ASABEStandardD2414

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STANDARD

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ANSI/ASAE D241.4 OCT1992 (R2008)

Density, Specific Gravity, and Mass-Moisture

Relationships of Grain for Storage


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ANSI/ASAE D241.4 OCT1992 (R2008)Approved February 1993; reaffirmed February 2008 as an American National Standard

Density, Specific Gravity, and Mass-MoistureRelationships of Grain for Storage

Approved by the ASAE Committee on Technical Data; adopted by ASAE1948; revised 1954, 1962; revised by the Electric Power and Processing

Division Technical Committee December 1967; reconfirmed December1972; revised December 1973; revised editorially March 1975;reconfirmed December 1978, December 1983; revised by the ASAEPhysical Properties of Agricultural Products Committee; approved by theASAE Food and Process Engineering Institute Standards CommitteeApril 1987; reconfirmed December 1991; revised October 1992;

approved as an American National Standard February 1993; revisededitorially February 1997; reaffirmed by ASAE December 1997;

reaffirmed by ANSI November 1998; revised editorially May 2000;reaffirmed by ASAE and ANSI February 2003; revised editorially,reaffirmed by ASABE and ANSI February 2008.

Keywords: Grain, Physical properties

Table 1 Approximate bulk density of grains and seeds

Grain or seed kg/m3 lb/bu* ) Grain or seed kg/m3 lb/bu* )

Alfalfa 772 60 Peanuts, unshelled:

Barley 618 48 Virginia type 219 17

Beans: runners, southeastern 270 21

lima, dry 721 56 Spanish:

lima, unshelled 360412 2832 southeastern 322 25

snap 360412 2832 southwestern 322 25

other, dry 772 60 Perilla seed) 476515 3740

Bluegrass) 180386 1430 Popcorn:

Broomcorn seed 566644 4450 ear, husked 901 70)

Buckwheat 618 48 shelled 721 58

Canola (rapeseed)) 669 52 Poppy seed 592 46

Castor beans 528 41 Redtop seed,#) 348451 2735

Clover seed 772 60 Rice, rough 579 45

Corn: Rye 721 56

ear, husked 901 70) Sesame 592 46

shelled 721 56 Sorgo seed 644 50

Cottonseed 412 32 Sorghum grain 721 56

Cowpeas 772 60 Soybeans 772 60

Flaxseed 721 56 Spelt (p. wheat) 515 40

Hempseed 566 44 Sudangrass seed 515 40

Hickory nuts 644 50 Sunflower seed (non-oil) 309 24

Kapok seed 451515 3540 Sunflower seed (oil) 412 32

Lentils 772 60 Timothy seed 579 45

Millet 618644 4850 Velvet, beans, hulled 722 60

Mustard seed 747772 5860 Vetch 772 60

Oats 412 32 Walnuts, black 644 50

Orchard grass seed 180 14 Wheat 772 60*

)

Except where otherwise specified, source of lb/bu mass: USDA, 1990. A standard US bushel has a volume of 1.244456 ft3 (or 2150.42 in.3). The bulk density in binsand other enclosures will vary with moisture and method of filling.

)Bulk density of grass seeds can increase substantially as purity increases. For both bluegrass and redtop, the major contaminant is sterile flora.)Sources: Jayas, et al., 1989; Stroshine, 1988[a].)The standard mass of 70 lb is usually recognized as being about 2 measured bushels of corn, husked, on the ear, because 70 lb would normally yield 1 bu, or 56 lb

of shelled corn.#)Data from a commercial seed company. Range is for 96 to 98% purity (Stroshine, 1988[b]).

ANSIASAE D241.4 OCT1992 R2008ASABE STANDARDS 2008 1


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Figure 1 (A) Relationship between cob moisture and kernel moisture for

ear corn; (B) Mass of ear corn required to yield 1 bu (1 bu 56 lb) ofshelled corn containing 15.5% moisture. This is based on a dry matter massof 47.32 lb for grain and 9.94 lb for cobs at the cob-grain moisture shown

(source: Iowa State, 1945)

Table 2 Specific gravity and percentage of voids in bulk grain(source: Zink, 1935)

Grain Variety

Moistureconstant

(% wet basis)

Air space or

voids*) inbulk, %

Kernelspecificgravity

Barley Coast (6 rows) 10.3 57.6 1.13

Barley Hannchen 9.7 44.5 1.26

Barley Synasota 9.8 45.4 1.21

Barley Trebi (6 rows) 10.7 47.9 1.24

Barley White hulless 10.4 39.5 1.33

Buckwheat Japanese 10.1 41.0 1.10

Canola) Tobin 6.5 38.4 1.15

Canola) Westar 6.7 38.9 1.10

Corn, mixed Yellow and white 9.0 40.0 1.19

Corn, shelled Yellow, dent 25.0 44.0 1.27

Corn, shelled Yellow, dent 15.0 40.0 1.30

Flaxseed 5.8 34.6 1.10

Grain sorghum Blackhull kafir 9.9 36.8 1.26

Grain sorghum Yellow milo 9.5 37.0 1.22

Millet Siberian 9.4 36.8 1.11

Oats Iowar 9.7 51.4 0.95

Oats Kanota 9.4 50.9 1.06

Oats Red Texas 10.3 55.5 0.99

Oats Victory 9.8 47.6 1.05

Rice Honduras 11.9 50.4 1.11

Rice Wataribune 12.4 46.5 1.12

Rye Common 9.7 41.2 1.23

Soybeans Manchu 6.9 36.1 1.18

Soybeans Wilson 7.0 33.8 1.13

Wheat, hard Turkey, winter 9.8 42.6 1.30

Wheat, hard Turkey, winter (yellow) 9.8 40.1 1.29

Wheat, soft Harvest, queen 9.8 39.6 1.32

*)

This is also equal to the % porosity.)Values for porosity given by Jayas, et al. 1989. Specific gravity values were

calculated from their values of porosity and loose fill bulk density.

Table 3 Approximate bulk density, D (kgm3), of several grains as a function of the decimal wet basis moisture content,M (M % moisture wetbasis/100). Multiple sources are provided to illustrate variations caused by different growing conditions, hybrid or variety, etc.

Grain

Bulk density

kg/m3 Source

Wet basis moisture of 15 to 40%:

Barley D 705.4 1142M 1950M2 Brusewitz, 1975

Corn (shelled) D 1086.3 2971M 4810M2 Brusewitz, 1975

Oats D 773.0 2311M 3630M2 Brusewitz, 1975

Rye D 974.8 2052M 2850M2 Brusewitz, 1975

Sorghum (grain) D 829.1 643M 660M2 Brusewitz, 1975

Soybeans D 734.5 219M 70M2 Brusewitz, 1975

Wheat D 885.3 1631M 2640M2

Wet basis moisture of 3 to 24% (wheat) and 10 to 35% (shelled corn):

Wheat D 774.4 703M 18 510 M2 148 960 M3 311 600 M4 Nelson, 1980

Corn (shelled) D 701.9 1676M 11 598 M2 18 240 M3 Nelson, 1980

Other sources of information (tables and graphs):

Canola (rapeseed) (wet basis moisture 6.5 to 14.5%) Jayas, et al., 1989

Corn (shelled) (wet basis moisture 10 to 40%) Miles, 1937

Corn (shelled) (wet basis moisture 12 to 32%) Hall, 1972

Corn (shelled) (wet basis moisture 12 to 32%)(includes effects of mechanical damage)

Hall and Hill, 1974

Wheat, barley, oats (wet basis moisture 10 to 30%) Browne, 1962

ANSIASAE D241.4 OCT1992 R20082 ASABE STANDARDS 2008


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Annex A(informative)Bibliography

The following documents are cited as reference sources used indevelopment of this Data:

Browne, D. A.Variations of bulk density of cereals with moisture content.Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 7(4):288290; 1962

Brusewitz, G. H. Density of rewetted high moisture grains. Transactionsof the ASAE 18(5):935938; 1975

Hall, G. E. Test-weight changes of shelled corn during drying. Transac-tions of the ASAE 15(2):320323; 1972

Hall, G. E. and L. D. Hill Test weight adjustment based on moisturecontent and mechanical damage of corn kernels. Transactions of theASAE 17(3):578579; 1974

Iowa State,Conversion Table (revised 1945). Prepared by the AgronomyDept., Iowa State Univ., 1945

Jayas, D. S., S. Sokhansanj, and N. D. G. White. Bulk density andporosity of canola. Transactions of the ASAE 32(1):291294; 1989

Miles, S. R. The relation between moisture content and test weight ofcorn. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 19:412418; 1937

Nelson, S. O. Moisture-dependent kernel-and bulk-density relationshipsfor wheat and corn. Transactions of the ASAE 23(1):139143; 1980

Schmidt, J. L. How to reduce ear corn to bushels of shelled corn.Agricultural Engineering 29(7):294296; 1948

Stroshine, R. L. Personal communication with Allen Earle, CanolaCouncil of Canada, Winnipeg; 1988(a)

Stroshine, R. L. Personal communication with John Sours, Jacklin SeedCo., Post Falls, ID; 1988(b)

USDA.Table of Weights and Measures. Agricultural Statistics, 1990. U.S.Government Printing Office; 1990. p vvii

Zink, F. J.Specific gravity and air space of grains and seeds. AgriculturalEngineering 16(11):439440; 1935

Figure 2 Relation of kernel moisture content and shelling percentage to total moisture content of ear corn and to mass of ear corn

required to yield 1 bu (1 bu 56 lb) of shelled corn with 15.5% moisture content (source: Schmidt, 1948)

NOTE For any lot of corn the characteristic index number may be determined by measuring kernel moisture and shelling percentage. The corncharacteristic index is useful when it is desirable to get successive samples for a field as the corn matures and dries. For a given lot of corn standingin the field the index remains approximately constant as the moisture content drops and other factors change. Once established for a field of corn,the index permits making estimates from measurement of kernel moisture only. Corn with a characteristic index of 4 or 5 has well-filled ears. Cornwith ears only partly filled or having extensive insect damage will have a higher index number. Figure 1 applies to corn having a characteristic of5 to 7.

ANSIASAE D241.4 OCT1992 R2008ASABE STANDARDS 2008 3

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