AS Unit 2 Rules of the GAME. Every mark counts THE EXAM All questions are compulsory. The answer booklet dictates how much you write. Your answers are

AS Unit 2 Rules of the

GAME

Every mark counts

THE EXAMTHE EXAM

• All questions are compulsory.

• The answer booklet dictates how much you write.

• Your answers are clipped when they are marked.

Write in black felt

liner

Write in black felt

liner

THE EXAMTHE EXAM• One extended writing question

where QOWC marks are allocated.

• 72 marks for the whole paper in 90 minutes i.e. about 1 ¼ minutes per mark

– 4 mark question = 5 minutes

Can I use bullet points?

Can I use bullet points?

Questions are set from the specification.

Don’t rely on textbooks.

For each topic know the SPECIFICATION.

For each topic be aware of POSSIBLE questions.

Use past papers.

Write your own questions.

GETTING INTO THE MIND OF THE PRINCIPAL EXAMINER

GETTING INTO THE MIND OF THE PRINCIPAL EXAMINER

Specification

•Conformity (majority influence) and explanations of why people conform, including informational social influence and normative social influence. •Types of conformity, including internalisation and compliance. •Obedience to authority, including Milgram’s work and explanations of why people obey.

Patterns

QT 1 Simple selectionQT 1 Simple selection

Only 50% of students got

this right.

Only 50% of students got

this right.

If you tick too many your answer

is null and void.

If you tick too many your answer

is null and void.

Answer strategies?

Answer strategies?

QT 2 Short descriptionQT 2 Short description

Outline two explanations of why people obey. (2 marks + 2 marks) Outline two explanations of why people obey. (2 marks + 2 marks)

Outline what is meant by Type A behaviour. (2 marks)

Outline a method used by psychologists to assess whether someone shows Type A behaviour. (2 marks)

Outline what is meant by Type A behaviour. (2 marks)

Outline a method used by psychologists to assess whether someone shows Type A behaviour. (2 marks)

Outline two definitions of abnormality. (3 marks + 3 marks)Outline two definitions of abnormality. (3 marks + 3 marks)

What is meant by informational social influence. (3 marks)What is meant by informational social influence. (3 marks)


What is meant by informational social influence. (3 marks)What is meant by informational social influence. (3 marks)

When people conform because of a desire to be right.

For example in Asch’s study participants felt the others must be right so they went along with a wrong answer.

In some situations this leads to a change of private as well as public opinion.

= 45 words


Outline what is involved in stress inoculation therapy. (3 marks) Outline what is involved in stress inoculation therapy. (3 marks)

What is stress inoculation therapy? (3 marks) What is stress inoculation therapy? (3 marks)


What is involved in stress inoculation therapy? (3 marks)What is involved in stress inoculation therapy? (3 marks)

Unit 2

Biological Psychology: Stress Short description (2-3 marks)

Stress as a bodily response

•The body’s response to stress, including the pituitary adrenal system and the sympathomedullary pathway in outline.•Stress-related illness and the immune system.

Stress in everyday life

•Life changes and daily hassles as sources of stress.•Workplace stress including the effects of workload and control.•Personality factors, including Type A and Type B behaviour, hardiness.•Psychological and biological methods of stress management, including stress inoculation therapy and drug therapy.

Pituitary adrenal systemSympathomedullary pathway

(Stress-related illness)(Immune system)

Life changesDaily hasslesWorkplace stressWorkloadControl in relation to workplace stressType AType BHardiness

Stress inoculation therapy (6 marks)Drug therapy (6 marks)

6 markers6 markers

How as well as what

How as well as what

Unit 2

Social Psychology: Social influence Short description (2-3 marks)

Social influence

•Conformity (majority influence) and explanations of why people conform, including informational social influence and normative social influence.•Types of conformity, including internalisation and compliance.•Obedience to authority, including Milgram’s work and explanations of why people obey.

Social influence in everyday life

•Explanations of independent behaviour, including locus of control and how people resist pressures to conform and resist pressures to obey authority.•How social influence research helps us understand social change; the role of minority influence in social change.

Conformity (majority influence) Informational social influence Normative social influenceInternalisation ComplianceObedience to authority

Independent behaviourLocus of control Social changeMinority influence

Unit 2

Individual differences: Psychopathology (abnormality)

Short description (2-3 marks)

Defining and explaining psychological abnormality

• Definitions of abnormality, including deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately and deviation from ideal mental health, and limitations associated with these definitions of psychological abnormality.

• The biological approach to psychopathology.• Psychological approaches to psychopathology

including the psychodynamic, behavioural and cognitive approaches.

Treating abnormality

• Biological therapies, including drugs and ECT.• Psychological therapies, including

psychoanalysis, systematic de-sensitisation and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.

Deviation from social normsFailure to function adequately Deviation from ideal mental health

Biological approach to psychopathology

Psychodynamic approach to …Behavioural approach to …Cognitive approaches approach to …

Drugs ECTPsychoanalysisSystematic de-sensitisation Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

6 markers6 markers

How as well as what

How as well as what

6 markers6 markers

QT 3 DifferencesQT 3 Differences

Explain how informational social influence differ from normative social influence. (4 marks)


Explain how the behavioural approach to abnormality differs from the psychodynamic approach. (4 marks)

Explain how the behavioural approach to abnormality differs from the psychodynamic approach. (4 marks)

QT 3 DifferencesQT 3 Differences



Information SI is about being right. For example …

Normative SI is about wanting to be liked. For example …

Information SI is about being right. For example …

Normative SI is about wanting to be liked. For example …

Information SI is about being right whereas normative SI is about wanting to be liked.

For example in Asch’s study it might appear that the reason for conformity was wanting to be right but in fact the participants might have conformed because they were concerned about what the others thought.

Information SI is about being right whereas normative SI is about wanting to be liked.

For example in Asch’s study it might appear that the reason for conformity was wanting to be right but in fact the participants might have conformed because they were concerned about what the others thought.

A theory = an inter-related collection of facts

QT 4 Longer descriptionQT 4 Longer description

Using your knowledge of psychology, explain why some people might resist pressures to conform. (4 marks)Using your knowledge of psychology, explain why some people might resist pressures to conform. (4 marks)

Explain one or more reasons why people obey authority. (6 marks)Explain one or more reasons why people obey authority. (6 marks)

Outline the behavioural approach to psychopathology. (6 marks)Outline the behavioural approach to psychopathology. (6 marks)

Outline the psychodynamic approach to psychopathology. (6 marks)Outline the psychodynamic approach to psychopathology. (6 marks)

Unit 2

Biological Psychology: Stress Long description (6 marks)





The body’s response to stress (= pituitary adrenal system + sympathomedullary pathway)

Explain the relationship between stress and illness

Stress inoculation therapyDrug therapy

Unit 2

Social Psychology: Social influence Long description (6 marks)

Social influence




Explain why people conform (= informational social influence + normative social influence)

Outline types of conformity (= Internalisation + compliance)

Explain why people obey

Explain why people resist pressures to conform (= explain independent behaviour)

Explain why people resist pressures to obey (= explain independent behaviour)

Explain how social influence research helps us to understand social change

Explain how minority influence helps us to understand social change

Unit 2


Long description (6 marks)






• Biological therapies, including drugs and ECT.• Psychological therapies, including

psychoanalysis, systematic de-sensitisation and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.

Outline definitions of abnormality (= deviation from social norms + failure to function adequately + deviation from ideal mental health)

Biological approach to …Psychodynamic approach to …Behavioural approach to …Cognitive approaches approach …

Drugs ECTPsychoanalysisSystematic de-sensitisation Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

Six marks worth Outline biological methods of stress management. (6 marks)1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Outline biological methods of stress management. (6 marks)1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

6 marks is about 150 words

or 6 points of about 25 words.

6 marks is about 150 words

or 6 points of about 25 words.

26

Why it works

• Produces a précis of text.

• Gives you the coat pegs.

• Ensures you learn just the right amount (notnot too much or too little).

• And assists recall.

• Produces a précis of text.

• Gives you the coat pegs.

• Ensures you learn just the right amount (notnot too much or too little).

• And assists recall.

A prècis is a summary where one cuts out less important

material leaving the key bits. golden nuggets.

A prècis is a summary where one cuts out less important

material leaving the key bits. golden nuggets.

AO1 DescriptionDescription (AO1)

Marks Detail Knowledge and understanding

Selection of appropriate material

Presentation of information

6 Accurate and reasonably detailed

Sound Appropriate Clear and coherent

5-4 Generally accurate, less detailed

Relevant Some evidence Appropriate

3-2 Basic Some relevant Little evidence Appropriate1 Very

brief/flawedVery little Largely or wholly inappropriate

Good AO1 is DETAILEDThe devil is in the detail• ‘Repression is when you don’t

remember certain events.’

• More detail: ‘Repression is when you don’t remember traumatic events.’

• Even more detail: ‘According to Freud (1918) repression is when you don’t remember traumatic events.’

• ‘Repression is when you don’t remember certain events.’

• More detail: ‘Repression is when you don’t remember traumatic events.’

• Even more detail: ‘According to Freud (1918) repression is when you don’t remember traumatic events.’

http://www.lincolncountyreddevils.com/Graphics/Devils/graphicsmain.php?ind=47

Not the same as research methods!

Not the same as research methods!

Outline how one research study investigated the effects of control of on workplace stress. (4 marks)

QT 5 Research studiesQT 5 Research studies

HOW

Outline what research has shown about how people resist pressures to conform. (4 marks) Outline what research has shown about how people resist pressures to conform. (4 marks)

Describe one or more studies of workplace stress. (5 marks) Describe one or more studies of workplace stress. (5 marks)

Outline what research has shown about personality factors in stress. (4 marks)Outline what research has shown about personality factors in stress. (4 marks)

Describe one research study that has investigated stress in the workplace. In your answer you should include details of what was done and what was found. (4 marks)

Describe one research study that has investigated stress in the workplace. In your answer you should include details of what was done and what was found. (4 marks)

WHAT

SHOW

You MUST know one study well for the long description questions.

You SHOULD know a 2nd study for essay questions.

You COULD learn about a 3rd study.

This would give you 2 or 3 marks AO1 for an essay.

This would give you about 4 out of 6 marks AO1.

This could make it up to 6 out of 6 marks.

Avoid confabulation

Avoid confabulation

1 ½ studies

1 ½ studies

Describe and evaluate research into conformity.

Describe research into conformity.

Unit 2

Biological Psychology: Stress Research studies





Stress-related illness and the immune system.

Life changes Daily hasslesWorkplace stress – effects of workload Workplace stress – effects of controlPersonality factors, Type A and Type B

behaviour

Not CHD

1 ½ studies

1 ½ studies

Unit 2

Social Psychology: Social influence Research studies

Social influence




Conformity (majority influence) Obedience to authority, including

Milgram’s work

Locus of control How people resist pressures to

conform How people resist pressures to obey

authorityThe role of minority influence in social

change

1 ½ studies

1 ½ studies

Unit 2


Research studies






• Biological therapies, including drugs and ECT.• Psychological therapies, including psychoanalysis,

systematic de-sensitisation and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.

Research studies might be used as evaluation … but then description of

the studies is less important.

Explain what psychological research has shown about the stressful impact of either life changes or daily hassles. (4 marks)

Explain what psychological research has shown about the stressful impact of either life changes or daily hassles. (4 marks)

35

What’s the catch?What’s the catch?

EXAM QUESTIONEXAM QUESTION

QT 6 Criticisms, strengths limitations … evaluation

QT 6 Criticisms, strengths limitations … evaluation

The three point ruleThe three point rule

Evaluate the biological approach to abnormality. (6 marks) Evaluate the biological approach to abnormality. (6 marks)

5 a. Name one psychological method of stress management. (1 mark)

5 b. Explain strengths of this psychological method of stress management. (5 marks)

5 a. Name one psychological method of stress management. (1 mark)

5 b. Explain strengths of this psychological method of stress management. (5 marks)

Identify one definition of abnormality and explain one limitation associated with this definition. (3 marks)Identify one definition of abnormality and explain one limitation associated with this definition. (3 marks)

THREE POINT RULETop and bottom your paragraphs. Top and bottom your paragraphs. STATE your criticism (What is it?)

STATE your criticism (What is it?)

SO WHAT? it (e.g. ‘Why is this a good or bad thing?’)SO WHAT? it (e.g. ‘Why is this a good or bad thing?’)

EVIDENCE (‘Why is that true in this study?’)

EVIDENCE (‘Why is that true in this study?’)

One definition of abnormality is deviation from social norms Explain one limitation of this definition. (3 marks)

One definition of abnormality is deviation from social norms Explain one limitation of this definition. (3 marks)

QT 7 Short essaysQT 7 Short essays

Outline and evaluate the biological approach to psychopathology. (8 marks)Outline and evaluate the biological approach to psychopathology. (8 marks)

Discuss one or more explanations of independent behaviour, for example, how people resist pressures to conform or obey. (8 marks)

Discuss one or more explanations of independent behaviour, for example, how people resist pressures to conform or obey. (8 marks)

Outline and evaluate one research study related to conformity (majority influence). (6 marks)Outline and evaluate one research study related to conformity (majority influence). (6 marks)

‘Abnormality can be defined as ‘the failure to function adequately’. Outline and evaluate this definition of abnormality. (6 marks)

‘Abnormality can be defined as ‘the failure to function adequately’. Outline and evaluate this definition of abnormality. (6 marks)

Describe and evaluate one or more biological methods of stress management. (10 marks)Describe and evaluate one or more biological methods of stress management. (10 marks)

QT 7 Long essaysQT 7 Long essaysOutline and evaluate research into the relationship between the immune system and stress-related illness. (12 marks)Outline and evaluate research into the relationship between the immune system and stress-related illness. (12 marks)

‘There are several methods used to manage the negative effects of stress. These methods can be biological or psychological.’

Discuss two or more methods of stress management. (12 marks)

‘There are several methods used to manage the negative effects of stress. These methods can be biological or psychological.’

Discuss two or more methods of stress management. (12 marks)

“Not everyone conforms or obeys authority; some people resist these pressures and remain independent.””

Outline and evaluate research relating to independent behaviour. (12 marks)

“Not everyone conforms or obeys authority; some people resist these pressures and remain independent.””

Outline and evaluate research relating to independent behaviour. (12 marks)

Discuss the cognitive approach to psychopathology. (12 marks)Discuss the cognitive approach to psychopathology. (12 marks)

THE ESSAY QUESTIONSDescription (AO1)

Marks Detail Knowledge and understanding

Selection of appropriate material

Presentation of information

6 Accurate and reasonably detailed

Sound Appropriate Clear and coherent

5-4 Generally accurate, less detailed

Relevant Some evidence Appropriate

3-2 Basic Some relevant Little evidence Appropriate

1 Very brief/flawed

Very little Largely or wholly inappropriate

Grade A 75% = 4 ½ Grade A 75% = 4 ½

Pass 45% Pass 45%

Evaluation (AO2)

Marks Use of material

Range of issues and/or evidence

Expression of ideas , specialist terms, spelling etc

6 Effective Broad range (5) in reasonable depth or

Narrower range (4) in greater depth

Clear and good range, few errors

5-4 Not always effective

Range (4) in limited depth or

Narrower range (3) in greater depth

Reasonable, some errors

3-2 Basic Superficial consideration of restricted range

Lacks clarity, some specialist terms, errors

1 Rudimentary Just discernible Poor, few specialist terms

Pass 45% Pass 45%

Grade A 75% = 4 ½ Grade A 75% = 4 ½

StructureStructure

Describe and evaluate research on obedience to authority.AO1 Describe a study

AO1 Details of the study

AO2 Evaluate the study

AO2 Elaboration of evaluation

AO1 Describe a study




AO1 Describe a study




12 marks = 12 points (about 300 words)

Describe and evaluate the biological approach to psychopathologyAO1 One key point

AO1 Details

AO1 One key point

AO1 Details

AO1 One key point

AO1 Details

AO2 Critical point

AO2 Elaboration

AO2 Critical point

AO2 Elaboration

AO2 Critical point

AO2 Elaboration

Depth and breadth

Depth and breadth

Unit 2

Biological Psychology: Stress Essays





Stress-related illness and the immune system.

Life changes Daily hasslesWorkplace stress Personality factors (Type A and Type B, Hardiness)

Psychological methods of stress managementBiological methods of stress managementStress inoculation therapyDrug therapy

1 ½ studies

1 ½ studies

1 ½ therapies

1 ½ therapies

Unit 2

Social Psychology: Social influence Essays

Social influence




Conformity (majority influence) Obedience to authority

Explanations of why people conformExplanations of why people obey

Explanations of independent behaviour

The role of minority influence in social change

1 ½ studies

1 ½ studies

3 explanations

3 explanations

Unit 2


Essays






• Biological therapies, including drugs and ECT.• Psychological therapies, including psychoanalysis,

systematic de-sensitisation and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.

Definitions of abnormality

The biological approach to psychopathology

The psychodynamic approach to …The behavioural approach to …The cognitive approach to …

Biological therapiesDrug therapyECT

Psychological therapiesPsychoanalysisSystematic de-sensitisationCognitive Behavioural Therapy

Research into Life changes as a source of stress

Research into Life changes as a source of stress

Holmes and Rahe (1960s) SRRSThe key feature of life changes is the psychic cost of change.

Individual differences

Research is correlational.

Rahe et al. (1970)

How? Used a version of SRRS with 2600 Navy men.

Showed? A small positive correlation between illness and LCUs.

Retrospective recall may be unreliable.

Daily hassles may be better predictor – one reason may be that people are more likely to seek support for major life events (Flett et al., 1995).

3rd study? 1 research study

Essay planEssay plan

Not the same as research

studies!

Not the same as research

studies!

TOP TIPSTOP TIPS

Documents

AS Unit 2 Rules of the GAME. Every mark counts THE EXAM All questions are compulsory. The answer booklet dictates how much you write. Your answers are