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Ashkenazi Settlement in Rhineland and its Movement Eastwards
Yiddish as the vernacular language of Ashkenazi Jews
Yiddish
• Do you speak yiddish?• What yiddish words do you use?• What yiddish words do you know?
Yiddish
• Do you speak yiddish?• What yiddish words do you know?– Cholent – from the Latin calentem (kept warm) –
developed from the Mediterranean cassoulet
Yiddish
• Do you speak yiddish?• What yiddish words do you know?– Cholent – from the Latin calentem (kept warm) –
developed from the Mediterranean cassoulet– Jarmulka – from the Arameic yira malkhah – fear
of the king
Yiddish
• Do you speak yiddish?• What yiddish words do you know?– Cholent – from the Latin calentem (kept warm) –
developed from the Mediterranean cassoulet– Jarmulka – from the Arameic yira malkhah – fear
of the king– Pamelech – slowly – from Slavic pomalu
Yiddish
• Do you speak yiddish?• What yiddish words do you know?– Cholent – from the Latin calentem (kept warm) –
developed from the Mediterranean cassoulet– Jarmulka – from the Arameic yira malkhah – fear
of the king– Pamelech – slowly – from Slavic pomalu– Shlimazel – schelcht (bad in German) mazel (luck
in hebrew)
Yiddish
• Do you speak yiddish?• What yiddish words do you know?– Cholent – from the Latin calentem (kept warm) –
developed from the Mediterranean cassoulet– Jarmulka – from the Arameic yira malkhah – fear of the
king– Pamelech – slowly – from Slavic pomalu– Shlimazel – shelcht („bad“ in German) mazel
• Diminutive suffixes – from Slavic langugages : – Shtetl – Städt (town in German) – Shtetl - Shtetle
Slavic Languages
• Western Slavic Languages: Polish, Slovak, Czech, Sorbian (Lusatian Serbian)
• Eastern Slavic L.: Russian, Belarussian, Ukrainian
• Southern Slavic: Slovene, Serbian, Croatian, Bulgarian
Languages in Europe
Indoeuropean• Roman• German• Slavic• Baltic• Celtic
Ural• Ugrofinnic
Languages in Europe
Indoeuropean• Roman : Spanish,
Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian, Catalan, Corsican, Lombard, Occitan, Gascon, Sardinian, Sicilian, Venetian, Neapolitan
• German• Slavic• Baltic• Celtic
Ural• Ugrofinnic
Languages in Europe
Indoeuropean• Roman• German: English, German,
Dutch, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic, Faroese, Yiddish
• Slavic• Baltic• Celtic
Ural• Ugrofinnic
Languages in Europe
Indoeuropean• Roman• German• Slavic• Baltic• Celtic: Welsh, Irish, Scottish
Gaelic, Breton
Ural• Ugrofinnic
Languages in Europe
Indoeuropean• Roman• German• Slavic• Baltic• Celtic
Ural• Ugrofinnic: Hungarian,
Estonian, Finish
Hamito - Semitic Languages
Berber• Spoken in parts of Morocco,
Algeria, etc.
Semitic• Arabic• Hebrew• Arameic
National Composition of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
• Multilingualism – rule of cultivated families that were naturally polyglot
• Ten recognized national languages: German, Italian, Magyar, Czech, Polish, Ruthenian, Slovenian, Serbo-Croatian, Romanian – e.g. in Galicia the classroom
instruction was conducted in as many as four languages including yiddish
– Various mixtures esp. in the border zones
• A journalist Charles Rappaport : "I speak ten languages -- all of them in Yiddish."
Yiddish
• Yiddish – West German language, spoken by 4 million people;
• According to some linguists developped from Cerfati (based on medieval French)
• spoken by 4 million people
• Independent litterature in yiddish mainly since the 19th C
• André Ochodlo – Polish singer, sings contemporary yiddish poetry
• Western Germanic language• Some linguists claim its similarities
with Lusatian (Western Slavic language)
Ashkenazi Jews
• Jews in Italy, Northern France (southern France more Sefardi), England, Germany, Bohemia, Poland, Russia etc.
• Ashkenaz = Germany / Central Europe
• In the Middle Ages less developped culture that in islamic Sefarad where Jews were much more tolerated than in Christian areas.
• Jews came to Central Europe as free merchants, mainly through Italy
• Northern France• London• Germany – Rhineland – Mainz,
Worms, Speyer• General litteracy (men and
women, boys since the age of four) in an age when almost everyone was illiterate + knowledge in mathematics, multilingualism
Ashkenazi Jews
• Rhineland – 9th and 10th C.– Jewish merchants from
Italy, France, Spain imported luxury goods from the Oriental countries, Iberian penninsule, Sicily, North Africa spices, incense, silk and brocade
• Mainz (Rhineland) – the oldest Jewish
settlement, since 903– On a crossroad of
important trade routes– Jews expulsed in 1084
but were alowed to come back – the oldest synagogue documented in 1093
Ashkenazi Jews
• Speyer (Rhineland)– Preserved parts of a
medieval synagogue from 1104 – the oldest on the north of the Alps
– Preserved romanesque mikvah from 1128
– Medieval cemetery with 45 tumbs from 12th -15th C
Ashkenazi Jews
• Worms (Rhineland)– A synagogue documented in 1034,
renewed in 1174• Double nave• Part for women added in the 13th c• Model for the synagogues in
Regensburg and in Prague (Alteneueshul)
• Destroyed by Nazis in 1938 and 1942• Renewed in 1958-1961
– The oldest surviving Jewish cemetery in Europe – 60 tumbs from 11th and 12th centuries
– Mikvah – 1185 – modeled after the mikvah in Speyer
– Rashi from Troyes studied here in 1060-1065• Ashkenaz Language = German
Ashkenazi Jews
• 11th and 12th c. – crusades bloody pogroms (Worms, Mainz, Speyer)
• 13th c. – Jews became dependent on the royal power and were gradually isolated from their neighbourhood– „servi camerae regiae“
• 1215 – IV. Lateran Council– Jews have to carry a
special sign– Consistent separation of
Jews and Christians– Jews are not allowed to
own or rent any land– Limited in crafts– Merchants, money
lenders
Ashkenazi Jews
• Since the 13th c. Jews expulsed from England (1290), since the 14th c. From France (1306) and from Germany (1348 – bulbonic plague – practically only the community in Worms renewed) moved Eastward
• Ashkenazi culture is less varied than the Sefardi one – on constant escape they focused rather on Torah = Law than on poetry or philosophy
Prague, Cracow• Both towns first mentioned by a
Jewish merchant Ibrahim Ibn Jakub in the 10th c. (965)
• On important trade routes
Prague– First Jewish settlement around the
Maltese Sq. (synagogue burned in 1142)– First Jewish cemetery around Míšeňská St.– Settlement around the present day
Spanish synagogue since 11th/12th c. (smaller part)
– Larger Jewish settlement around the Alteneueshul since 12th/13th c.
– Ghetto since 1215, separated with walls and gates
– Old-New synagogue (Alteneueshul) – the oldest surviving and functioning synagogue on the North of the Alps – 13th c.
Prague• Otakar II of Bohemia – 1253 –
servi camerae regiae• Charles IV
– Prague became the capital of the Holy Roman Empire in the mid 14th c.
– Nuremberg – pogrom and destruction of the Jewish houses to make place to the church of Our Lady
• 1389 – large pogrom reported by Avigdor Kara
• Hussites– Jan Hus was interested in hebrew
and in Rashi
• Reformation in Germany – Luther - antisemitic
• Bohemian Brethern – Czech reformation – sympathised with Jews, took care of Jewish cemeteries, etc.
• Around 1600 – Maharal, David Gans
• In 1729 the Prague Jewish community with its 12796 inhabitants was the second largest one in Europe after Istanbul
PragueCheb Bible (Eger) • Czech words in hebrew
caracters > Jews here spoke Czech and currently had Czech names
• http://bodleian.thejewishmuseum.org/?page_id=149
Rivka Tiktiner– The first yiddish writer (mameloshn)– Menekhet Rivka (Rivka´s Nurse)
• Ethical treatise for women• Published shortly after 1600 in
Prague and in Cracow• First book by a Jewish woman• Ideal of a religious woman• a vivid picture of the domestic
life of middle-class Ashkenazi Jewish women in the Renaissance
• The book is addressed to “young, inexperienced women”
– Preached to women, daughter of a rabbi – exceptional education
– Simkhes toyre lid – From polish town Tykocin near
Bilalystok– Died in 1550, buried at the Prague
old Jewish cemetery
Cracow• 14th c. : Golden age under
Casimir the Great (in Prague Charles IV) – last ruler from the Piast dynasty– Charles IV and Casimir the Great
made a peace covenant : the Czech king rennounced formally on the Polish crown and Silesia was added to the Bohemian lands since
– Casimir the Great welcomed Jews from the Western Europe
• 1364 founded university (in Prague 1348) – second oldest in the Central Europe
• Kazimierz – Jewish quarter established after
the expulsion of Jews from the town – right behind the town walls
– oldest surviving synagogue dates from the 15th c.
– Jews worked in salt industry – important mines in Wieliczka (in Germany in Halle)
– Jews traditionally worked in wine making (e.g. Rashi) and newly in vodka making
– Jews were musicians, tailors etc.– Jews worked in finance
• http://commonwealth.pl/
Old Synagogue in Kazimierz