Data gathered through face-to-face interviews of adult citizen’s aged 18 years old and

above who had registered in the National Registration Department of Malaysia (NRD).

The baseline information and address were drawn from the household information

compiled by the Department of Statistic (DOS) and the latest electoral roll from the

Election Commission of Malaysia.

3.2 RESEARCH ETHNICAL REVIEW

Foreign researcher or Malaysian researcher based oversea need to apply to Economic

Planning Unit of Prime Minister Department to obtain permit to carry out any form of

research in Malaysia. Otherwise, local researchers and research institution (public and

private) are not bound by this rule. In other words, For the ABS IV we did not need to

go through the review process in Malaysia. However, before the beginning of

interview process, the interviewers informed all interviewees that ‘we will not record

your name or identifying information about you on the questionnaire. So no one will

know who gave which answers to our questions. There is no risk to you in

participating in the survey. There is also no benefit to you in participating in the

survey. But if you answer our questions, you will help us understand how the public

feels about issues facing the country today. Your participation in the survey is

voluntary. If there are any questions you don't want to answer you don't have to

answer them. And you can stop participating in the survey at any time. ..’

4. SAMPLING PROCESS AND METHODOLOGY 4.1 SAMPLING SIZES AND ERROR MARGINS

An indicator of data quality is the standard error of the estimate, on which the margin

for sampling error is based. As survey statistics are mostly proportions, the key

measure of data precision is the standard error of a proportion taken from a sample. It

is computed as follows:

Where Z, at 95% confidence level is 1.96; p is the sample proportion estimate and n is

the sample size. The overall sample size of 1206 voting-age adults gives a maximum

error margin of 2.82% at the 95% confidence level, assuming a simple random

sampling design. The sampling error is at its highest when true population being

estimated is close to 50%.

The following approximate 95%-confidence margins for sampling error should be

made when aggregating data at various levels:

Region Sample Size Error of Margin

Malaysia 1207 2.82%

Peninsular Malaysia 907 3.25%

Sabah 150 8.00%

Sarawak 150 8.00%

+ _ Z * p(1-p) n

4.2 SAMPLING SCHEME

Selection of the study areas was based upon the March 2013 electoral roll and

associated updated maps as it represents the most recent and updated sampling frame

as opposed to the Malaysian Census which was completed in 2010.

Based on the above plan, the survey team selected a total of 238 sampling locations

based on localities within polling districts which were located in the state

constituencies. The distribution of the sampling locations across all states in Malaysia

is as follows:

State Number of respondents Sampling

Locations*

Perlis 10 2

Kedah 82 16

Penang 65 13

Kelantan 66 13

Terengganu 45 9

Pahang 61 12

Perak 101 20

Selangor 202 40

Kuala Lumpur 65 13

Negeri Sembilan 42 8

Melaka 30 6

Johor 131 26

Sabah 150 30

Sarawak 150 30

Total 1200 238

* Selection of sampling locations based on polling districts

The sampling population refers to the pool of respondents satisfying the demographic

requirements from which potential respondents will be selected. The respondents

were selected from within the pre-selected locality during the field survey. In each

locality, interviewers were required to fulfil a quota of 50% male and 50% female

respondents.

Household within a locality were then chosen using a 5-household skip pattern. That

is, sample households were chosen using a fixed interval of 5 households in between

the sampled ones; i.e. every 6th household is sampled. Every enumerator was to

continue visiting every sixth household until his/ her quota (that conforms to the

pre-determined demographic characteristics) was achieved. A description of the

distribution of respondents by gender, age group and state is provided below:

State

Age Group

Total

Gender

Below

40

Above

40 Male Female

Perlis 5 5 10 5 5

Kedah 41 41 82 41 41

Penang 33 32 65 33 32

Kelantan 33 33 66 33 33

Terengganu 22 23 45 22 23

Pahang 30 31 61 31 30

Perak 51 50 101 50 51

Selangor 101 101 202 101 101

Kuala Lumpur 33 32 65 33 32

Negeri Sembilan 21 21 42 21 21

Melaka 15 15 30 15 15

Johor 65 66 131 65 66

Sabah 75 75 150 75 75

Sarawak 75 75 150 75 75

Total 600 600 1200 600 600

4.2.1 FIRST STAGE-SELECTION OF PSU

Respondents were proportionally divided by states of their residence in accordance

with the population of each state. In each state, an appropriate number of sample

locations based on polling districts would be randomly selected. Merdeka Center used

the electoral map as the basis of its sampling selection as it reflects the most updates

map that is officially available unlike the census map provided by the Malaysian

Department of Statistics which is already a decade old and largely inaccurate in many

sub-urban and urban areas.

4.2.2 SECOND STAGE-SELECTION OF SSU

Within each polling district, localities (corresponds with neighborhood, housing estate

or village) were randomly selected.

4.2.3 THIRD STAGE-SELECTION OF HOUSEHOLDS

In each selected locality, interval sampling is used to draw, on average 4 sample

households. Household selection would begin from a random starting point, usually

the most common public amenity such as bus stop, pay telephone or post box, with

the first household being the 5th house from the public amenity.

4.2.4 FOURTH STAGE-SELECTION OF RESPONDENT

In each selected household, a respondent is randomly chosen among the household

members who are above 18 years old using a predetermined age quota.

In cases where there is no qualified probability respondent of a given gender, the

interval sampling of households would continue until the average five sample

respondents are identified in the locality.

4.3 NUMBER OF CALLS AND SUBSTITUTION/ALTERNATE SAMPLES

We wish to note that in the course of the survey implementation in Malaysia, there

were several instances where sampling locations had to be altered. The rationale for

substitution includes:

1. Sampling location could not be found with allotted time (e.g. name changed, forest

areas)

2. Demographic profile of the area does not fit survey purposes (ethnicity dominant

area) and also due to small area

3. Access to location was difficult and would have taken more time than expected

4. No cooperation from local people (e.g. not permitted to enter the sampled location)

4.4 SURVEY STATISTICS

State Target

Respondents

Actual

Achievement Refusal*

Perlis 10 10 38

Kedah 82 77 44

Penang 65 69 64

Kelantan 66 66 53

Terengganu 45 45 46

Pahang 61 62 54

Perak 101 103 89

Selangor 202 203 92

Kuala Lumpur 65 65 74

Negeri Sembilan 42 44 56

Melaka 30 30 57

Johor 131 133 78

Sabah 150 150 68

Sarawak 150 150 91

Total 1200 1207 904

*Respondent refuses to complete the survey- includes unwilling to be interviewed,

drop during the interviewer session due to length of the questionnaire, time constraint,

the person approached is not in the target population and etc.

5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 5.1 PREPARATION

5.1.1 QUESTIONNAIRE

The questionnaire was prepared by the ABS Team and additional questions were

added to the core ABS questionnaire to correspond to the Malaysian context. The

definitive language version of the questionnaire, English, was translated into Malay

and Chinese.

5.1.2 PRE-TESTING AND FINALIZING QUESTIONNAIRE

To minimize the understanding gap between the questionnaire designers and the

respondents, a pre-test was needed to solve the potential problems, such as unclear

wording, conceptually vague sentences, recording difficulties etc. before the

fieldwork began.

The pre-test for this survey was carried on September 30, 2014 and October 1, 2014

in selected areas located in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur. A total of 30 responses were

obtained for this purpose. During the pre-test, observers were able to observe the field

interviewers conducting their first interviews and select a diverse range of possible

interviewees. The questionnaire was tested on adults from different socio-economic

classes and ethnic backgrounds in order to:

1. Determine the time length of the interview

2. Test question sequence and identify bases

3. Correct and improve translation

4. Identify interviewer’s recording difficulties

5. Find out which items are conceptually unclear

6. Check accuracy and adequacy of the questionnaire instructions

7. Determine whether the focus of the question was clear

8. Adding new items or eliminating less significant items

After the pre-test, a de-briefing session was held on October 3, 2014 in Bangi to

discuss matters arising in the fieldwork and necessary adjustments were made to the

questionnaires.

5.1.3 TRAINING

Three (3) separate training were conducted in 3 different locations prior to the

fieldwork. These locations and date as below:

Location Date

Bangi, Selangor 2014/10/10

Kota Kinabalu, Sabah 2014/1014

Kuching, Sarawak 2014/10/15

The full training for field supervisors, coordinator and field interviewers in Peninsular

Malaysia were conducted in Bangi, those trained in Kuching covered Sarawak, while

those trained in Kota Kinabalu covered Sabah.

5.1.3.1 SUPERVISOR

Prior to the full training, a separate briefing session was held with supervisors and

coordinator a day before (October 9, 2014). The purposes of the session were to detail

put the roles and responsibility of the supervisors and coordinators including

supervision, work-plan, daily update and quality control measure.

5.1.3.2 INTERVIEWER

During the full training session, interviewers were instructed on the questionnaire,

techniques in engaging interviewees, team coordination and safety. The interviewers

were asked to read the questions to become familiar with the questionnaire. Some

interviewers took part in the pre-test exercises, and were incorporated into the team

organization of the project. Beyond learning the basics and objective of the project

and a thorough review of the questionnaire, trainees engaged in mock interviews

among participants and role playing over the course of intensive training. At the end

of the training period, there was a review of the logistical and quality control

measures as well as allocation to the field. At the end of the first fieldwork in

Peninsula, Sabah & Sarawak, a de-briefing were held to further clarify on unclear

matters and solve logistical issues.

5.2 FIELDWORK

5.2.1 WORKERS ON HAND

Project Secretariat

Project leader 1

Assistants 2

Quality control assistants 2

Data entry assistants 2

Observers 7

Peninsular Malaysia

Team supervisor 4

Coordinator 4

Interviewers 20

East Malaysia - Sabah

Team supervisor 1

Coordinator 1

Interviewers 5

East Malaysia - Sarawak

Team supervisors 1

Coordinator 1

Interviewers 5

5.2.2 SUPERVISION

Supervisors reported to the project leader who monitored the study full-time. They

observed interviewers, followed-up and checked on the field interviewers. They also

ensured that field logistics were received promptly and administered properly.

5.2.2.1 EVALUATION OF INTERVIEWER＇S WORK

All first interviews of each field interviewer were observed by his/ her field supervisor,

and then evaluated. By doing so, the field supervisor could instruct the interviewer on

how to improve interviewing skills and avoid refusal from respondent. The field

supervisor always stayed within the vicinity of the sample spot to conduct checks and

was in regular contact with interviewers during the fieldwork.

5.2.2.2 SPOT-CHEKING

Part of quality control was to make sure at least 30% of each interviewer’s output was

spot-checked and back-checked. Once an incomplete or inconsistent answer was

spotted in the questionnaire, the field supervisor went back to the respondent’s house

to re-ask the question for verification.

5.2.2.3 RE-TESTING

Slightly about 25% of the respondents were inspected and their feedback obtained

through direct observation of the supervisors and observers, post-survey in person

inspection and telephone calls for quality control purposes. (Please refer to the

Appendix for more details)

5.3 FIELD EDITING

5.3.1 DATA PROCESSING

After each interview, the interviewer was asked to go over her own work and check

for consistency. Then, the completed questionnaires were submitted to team

supervisor to verify the interviewers’ work.

5.3.2 DATA ENTERING AND CLEANING

Office verifiers conducted final consistency checks on all completed questionnaires

prior to coding. Data was then verified and the consistency of the encoded data was

checked before data tables were generated.

5.4 QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURE

The following section describes the quality control procedures put in place with

respect to the in-person survey for the above the project.

1. Based on the methodology and sampling frame implemented, interviewers

delivered completed questionnaires at the end of each day their supervisors who then

proceed to check against expected targets by age group, gender, ethnicity and location.

When completed, supervisor submitted the questionnaires to the verifier.

2. The verifier then checks each questionnaire on the following criteria:

a. Compliance with required survey specifications i.e. ethnicity, age, gender

and location of the respondent,

b. Completeness in implementation - has each question been asked and

completed?

c. Clarify of response - did the interviewer record the responses clearly and in

full? Both in terms of handwriting and content for open-ended and

explanatory items

d. Classification of responses - did the interviewer record responses in the

appropriate choices provided? Where it does not coincide, have explanations

been provided to state otherwise?

3. Questionnaires that were acceptable after verification were then sent for random

inspection procedures. Meanwhile questionnaires that “failed” verification were

sorted for either re-administration or rejection.

4. Once received, re-administered questionnaires were subjected to the same

verification process again.

5. Accepted questionnaires sent for quality inspection were sorted according to

location and demographics. Respondents who did not provide references to call backs

would be listed for in-person verification, while the remainder were listed for

telephone inspection.

6. The purpose of the inspection was to act as a check on whether interviewers

followed the sampling plan and implemented the questionnaire as instructed. The

inspection procedure primarily covered the following:

a. Verification that the interview was carried out by the interviewer at the

particular location and stated date.

b. Random checking on questions asked, with particular emphasis on

difficult questions and items that were deemed relevant to respondents.

c. In all, 300 of the respondents interviewed were contacted for quality

control inspection either by telephone or in-person. The breakdown of

questionnaires checked as follows:

i. In-person inspection : 20

ii. Telephone inspection : 280

7. Questionnaires that had been inspected and accepted were then released for data

entry. Inspections which revealed problematic questionnaires were sent for

consideration on whether to be re-administered or to be rejected.

8. All accepted questionnaires were then released for data entry into SPSS.

9. Finally, all entries recorded on the system (SPSS) were subjected to a through

detailed consistency and correctness check to ensure that information was entered

correctly and matched with required specifications e.g. questionnaire skip patterns.

10. Once completed, the data was made available for report preparation.

6. RELIABILITY ANALYSIS

As part of a full review of the survey, questions were subjected to a reliability analysis.

Reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha, α. It is a common rule of thumb

that a Cronbach α value of .6 to .7 is an acceptable value. This Technical Report uses

commonly accepted rule of thumb in interpreting Cronbach’s α values:

α ≥ 0.9 Excellent

0.7 ≤ α < 0.9 Good

0.6 ≤ α < 0.7 Acceptable

0.5 ≤ α < 0.6 Below Standard

α < 0.5 Poor

6.1 ECONOMIC EVALUTIONS

The table shows that all the variables have item-total correlations and the overall α

above acceptable cut-off point. The overall α is 0.763 and none of the single items

would substantially affected overall reliability if they were deleted. Therefore, it is not

necessary to delete any items.

Cronbach's α =.763 Corrected Item-total

correlation

Cronbach's α if item

deleted

Q1. How would you rate the

overall economic condition

of our country today?

0.550 0.718

Q2. How would you describe

the change in the economic

condition of our country over

the last few years?

0.478 0.735

Q3. What do you think will

be the state of our country’s

economic condition a few

years from now?

0.550 0.719

Q4. As for your own family,

how do you rate the

economic situation of your

family today?

0.494 0.736

Q5. How would you compare

the current economic

condition of your family with

what it was a few years ago?

0.433 0.746

Q6. What do you think the

economic situation of your

family will be a few years

from now?

0.565 0.711

6.2 TRUST IN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

The table shows a good overall Cronbach’s value for the 13 items. The overall α is

0.895. The consistency of each concept was acceptable in terms of reliability analysis.


correlation


deleted

Q7. The Prime Minister 0.683 0.882

Q8. The courts 0.687 0.882

Q9. The national 0.703 0.882

government [in capital city]

Q10. Political parties [not

any specific party] 0.526 0.890

Q11. Parliament 0.655 0.884

Q12. Civil service 0.532 0.890

Q13. The military(or armed

forces) 0.563 0.888

Q14. The police 0.635 0.885

Q15. Local government 0.647 0.885

Q16. Newspapers 0.495 0.892

Q17. Television 0.519 0.891

Q18. Election Commission 0.677 0.883

Q19. NGOs 0.393 0.896

6.3 SOCIAL CAPITAL

6.3.1 FAMILY TRUST

Table below shows (Social Capital) a moderately weak of Cronbach’s alpha value

which is below 0.7. This may due to the small number of variables input to the test.

(Nunally, 1978) shows a calculating of additional items one would need to raise the

reliability of an instrument to the desired value by assuming that the additional items

are acceptable. In other words, as the number of items increases, the value of

Cronbach’s Alpha will increase. Removing item Q28 resulted in an increase in

Cronbach’s alpha from 0.603 to 0.633, but there was not much difference (increase

only by 0.03) in the coefficient Cronbach’s Alpha. Additionally, the Corrected

Item-Total Correlation for each item above the cut-off point.


correlation


deleted

Q26. Your relatives 0.416 0.499

Q27. Your neighbors 0.511 0.357

Q28. Other people you

interact with 0.320 0.633

6.3.2 SOCIAL NETWORK

The Cronbach’s α value for the three items is .276, which is considered unacceptable.

Each of the three items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this

battery, though the correlations are low. Q32 (.048) has the lowest corrected item-total

correlation. Deleting Q32 from this battery would have a moderate but inconsequential

effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value. That is, if it were to be deleted, it would

increase the overall reliability to .453, which is still below that minimum threshold (α =

0.6) for it to be acceptable. Deleting any of Q30 or Q31 from this battery would not have

significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase

the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than the overall reliability.


correlation

Cronbach's α if

item deleted

Q30. If you have a difficult problem to

manage, are there people outside your

household you can ask for help?

0.199 0.104

Q31. When people outside your

household have problems, do they come

to you for help?

0.230 0.044

Q32. If you had friends or co-workers

whose opinions on politics differed from

yours, would you have a hard time

conversing with them?

0.048 0.453

6.4 ACCESS TO PUBLIC SERVICE

The table shows a moderately weak of Cronbach’s alpha value which is below 0.7.

Removing items Q42 resulted in an increase in Cronbach’s alpha from 0.654 to 0.677,

but there was not much difference (increase only by 0.023) in the coefficient

Cronbach’s Alpha when this item removed and all the items correlated above 0.3.

Cronbach's α = .654 Corrected Item-total

correlation


deleted

Q39. An identity document

(such as a birth certificate or

passport)

0.489 0.561

Q40. A place in a public 0.460 0.571

primary school for a child

Q41. Medical treatment at a

nearby clinic 0.495 0.551

Q42. Help from the police

when you need it 0.357 0.677

6.5 PSYCHOLOGICAL INVOLVEMENT

The table shows a moderately weak of Cronbach’s alpha value which is below 0.7 and

this may due to the small number of variables input to the test. The Corrected

Item-Total Correlation shows the three items correlated above 0.3.


correlation


deleted

Q44. How interested would

you say you are in politics? 0.505 0.431

Q45. How often do you

follow news about politics

and government?

0.495 0.554

Q46. When you get together

with your family members

or friends, how often do you

discuss political matters?

0.454 0.568

6.6 INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA

The Cronbach’s α value for the six items is .384, which is considered unacceptable. Each

of the five items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery.

Q47 has a negative correlation due to the question’s wording. This question combines

Q47 and Q48 and thus is not compatible with other questions. Therefore, it should be

considered to change the way the question being asked.


Correlation

Cronbach's α

If Item Deleted

Q47. Where do you most surf the

Internet (different wording) -0.027 0.535

Q48. Do you have Internet access on a

mobile phone? (not asked) -- --

Q49. How often do you use the

internet? 0.197 0.335

Q50. Do you currently use any of the

following social media networks? 0.220 0.378


Internet including social media

networks to find information about

politics and government?

0.428 0.059


Internet including social media

networks to express your opinion about

politics and government?

0.327 0.205

6.7 TRADITIONALISM

Table below shows a moderately weak of Cronbach’s alpha value which is slightly

below 0.7. Removing of item Q67 resulted in an increase in Cronbach’s alpha from

0.698 to 0.712, even though removing of this item only increasing the value by 0.014

but this can be accepted as the coefficient Cronbach’s Alpha improved to 0.712 and this

variable also shows poorly correlated with other variables.


correlation


deleted

Q55.For the sake of the family, the

individual should put his personal

interests second.

0.199 0.695

Q56.In a group, we should sacrifice

our individual interest for the sake of

the group’s

collective interest.

0.298 0.684

Q57.For the sake of national interest,

individual interest could be sacrificed.0.353 0.677

Q58.When dealing with others,

developing a long-term relationship is

more important than securing one’s

immediate interest.

0.401 0.673

Q59.When dealing with others, one 0.384 0.677

should not only focus on immediate

interest but also plan

for future.

Q60.Even if parents’ demands are

unreasonable, children still should do

what they ask.

0.313 0.682

Q61.When a mother-in-law and a

daughter-in-law come into conflict,

even if the mother-in-law is in the

wrong, the husband should still

persuade his wife to obey his mother.

0.313 0.682

Q62.Being a student, one should not

question the authority of their teacher.0.345 0.678

Q63.In a group, we should avoid open

quarrel to preserve the harmony of the

group.

0.404 0.673

Q64.Even if there is some

disagreement with others, one should

avoid the conflict.

0.394 0.675

Q65.A person should not insist on his

own opinion if his co-workers disagree

with him.

0.402 0.670

Q66.Wealth and poverty, success and

failure are all determined by fate. 0.259 0.692

Q67.If one could have only one child,

it is more preferable to have a boy than

a girl.

0.108 0.712

Q68.When dealing with others, one

should not be preoccupied with

temporary gains and losses.

0.337 0.679

6.8 POLITICAL PARTICIPATION

6.8.1 EXPRESSION OF IDEAS

The Cronbach’s α value for the five items is .858, which is considered good. Each of the

five items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this module. Q72

(.603) has the lowest corrected item-total correlation. Deleting any of the items from this

battery would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of

the items would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less

than the overall reliability.


correlation


deleted

Q69. Contacted elected

officials or legislative

representatives at any level.

0.741 0.810

Q70. Contacted officials at

higher level. 0.720 0.816

Q71. Contacted traditional

leaders/community leaders 0.699 0.824

Q72. Contacted other

influential people outside the

government.

0.603 0.846

Q73. Contacted news media. 0.645 0.842

6.8.2 CIVIC ACTION

The Cronbach’s α value for the five items is .577, which is considered poor. Q74, Q75,

Q76 and Q77 are positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery.

Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the

overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they

were deleted because all values are less than the overall reliability. Q78 has the lowest

correlation with the other four questions in this module. Deleting this question from the

battery would significantly increase the overall reliability from poor to good .817. Hence,

it is necessary to re-consider including this question in the battery along with Q74, Q75,

Q76 and Q77 in the implementation of the questionnaire in the future.


correlation


deleted

Q74. Got together with

others to try to resolve local

problems.

0.463 0.453

Q75. Got together with

others to raise an issue or

sign a petition.

0.535 0.436

Q76. Attended a

demonstration or protest

march.

0.527 0.469

Q77. Used force or violence

for a political cause. 0.578 0.481

Q78. Have you voted in

every election, voted in

most elections, voted in

some elections or hardly

ever voted?

0.102 0.817

6.9 REGIME PREFERENCE

6.9.1 IDEAL SYSTEM OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT

The Cronbach’s α value for the three items is .331, which is considered unacceptable.

Each of the four items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this

battery, but the correlations are low. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not

have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would

increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than the overall

reliability.


correlation


deleted

Q79+Q79a. Regime

Preference 1: Statement 1.

Government leaders

implement what voters want.

Statement 2. Government

leaders do what they think is

best for the people.

0.262 0.162

Q80+Q80a. Regime


Government is our employee,

the people should tell

0.217 0.217

government what needs to be

done.

Statement 2. The government

is like parent, it should decide

what is good for us.

Q81+Q81a. Regime

Preference 3: Statement 1. The

media should have the right to

publish news and ideas

without government

control.

Statement 2. The government

should have the right to

prevent the media from

publishing things that might

be politically destabilizing.

0.194 0.243

Q82+Q82a. Regime


Political leaders are chosen

by the people through open

and competitive elections.

Statement 2. Political leaders

are chosen on the basis on

their virtue and capability

even without election.

0.029 0.423

6.9.2 OPERATION OF CURRENT GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS

Table below shows a good overall Cronbach’s value for the four items. The overall α

Is 0.834. The consistency of each concept was acceptable in terms of reliability

analysis.


correlation

Cronbach's α if

item deleted

Q83. Over the long run, our system of

government is capable of solving the

problems our country faces.

0.588 0.822

Q84. Thinking in general, I am proud of our

system of government. 0.735 0.757

Q85. A system like ours, even if it runs into

problems, deserves the people's support. 0.671 0.786

Q86. I would rather live under our system

of government than any other that I can

think of.

0.662 0.791

6.10 MEANING OF DEMOCRACY

The Cronbach’s α value for the four items is .665, which is considered acceptable. Each

of the four items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery.

Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have significant effect on the

overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase the reliability if they

were deleted because all values are less than or similar to the overall reliability.


Correlation

Cronbach's α

If Item Deleted

Q88. 1. Government narrows the gap

between the rich and the poor.

2. People choose the government leaders in

free and fair election.

3. Government does not waste any public

money.

4. People are free to express their political

views openly.

0.405 0.624

Q89. 1. The legislature has oversight over

the government.

2. Basic necessities, like food, clothes and

shelter, are provided for all.

3. People are free to organize political

groups.

4. Government provides people with

quality public services.

0.431 0.608

Q90. 1. Government ensures law and order.

2. Media is free to criticize the things

government does.

3. Government ensures job opportunities

0.438 0.604

for all.

4. Multiple parties compete fairly in the

election.

Q91. 1. People have the freedom to take part

in protests and demonstrations.

2. Politics is clean and free of corruption.

3. The court protects the ordinary people

from the abuse of government power.

4. People receive state aid if they are

unemployed.

0.516 0.556

6.11 QUALITY OF GOVERNANCE

Q103 and Q104 had the lowest correlations with the other eight questions. The total

Cronbach’s α value of the ten items was .640. The consistency of each item was

therefore acceptable in terms of reliability analysis. There was no significant

difference in the coefficient Cronbach's α when we removed individual items.


correlation

Cronbach's α if

item deleted

Q101.People have the power to change a

government they don’t like. 0.117 0.657

Q102.Political parties or candidates in our

country have equal access to the mass

media during the election period.

0.375 0.599

Q103.Between elections, the people have

no way of holding the government

responsible for

its actions.

0.063 0.672

Q104.When government leaders break the

laws, there is nothing the court can do. 0.052 0.680

Q105.All citizens from different ethnic

communities in [Country X] are treated

equally by the government.

0.488 0.568

Q106.Rich and poor people are treated

equally by the government. 0.474 0.569

Q107.People have basic necessities like 0.493 0.579

food, clothes, and shelter.

Q108.People are free to speak what they

think without fear. 0.534 0.562

Q109.People can join any organization

they like without fear. 0.415 0.591

6.12 PREFERENCE FOR DEMOCRACY


five items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this battery. Q127





Cronbach's α =.704

Corrected

Item-total

correlation

Cronbach's α if

item deleted

Q125. Which of the following statements

comes closest to your own opinion?

(1) Democracy is always preferable to any

other kind of government

(2) Under some circumstances, an

authoritarian government can be preferable

to a democratic one

(3) For people like me, it does not matter

whether we have a democratic or a

nondemocratic regime

0.550 0.614

Q126. Which of the following statements

comes closer to your own view?

(1) Democracy is capable of solving the

problems of our society

(2) Democracy cannot solve our society’s

problems

0.518 0.631

Q127. If you had to choose between

democracy and economic development,

which would you say is more important?

0.342

0.703

Q128. If you had to choose between

reducing economic inequality and

protecting political freedom, which would

you say is more important?

0.416 0.675

Q129. Do you agree or disagree with the

following statement: “Democracy may

have its problems, but it is still the best

form of government.”

0.496 0.646

6.13 LEGITMACY OF DEMOCRACY/ DETACHMENT FROM

AUTHORITARIANISM

The Cronbach’s α value for the four items is .790, which is considered good. Each of the

four items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this module. Q131






Correlation

Cronbach's α

If Item Deleted

Q130. We should get rid of parliament

and elections and have a strong leader

decide things

0.618 0.728

Q131. Only one political party should

be allowed to stand for election and

hold office

0.538 0.768

Q132. The army (military) should come

in to govern the country 0.572 0.751

Q133. We should get rid of elections

and parliaments and have experts make

decisions on behalf of the people

0.671 0.700

6.14 CITIZEN EMPOWERMENT AND POLITICAL SUPPORT


five items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this module. Q134






Correlation

Cronbach's α

If Item Deleted

Q134. I think I have the ability to

participate in politics 0.385 0.687

Q135. Sometimes politics and

government seems so complicated that

a person like me can’t really

understand what is going on

0.445 0.663

Q136. People like me don’t have any

influence over what the government

does

0.474 0.651

Q137. You can generally trust the

people who run our government to do

what is right

0.496 0.643

Q138. A citizen should always remain

loyal only to his country, no matter

how imperfect it is or what wrong it

has done

0.511 0.635

6.15 AUTHORITARIAN/DEMOCRATIC VALUES

Each of the eleven questions showed positive correlation with the other ten questions.

Q139 had the lowest correlation. The total Cronbach’s α value for the eleven items

was .643. The consistency of each item was acceptable in terms of reliability analysis.

There was no significant difference in the coefficient Cronbach's α when we removed

individual items. There are therefore no items that need to be deleted.

Cronbach's α =.643

Corrected

Item-total

correlation

Cronbach's α if

item deleted

Q139.Women should not be involved in politics

as much as men. 0.161 0.647

Q140.The government should consult religious

authorities when interpreting the laws. 0.217 0.636

Q141.People with little or no education should

have as much say in politics as highly-educated 0.168 0.642

people.

Q142.Government leaders are like the head of a

family; we should all follow their decisions. 0.408 0.599

Q143.The government should decide whether

certain ideas should be allowed to be discussed

in society.

0.343 0.612

Q144.Harmony of the community will be

disrupted if people organize lots of groups. 0.287 0.622

Q145.When judges decide important cases, they

should accept the view of the executive branch.0.367 0.606

Q146.If the government is constantly checked

[i.e. monitored and supervised] by the

legislature, it cannot possibly accomplish great

things.

0.334 0.613

Q147.If we have political leaders who are

morally upright, we can let them decide

everything.

0.319 0.616

Q148.If people have too many different ways of

thinking, society will be chaotic. 0.340 0.612

Q149.When the country is facing a difficult

situation, it is ok for the government to

disregard the law in order to deal with the

situation.

0.317 0.616

6.16 GLOBALIZATION

The Cronbach’s α value for the four items is .485, which is considered poor. Each of the

four items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this module, though

the correlations are low. Deleting any of the items from this battery would not have

significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items would increase

the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than the overall reliability.

Cronbach's α =.485

Corrected

Item-total

correlation

Cronbach's α if

item deleted

Q150.How closely do you follow major events 0.167 0.557

in foreign countries / the world?

Q151.Our country should defend our way of life

instead of becoming more and more like other

countries.

0.403 0.299

Q152.Do you agree or disagree with the

following statement: “We should protect our

farmers and workers by limiting the import of

foreign goods.”

0.382 0.315

Q153. Do you think the government should

increase or decrease the inflow of foreign

immigrants into the country?

0.223 0.464

6.17 REDISTRIBUTION

The Cronbach’s α value for the five items is .569, which is considered unacceptable.

Each of the six items is positively correlated with each of the other questions in this

module, though the correlations are low. Deleting any of the items from this battery

would not have significant effect on the overall Cronbach’s α value, i.e., none of the items

would increase the reliability if they were deleted because all values are less than or

similar to the overall reliability.


Correlation

Cronbach's α

If Item Deleted

Q155. How fair do you think income

distribution is in Malaysia? 0.409 0.472

Q156. Do you agree or disagree with

the following statement: It is the

responsibility of the government to

reduce the differences between

people with high income and those

with low incomes.

0.234 0.558

Q157. How concerned are you about

the loss of your or your family's major

source of income within the next 12

months?

0.149 0.584

Q158. The following is a hypothetical

question: If you were unfortunate

enough to lose your main source of

0.163 0.577

income, how serious would it be for

you and your family?

Q159. Considering all the effort that

you and your family members have

made in the past, do you think the

income that your family currently

receives is FAIR or NOT FAIR?

0.544 0.409

Q160. As compared to my parent's

generation, my generation has more or

fewer opportunities to improve one's

standard of living or social status?

0.356 0.502

7. EXAMINATION OF REPRESENTATIVENESS OF SAMPLE

SET AND WEIGHTING There are few steps to get to the final weights, where firstly we weight by ethnic group. If

the state and age reject the null hypotheses, then we will re-run the Chi-Square test but

still control for ethnicity. The process continues to the age variable.

7.1 GOODNESS-OF-FIT TESTS

In order to test the representativeness of the sample, a chi-square goodness-of-fit test

was implemented. The test essentially determines whether the distribution of the

actual sample proportions is significantly different (statistically) from the expected

(census) proportions for four demographic characteristics, namely: gender, age,

ethnicity and state. SPSS nonparametric chi-square goodness-of-fit test was conducted

to examine the four demographic characteristics with the target population as reported

in the population and housing census of Malaysia 2010. Figures for the entire

population come from the 2010 statistics from the population and housing census of

Malaysia, Department of Statistics and the task of undertaking the Census is carried

out once in every ten years.

Tables below show the Chi-square result, and the significance (p-value- cut off point

at 0.01) of each characteristic. The results reveal that only gender variable in the

sample set is consistent with the entire population. Age group, ethnicity and state

variables failed the chi-square test which means that the data are inconsistent with the

whole population as shown in Table 28. In order to achieve consistency between the

sample set and the entire population, ranking method was used to weight the data

samples. Table 29 is the result after data weighted which shows the Chi-square test

and the significance p-value at cut off point at 0.01 characteristics passed. After

weighting process, we can therefore fail to reject the null hypothesis (Ho) that there is

no statistically significant difference between actual and sample proportions for each

of the three demographic characteristics. Hence, from the perspective of the four

demographic characteristics, only three demographics of the surveyed respondents do

represent the population of interest.

Gender

Gender Sample Population

Result

Frequency Percent Percent

Male 604 50.0 50.7 Chi square=.209

P>.05

Consistent with the

population

Female 603 50.0 49.3

Total 1207 100 100

Age Group

Age Group Sample Population

Result


18 – 19 72 6.0 6.2

Chi square=66.476

P<.05

Not consistent with

the population

20 – 29 276 22.9 27.8

30 – 39 218 18.1 20.8

40 – 49 239 19.8 18.4

50 – 59 207 17.1 13.7

60 + 195 16.2 12.8

Total 1207 100 100

Ethnicity

Ethnicity Sample Population Result


Malay 603 50.0 55.0 Chi square=17.756

P<.05

Not consistent with

the population

Chinese 358 29.7 24.8

Indian 84 7.0 7.4

Bumiputera 162 13.3 12.9

Total 1207 100 100

State

State Sample Population Result


Perlis 10 0.8 0.8

Chi square=37.89

P<.05

Not Consistent with

the population

Kedah 77 6.4 7.2

P.Pinang 69 5.7 5.6

Perak 103 8.5 8.7

Selangor 203 16.8 19.6

K.Lumpur 65 5.4 5.8

N.Sembilan 44 3.6 3.7

Melaka 30 2.5 3.0

Johor 133 11.0 11.8

Kelantan 66 5.5 5.8

Terengganu 45 3.7 3.9

Pahang 62 5.1 5.5

Sarawak 150 12.4 9.0

Sabah 150 12.4 9.2

Total 1207 100 100

7.2 SAMPLE REPRESENTATIVENESS

Gender.

Gender Before weighting After weighting

Frequency Percent Frequency Percent

Male 604 50.0 602 49.9

Female 603 50.0 604 50.1

Total 1207 100.0 1207 100.0

Chi square=.236, p-value>.05, consistent with the population after weighting.

Age Group

Age Group Before weighting After weighting


18 – 19 72 6.0 74 6.0

20 – 29 276 22.9 334 27.7

30 – 39 218 18.1 257 21.3

40 – 49 239 19.8 214 17.7

50 – 59 207 17.1 173 14.3

60 + 195 16.2 154 12.8

Total 1207 100.0 1207 100.0

Chi square=21.441, p-value<.05, not consistent with the population after weighting.

Ethnicity

Ethnicity Before weighting After weighting


Malay 603 50.0 699 52.9

Chinese 358 29.7 296 29.6

Indian 84 7.0 93 7.4

Bumiputera 162 13.3 118 10.1

Total 1207 100.0 1207 100.0

Chi square=3.139, p-value>.05, consistent with the population after weighting.

State

State Before weighting After weighting


Perlis 10 0.8 10 0.8

Kedah 77 6.4 92 7.6

P.Pinang 69 5.7 62 5.2

Perak 103 8.5 109 9.0

Selangor 203 16.8 233 19.3

K.Lumpur 65 5.4 69 5.7

N.Sembilan 44 3.6 46 3.8

Melaka 30 2.5 36 3.0

Johor 133 11.0 138 11.5

Kelantan 66 5.5 75 6.2

Terengganu 45 3.7 52 4.3

Pahang 62 5.1 70 5.8

Sarawak 150 12.4 104 8.6

Sabah 150 12.4 110 9.2

Total 1207 100.0 1207 100.0

Chi square=14.783, p-value>.05, consistent with the population after weighting.

Appendix

1. List of PSU

Region State Parliament DUN (State

assembly)

PSU

Polling

District

Peninsular

Malaysia Perlis Kangar Kuala Perlis Kepala Batas

Padang Besar Chuping Panggas

Kedah Kulim-Bandar

Baharu Bandar Baharu Batu 16

Padang Serai Lunas Paya Besar

Padang Serai Merbau Pulas Guar Lobak

Sungai Petani Bakar Arang Bakararang

Merbok Bukit

Selambau

Taman Bandar

Baru

Baling Kuala Ketil Parit Panjang

Sik Belantek Kampung

Chong

Sik Jeneri Kuala Jeneri

Padang Terap Pedu Naka

Pendang Tokai Manggol Petai

Kuala Kedah Kubang RotanTaman Seri

Ampang

Pokok Sena Derga Jalan Sheriff

Alor Setar Bakar Bata Taman Wira

Kuala Kedah Anak Bukit Titi Gajah

Kubang Pasu Jitra Kepala Batas

Jerlun Kota Siputeh Kampung

Kodiang

Penang Nibong Tebal Jawi Taman Helang

Jaya

Balik Pulau Bayan Lepas Telok Kumbar

Bayan Baru Batu Uban Taman Pekaka

Bukit Gelugor Paya TerubongSungai

Dondang

Bukit Bendera Kebun Bunga Rumah Pangsa

Jelutong Batu Lancang Chemor Lane

Tanjong Pengkalan

Kota

Pengkalan

Weld

Batu Kawan Perai Taman

Supreme

Bukit

Mertajam Padang Lalang Desa Damai

Permatang

Pauh Penanti

Kuala

Mengkuang

Bagan Sungai Puyu Taman Dedap

Tasek GelugorTelok Ayer

Tawar

Telok Ayer

Tawar

Kepala Batas Pinang

Tunggal Paya Keladi

Kelantan Pasir Puteh Limbongan Alor Pasir

Ketereh Kok Lanas Ketereh

Kubang

Kerian Demit Kenali

Bachok Perupok Perupok

Pengkalan

Chepa Chempaka Baung

Tumpat Pengkalan

Kubor

Kampung

Geting/ Kedai

Geting

Kota Bahru Kota Lama Bandar

Pasir Mas Pengkalan

Pasir Kasa

Rantau

Panjang Gual Periok

Pekan Rantau

Panjang

Tanah Merah Bukit Panau Banggol

Machang Kemuning Sungai Hala

Kuala Krai Guchil Bandar Kuala

Krai

Jeli Air Lanas Bandar Jeli

Terengganu Kemaman Kijal Bukit Kuang

Dungun Paka Kampung Sura

Hulu Kuala Berang Telaga

Terengganu

Marang Alur Limbat Gelugur Kedai

Kuala Nerus Bukit Tunggal Bukit Tunggal

Kuala Nerus Teluk Pasu Petai Bubus

Kuala

Terengganu Bandar

Pulau

Kambing

Setiu Langkap Caluk Barat

Besut Kuala Besut Tok Saboh

Pahang Bentong Ketari Perting

Raub Dong Sungai Ruan

Lipis Padang

Tengku Padang Tengku

Jerantut Tahan Felda Padang

Piol

Kuala Krau Jengka Bandar Pusat

Temerloh Lanchang Sri Layang

Pekan Peramu Jaya Peramu Jaya

Rompin Bukit Ibam Felda Keratong

1

Rompin Tioman Bandar Baru

Rompin

Kuantan Tanjung

Lumpur Sungai Isap

Paya Besar Panching Pandan Permai

Indera

Mahkota Beserah Balok

Perak Bagan Datok Hutan

Melintang

Simpang

Ampat

Telok Intan Changkat JongKampong

Bahagia

Pasir Salak Kampong

Gajah

Bandar Pusat

Seberang

Perak

Bukit GantangKuala

Sapetang

Kuala

Sapetang

Lumut Sitiawan Kampong Koh

Utara

Taiping Kamunting Kampong

Pinang Utara

Larut Selama Redang

Panjang

Bagan Serai Selinsing Jalan Siakap

Parit Buntar Titi Serong Parit Buntar

Lenggong Kota Tampan Sumpitan

Padang

Rengas Chenderoh

Kota Lama

Kiri

Sungai Siput Jalong Simpang Tiga

Tambun Manjoi Kanthan

Ipoh Barat Buntong Kampong

Kacang Puteh

Batu Gajah Jelapang Taman

Pertama

Ipoh Timur Pasir Pinji Pasir Pinji

Utara

Gopeng Sungai Rapat Ara Payong

Parit Bota Seri Iskandar

Tapah Chendering Kuala Dipang

Tanjong

Malim Slim Pekan Slim

Selangor Subang Bukit Lanjan Bandar Utama

Bu 3 -Bu 8

Petaling Jaya

Utara

Damansara

Utama Ss 2tengah

Kelana Jaya Seri Setia Pjs 5 Kampung

Penaga

Petaling Jaya

Selatan Taman Medan

Taman Dato

Harun 1

Puchong Kinrara Puchong Jaya

Barat

Serdang Seri

Kembangan Bukit Serdang

Pandan Teratai

Kampung

Cheras Baharu

Timur

Serdang Balakong Perimbun

Hulu Langat Dusun Tua Bandar Sungai

Long

Gombak Hulu Kelang Sri Keramatau

2a

Ampang Lembah Jaya Tasiktambahan

Selatan

Pandan Chempaka Pandan Indah

Jalan 5

Shah Alam Batu Tiga Padang Jawa

Shah Alam Kota AnggerikTaman

Berkeley

Kapar Meru Klang

Kawasan 19

Puchong Seri Serdang Kampung Sri

Aman

Kota Raja Sri Muda Jalan Kebun

Kota Raja Seri Andalas Sentosa Dato

Dagang

Kuala Langat Sijangkang Batu 9 Kebun

Baharu

Klang Pelabuhan

Klang

Bandar Bukit

Tinggi

Klang Pandamaran Kampung Raja

Udatimur

Kapar Selat Klang Sungai Udang

Selatan

Sepang Sungai Pelek Bandar Baru

Salak Tinggi

Sepang Dengkil Bukit

Canggang

Kuala Langat Teluk Datuk Teluk Bunut

Sabak BernamSungai Air

Tawar

Kampung Parit

Baharu

Sungai Besar Sungai

Panjang Padi Radin

Sabak Bernam Sabak Kampung

Bagan Terap

Sungai Besar Sekinchan Sungai Leman

Kampung

Darat

Tanjong

Karang Sungai Burong Sungai Kajang

Tanjong

Karang Permatang

Hulu Tiram

Buruk

Kuala

Selangor Ijok

Bestari Jaya

Utara

Kuala

Selangor Jeram Bukit Kuching

Selayang Kuang Sri Kundang

Selayang Rawang Kuala Garing

Hulu Selangor Batang Kali Taman Bukit

Teratai

Hulu Selangor Hulu Bernam

Kampung

Baharu

Kalumpang

Subang Paya Jaras Desa aman

Puri

Gombak Batu Caves Kampung

Laksamana

Hulu Langat Semenyih Rinching Hulu

Kuala Lumpur Titiwangsa Dato Keramat

Selatan

Setiawangsa Keramat

Wangsa

Wangsa Maju Seksyen 1

Wangsa Maju

Batu Kampong

Padang Balang

Kepong Taman Kepong

Segambut Segambut

Seputeh Petaling Utara

Lembah Pantai Bukit Bangsar

Bukit Bintang Jalan Hang

Tuah

Titiwangsa Kampong

Pandan Dalam

Bandar Tun Taman

Razak Connaught

Bandar Tun

Razak

Rumah

Pangsasri

Labuan Cheras

Cheras Taman Midah

Kanan

Negeri

Sembilan Rembau Paroi Senawang Jaya

Rasah Mambau Rasah Jaya

Rembau Paroi Taman Satria

Rembau Paroi Taman Kobena

Jelebu Chennah Petaling

Kuala Pilah Juasseh Pelangai

Rembau Paroi Taman Marida

Tampin Gemas Pekan Gemas

Melaka Alor Gajah Machap Tebong

Masjid Tanah Tanjung

Bidara Pasir Gembor

Tangga Batu Kelebang Bukit Rambai

Bukit Katil Bachang Malim Jaya

Kota Melaka Kota

Laksamana

Kenanga

Seksyen 3

Jasin Serkam Tedong

Johor Ledang Gambir Sagil

Segamat Buloh Kasap Palong Timor

Sekijang Kemelah Redong

Labis Tenang Bandar Labis

Tengah

Pagoh Bukit

Serampang Ma'okil

Ayer Hitam Yong Peng Yong Peng

Utara

Sembrong Kahang Felda Kahang

Timor

Kluang Mengkibol Ladang

Mengkibol

Tenggara Panti Bandar

Tenggara Utara

Mersing Tenggaroh Feldatenggaroh

2

Kota Tinggi Johor Lama Airtawar2

Pengerang Penawar Sungai Mas

Pasir Gudang Permas Pasir Gudang

Pasir Gudang Johor Jaya Keembong

Johor Bahru Stulang Sentosa

Pulai Pengkalan

Rinting Bukit Indah

Gelang Patah Skudai Hangtuah

Tebrau Puteri WangsaFelda Ulu

Tebrau

Kulai Senai Kulai

Tanjong Piai Pekan Nenas Bandar Pekan

Nenas Selatan

Simpang

Renggam Machap Jalan Benut

Sri Gading Parit Yaani Bukit Pasir

Timor

Batu Pahat Penggaram

Bakau

Chondong

Barat

Parit Sulong Semerah Peserai

Muar Sungai Balang Parit Yusof

Bakri Bukit Naning Pekan Bukit

Bakri Barat

Sabah Sabah Beaufort Klias Jimpangah

Beaufort Klias Taman

Wawasan

Kimanis Membakut Membakut

Kimanis Bongawan Bongawan

Papar Pantai Manis Bandar Papar

Kota Kinabalu Api-api Jalan Bandaran

Kota Kinabalu Api-api Jalan

Kebajikan

Putatan Petagas Putatan

Sepanggar Inanam Menggatal

Tuaran Kiulu Kiulu

Sepanggar Inanam Pekan Inanam

Kota Belud Kadamaian Melangkap

Kota Marudu Matunggong Langkon

Kudat tanjong kapor Pakka

Kudat Tg Kapur Kudat Bandar

Kudat Tg Kapur Landong

Ayang

Ranau Kundasang Bundu Tuhan

Beluran Labuk Telupid

Semporna Bugaya Bubul

Semporna Bugaya Kg Ayer

Tawau Apas Tinagat

Tawau Seri Tanjung Sin On

Silan Lahad Datu Sapagaya

Silan Lahad Datu Taman Fajar

Kinabatangan Kuamut Bukit Garam

Kinabatangan Kuamut Kota

Kinabatangan

Sandakan Tg Papar Happy Valley

Batu Sapi Sekong Jln Sibuga

Batu Sapi Karamunting Bokara

Batu Sapi Karamunting Kg Galam

Sarawak Sarawak Stampin Kota Sentosa Batu Tujuh

Stampin Batu Kawah Stapok

Petra Jaya Samariang Bedil

Petra Jaya Samariang Lintang

Petra Jaya Tupong Tupong

Santubong Pantai Damai Semarang

Santubong Pantai Damai Astana

Santubong Demak Laut Tabuan

Melayu

Mas Gading Tasik Biru Apar

Mas Gading Tasik Biru Sajong

Kota

Samarahan Muara Tuang Tuang

Kota Asajaya Batu Blat

Samarahan

Sri Aman Bukit Begunan Kara

Sri Aman Simanggang Undup

Betong Saribas Sabar

Saratok Kalaka Kabong

Saratok Krian Awik

Serian Kedup Kakai

Sarikei Meradong Nyelong

Kota

Samarahan Mara Tuang Semaran

Lanang Bukit Assek Tong Sang

Sibu Bawang Assan Tanah Mas

Selangau Tamin Selangau

Bintulu Kidurong Bintulu Town

Bintulu Kidurong Suai

Sibuti Bekenu Saeh

Sibuti Bekenu Niah

Serian Kedup Selabi

Miri Piasau Bazaar

Miri Piasau Merbau

2. Other supplemental information 2.1 Substitution of original Sampling Location

Kedah

# Parliament DUN Polling District

28 Alor Setar Bakar Bata Taman Uda

31 Jerlun Kota Siputeh Pekan Kodiang

Perak


38 Larut Kubu Gajah Redang Panjang

41 Lenggong Kenering Sumpitan

46 Batu Gajah Jelapang Silibin

50 Kampar Keranji Taman Bandar Baru

51 Tanjong Malim Slim Felda Gunung Besout 2

Kelantan


77 Pengkalan Chepa Chempaka Pengkalan Nangka

Melaka


94 Alor Gajah Machap Melaka Pindah

Johor


102 Sekijang Kemelah Pekan Bukit Siput

Selatan

104 Pagoh Bukit Serampang Gersik

124 Muar Sungai Balang Parit Jawa

Selangor


128 Kelana Jaya Seri Setia Pjs 6/1-6/3

147 Kapar Selat Klang Telok Gong Utara

147 Kapar Selat Klang Sungai Aur

Kuala Lumpur


168 Wangsa Maju Seksyen 4 Wangsa Maju

171 Segambut Taman Sri Sinar

175 Titiwangsa Kompleks Damai

Sarawak


186 Stampin Batu Lintang Batu Lintang

189 Bandar Kuching Pending Kenyalang

203 Stampin Batu Kawah Kitang

204 Kota Samarahan Asajaya Asajaya

2.2 Quality Control Statistics

State

Inspection Method Percent

Inspect Total

No InspectionIn person/

Witness Phone Call

Perlis 5 0 5 50% 10

Kedah 58 0 19 25% 77

Pulau Pinang 54 0 15 22% 69

Perak 79 4 20 23% 103

Selangor 159 9 35 22% 203

Kuala Lumpur 49 0 16 25% 65

N. Sembilan 33 0 11 25% 44

Melaka 16 0 14 47% 30

Johor 83 5 45 38% 133

Kelantan 49 0 17 26% 66

Terengganu 34 0 11 24% 45

Pahang 48 0 14 23% 62

Sarawak 120 2 28 20% 150

Sabah 120 0 30 20% 150

Total 907 20 280 25% 1207

2.3 List of Unmatched Question and Answer Key

Question Core Answer Key Malaysia Answer Key

In the past 3 years, have

you never, once, or more

than once done the

following because of

personal, family, or

neighborhood problems, or

problems with government

officials and policies?

1. I have done this more

than once

2. I have done this once

3. I have not done this,

but I might do it if

something important

happens in the future

4. I have not done this

and I would not do it

1. Once

2. More than once

3. Never done

8. [Do not read]Can’t

choose

9. [Do not read]Decline

to answer


Contacted elected

officials or

legislative

representatives...

Contacted officials

at higher level.

Contacted

representative of

community

leaders/traditional...

Contacted other

influential people

outside the

government.

with government

officials and

policies? Contacted

news media

Got together with

others to try to

resolve local

problem

Got together with

others to raise an

issue or sign a

petition

Attended a

demonstration or

protest march

Used force or

violence for a

political cause.

regardless of the

situation

8. [Do not read]Can’t

choose

9. [Do not read]Decline

to answer

Have you or anyone you

know personally witnessed

an act of corruption or

bribe-taking by a politician

1. Witnessed (ALLOW

MULTIPLE

RESPONSE)

2. Personally witnessed

1. Personally witnessed

2. Told about it by a

family member who

personally witnessed


or government official in

the past year? IF

WITNESSED: Did you

personally witness it or

were you told about it by a

family member or friend

who...


family member who



friend who personally

witnessed

5. Personally never

witnessed

6. No one I know has


7. [Do not read] Do not

understand the

question

8. [Do not read] Can’t

choose

9. [Do not read] Decline

to answer


friend who personally

witnessed

4. Personally never

witnessed

5. No one I know has



understand the

question


choose


to answer

Do you have internet

access at home?

1. Yes

2. No


choose


to answer

Do you have internet

access on a mobile phone?

1. I do not have a cell

phone

2. Yes

3. No


choose


to answer

Where do you most surf

the internet?

1. At home

2. Workplace/ School

3. At home and

workplace/ School

4. Other locations


5. On a mobile phone/

Smartphone

6. [No internet access]


choose


to answer

Where would you place

Japan today on this scale?

1. 1

2. 2

3. 3

4. 4

5. 5

6. 6

7. 7

8. 8

9. 9

10. 10


understand the

question


choose


to answer

Where would you place

India today on this scale?

1. 1

2. 2

3. 3

4. 4

5. 5

6. 6

7. 7

8. 8

9. 9

10. 10


understand the


question


choose


to answer

Marital Status

What is your marital

status?

1. Single/ Never married

2. Married

3. Living-in as married

4. Widowed

5. Separated/ Married but

separated/ not living

with legal spouse

6. Divorced


to answer

1. Single/ Never married

2. Married

3. Living-in as married

4. Widowed/ Separated/

Married but separated/

not living with legal

spouse

5. Divorced


to answer

References

Field, A. (2005). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. London: Thousand Oaks.

George. D. & Mallery. P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and

reference. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Kline, P. (1999). The Handbook of psychological testing. London: Routledge.

Nunally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Documents

Asian Barometer Survey Wave 4 2014-2016 Barometer Survey Wave 4 2014-2016 ... 1.1 LOCATION The Asian Barometer ... Gebeng refinery known as Lynas Advanced Materials Plant (LAMP)