”Sampling & Test · Aluminium plus silicon, mg/kg max. 80 80 80 80 80 ISO 10478 Used lubricating oil (ULO) Zinc, mg/kg Phosphorus, mg/kg Calcium, mg/kg - - - The fuel shall be free

Lloyd’s Register FOBAS

Marine Consultancy Services

Services are provided by members of the Lloyd’s Register Group Lloyd’s

Register, Lloyd’s Register EMEA and Lloyd’s Register Asia are exempt

charities under the UK Charities Act 1993.

”Sampling & Test

Accuracy under the

umbrella of emissions

legislation“

Presented by:

Timothy Wilson CEng. MIMarEST

FOBAS Product Manager

&

Dr. Anthi Miliou Phd

FOBAS EMBS

Bunker Summit

Athens 2007



Environmental legislation on ship emissions

& Improve

air quality

NOx

CO2

VOC

SOx

(PM)

To reduce

acidification

& global warming

Setting limits requires the CORRECT application of recognised international standards

and procedures to demonstrate compliance and resolve disputes



Two cases of SECA non – compliance?

• 2 spot sample inspections – Klaipeda 2007

• + barge vs ship samples discrepancies

• Why? Who is responsible?

• The analysis of any fuel can be

constructively interpreted given THREE

conditions:

1. Sample is representative

2. Test method is correct

3. Rules for interpretation are applied



Overview of Marine Fuel Specification – ISO 8217:2005

User‟s Requirements for a fuel

• Safe handling and easy to transfer

• Stable at all stages of operation

• Capable of being adequately cleaned of catalyst fines, dirt and water

• Easy to ignite and combust

• Non- Corrosive

• ISO 8217 covers the points listed above to protect the user



ISO 8217:2005 Structure

• Classification of fuels through:

• ISO 8217 -1 Categories of marine fuel

• International Statutory Requirements

• IMO – SOLAS – Flash point

• IMO – MARPOL Annex VI (14) – Sulphur

• Tables: 1 & 2

• 1 Requirements for Marine Distillates

• 2 Requirements for Marine Residual Fuels

• 9 - Informative Annexes (3rd 2005 edition)

• When an order is given based on ISO 8217 the fuel required is to meet not only the specifications of Tables 1&2 but also the documents’ and notes in its entirety.



Grade Changes in 3rd edition

• Distillate fuels

No changes, we still have: DMX, DMA, DMB &DMC

• Residual fuels

Reduced from 15 to 10 removing:

RMC 10, RMH 45, RMK 45, RML 45 & RML55

Category ISO-F-

Characteristic Limit RMA

30

RMB

30

RMD

80

RME

180

RMF

180

RMG

380

RMH

380

RMK

380

RMH

700

RMK

700

Test method

reference

Density at 15 °C, kg/m³ max. 960,0 975,0 980,0 991,0 991,0 1010,0 991,0 1010,0 ISO 3675

ISO 12185

Kinematic viscosity at 50

°C,mm²/s

max. 30,0 80,0 180,0 380,0 700,0 ISO 3104

Flash point, °C min. 60 60 60 60 60 ISO 2719

Pour point (upper), °C 2)

- winter quality

- summer quality

max.

max.

0

6

24

24

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

30

ISO 3016

ISO 3016

Carbon residue, % (m/m) max. 10 14 15 20 18 22 22 ISO 10370

Ash, % (m/m) max. 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,15 0,15 0,15 ISO 6245

Water, % (V/V) max. 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 ISO 3733

Sulfur, % (m/m) 3)

max. 3,50 4,00 4,50 4,50 4,50 ISO 14596

ISO 8754

Vanadium, mg/kg max. 150 350 200 500 300 600 600 ISO 14597

IP 501

Total sediment potential, %

(m/m)

max. 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10 0,10 ISO 10307-2

Aluminium plus silicon, mg/kg max. 80 80 80 80 80 ISO 10478

Used lubricating oil (ULO)

Zinc, mg/kg

Phosphorus, mg/kg

Calcium, mg/kg

-

-

-

The fuel shall be free of ULO. A fuel shall be considered to be free of ULO if one or more of the

elements Zinc, Phosphorus and Calcium are below or at the specified limits. All three elements must

exceed the same limits before a fuel shall be deemed to contain ULO.

15

15

30

IP 501

IP 501

IP 501

Requirements for marine residual fuels

Characteristic changes

975.0 980.0

1.0

5.0

0.2

ADDED



Control of Contaminants - Note Sub Clause 5.1

• “The fuels shall be homogeneous blends of hydrocarbons derived from petroleum refining.”

• “This shall not preclude the incorporation of small amounts of additives intended to improve some aspects of performance”

• This is all that may be in the fuel !

The fuel shall not include any added substance

or chemical waste which either:

• jeopardises the safety of ships or adversely

affects the performance of the machinery

• is harmful to personnel

• contributes overall to additional air pollution



4th Edition of ISO 8217 ?

• To include :

Acid Number, Na, Asphaltenes, Nitrogen, H2S, FIA/100 ?

Alternative fuels – Bio Diesels, Natural Gas?

• The driving force :

Diesel engine design

Changes in fuel manufacturing processes

Further environmental legislation

Fuel costs and availability



Precision data – ISO 4259:1992(E)

“Most tests carried out by a laboratory

will produce only one result called, in

ISO 4259, “a single result”

“Two or more measurements of

the same property of a specific

sample by any given test method

do not usually give exactly the same result.”

•Most Flag administrations and PSC

enforcement bodies are not familiar

with these standards.



True Value

xx x x

x x

x

xx

Results Fail

Results

Acceptable

-0.59xR +0.59xR

Variability of test result

Fre

quency o

f re

sults

Accuracy of the data

•Reproducibility, R : The difference between two test results independently obtained by different operators in different laboratories on nominally identical test material.

•How well can I expect to agree with other laboratories

• Repeatability, r : The difference between successive test results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test material

•How well can I expect to agree with myself

x

Infinite results

from infinite Laboratories

One result in a grey area exceeding the limit

but within test reproducibility, is NOT a TRUE

figure so when is the fuel compliant?



MARPOL Annex VI Sulphur Test Method

ISO 8754:2003

Specified Sulphur

Max Limit (% m/m)

Lower Limit - Supplier

95%

Upper Limit - Buyer

95%

4.50 4.28 4.72

1.50 1.42 1.58

0.20 0.18 0.22

0.10 0.09 0.11

„S‟ Test Accuracy to 95% confidence

The Supplier can consider the result

to MEET the regulation with 95%

confidence if his single

result is < or = to 1.42% m/m

The Buyer can consider the sample to FAIL

the regulation with 95% confidence if his

single result is greater than 1.58% m/m



Buyer and Supplier cannot agree on single result!

1. If results fall into the grey area then the same sample should be re-tested by another laboratory in order to produce further results, within the (R),

• average of each labs (r) and between labs will indicate the true value.

2. If there is still dispute then ISO 4259 stipulates further procedures

for reaching conclusion and resolving dispute:

• Paragraph 10: Rules on acceptance and rejection of results in case of

dispute. This procedure is only for situation where the two labs are

analysing fuel samples that are subdivisions of same representative

sample!

• Paragraph 9: Guidance on the reliability of a single test.



Setting the stage –

1. +Which Test method

• ISO 8754:2003 is the Sulphur test used in ISO 8217, referred to in the

Appendix V of MARPOL Annex VI. Logical and correct that this is

used.

2. +Laboratory accreditation

• ISO 17025 - important to ensure the highest of technical standards and

test method precision and accuracy are maintained.

3. +Representative sample – apply “best practice”

• ISO/TR 13739 (Soon will be an ISO standard) – SS CP60 by example

4. -The problem is that any avoidance of the implementation of correct

sampling and testing procedures and rules may lead to a ship

and/or supplier being falsely accused.



Why is the sample so important?

•Statutory – IMO Requirement

•Enables analysis of the product supplied

• Wide range of marine fuel grades

• Marine fuel quality is not guaranteed

•Operations:- reports fit for purpose

•Commercial: - quantity verification & reliability

•Legal: - Proof, Evidence, most important

•Representative sample Benefits ALL parties.

The quality of EVIDENCE collected will determine the

representative status of the test result and the success of any

investigation’



WHERE to draw the sample from?

• MARPOL ANNEX VI MEPC.96(47) Sampling guidelines. Sample to be drawn at the receiving vessel’s bunker manifold.

• ISO 8217 states: “When used in connection with commercial transactions, this International standard specifies the required properties for marine fuels at the time and place of custody transfer”

• “Samples for quality verification can be taken in any location agreed between the parties”

• Custody transfer point = Where Title & Risk changes hands.

Both parties applying best practice avoids mistrust!



How do we draw the sample ?

ISO/TR 13739 Samplers

• Flow proportional Automatic

• Time Proportional Automatic

• Manual continuous DripFlow Proportional SamplerFlow Proportional Sampler

Open Bucket!Sealed Container



What do we do with the samples?

• 1- Laboratory 2- Ship retained 3- Supplier - Commercial Samples

• 4 -Annex VI Sample – Statutory (Annex VI ) Remains with Ship

• 5 –Suppliers Annex VI sample – some suppliers request this

SS CP60 – Best Practice

• Pre-bunker agreement on sampling position, method and bottles

• All parties witness sampling, sealing and documentation

• ONE SET of samples all recorded on BDN

• NOTES OF PROTEST where NON compliance has been observed



Summary

•FACT: Poor sampling and avoidance of implementation of correct testing

procedures and rules may lead to wrong indictment

•The industry must exercise caution and apply best practice:

• Single set of samples from one point witnessed by all parties CP60

ISO/TR13739

• Application of ISO 8217 and ISO 4259 from bunker order to dispute

resolution

• Correct Test methods

• Accredited laboratories

•ALL parties have RESPONSIBILITIES to ensure environmental compliance

• Supply Traders – compliant fuel

• Ship – crew awareness and change over procedures - flushing the lines

• Port – register suppliers and enforce

• Flag Administration – regulate and guide ships.



Solar,Wind,Wave & Biofuel ?

Designed by Sail Log

Credit: Knud E.Hansen.

Wallenius Wilhelmsen Australian Solar Sail

Sky Sails

Auto Industry’s way

http://www.solarnavigator.net/solarnavigator.htm



Letter to Fairplay March 20 1885

“Surely something ought to be done

in the way of testing and marking

Canvas to show that it is what it is

represented to be, and not

shoddy…….”

Legislation this is where it all started

- Shoddy canvas!



Thank You

Contact: Lloyd’s Register Piraeus

Dr Anthi Miliou

Tel: + 210 4580 870

[email protected] Lloyd’s Register Group

works to enhance safety and

approve assets and systems at

sea, on land and in the air –

because life matters.



Documents

”Sampling & Test · Aluminium plus silicon, mg/kg max. 80 80 80 80 80 ISO 10478 Used lubricating oil (ULO) Zinc, mg/kg Phosphorus, mg/kg Calcium, mg/kg - - - The fuel shall be free