New Text DocumentAssociation of Southeast Asian NationsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaAssociation of Southeast Asian NationsASEAN[show]

Flag EmblemMotto: One Vision, One Identity, One Community[1]Anthem: The ASEAN Way The ASEAN Way

Seat of Secretariat Jakarta Working language

English[show] Demonym Southeast Asian

Member states10[show]Leaders

- Secretary-General Surin Pitsuwan - ASEAN Summit Presidency Cambodia [2]

Establishment - Bangkok Declaration 8 August 1967 - Charter 16 December 2008

Area - Total 4,479,210.5 km2

2,778,124.7 sq mi Population

- 2010 estimate 601 million - Density 135/km2

216/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2010 estimate

- Total US$ 3.084 trillion[3] - Per capita US$ 5,131

GDP (nominal) 2010 estimatePage 1

New Text Document - Total US$ 1.800 trillion - Per capita US$ 2,995

HDI (2011) 0.625[4] (medium) Currency

10[show] Time zone ASEAN (UTC+9 to +6:30)

Internet TLD10[show]Websitewww.asean.org

Calling code10[show] 1 If considered as a single entity. 2 Selected key basic ASEAN indicators 3 Annual growth 1.6%

Wikisource has original text related to this article:Bangkok Declaration

The Secretariat of ASEAN at Jalan Sisingamangaraja No.70A, South Jakarta, Indonesia.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations[5] (ASEAN / si. n/ ah-see-ahn,[6] rarely / zi. n/ ah-zee-ahn)[7][8] is a geo-political

and economic organization of ten countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.[9] Since then, membership has expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Its aims include accelerating economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members, protection of regional peace and stability, and opportunities for member countries to discuss differences peacefully.[10]ASEAN covers a land area of 4.46 million km, which is 3% of the total land area of Earth, and has a population of approximately 600 million people, which is 8.8% of the world's population. The sea area of ASEAN is about three times larger than its land

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New Text Documentcounterpart. In 2010, its combined nominal GDP had grown to US$1.8 trillion.[11] If ASEAN were a single entity, it would rank as the ninth largest economy in the world, behind the United States, China, Japan, Germany, France, Brazil, the United Kingdom, and Italy.Contents [hide] 1 History1.1 Continued expansion1.2 Environment and democracy2 The ASEAN way2.1 Critical receptions3 Meetings3.1 ASEAN Summit3.2 East Asia Summit3.3 Commemorative summit3.4 Regional Forum3.5 Other meetings3.5.1 Another Three3.5.2 AsiaEurope Meeting3.5.3 ASEANRussia Summit3.5.4 ASEAN Foreign Ministers Meeting4 Economic Community4.1 From CEPT to AEC4.2 Comprehensive Investment Area4.3 Trade in Services4.4 Single Aviation Market4.5 Free Trade Agreements With Other Countries4.6 ASEAN six majors4.7 From CMI to AMRO4.8 Foreign Direct Investment4.9 Intra-ASEAN travel4.10 Intra-ASEAN trade5 Charter6 Cultural activities7 ASEAN Media Cooperation7.1 S.E.A. Write Award

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New Text Document7.2 ASAIHL7.3 Heritage Parks7.3.1 List7.4 Official song8 Education and Human Development8.1 University Network8.2 Scholarship9 Sports9.1 Southeast Asian Games9.2 ASEAN Para Games9.3 FESPIC Games/ Asian Para Games9.4 Football Championship9.5 ASEAN 2030 FIFA World Cup bid10 ASEAN Defense Industry Collaboration11 Criticism12 See also13 References14 External links[edit]History

See also: Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian NationsASEAN was preceded by an organisation called the Association of Southeast Asia, commonly called ASA, an alliance consisting of the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand that was formed in 1961. The bloc itself, however, was established on 8 August 1967, when foreign ministers of five countries Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand met at the Thai Department of Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok and signed the ASEAN Declaration, more commonly known as the Bangkok Declaration. The five foreign ministers Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso Ramos of the Philippines, Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat Khoman of Thailand are considered the organisation's Founding Fathers.[12]The motivations for the birth of ASEAN were so that its members

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New Text Documentgoverning elite could concentrate on nation building, the common fear of communism, reduced faith in or mistrust of external powers in the 1960s, and a desire for economic development; not to mention Indonesias ambition to become a regional hegemon through regional cooperation and the hope on the part of Malaysiaand Singapore to constrain Indonesia and bring it into a more cooperative framework.Papua New Guinea was accorded Observer status in 1976 and Special Observer status in 1981.[13] Papua New Guinea is a Melanesian state. ASEAN embarked on a program of economic cooperation following the Bali Summit of 1976. This floundered in the mid-1980s and was only revived around 1991 due to a Thai proposal for a regional free trade area. The bloc grew when BruneiDarussalam became the sixth member on 8 January 1984, barely a week after gaining independence on 1 January.[14][edit]Continued expansionSee also: Enlargement of Association of Southeast Asian NationsOn 28 July 1995, Vietnam became the seventh member.[15] Laos and Myanmar (Burma) joined two years later on 23 July 1997.[16]Cambodia was to have joined together with Laos and Burma, but was deferred due to the country's internal political struggle. The country later joined on 30 April 1999, following the stabilisation of its government.[16][17]During the 1990s, the bloc experienced an increase in both membership and drive for further integration. In 1990, Malaysia proposed the creation of an East Asia Economic Caucus[18] comprising the then members of ASEAN as well as the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea, with the intention of counterbalancing the growing influence of the United States in theAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and in the Asian region as a whole.[19][20] This proposal failed, however, because of heavy opposition from the United States and Japan.[19][21] Despite this failure, member states continued to work for further integration and ASEAN Plus Three was created in 1997.In 1992, the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme was signed as a schedule for phasing tariffs and as a goal

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New Text Documentto increase the regions competitive advantage as a production base geared for the world market. This law would act as the framework for the ASEAN Free Trade Area. After the East Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, a revival of the Malaysian proposal was established in Chiang Mai, known as the Chiang Mai Initiative, which calls for better integration between the economies of ASEAN as well as the ASEAN Plus Three countries (China, Japan, and South Korea).[22]Aside from improving each member state's economies, the bloc alsofocused on peace and stability in the region. On 15 December 1995,the Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty was signedwith the intention of turning Southeast Asia into a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone. The treaty took effect on 28 March 1997 after all but one of the member states have ratified it. It became fully effective on 21 June 2001, after the Philippines ratified it, effectively banning all nuclear weapons in the region.[23]

Satellite image of the 2006 haze over BorneoEast Timor submitted a letter of application to be the eleventh member of ASEAN at the summit in Jakarta in March 2011. Indonesia has shown a warm welcome to East Timor.[24][25][26][edit]Environment and democracyAt the turn of the 21st century, issues shifted to involve a more environmental perspective. The organisation started to discuss environmental agreements. These included the signing of the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in 2002 as an attempt to control haze pollution in Southeast Asia.[27] Unfortunately, this was unsuccessful due to the outbreaks of the 2005 Malaysian haze and the 2006 Southeast Asian haze. Other environmental treaties introduced by the organisation include the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security,[28] the ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network in 2005,[29] and the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate, both of which areresponses to the potential effects of climate change. Climate change

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New Text Documentis of current interest.Through the Bali Concord II in 2003, ASEAN has subscribed to the notion of democratic peace, which means all member countriesbelieve democratic processes will promote regional peace and stability. Also, the non-democratic members all agreed that it was something all member states should aspire to.[30]The leaders of each country, particularly Mahathir Mohamad of Malaysia, also felt the need to further integrate the region. Beginning in 1997, the bloc began creating organisations within its framework with the intention of achieving this goal. ASEAN Plus Three was the first of these and was created to improve existing ties with the People's Republic of China, Japan, and South Korea. This was followed by the even larger East Asia Summit, which included these countries as well as India, Australia, and New Zealand. This new grouping acted as a prerequisite for the planned East Asia Community, which was supposedly patterned after the now-defunct European Community. The ASEAN Eminent Persons Group was created to study the possible successes and failures of this policy as well as the possibility of drafting an ASEAN Charter.In 2006, ASEAN was given observer status at the United Nations General Assembly.[31] As a response, the organisation awarded thestatus of "dialogue partner" to the United Nations.[32] Furthermore, on 23 July that year, Jos Ramos-Horta, then PrimeMinister of East Timor, signed a formal request for membership and expected the accession process to last at least five years before the then-observer state became a full member.[33][34]In 2007, ASEAN celebrated its 40th anniversary since its inception, and 30 years of diplomatic relations with the United States.[35] On 26 August 2007, ASEAN stated that it aims to complete all its free trade agreements with China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand by 2013, in line with theestablishment of the ASEAN Economic Community by 2015.[36][37] In November 2007 the ASEAN members signed the ASEAN Charter, a constitution governing relations among the ASEAN members and establishing ASEAN itself as an

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New Text Documentinternational legal entity.[citation needed] During the same year, the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security was signed inCebu on 15 January 2007, by ASEAN and the other members of the EAS (Australia, People's Republic of China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea), which promotes energy security by finding energy alternatives to conventional fuels.[citation needed]On 27 February 2009 a Free Trade Agreement with the ASEAN regional block of 10 countries and New Zealand and its close partner Australia was signed, it is estimated that this FTA would boost aggregate GDP across the 12 countries by more than US$48 billion over the period 20002020.[38][39][edit]The ASEAN way

The flags of 10 ASEAN members.In the 1960s, the push for decolonisation[citation needed] promoted the independence and establishment of sovereign nationssuch as Indonesia and Malaysia. Since the beginning phases of these nations, efforts were made to implement independent policieswith a unifying focus of refrain from interference in regional domestic affairs.There was a move to unify the region under what was called the ASEAN Way[citation needed] based on the ideals of non-interference, informality, minimal institutionalisation, consultation and consensus, non-use of force and non-confrontation. ASEAN members (especially Singapore) approved of the term ASEAN Way[citation needed] to describe a regional method of multilateralism.Thus the signing of the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia adopted fundamental principles[40]:Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of all nationsThe right of every State to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or coercionNon-interference in internal affairs

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New Text DocumentSettlement of differences or disputes in a peaceful mannerRenunciation of the threat or use of forceEffective regional cooperationThe ASEAN way is said to contribute durability and longevity within the organization, by promoting regional identity and enhancing a spirit of mutual confidence and cooperation. ASEAN agreements are negotiated in a close, interpersonal process. The process of consultations and consensus is designed to engender a democratic approach to decision making. These leaders are wary ofany effort to legitimize efforts to undermine their nation or contain regional co-operation.[citation needed][edit]Critical receptionsThe ASEAN way can be seen as divergent from the contextual contemporary political reality at the formative stages of the association. A critical distinction is made by Amitav Acharya, thatthe ASEAN Way indicates a process of regional interactions andcooperation based on discreteness, informality, consensus building and non-confrontational bargaining styles that contrasts with the adversarial posturing, majority vote and other legalistic decision-making procedures in Western multilateral organizations."[41]However, critics argue[who?] that the ASEAN Way serves as the major stumbling-block to it becoming a true diplomacy mechanism. Due to the consensus-based approach every member has a veto, so contentious issues must remain unresolved until agreements can be reached. Moreover, it is claimed that member nations are directly and indirectly advocating that ASEAN be more flexible and allow discourse on internal affairs of member countries.[citation needed]Additionally, the preference for informal discussions to adversarial negotiations limits the leverage of diplomatic solutionswithin ASEAN.[edit]Meetings

[edit]ASEAN Summit

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A Billboard in Jakarta welcoming ASEAN Summit 2011 delegates.The organisation holds meetings, known as the ASEAN Summit, where heads of government of each member meet to discuss and resolve regional issues, as well as to conduct other meetings with other countries outside of the bloc with the intention of promoting external relations.The ASEAN Leaders' Formal Summit was first held in Bali, Indonesia in 1976. Its third meeting was held in Manila in 1987 and during this meeting, it was decided that the leaders would meet every five years.[42] Consequently, the fourth meeting was held in Singapore in 1992 where the leaders again agreed to meet more frequently, deciding to hold the summit every three years.[42] In 2001, it was decided to meet annually to address urgent issues affecting the region. Member nations were assigned to be the summit host in alphabetical order except in the case of Burma which dropped its 2006 hosting rights in 2004 due to pressure from the United States and the European Union.[43]By December 2008, the ASEAN Charter came into force and with it, the ASEAN Summit will be held twice in a year.The formal summit meets for three days. The usual itinerary is as follows:Leaders of member states would hold an internal organisation meeting.Leaders of member states would hold a conference together with foreign ministers of the ASEAN Regional Forum.A meeting, known as ASEAN Plus Three, is set for leaders of three Dialogue Partners (People's Republic of China, Japan, South Korea)A separate meeting, known as ASEAN-CER, is set for another set of leaders of two Dialogue Partners (Australia, New Zealand).[citation needed]ASEAN Formal Summits

No Date Country Host Host leader 1st 2324 February 1976 Indonesia Bali Soeharto

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New Text Document 2nd 45 August 1977 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur

Hussein Onn 3rd 1415 December 1987 Philippines Manila

Corazon Aquino 4th 27 29 January 1992 Singapore Singapore Goh Chok

Tong 5th 14 15 December 1995 Thailand Bangkok Banharn

Silpa-archa 6th 15 16 December 1998 Vietnam Hanoi Phan V nKh i 7th 5 6 November 2001 Brunei Bandar Seri

Begawan Hassanal Bolkiah 8th 4 5 November 2002 Cambodia Phnom Penh

Hun Sen 9th 7 8 October 2003 Indonesia Bali Megawati

Soekarnoputri 10th 29 30 November 2004 Laos Vientiane

Bounnhang Vorachith 11th 12 14 December 2005 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur

Abdullah Ahmad Badawi 12th 11 14 January 20071 Philippines2 Cebu

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 13th 18 22 November 2007 Singapore Singapore Lee Hsien

Loong 14th3 27 February 1 March 2009

1011 April 2009 Thailand Cha Am, Hua Hin Pattaya Abhisit Vejjajiva

15th 23 October 2009 Thailand Cha Am, Hua Hin 16th 89 April 2010 Vietnam Hanoi Nguy n

T n D ng 17th 2831 October 2010 Vietnam Hanoi 18th4 78 May 2011 Indonesia Jakarta Susilo

Bambang Yudhoyono 19th4 1419 November 2011 Indonesia Bali

20th 34 April 2012 Cambodia Phnom PenhHun Sen

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New Text Document1 Postponed from 10 14 December 2006 due to Typhoon Utor.

2 hosted the summit because Burma backed out due to enormous pressure from US and EU3 This summit consisted of two parts.

The first part was moved from 12 17 December 2008 due to the 2008 Thai political crisis.The second part was aborted on 11 April due to protesters entering the summit venue.4 Indonesia hosted twice in a row by swapping years with Brunei,as it will play host to APEC (and possibly the G20 summit) in 2013.ASEAN Summits held once or twice a year in a same venue/host nation. Example, Indonesia is the host for 2011 ASEAN Summit; all summits, formal or informal this year 2011 must be held in Indonesia.During the fifth Summit in Bangkok, the leaders decided to meet "informally" between each formal summit:[42]ASEAN Informal Summits

No Date Country Host Host leader 1st 30 November 1996 Indonesia Jakarta Soeharto 2nd 14 16 December 1997 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur

Mahathir Mohamad 3rd 27 28 November 1999 Philippines Manila

Joseph Estrada 4th 22 25 November 2000 Singapore Singapore Goh Chok

Tong[edit]East Asia Summit

Participants of the East Asia Summit: ASEAN ASEAN Plus Three Additional members ObserverMain article: East Asia SummitThe East Asia Summit (EAS) is a pan-Asian forum held annually

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New Text Documentby the leaders of 16 countries in East Asia and the region, with ASEAN in a leadership position. The summit has discussed issues including trade, energy and security and the summit has a role in regional community building.The members of the summit are all 10 members of ASEAN plus China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia and New Zealand. These nations represent nearly half of the world's population. In October 2010, Russia and the United States were formally invited to participate as full members, with presidents of both countries to attend the 2011 summit.[44]The first summit was held in Kuala Lumpur on 14 December 2005and subsequent meetings have been held after the annual ASEAN Leaders Meeting.

Meeting Country Location Date Note First EAS Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 14 December 2005

Russia attended as a guest. Second EAS Philippines Cebu City 15 January 2007 Rescheduled from 13 December 2006.

Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy Security Third EAS Singapore Singapore 21 November 2007

Singapore Declaration on Climate Change, Energy and the Environment[45]Agreed to establish Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia

Fourth EAS Thailand Cha-am and Hua Hin 25 October 2009 The date and location of the venue was rescheduled

several times, and then a Summit scheduled for 12 April 2009 at Pattaya, Thailand was cancelled when protesters stormed the venue. The Summit has been rescheduled for October 2009 and transferred again from Phuket[46] to Cha-am and Hua Hin.[47]

Fifth EAS Viet Nam Hanoi 30 October 2010[48] Officially invited the US and Russia to participate in future EAS as full-fledged members[44]

Sixth EAS Indonesia Bali 19 November 2011 The United States and Russia to join the Summit.[edit]Commemorative summit

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New Text DocumentMain article: ASEAN Free Trade AreaA commemorative summit is a summit hosted by a non-ASEAN country to mark a milestone anniversary of the establishment of relations between ASEAN and the host country. The host country invites the heads of government of ASEAN member countries to discuss future cooperation and partnership.

Meeting Host Location Date Note ASEANJapan Commemorative Summit Japan Tokyo

11, 12 December 2003 To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the establishment of relations between ASEAN and Japan. The summit was also notable as the first ASEAN summit held between ASEAN and a non-ASEAN country outside the region.

ASEANChina Commemorative Summit People's Republic of China Nanning 30, 31 October 2006 To celebrate the 15th

anniversary of the establishment of relations between ASEAN andChina

ASEANRepublic of Korea Commemorative Summit South Korea Jeju-do 1, 2 June 2009 To celebrate the 20th

anniversary of the establishment of relations between ASEAN andRepublic of Korea[edit]Regional Forum

ASEAN full members ASEAN observers ASEAN candidate members ASEAN Plus Three East Asia Summit ASEAN Regional ForumThe ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) is a formal, official, multilateral dialogue in Asia Pacific region. As of July 2007, it is consisted of 27 participants. ARF objectives are to foster dialogue and consultation, and promote confidence-building and preventive diplomacy in the region.[49] The ARF met for the first time in 1994. The current participants in the ARF are as follows: all the ASEAN members, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, the People's

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New Text DocumentRepublic of China, the European Union, India, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, East Timor, United States and Sri Lanka.[50] The Republic of China (also known as Taiwan) has been excluded since the establishment of the ARF, and issues regarding the Taiwan Strait are neither discussed at the ARF meetings nor stated in the ARF Chairman's Statements.[edit]Other meetingsAside from the ones above, other regular[51] meetings are also held.[52] These include the annual ASEAN Ministerial Meeting[53] as well as other smaller committees.[54] Meetings mostly focus on specific topics, such as defence[51] or the environment,[51][55] and are attended by Ministers, instead of heads of government.[edit]Another ThreeThe ASEAN Plus Three is a meeting between ASEAN, China, Japan, and South Korea, and is primarily held during each ASEAN Summit. Until now China, Japan and South Korea have not yet formed Free Trade Area (FTA), the meeting about FTA among them will be held at end of 2012.[56][edit]AsiaEurope MeetingThe AsiaEurope Meeting (ASEM) is an informal dialogue process initiated in 1996 with the intention of strengthening cooperation between the countries of Europe and Asia, especially members of the European Union and ASEAN in particular.[57] ASEAN, represented by its Secretariat, is one of the 45 ASEM partners. It also appoints a representative to sit on the governing board of Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF), a socio-cultural organisation associated with the Meeting.[edit]ASEANRussia SummitThe ASEANRussia Summit is an annual meeting between leaders of member states and the President of Russia.[edit]ASEAN Foreign Ministers MeetingThe 44th annual meeting was held in Bali on 16 to 23 July 2011. Indonesia proposed a unified ASEAN travel visa to ease travel within the region for citizens of ASEAN member states.[58] The

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New Text Document45th annual meeting was held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. For thefirst time in the history of ASEAN there was no diplomatic statement issued by the bloc at the end of the meeting. This was due to tensions over China's claim of ownership over near the entirety of the South China Sea and the counterclaim to such ownership by neighboring states.[edit]Economic Community

ASEAN has emphasised regional cooperation in the three pillars, which are security, sociocultural integration, and economic integration.[59] The regional grouping has made the most progress in economic integration by creating an ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by 2015.[60] The average economic growths of ASEAN's member nations during 19892009 was Singapore with 6.73 percent, Malaysia with 6.15 percent, Indonesia with 5.16 percent, Thailand with 5.02 percent, and the Philippines with 3.79 percent. This economic growth was greater than the average Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economic growth, which was 2.83 percent.[61][edit]From CEPT to AECA Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme to promote the free flow of goods within ASEAN lead to the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA).[60] The AFTA is an agreement by the member nations of ASEAN concerning local manufacturing in all ASEAN countries. The AFTA agreement was signed on 28 January 1992 in Singapore.[62] When the AFTA agreement was originally signed, ASEAN had six members, namely, Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Vietnam joined in 1995, Laos and Burma in 1997, and Cambodia in 1999. The latecomers have not fully met the AFTA's obligations, but they are officially considered part of the AFTA as they were required to sign the agreement upon entry into ASEAN, and were given longer time frames in which to meet AFTA's tariff reduction obligations.[63]The next step is ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) with main objectives are to create a:

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New Text Documentsingle market and production basehighly competitive economic regionregion of equitable economic developmentregion fully integrated into the global economySince 2007, the ASEAN countries gradually lower their import duties among them and targeted will be zero for most of the importduties at 2015.[64]Since 2011, AEC has agreed to strengthen the position and increasethe competitive edges of small and medium enterprises (SME) in the ASEAN region.[65]aseanblogger.com has agreed to set up online ASEAN community with aim to raise people's awareness on the issue of AEC by 2015. The content of the portal currently consisted of subjects varying from security to culinary and in the future will also touch tourist sites and local culture.[66][edit]Comprehensive Investment AreaThe ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Area (ACIA) will encourage the free flow of investment within ASEAN. The main principles of the ACIA are as follows[67]All industries are to be opened up for investment, with exclusions to be phased out according to schedulesNational treatment is granted immediately to ASEAN investors with few exclusionsElimination of investment impedimentsStreamlining of investment process and proceduresEnhancing transparencyUndertaking investment facilitation measuresFull realisation of the ACIA with the removal of temporary exclusion lists in manufacturing agriculture, fisheries, forestry and mining is scheduled by 2010 for most ASEAN members and by2015 for the CLMV (Cambodia, Lao PDR, Burma, and Vietnam) countries.[67][edit]Trade in ServicesAn ASEAN Framework Agreement on Trade in Services was adopted at the ASEAN Summit in Bangkok in December 1995.[68]Under AFAS, ASEAN Member States enter into successive rounds

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New Text Documentof negotiations to liberalise trade in services with the aim of submitting increasingly higher levels of commitments. The negotiations result in commitments that are set forth in schedules of specific commitments annexed to the Framework Agreement. These schedules are often referred to as packages of services commitments. At present, ASEAN has concluded seven packages ofcommitments under AFAS.[69][edit]Single Aviation MarketThe ASEAN Single Aviation Market (SAM), proposed by the ASEAN Air Transport Working Group, supported by the ASEAN Senior Transport Officials Meeting, and endorsed by the ASEAN Transport Ministers, will introduce an open-sky arrangement to the region by 2015.[70] The ASEAN SAM will be expected to fully liberalise air travel between its member states, allowing ASEAN todirectly benefit from the growth in air travel around the world, and also freeing up tourism, trade, investment and services flows between member states.[70][71] Beginning 1 December 2008, restrictions on the third and fourth freedoms of the air between capital cities of member states for air passengers services will be removed,[72] while from 1 January 2009, there will be full liberalisation of air freight services in the region, while[70][71] By 1 January 2011, there will be liberalisation of fifth freedom traffic rights between all capital cities.[73][edit]Free Trade Agreements With Other CountriesASEAN has concluded free trade agreements with China (expecting bilateral trade of $500 billion by 2015),[74] Korea, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and most recently India.[75] The agreement with People's Republic of China created the ASEANChina Free Trade Area (ACFTA), which went into full effect on 1 January 2010. In addition, ASEAN is currently negotiating a free trade agreement with the European Union.[76] Republic of China (Taiwan) has also expressed interest in an agreement with ASEAN but needs to overcome diplomatic objections from China.[77][edit]ASEAN six majorsASEAN six majors refer to the six largest economies in the area

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New Text Documentwith economies many times larger than the remaining four ASEAN countries.The ASEAN six majors are (GDP nominal 2011 based on IMF data. The figures in parentheses are GDP PPP.) Indonesia: 845,680 millions (1,124 billions) Thailand: 345,649 millions (616 billions) Malaysia: 278,680 millions (447 billions) Singapore: 259,849 millions (415 billions) Philippines: 213,129 billions (390 billions) Vietnam: 122,722 billions (299 billions)[edit]From CMI to AMRODue to Asian financial crisis of 1997 to 1998 and long and difficult negotiations with International Monetary Fund, ASEAN+3 agreed to set up a mainly bilateral currency swap scheme known as the 2000 Chiang Mai Initiative (CMI) to anticipate another financial crisis or currency turmoil in the future. In 2006 they agreed to make CMI with multilateralisation and called as CMIM. On 3 May 2009, they agreed to make a currency pool consist of contribution $38.4 billion each by China and Japan, $19.2 billion by South Korea and totally $24 billion byall of ASEAN members, so the total currency pool was $120 billion.[78] A key component has also newly been added, with the establishment of a surveillance unit.[79]The ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic and Research Office (AMRO) will start its operation in Singapore in May 2011.[80] It will perform a key regional surveillance function as part of the $120 billion of Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralisation (CMIM) currency swap facility that was established by Finance Minister and Central Bank Governors of ASEAN countries plus China, Japan and South Korea in December 2009.[81]According to some analysts, the amount of $120 billion is relatively small (cover only about 20 percent of needs), so coordination or help from International Monetary Fund is still needed.[82] On 3 May 2012 ASEAN+3 finance ministers agreed to double emergency reserve fund to $240 billion.[83][edit]Foreign Direct Investment

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New Text DocumentIn 2009, realized Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was $37.9 billion and increase by two-fold in 2010 to $75.8 billion. 22 percent of FDI came form the European Union, followed by ASEAN countries themselves by 16 percent and then followed by Japan and US. European Union and US has debt problems, while Japan should make tsunami recovery. China who helped Asia lead the global post-2008 recovery still grapples with 3-years high inflation. So, in the longterm all of the problems will give negativeimpact to ASEAN indirectly. There are possibility to push some programs of ASEAN Economic Community before 2015.[84][edit]Intra-ASEAN travelwith free visa among ASEAN countries, a huge intra-ASEAN travel occurred and on the right track to establish an ASEAN Community in the years to come. In 2010, 47 percent or 34 million from 73 million tourists were intra-ASEAN travel.[85][edit]Intra-ASEAN tradeUntil end of 2010, Intra-Asean trade were still low which mainly of them were mostly exporting to countries outside the region, except Laos and Myanmar were ASEAN-oriented in foreign trade with 80 percent and 50 percent respectively of their exports went toother ASEAN countries.[86][edit]Charter

Main article: ASEAN CharterOn 15 December 2008 the members of ASEAN met in the Indonesian capital of Jakarta to launch a charter, signed in November 2007, with the aim of moving closer to "an EU-style community".[87] The charter turns ASEAN into a legal entity andaims to create a single free-trade area for the region encompassing 500 million people. President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono stated that "This is a momentous development when ASEAN is consolidating, integrating and transforming itself into a community. It is achieved while ASEAN seeks a more vigorous role in Asian and global affairs at a time when the international system is experiencing a seismic shift," he added, referring to climate change and economic upheaval. Southeast Asia is no

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New Text Documentlonger the bitterly divided, war-torn region it was in the 1960s and1970s." "The fundamental principles include:a) respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity and national identity of all ASEAN Member States;b) shared commitment and collective responsibility in enhancing regional peace, security and prosperity;c) renunciation of aggression and of the threat or use of force or other actions in any manner inconsistent with international law;d) reliance on peaceful settlement of disputes;e) non-interference in the internal affairs of ASEAN Member States;f) respect for the right of every Member State to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion and coercion;g) enhanced consultations on matters seriously affecting the common interest of ASEAN;h) adherence to the rule of law, good governance, the principles of democracy and constitutional government;i) respect for fundamental freedoms, the promotion and protection of human rights, and the promotion of social justice;j) upholding the United Nations Charter and international law, including international humanitarian law, subscribed to by ASEAN Member States;k) abstention from participation in any policy or activity, including the use of its territory, pursued by and ASEAN Member State or non-ASEAN State or any non-State actor, which threatensthe sovereignty, territorial integrity or political and economic stability of ASEAN Member States;l) respect for the different cultures, languages and religions of the peoples of ASEAN, while emphasising their common values in thespirit of unity in diversity;m) the centrality of ASEAN in external political, economic, socialand cultural relations while remaining actively engaged, outward-looking, inclusive and non-discriminatory; andn) adherence to multilateral trade rules and ASEAN's rules-based regimes for effective implementation of economic commitments and progressive reduction towards elimination of all barriers to

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New Text Documentregional economic integration, in a market-driven economy".[88]However, the ongoing global financial crisis was stated as being a threat to the goals envisioned by the charter,[89] and also set forth the idea of a proposed human rights body to be discussed at a future summit in February 2009. This proposition caused controversy, as the body would not have the power to impose sanctions or punish countries who violate citizens' rights and would therefore be limited in effectiveness.[90] The body was established later in 2009 as the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR).[edit]Cultural activities

Logo of the S.E.A. Write AwardThe organisation hosts cultural activities in an attempt to further integrate the region. These include sports and educational activities as well as writing awards. Examples of these include the ASEAN University Network, the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, the ASEAN Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award, and the Singapore-sponsored ASEAN Scholarship.[edit]ASEAN Media Cooperation

The ASEAN Media Cooperation (AMC) set digital television standards, policies and create in preparation for broadcasters to transition from analog to digital broadcasting, better promote media collaboration and information exchange to enhance voice, understanding, and perspective between ASEAN peoples on the international stage.The ASEAN member countries aim media sector towards digitalization and further regional media coaction. AMC establishes partnerships between ASEAN news media, and cooperate on information sharing, photo swapping, technical cooperation, exchange programs, and facilitating joint news coverage and exchange of news footage.Several key initiatives that were initiated under the AMC:[91]

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New Text DocumentASEAN Media Portal, a one-stop site that contains documentaries,games, music videos, and multimedia clips on the culture, arts and heritage of the ASEAN countriesASEAN NewsMaker Project, an initiative launched in 2009 that trains students and teachers to produce informational video clips about the lifestyle in their countryASEAN Digital Broadcasting Meeting, an annual forum for ASEAN members to set digital television standards and policies, and to discuss progress in the implementation of the blueprint to switchover from analog to digital TV broadcasting by 2020ASEANs Next Top Chef and The Legend of the Golden Talisman, two interactive games developed to raise awareness about ASEAN, and its people, places and culturesNew Media and Social MediaDuring the 11th ASEAN Ministers Responsible for Information meeting held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, ASEAN leaders recognized the emergence of new and social media as an important tool for communications and interaction in ASEAN today. The Ministers agreed that efforts should be made to leverage on social media to promote ASEAN awareness towards achieving an ASEAN community by 2015. Initially, ASEAN will consolidate the ASEAN Culture and Information Portal and the ASEAN Media Portal to incorporate new media elements.

[edit]S.E.A. Write AwardThe S.E.A. Write Award is a literary award given to Southeast Asian poets and writers annually since 1979. The award is either given for a specific work or as a recognition of an author's lifetimeachievement. Works that are honoured vary and have included poetry, short stories, novels, plays, folklore as well as scholarly andreligious works. Ceremonies are held in Bangkok and are presided by a member of the Thai royal family.[edit]ASAIHLASAIHL or the Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning is a non-governmental organisation founded in 1956 that strives to strengthen higher learning institutions,

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New Text Documentespescially in teaching, research, and public service, with the intention of cultivating a sense of regional identity and interdependence.[edit]Heritage ParksASEAN Heritage Parks[92] is a list of nature parks launched 1984 and relaunched in 2004. It aims to protect the region's natural treasures. There are now 35 such protected areas, including the Tubbataha Reef Marine Park and the Kinabalu National Park.[93][edit]ListASEAN Heritage Sites

Site Country Site Country Alaungdaw Kathapa National Park Burma Ao

Phang-nga Marine National Park Thailand Apo Natural Park Philippines Imperial City, Hu

Vietnam Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park Indonesia Gunung

Leuser National Park Indonesia Gunung Mulu National Park Malaysia Ha Long Bay

Vietnam Hoi An Ancient Town Vietnam Mounts Iglit-Baco

National Park Philippines Indawgyi Lake Wildlife Sanctuary Burma Inl Lake

Wildlife Sanctuary Burma Kaeng Krachan National Park Thailand Kerinci Seblat

National Park Indonesia Khakaborazi National Park Burma Khao Yai National

Park Thailand Kinabalu National Park Malaysia Komodo National

Park Indonesia Imperial Citadel of Thang Long Vietnam Lampi Kyun

Wildlife Reserve Burma Lorentz National Park Indonesia Meinmhala Kyun

Wildlife Sanctuary Burma Mu Ko Surin-Mu Ko Similan Marine National Park Thailand

Nam Ha Protected Area LaosPage 24

New Text Document Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park Vietnam Preah

Monivong (Bokor) National Park Cambodia Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park

Philippines Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve Singapore Taman Negara National Park Malaysia Tarutao Marine

National Park Thailand Tasek Merimbun Wildlife Sanctuary Brunei Thung

Yai-Huay Kha Khaeng National Park Thailand Tubbataha Reef Marine Park Philippines Ujung

Kulon National Park Indonesia Virachey National Park Cambodia Keraton Yogyakarta

Indonesia M S n Vietnam Citadel of Ho Dynasty Vietnam

[edit]Official songThe ASEAN Way the official regional anthem of ASEAN, music by Kittikhun Sodprasert and Sampow Triudom Thailand; Lyrics by Payom Valaiphatchra Thailand.ASEAN Song of Unity or ASEAN Hymn, music by Ryan Cayabyab Philippines.Let Us Move Ahead, an ASEAN song, composed by Candra Darusman Indonesia.ASEAN Rise, ASEAN's 40th Anniversary song, composed by Dick Lee Singapore; lyrics by Stefanie Sun Singapore.[edit]Education and Human Development

[edit]University NetworkThe ASEAN University Network (AUN) is a consortium of Southeast Asian universities. It was originally founded in November 1995 by 11 universities within the member states.[94] Currently AUN comprises 26 Participating Universities.[95]The Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development Network(SEED-NET) Project, was officially established as an autonomoussub-network of the ASEAN University Network (AUN) in April 2001'. AUN/SEED-Net aimed at promoting human resources development in engineering in ASEAN. The Network consists of 19 leading Member Institutions (selected by the Ministries in

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New Text Documentcharge of higher education of respective countries) from 10 ASEAN countries with the support of 11 leading Japanese Supporting Universities (selected by Japanese Government). AUN/SEED-Net is mainly supported by the Japanese Government through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and partially supported by the ASEAN Foundation. AUN/SEED-Net activities are implemented by the AUN/SEED-Net Secretariat with the support of the JICA Project for AUN/SEED-Net, now based at Chulalongkorn University, Thailand.[edit]ScholarshipThe ASEAN Scholarship is a scholarship program offered by Singapore to the 9 other member states for secondary school, junior college, and university education. It covers accommodation, food, medical benefits & accident insurance, school fees, and examination fees.[96][edit]Sports

[edit]Southeast Asian GamesThe Southeast Asian Games, commonly known as the SEA Games,is a biennial multi-sport event involving participants from the current 11 countries of Southeast Asia. The games is under regulation of the Southeast Asian Games Federation with supervision by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the Olympic Council of Asia.[edit]ASEAN Para Games

Logo of the ASEAN Para GamesThe ASEAN Para Games is a biennial multi-sport event held afterevery Southeast Asian Games for athletes with physical disabilities. The games are participated by the 11 countries located in Southeast Asia. The Games, patterned after the Paralympic Games, are played by physically challenged athletes with mobility disabilities, visual disabilities,[edit]FESPIC Games/ Asian Para GamesThe FESPIC Games, also known as the Far East and South

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New Text DocumentPacific Games for the persons with disability, was the biggest multi-sports games in Asia and South Pacific region. The FESPICGames were held nine times and bowed out, a success[97] in December 2006 in the 9th FESPIC Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Games re-emerged as the 2010 Asian Para Games inGuangzhou, China. The 2010 Asian Para Games debuted shortly after the conclusion of the 16th Asian Games, using the same facilities and venue made disability-accessible. The inaugural Asian Para Games, the parallel event for athletes with physical disabilities, is a multi-sport event held every four years after every Asian Games.[edit]Football ChampionshipThe ASEAN Football Championship is a biennial Football competition organised by the ASEAN Football Federation, accredited by FIFA and contested by the national teams of Southeast Asia nations. It was inaugurated in 1996 as Tiger Cup, but after Asia Pacific Breweries terminated the sponsorship deal, "Tiger" was renamed "ASEAN".[edit]ASEAN 2030 FIFA World Cup bidJanuary 2011: As a result of ASEAN Foreign ministers at Lombokmeeting, they agreed bid to host the FIFA World Cup in 2030 as a single entity.[98]May 2011: ASEAN will go ahead with its bid for the FIFA 2030 World Cup. It was a follow up to the agreement reached in January before.[99][edit]ASEAN Defense Industry Collaboration

Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand have established defense industries. To cut cost and plan to be self-sufficient by 2030, Indonesia and Malaysia have agreed to promote the creation of the ASEAN Defense Industry Collaboration (ADIC).[100] The United States military reportedly has said that ADIC could have additional benefits beyond cost savings for ASEAN members, including facilitating a set of standards, similar to NATO, that will improve interoperability among ASEAN and U.S. militaries and increase the effectiveness of regional response to threats to

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New Text DocumentAsia-Pacific peace and stability.[101][edit]Criticism

Non-ASEAN countries have criticised ASEAN for being too soft in its approach to promoting human rights and democracy in the junta-led Burma.[102] Despite global outrage at the military crack-down on peaceful protesters in Yangon, ASEAN has refusedto suspend Burma as a member and also rejects proposals for economic sanctions.[103] This has caused concern as the EuropeanUnion, a potential trade partner, has refused to conduct free trade negotiations at a regional level for these political reasons.[104] International observers view it as a "talk shop",[105] which implies that the organisation is "big on words but small on action".[106][107] However, leaders such as the Philippines' Foreign Affairs Secretary, Alberto Romulo, said it is a workshop not a talk shop.[108] Others have also expressed similar sentiment.[109]Head of the International Institute of Strategic Studies Asia, Tim Huxley cites the diverse political systems present in the grouping, including many young states, as a barrier to far-reaching cooperation outside the economic sphere. He also asserts that in the absence of an external threat to rally against with the end of the Cold War, ASEAN has begun to be less successful at restraining its members and resolving border disputessuch as those between Burma and Thailand and Indonesia and Malaysia.[110]During the 12th ASEAN Summit in Cebu, several activist groups staged anti-globalisation and anti-Arroyo rallies.[111] According to the activists, the agenda of economic integration would negatively affect industries in the Philippines and would cause thousands of Filipinos to lose their jobs.[112] They also viewed theorganisation as imperialistic that threatens the country's sovereignty.[112] A human rights lawyer from New Zealand was also present to protest about the human rights situation in the region in general.[113][edit]See also

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