ASHRAE 1375-TRP: CHARACTERIZATION OF ...Outline • Project Overview • Test Facility Requirements and Characterization • Measurement Instruments • Sampling Locations and Setup

ASHRAE 1375-TRP: CHARACTERIZATION OF EFFLUENTS FROM

ADDITIONAL COOKING APPLIANCES

Thomas H. Kuehn Bernard A. OlsonJames W. Ramsey

Joshua M. RocklageDabrina D. DutcherDabrina D. Dutcher

Deborah Gross*

Department of Mechanical Engineering p g gUniversity of Minnesota

*Department of ChemistryC rleton CollegeCarleton College

June 23, 2007

ObjectiveObjectiveThis project aims to further the knowledge gained from

ASHRAE 745-RP in which particulate, vapor and gaseous ffl h i d f i ki lieffluents were characterized for various cooking appliances.

Emissions were found to vary greatly depending on appliance and food product. Using this information, kitchen equipment manufacturers are able to design better greaseequipment manufacturers are able to design better grease capture systems.

Using state-of-the-art technology, the aerosol particles will be measured from 10 nm to 20 μm in size usingwill be measured from 10 nm to 20 μm in size using personal cascade impactors and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers. Measurements will also be made using an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS) along with g p ( ) gchemical analysis to determine the chemistry of the particles. In addition, a condensable vapor monitor is under development to provide real-time and integrated grease

tvapor measurements. 2

OutlineOutline• Project Overview• Test Facility Requirements and Characterization• Measurement Instruments• Sampling Locations and Setup• Testing Results

– Nieco Conveyor Broiler– Garland Clamshell Griddle

Middl b M h ll C O– Middleby Marshall Conveyor Oven– Vulcan Sunglow Over-Fired Broiler

• Conclusions• Conclusions 3

Previous WorkPrevious WorkAverage Grease Distribution for Each Appliance

60

40

50

b Pr

oduc

t

TotalParticulates

20

30

lb G

reas

e/10

00 lb

Particulates

PM 10 PM 2.5

0

10

s G

riddl

em

burg

er)

c G

riddl

em

burg

er)

Gas

Fry

erPo

tato

es)

ctric

Fry

erot

atoe

s)

s Br

oile

rm

burg

er)

ric B

roile

rm

burg

er)

Bro

iler

n B

reas

t)

c Br

oile

rn

Bre

ast)

Ove

nge

Piz

za)

ic O

ven

ge P

izza

)

ange

Saus

age,

ce)

Ran

geSa

usag

e,ce

)

Vapor

Gas

(Ham

Elec

tri(H

am G (P

Elec (P

o

Ga

(Ham

Elec

tr(H

am

Gas

B(C

hick

en

Elec

tric

(Chi

cken

Gas

(S

ausa

g

Elec

tri(S

ausa

g

Gas

Ra

(Spa

ghet

ti, S

Sau

c

Elec

tric

R(S

pagh

etti,

SS

auc

Appliance

Vapor Dp ≤ 2.5 micrometers 2.5 micrometers < Dp ≤ 10 micrometers Dp > 10 micrometers

ASHRAE 745-RP

p p p p

4

Appliances and Test ScheduleAppliances and Test ScheduleAppliances and Food Product to be Tested

# Appliance ASTM Document Food Product Appliance Source

1 Gas Conveyor Broiler F2239-03 1/4 lb hamburger patties Burger King(Mark Finck)(Mark Finck)

2 Clamshell Griddle(Double-sided griddle) F1605-95 1/4 lb hamburger patties McDonalds

(Frank Kohout)

3 Gas Conveyor Pizza Oven F1817-97 Pizza FSTC

4 Gas Over-fired Broiler F2237-03 5 oz boneless chicken breast FSTCbreast

5 Gas or Electric Compartment Steam Cooker F1484-05 Green Peas and Red Potatoes FSTC

6 Gas Asian Broiler(Chinese (Wok) range) F1991-99 Water & other ingredients

to be determined FSTC

7 S lid F l B il No corresponding ASTM T b d t i d FSTC7 Solid Fuel Broiler No corresponding ASTM document found To be determined FSTC

Tentative Test Schedule

Test Sequence / Dates Appliance

November & December 2006 Gas Conveyor Broiler

January & February 2007 Clamshell Griddle (Double-sided griddle)

February & March 2007 Gas Conveyor Pizza Oven

M h & A il 2007 G O fi d B ilMarch & April 2007 Gas Over-fired Broiler

May & June 2007 Gas or Electric Compartment Steam Cooker

July & August 2007 Gas Asian Broiler (Chinese (Wok) range)

September & October 2007 Solid Fuel Broiler5

Test Facility RequirementsTest Facility Requirements

Exhaust SystemExhaust System• Flowrate Calibration• Velocity Uniformity• Aerosol Spatial UniformityAerosol Spatial Uniformity

Makeup Air SystemMakeup Air System• Flowrate Calibration

6

Measurement InstrumentsMeasurement Instruments

Particle Sizing Measurements• Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS)

M l 290 P l C d I t (PCI) Vapor Measurements• Marple 290 Personal Cascade Impactor (PCI)• Optical Particle Counter (OPC)

Vapor Measurements• Condensable Vapor Monitor

• EPA Method 5

Particle Sizing and Speciation• Aerosol Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS)• Aerosol Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (ATOFMS)

• Filter samples for chemical analysis

7

Aerosol Time-Of-Flight Mass SpectrometerAerosol Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometer

• TSI Model 3800

• Real time, single particle sizing and chemical

EllipsoidalMirrors

Aerodynamic Lens

gsignature

• Identifies specific chemical signatures that make up a

PMT

Sizing Lasers(532 nm)

Reflectronsignatures that make up a particle

• Laser desorption/ionization with dual polarity time-of-

+ ions+ ions -- ionsions

with dual polarity time-of-flight mass spectrometry

• Size range: 50nm – 600nmIonization/Desorption

Laser (266 nm)

MicrochannelPlate IonDetectors

8

Bulk Analysis of Aerosol Particles d C d bl Vand Condensable Vapors

Purpose:1) To gain information about the potential health impact of the emissions

2) To better understand the chemical composition of the grease vapor

• Detailed chemical speciation can be carried out in addition to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. These samples will provide chemical information integrated over the entire test.

• The analyses we propose are the following:– EC/OC Ratio: Ratio of elemental carbon (EC) to organic carbon (OC) as a

tracer of the various types of compounds which contribute to the particle yp p pemissions

– PAH Speciation: Analysis of semi-volatile and particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)

– GCMS Analysis for Detailed Organic Speciation: This is further analysis of the organics collected on the filters used for the EC/OC measurement 9

Schematic Diagram of Effluent Sampling System

10

Sampling Equipment SetupSampling Equipment Setup

Sample linesSample lines

Broiler

SMPS

11


Orifice Meters forSMPS Dilution SystemOpen Face Filter SMPS Dilution SystemOpen Face Filter

Flow Control

12


Probe

Compressed Air Line

Sample Line

SMPS Dilution System13


Sampling Probe

Oven and Impingers

EPA Method 514


Flow Control

Condensable Vapor MonitorCondensable Vapor Monitor

Data Acq isition Eq ipment

Condensable Vapor Monitor

Data Acquisition Equipment

15


16


SMPS sampling from duct 17


PCI li f d t2 µm cut Impactor

PCI sampling from duct

SMPS Sample Line

18


Two ATOFMS sampling from duct19


Two ATOFMS sampling from duct 20


Heated Sample LineHeated Sample Line

EPA Method 5 and Condensable Vapor Monitor sampling from duct21

Nieco Conveyor Broiler TestingNieco Conveyor Broiler Testing

Open Face FilterEPA Method 5 Probe

Inlet Probe for PCI

Inlet Probe for SMPS

22

Nieco Conveyor Broiler TestingNieco Conveyor Broiler Testing

23

Nieco Conveyor Broiler Test Results - PCI & SMPS Particle Data in Plume

PCIPCISMPSSMPS

3 108

Nieco 980 Conveyor Broiler In Plume (12-14-06)1500

PCI Plume Data (Nieco 980 Conveyer Broiler)

Test 1

PCIPCI

2 108

2.5 108

3 10

Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3

N/d

logD

p

1000

1250

Test 1Test 2Test 3

mg/

m3

1 108

1.5 108

ber C

once

ntra

tion,

dN

500

750

DM

/Dlo

gDp,

m

0

5 107

10 100 1000

Num

b

0

250

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Geometric Particle Diameter, nm

In Plume 12/14/06Aerodynamic Particle Size, um

24

Nieco Conveyor Broiler Test Results - PCI & SMPS Particle Data in Duct

PCIPCISMPSSMPS

Nieco 980 Conveyor Broiler In Duct (12-14-06)80

PCI Duct Data (Nieco 980 Conveyer Broiler)

PCIPCISMPSSMPS

2.5 107

3 107

3.5 107


/dlo

gDp

50

60

70 Test 1Test 2Test 3

g/m

31.5 107

2 107

er C

once

ntra

tion,

dN

/

30

40

DM

/Dlo

gDp,

mg

0

5 106

1 107

10 100 1000

Num

be

0

10

20

0 01 0 1 1 10 100

25

10 100 1000


In Duct 12/14/06

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Aerodynamic Partice Size, um

Nieco Conveyor Broiler Test Results d- Averaged SMPS Data

2 5 108

3 108

Nieco Broiler Average SMPS Distributions

Average Plume DistributionAverage Duct Distribution

2 108

2.5 10

ion,

dN

/dlo

gDp Dilution Factor at Peak = 7.75

1 108

1.5 108

mbe

r Con

cent

rat

0

5 107

10 100 1000

Nu

10 100 1000

Geometric Particle Diameter, nm26

Nieco Conveyor Broiler Test Resultsd d- PCI and EPA Method 5 Data

50

Nieco Model 980 Conveyor Broiler Plume Normalized Grease Particles and Vapor Emissions

30

35

40

45

lb. F

ood

15

20

25

30

mis

sion

s/10

00

Vapor

Particles

0

5

10

Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

lb. E

m


27

Garland Clamshell Griddle d dModel MWG-9501 with 2 Speed Fan

28

Clamshell Griddle – Cooking Procedureg

29

Garland Clamshell Griddle Test Results - PCI & SMPS Particle Data in Plume

PCIPCISMPSSMPS

PCI Plume Data (Garland Model MWG-9501 Clamshell Griddle )

6

Garland Clamshell Griddle In Plume (2-12-07)

PCIPCISMPSSMPS

60

70

80

Test 1Test 2Test 34 106

5 106


/dlo

gDp

30

40

50

DM

/Dlo

gDp,

mg/

m3

2 106

3 106

er C

once

ntra

tion,

dN

0

10

20

0 01 0 1 1 10 1000

1 106

10 100 1000

Num

b

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Aerodynamic Particle Size, um

302/12/07

10 100 1000


Garland Clamshell Griddle Test Results - PCI & SMPS Particle Data in Duct

SMPSSMPS PCIPCI

PCI Duct Data (Garland Model MWG-9501 Clamshell Griddle )Garland Clamshell Griddle in Duct (2-12-07)

SMPSSMPS PCIPCI

12

14

16

Test 1Test 2Test 3

31 106

1.5 106


/dlo

gDp

6

8

10

DM

/Dlo

gDp,

mg/

m3

5 105

1 10

er C

once

ntra

tion,

dN

/

0

2

4

0 01 0 1 1 10 1000

10 100 1000

Num

be

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Aerodynamic Partice Size, um

312/12/07

10 100 1000


Garland Clamshell Griddle Test Results - PCI Data

60

Garland Model MWG-9501 Clamshell GriddlePlume and Duct Grease Particle Mass Concentrations

40

50

g/m

3

20

30

ass

Con

c., m

g

Plume

Duct

0

10

Ma

0Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

32

Garland Clamshell Griddle Test Results d- EPA Method 5 Data

450

500

Nieco Model 980 Conveyor BroilerPlume and Duct Grease Vapor Mass Concentratons

300

350

400

450

mg/

m3

150

200

250

Mas

s C

onc.

, Plume

Duct

0

50

100

M

33

Garland Clamshell Griddle Test Resultsd d- PCI and EPA Method 5 Data

10

Garland Model MWG-9501 Clamshell GriddlePlume Normalized Grease Particles and Vapor Emissions

7

8

9

10

b. F

ood

4

5

6

sion

s/10

00 l

b

Vapor

Particles

0

1

2

3

lb. E

mis

0Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

34

Middleby Marshall PS-360WBGas Conveyor Pizza Oven

35

Middleby Marshall PS-360WBGas Conveyor Pizza Oven

36

Gas Conveyor Pizza OvenbCook Time Calibration

(From ASTM F1817-97)

1 P i d l i l 39 1 °F1. Prepare pizzas and place in cooler at 39 ± 1 °F2. Set temperature control to manufacturer’s recommended

setting3. Turn on control panel and fans4. Allow oven to preheat for 30 minutes5. Estimate cook time by adjusting chain speed5. Estimate cook time by adjusting chain speed6. Remove enough pizzas from cooler to fill width of conveyor7. Place pizzas simultaneously onto conveyor8 Remove pizzas when cooked and place on cardboard cut out8. Remove pizzas when cooked and place on cardboard cut-out9. Determine internal temperature of pizzas using six-

thermocouple probe (195 ± 3 °F)10. If internal temperature is not correct, repeat steps 5-9 after

adjusting cook time 37


38

Gas Conveyor Pizza Oven Test Results - PCI & SMPS Particle Data in Plume

PCIPCISMPSSMPS

9.E+06

1.E+07

gDp

16

PCI Plume Data (Middleby Marshall Conveyor Oven)

PCIPCISMPSSMPS

5 E+06

6.E+06

7.E+06

8.E+06

ratio

n, d

N/d

log

3/16/20073/26/2007 10

12

14

n, d

M/d

logD

p Test 1Test 2Test 3

2.E+06

3.E+06

4.E+06

5.E+06

mbe

r Con

cent

r 4/2/20074/9/2007

4

6

8s

Con

cent

ratio

n

0.E+00

1.E+06

10 100 1000

Num

Particle Diameter, nm

0

2

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Mas

s

Aerodynamic Particle Size, µm

39

,

Gas Conveyor Pizza Oven Test Results - PCI & SMPS Particle Data in Duct

PCIPCISMPSSMPS

9.E+06

1.E+07

gDp

12

PCI Duct Data(Middleby Marshall Conveyor Oven)

PCIPCISMPSSMPS

5 E+06

6.E+06

7.E+06

8.E+06

ratio

n, d

N/d

log

3/16/20073/26/20074/2/2007

8

10

n, d

M/d

logD

p Test 1Test 2Test 3

2.E+06

3.E+06

4.E+06

5.E+06

mbe

r Con

cent

r 4/2/20074/9/2007

4

6s

Con

cent

ratio

n

0.E+00

1.E+06

10 100 1000

Num


0

2

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Mas

s


40

Gas Conveyor Pizza Oven Test Results - PCI Data

14

Middleby Marshall Model PS360-WB Pizza OvenPlume and Duct Grease Particle Mass Concentrations

10

12

mg/

m3

6

8

Mas

s C

onc.

,

Plume

Duct

0

2

4


41

Gas Conveyor Pizza Oven Test Results d- EPA Method 5 Data

80

Middleby Marshall Model PS360-WB Pizza OvenPlume and Duct Grease Vapor Mass Concentratons

50

60

70

., m

g/m

3

20

30

40

Mas

s C

onc Plume

Duct

0

10

20

42

Gas Conveyor Pizza Oven Test Resultsd d- PCI and EPA Method 5 Data

Middleby Marshall Model PS360-WB Pizza OvenPlume Normalized Grease Particles and Vapor Emissions

4.0

5.0

lb. F

ood

2.0

3.0

Emis

sion

s/10

00

Vapor

Particles

0.0

1.0

lb.


43

Vulcan Sunglow IR-71dGas Over-Fired Broiler

44

Vulcan Sunglow IR-71dGas Over-Fired Broiler

45


(From ASTM F2237-03)

1. Prepare thawed steaks and place in cooler at 40 ± 2 °F2. Set gas control to manufacturer’s recommended setting3. Light pilot lights and turn on appliance powerg p g pp p4. Allow oven to preheat for 30 minutes5. Remove enough steaks from cooler to fill grate6. Place thermocouples into several steaks at various positions on grate6. Place thermocouples into several steaks at various positions on grate7. Place steaks sequentially onto grate, allowing 15 seconds per row8. Flip steaks halfway through cook time in same order as step 79 Remove steaks in same order as step 7 when cooked to an internal9. Remove steaks in same order as step 7 when cooked to an internal

temperature of 160 °F and place on baking pan10. If internal temperature is not correct, repeat steps 5-9 after adjusting

cook time

46

Gas Over-Fired Broiler Test Results - PCI & SMPS Particle Data in Plume

PCIPCISMPSSMPS

1.4E+08

1.6E+08

logD

p

PCIPCISMPSSMPS

40

PCI Plume Data(Vulcan Sunglow Over-Fired Broiler)

8.0E+07

1.0E+08

1.2E+08

ntra

tion,

dN

/dl

5/21/2007

5/24/2007

5/31/200725

30

35

40

ion,

dM

/dlo

gDp

Test 1

Test 2

Test 3

2 0E+07

4.0E+07

6.0E+07

umbe

r Con

cen

5

10

15

20

Mas

s C

once

ntra

t

0.0E+00

2.0E+07

10 100 1000

Nu


00.01 0.1 1 10 100

M


47

Gas Over-Fired Broiler Test Results - PCI & SMPS Particle Data in Duct

PCIPCISMPSSMPS

2.5E+07

gDp

PCIPCISMPSSMPS

PCI Duct Data(Vulcan Sunglow Over-Fired Broiler)

1.5E+07

2.0E+07

ratio

n, d

N/d

lo

5/21/20075/24/2007

8

10

12

14

n, d

M/d

logD

p

Test 1

Test 2

Test 4

5.0E+06

1.0E+07

mbe

r Con

cent 5/31/2007

2

4

6

8

ss C

once

ntra

tion

0.0E+0010 100 1000

Num


0

2

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Ma


48


Gas Over-Fired Broiler Test Results - PCI Data

35

Vulcan Sunglow Over-fired BroilerAverage Plume and Duct Grease Particle Mass Concentrations

25

30

, mg/

m3

10

15

20

Mas

s C

onc.

,

Plume

Duct

0

5

10

49

Gas Over-Fired Broiler Test Results d- EPA Method 5 Data

Vulcan Sunglow Over-fired Broiler

70

80

Plume and Duct Grease Vapor Mass Concentratons

50

60

onc.

, mg/

m3

Plume

20

30

40

Mas

s C

o

Duct

0

10

50

Gas Over-Fired Broiler Test Resultsd d- PCI and EPA Method 5 Data

8

9

Vulcan Sunglow Over-fired BroilerPlume Normalized Grease Particles and Vapor Emissions

6

7

8

000

lb. F

ood

3

4

5

lb. E

mis

sion

s/10

Vapor

Particles

0

1

2

51


ATOFMS Preliminary DataTOF S P e a y DataPositive Average Spectra

3.5

4.0

clamshell conveyor

2.0

2.5

3.0

RelativeIntensity

0.5

1.0

1.5

y

0.0

1 917 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 89 97

105

113

121

129

137

145

153

161

169

177

185

193

201

209

217

225

33 41 49 7 5 3

KNa

2 2 2 24 24 25 265

273

281

289

297

m/z

52

ATOFMS Preliminary DataTOF S P e a y DataNegative Average Spectra

clamshell conveyor

0.7

0.8

0.9

0 3

0.4

0.5

0.6

RelativeIntensity

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

802443628220

212

‐204

‐196

‐188

‐180

‐172

‐164

‐156

‐148

‐140

‐132

‐124

‐116

‐108

‐100‐92

‐84

‐76

‐68

‐60

‐52

‐44

‐36

‐28

‐20

‐12‐4

PO3

‐300

‐292

‐284

‐276

‐26 8

‐260

‐25

‐24

‐23

‐2‐2‐2‐‐

m/z

Elemental Carbon

53

Filter Sampling Preliminary DataF te Sa p g P e a y Data

1

10

mg/

m3

Secondary Filters

10

100

mg/

m3

Main Filters

0.1

1

once

ntra

tion,

m

0.1

1

once

ntra

tion,

m

OC

0.001

0.01

Mas

s C

o

OCPyrol C

0.001

0.01

Mas

s C

o OCECPyrol C

ApplianceAppliance

54


Desiccant

Heated Sample Line

EPA Method 5 and Condensable Vapor Monitor 55

Condensable Vapor Monitor Data


0.05

0.1

Flow on

-0.1

-0.05

0

ckne

ss, K

A

Flow off

Sampling

-0.25

-0.2

-0.15Thic Flow off

-0.31:04:48 PM 1:12:00 PM 1:19:12 PM 1:26:24 PM 1:33:36 PM 1:40:48 PM 1:48:00 PM 1:55:12 PM 2:02:24 PM 2:09:36 PM

time

57

Condensable Vapor Monitor Data

58


• The condensable vapor monitor data does not correlate perfectly with the EPA Method 5 results. This may be due to uncertainty in the Method 5 readings or in the CVM itself5 readings, or in the CVM itself.

• Therefore, a calibration method must be implemented to relate the frequency response of the CVM to the mass of vapor collected.

• The next step is to monitor the psychrometric properties of moist air before and after the CVM and to determine the mass of condensed water vapor collectedvapor collected.

59

Appliance Emission ComparisonAppliance Emission Comparison

ConclusionsConclusions

• All of the instruments and equipment for testing the appliances were setup

• The first four appliances were tested• The grease particle and vapor emissions of the conveyor g p p y

broiler, clamshell griddle, conveyor oven and over-fired broiler are consistent with that presented in the ASHRAE 745-RP report

• The grease particle and vapor emissions of the clamshell griddle are g p p gsignificantly lower than that of the conveyor broiler, they have different particle size distributions, and the chemical composition is slightly different

• The conveyor pizza oven emissions consists of a majority of vapor and few particles

• The condensable vapor monitor is a promising technique, but a gprimary calibration is required

61

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

G h k f f OPC h t h d d f• Greenheck for use of OPC, exhaust hood and fan

• Metal-Fab for donating the exhaust ductB Ki f l i b il h i i f• Burger King for supplying conveyor broiler, technician for setting up conveyor broiler and food product (hamburger patties)p )

• Garland and McDonalds for supplying the clamshell griddle

• McDonalds, Martin Brower and OSI for supplying the food product for the clamshell griddle

• CKV Lab for providing remaining cooking appliancesCKV Lab for providing remaining cooking appliances

62

63

Documents

ASHRAE 1375-TRP: CHARACTERIZATION OF ...Outline • Project Overview • Test Facility Requirements and Characterization • Measurement Instruments • Sampling Locations and Setup