Towards Low Carbon Sustainable Growth – Techno Centric Innovations Of DA in Housing Sector

Asia LEDS Forum 2013

Manila

1st Oct 2013

K.Vijaya Lakshmi

Development Alternatives

Significance of Construction Sector

in India

• 8.2% of the country’s GDP

• 41 million people employed

• Annual investment of $ 370 billion

• 16-17% growth in 10 years - Commercial building stock of 660 million m2

- Residential floor space of 8 billion m2

- 3rd largest construction sector by 2018

Growing Urbanisation & Housing Needs

By 2030

• 68 cities with a population

of more than one million

• 13 cities with more than 4

million people

• 6 megacities with

populations of 10 million

or more

-38 million units demand for low cost housing

Construction Footprint Energy

• 23.6% of the national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

• India’s energy efficiency is the fifth lowest in the world

Material

• Contribute to 80% of sectoral GHG emissions

• With 9.8 % growth in production per annum

- cement : 56% increase in a decade

- steel : 300% increase in 15 years

- brick : over 200 million per year (2nd largest producer in the world)

- Annual top soil loss : above 350 Million Tonnes

- Coal : 6 crore tonnes per annum

Water

• Highly water intensive industry — for foundation, brick-soaking, masonry,

curing, concreting, whitewashing, painting and mosaic flooring. Competes with other

uses

What is Green Construction?

National Priority

Low Carbon Inclusive Growth

• Five Year Plan focus areas

– Lighting, Labelling and Super-Efficient Equipment

Programme

– Faster Adoption of Green Building Codes

• National Action Plan on Climate Change Missions

– National Mission on Sustainable Habitat

– National Solar Mission

• Housing Policies : 1998, 2007

Opportunities for Low Carbon Transition

• Energy consumption in both new and existing buildings can

be cut by an estimated 30 to 80 %

• Energy-efficient electrical appliances can save about

20,000 MW of power, Rs 1.2 lakh crore per year

• ECBC compliant buildings are estimated to be 20 to 30 %

more efficient than conventional buildings

• Recycled building materials saves 12 to 40 % of the total

energy used during materials production

• Adoption of energy efficient brick production measures

can contribute to savings of 100 million tonnes of

CO2e/year by 2020.

Range of Tools & Instruments

Instrument Example

Mandatory Building Codes NBC, Municipal Byelaws, BIS Standards

Voluntary Building Codes ECBC

Technology Certifications PACS (BMPTC)

Procurement Notification Fly ash bricks

Research & Demonstration CSRI Labs, Building Centres’ network

Energy Efficiency Incentives BEE Super Energy Efficient Program, Bachat

Lamp Yojana

Appliance Labeling Schemes BEE star rating

Green Building Rating Systems GRIHA, IGBC-LEED

Impact Assessment EIA

Financial Incentives Subsidies, reduced interest rates, reduced

processing fee and time, eco-mortgages, tax

concessions

Low Carbon-Climate Resilient

(LC-CR) Green Construction In India

DA’s Initiative

DA’s Focus

System level interventions:

Innovations – technology choices,

processes, Package of practices

Enterprise creation (LC-CR service

delivery)

Policy Dialogue, Standards setting

Knowledge development & Capacity

Building

Traditional Red Brick Production – Resource Intensive

Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln:

50% CO2 Reduction

TARA Micro Concrete technology

package

Ferro Cement Technology

Product/Technology development Research Initiated

• Utilization of waste

• Marble sludge

• Pond ash and its combination

• Utilization of black ash

• Low carbon cement

Mechanized moulding for maximum use of industrial waste

Technology solutions providing local employment and entrepreneurship

Building material enterprises for flyash blocks, clay bricks and concrete

products (TARA)

TARA Fly Ash technology package

TARA Mech Balram machine with chamfered blocks produced

Sustainable Lives – Sustainable Livelihoods =

Green (Economic) Growth

LC-CR

social

equity

environmental

quality

economic

efficiency

putting technology-Policy-Finance in perspective

Innovations

Mitigation and Adaptation technologies

and services

Building & rural infrastructure – also for

adaptation to extreme weather and disasters (eco brick kilns, fly ash products, green construction)

Value Innovation

Eco Housing – Research

Social Science Research on Women In Construction

Technology Profiles and Manuals for Low carbon, Eco Construction

Eco Housing - Services

Financial Model for Affordable Eco Housing

TKM Artisans as Eco Housing Service Delivery Entrepreneurs (2500 Families reached in MP, 3 more areas to open).

NUS gram -Eco building

material enterprise - Trained

SHG Women

Demo Building – NUS gram-

Masons Training Program

FEM Eco Housing

TKM Office and

Masons

Women Enterprise, TG Pahuj

• Enabling Policy and financing for Eco Brick Adoption ( Bihar, Orissa)

• Dedicated knowledge Platform (www.ecobrick.in)

• Carbon Assessment Tools for Eco friendly practices of artisans

Policy research and Financing innovations

Eco-building Services Delivery by Artisans

• Reduce the carbon footprint of construction sector along with

enhancing livelihood security of the artisans

Technology development - enterprise creation- capacity

building – habitat services – housing finance products

Carbon Potential of Activities

• No till farming 1.25 t CO2 / year/ ha

• Drip irrigation 7.5-10 t CO2 / year/ ha

• Mulching 1-2 t CO2 / year/ ha

• Manure application 0.4 t CO2 / year/ ha

Creating Sustainable Solutions for the Poor

Development Alternatives

Key Elements for Transition to LC-CR

growth path

Knowledge & Skill

Finance & Economics

Policy & Regulation

LC-CR

growth path

Technology solutions providing local

employment and entrepreneurship

Building material enterprises for flyash blocks, clay bricks and concrete

products (TARA)

TARA Approach for Modernization of

Brick Industry

Develop technology solutions for small scale producers – the

Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln Technology

…Better business with higher profits

Mechanized moulding for maximum use of industrial waste

TARA Fly Ash technology package

TARA Mech Balram machine with chamfered blocks produced

Our Mission

To create sustainable livelihoods in

large numbers

TARA Micro Concrete technology

package

Ferro Cement Technology Technology

Innovation

TARA Paper Recycling technology

package

•

Technology solutions providing local

employment and entrepreneurship

Building material enterprises for flyash blocks, clay bricks and concrete

products (TARA)

Construction Footprint - Energy

• 23.6% of the national

greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions

• 30% electrical energy

consumption with a growth

rate of 8% per annum

• Fourfold growth in floor area

leads to 700% increase in

final thermal energy use

• India’s energy efficiency is

the fifth lowest in the world

Construction Footprint - Water

• Water-intensive industry — for foundation, brick-

soaking, masonry, curing, concreting,

whitewashing, painting and mosaic flooring

• 56 % of metropolitan, class-I & II cities are

dependent on groundwater either fully or

partially

• Cities are drawing water from sources hundreds

of kilometres away, giving rise to conflicts with

the existing users of that water.

Construction Footprint - Material

• Annual production growth rate of 9.8%

• 80% of the GHG burden of the sector is borne by the

building materials alone

• Production of cement in India has increased by 56% in

the last decade

• Indian steel industry has an increase in production of

over 300% from 1994-95 to 2008-09.

• India is the second largest brick producer in the world,

with an annual demand of over 200 million bricks.

• 430 million people without adequate

shelter

• 100 million houses to be modified

• Construction contributes 22% of national

GHG

• Annual top soil loss 350 mill tonnes due to

brick making

Policy Support

• Financing Innovation – Entire Cycle

• Public Procurement

• Reward Systems

• Eliminate Subsidies

• Capacity Building

• Intellectual Property Rights

• Open Source Options

Choice of Technology

Specific to each context – People’s aspirations

– Resource endowments

– Stage of development

– Access and scalability

– Environmental Sustainability

Dynamic, changing

Environmental Sustainability

Considerations

• maximum use of renewables

• minimum output of waste

• closed production loops

• dematerialisation

Social Sustainability

considerations

Accessibility by the poor

Low cost per workplace

Large local economy

component

Building of technical

capacity

Overcoming

the Inherent Contradiction

• Social Objectives

– Equity, Environment

– Empowerment

• Scalability

– Commercial Viability

– Competitiveness

The Social Enterprise

Technology as a building block

Quality of life issues

people need homes, water, sanitation, energy…

–– basic needs technologies and services

Economic growth

people need jobs – livelihood technologies and services

Conditions for technology seeding and

maturation

Project situations for technology development-

testing-incubation-productization

Programmatic approach for technology

liberation

Contextualizing technology solutions

Right scaling

Responding to stressed resource situations

Pre-requisites if technology is to be a building block for green

economic growth:

Pre-requisites if technology is to be a building block for green

economic growth:

Packaging technology solutions

Hardware – equipment, production

systems

Software –know-how, know why,

communication, information

Business models – investments,

revenues, market development,

financing systems, information